929:
773:
499:
567:
944:
883:
762:
536:, or the game of the Little Soldiers, with a leaping capture, which, like modern Argentine, German, Greek and Thai draughts, had flying kings which had to stop on the next square after the captured piece, but pieces could only make up to three captures at once, or seven if all directions were legal. That said, even if playing al qirq inside the cells of a square grid was not already known to the Moors who brought it, which it probably was, either via playing on a
898:
979:
2045:
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54:
327:) moves one step ahead and captures an adjacent opponent's piece by jumping over it and landing on the next square. Multiple enemy pieces can be captured in a single turn provided this is done by successive jumps made by a single piece; the jumps do not need to be in the same line and may "zigzag" (change diagonal direction). In American checkers, men can jump only forwards; in
310:
muffin), and where there are two or more such positions the player forfeits pieces that cannot be moved (although some rule variations make capturing optional). In almost all variants, a player with no valid move remaining loses. This occurs if the player has no pieces left, or if all the player's pieces are obstructed from moving by opponent pieces.
374:) move any distance. They may capture an opposing man any distance away by jumping to any of the unoccupied squares immediately beyond it. Because jumped pieces remain on the board until the turn is complete, it is possible to reach a position in a multi-jump move where the flying king is blocked from capturing further by a piece already jumped.
367:, the first man. The king has additional powers, namely the ability to move any amount of squares at a time (in international checkers), move backwards and, in variants where men cannot already do so, capture backwards. Like a man, a king can make successive jumps in a single turn, provided that each jump captures an enemy piece.
1927:, is a kind of draughts, known in Russia since the beginning of the nineteenth century, in which the game is played according to the usual rules of Russian draughts, but with the difference that the captured man is not removed from the playing field: rather, it is placed under the capturing piece (man or tower).
1115:
A sequence of capture must give the maximum "value" to the capture, and a king (called a wolf) has a value of less than two men but more than one man. If a sequence with a capturing wolf and a sequence with a capturing man have the same value, the wolf must capture. The main difference with the other
309:
Only the dark squares of the checkerboard are used. A piece can only move forward into an unoccupied square. When capturing an opponent's piece is possible, capturing is mandatory in most official rules. If the player does not capture, the other player can remove the opponent's piece as a penalty (or
1355:
A sequence must capture the maximum possible number of pieces. Although, a king has the weight of two pieces, this means with two captures, one of a king and one of a piece, one must choose the king; two captures, one of a king and one of two pieces, the player can choose; two captures with one of a
1911:
All 64 squares are used, dark and light. Men move one cell diagonally forward and capture in any of the five cells directly forward, diagonally forward, or sideways, but not backward. Men promote on the last row. Kings may move and attack in any of the eight directions. There is also a variant with
305:
Checkers is played by two opponents on opposite sides of the game board. One player has dark pieces (usually black); the other has light pieces (usually white or red). The darker color moves first, then players alternate turns. A player cannot move the opponent's pieces. A move consists of moving a
1873:
Men cannot jump kings. A sequence must capture the maximum possible number of pieces. If more than one sequence qualifies, the capture must be done with a king instead of a man. If more than one sequence qualifies, the one that captures a greater number of kings must be chosen. If there are still
1123:(Dutch province) historically, but in the last decade spreading rapidly over Europe (e.g. the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Czech Republic, Ukraine and Russia) and Africa, as a result of a number of recent international tournaments and the availability of an iOS and Android app "Frisian Draughts".
855:
to determine whether a specified player has a winning strategy. And if a polynomial bound is placed on the number of moves that are allowed in between jumps (which is a reasonable generalisation of the drawing rule in standard
Checkers), then the problem is in PSPACE, thus it is PSPACE-complete.
836:
with a combination of Basic and
Assembly code to interactively play a round of checkers with visitors to the museum. Originally, the program was deliberately simple so that the average museum visitor could potentially win, but over time was improved. The improvements however proved to be more
820:
if neither player makes a mistake. The solution is for the checkers variation called go-as-you-please (GAYP) checkers and not for the variation called three-move restriction checkers, however it is a legal three-move restriction game because only openings believed to lose are barred under the
594:, meaning royal counsellor or vizier). The pieces became known as "dames" when that name was also adopted for the chess queen. The rule forcing players to take whenever possible was introduced in France in around 1535, at which point the game became known as
1930:
The resulting towers move around the board as a whole, "obeying" the upper piece. When taking a tower, only the uppermost piece is removed from it: and the resulting tower belongs to one player or the other according to the color of its new uppermost piece.
1732:
It is played in Turkey, Kuwait, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Greece, and several other locations in the Middle East, as well as in the same locations as
Russian checkers. There are several variants in these countries, with the Armenian variant (called
741:
draughts: Each player has 24 pieces (two full sets) – one on the light squares, a second set on dark squares. Each player plays two games simultaneously: one on light squares, the other on dark squares. The total result is the sum of results for both
1385:
Played on a unique non-rectangular or square board of grids with 20 grid points and 18 endpoints. Played in the
Republic of Khakassia. Movement and capture is orthogonal with backwards capture. The "Tobit," a promoted piece, moves like the King in
2874:
Jonathan
Schaeffer, Yngvi Bjornsson, Neil Burch, Akihiro Kishimoto, Martin Muller, Rob Lake, Paul Lu and Steve Sutphen. Solving Checkers, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pp. 292–297, 2005. Distinguished Paper
489:
was probably derived from πεττεία and latrunculi by removing the necessity for two pieces to cooperate to capture one, although, like
Ghanaian draughts, the game could still be declared lost by a player with only one piece left.
1658:
During a capturing move, pieces are removed immediately after capture. Kings stop on the square directly behind the piece captured and must continue capturing from there, if possible, even in the direction where they come from.
791:
wrote the first video game program on checkers. The checkers program tried to run for the first time on 30 July 1951 at NPL, but was unsuccessful due to program errors. In the summer of 1952 he successfully ran the program on
1418:
and nearby areas of Turkey. It is played on an 8x8 grid with orthogonal movement. It is similar to
Turkish Draughts, but has backwards capture and allows for men to jump over friendly pieces without capturing them similar to
1269:
Similar to Pool checkers with the exception of the main diagonal on the right instead of the left. A man reaching the kings row is promoted only if he does not have additional backwards jumps (as in international draughts).
306:
piece forward to an adjacent unoccupied square. If the adjacent square contains an opponent's piece, and the square immediately beyond it is vacant, the piece may be captured (and removed from the game) by jumping over it.
1762:
Players agree before starting the game between "Must
Capture" or "Free Capture". In the "Must Capture" type of game, a man that fails to capture is forfeited (huffed). In the "Free Capture" game, capturing is optional.
417:
or in card games is usually called by the same term as the kings in checkers. A case in point includes the Greek terminology, in which checkers is called "ντάμα" (dama), which is also one term for the queen in chess.
1359:
Also called "Dama" or "Damas". It is played along all of the region of
Mozambique. In an ending with three kings versus one king, the player with three kings must win in thirteen moves or the game is a draw.
1093:. Having only a single piece remaining (man or king) loses the game. It is similar to 10x10 Czech Draughts, but has backwards capture and allows winning by removing all but one piece, similar to Latrunculi.
694:: A checkers variant on a 7×7 board, with 25 fields used. Jumped pieces are placed under the jumper, so that towers are built. Only the top piece of a jumped tower is captured. This variant was invented by
2332:
670:: A variant played on an 8×8 board that utilizes all 64 squares and has diagonal and orthogonal movement. A special "sliding" move is used for moving a line of checkers similar to the movement rule in
1208:
Played in the
Philippines. Similar to Brazilian Draughts but with some specifics. Usually played on a dama matrix (crossed lined board representing only the diagonals) and comes in two orientations.
828:
In November 1983, the Science Museum Oklahoma (then called the Omniplex) unveiled a new exhibit: Lefty the Checker Playing Robot. Programmed by Scott M Savage, Lefty used an Armdroid robotic arm by
1737:) allowing also forward-diagonal movement of men and the Greek requiring the king to stop directly after the captured piece. With this rule, there is no draw with one king and men versus one king.
1711:
A sequence must capture the maximum possible number of pieces. Captured pieces are removed immediately so that a sequence may even in the direction where the capturing piece comes from
897:
1560:, and the region nearby. Also known locally as "Black–White Chess". Sometimes it is played on an 8×8 board when a 12×12 board is unavailable; a 10×10 board is rare in this region.
2020:: A game in which pieces move in any direction and jump over any other piece, friend or enemy (but with no captures), and players try to move them all into an opposite corner.
928:
1606:
If there are sequences of captures with either a man or a king, the king must be chosen. After that, any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made.
1582:
If there are sequences of captures with either a man or a king, the king must be chosen. After that, any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made.
2765:
1237:; traditional among African American players. A man reaching the kings row is promoted only if he does not have additional backwards jumps (as in international draughts).
1524:
The rules are similar to the Spanish game, but the king, when it captures, must stop directly after the captured piece, and may begin a new capture movement from there.
2786:
1969:
2340:
1238:
654:(which jumps with coordinates (3,1) rather than (2,1) so as to stay on the black squares), and men reaching the back rank promote to a bishop, camel, or king.
1718:. Men move straight forwards or sideways, instead of diagonally. When a man reaches the last row, it is promoted to a flying king (Dama), which moves like a
1356:
king and one of three pieces, the player must capture the three pieces; two captures, one of two kings and one of three pieces, one must choose the kings...
943:
636:: On a 9×9 board, each side has 17 guard pieces that move and jump in any direction, to escort a captain piece which races to the centre of the board to win.
3076:
243:
for two players which involve forward movements of uniform game pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over opponent pieces. Checkers is developed from
1519:
The rules are similar to the Spanish game, but a sequence that the king can capture must be captured first of all sequences of the same number of pieces.
882:
2096:
1877:
It is mainly played in Italy and some North African countries. Old French draughts is the same game without the obligation to jump kings with a king.
344:
1630:
All pieces are long-range. Jumping is mandatory after first move of the rook. Any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made.
2818:
Schaeffer, Jonathan; Burch, Neil; Björnsson, Yngvi; Kishimoto, Akihiro; Müller, Martin; Lake, Robert; Lu, Paul; Sutphen, Steve (14 September 2007).
978:
2885:
804:
created one of the first board game-playing programs of any kind. More recently, in 2007 scientists at the University of Alberta developed their "
459:
also mentions it. The method of capture was placing two pieces on either side of the opponent's piece. It was said to have been played during the
1086:
Any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made. Overlooking a king's capture opportunity leads to forfeiture of the king.
1478:
Light square is on right, but double corner is on left, as play is on the light squares. (Play on the dark squares with dark square on right is
1963:
1633:
The uppermost symbol of the cube determines its value, which is decreased after being jumped. Having only one piece remaining loses the game.
3005:
2211:
2281:
377:
Flying kings are not used in American checkers; a king's only advantage over a man is the additional ability to move and capture backwards.
1951:
962:
274:, played on a 10×10 board – with the latter widely played in many countries worldwide. There are many other variants played on 8×8 boards.
2662:
2363:
3071:
2721:
3103:
801:
2700:
Kok, Fred (Winter 2001). Kerry Handscomb (ed.). "Hexdame • A nice combination". Abstract Games. No. 8. Carpe Diem Publishing. p. 21.
2603:
2546:
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2004:
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Pieces promote only when ending their move on the final rank, not when passing through it. It is mainly played in the Netherlands,
2262:
3298:
3293:
1491:
Also called Spanish checkers. It is mainly played in Portugal, some parts of South America, and some Northern African countries.
1488:
A sequence must capture the maximum possible number of pieces, and the maximum possible number of kings from all such sequences.
1178:
Played in Brazil. The rules come from international draughts, but board size and number of pieces come from American checkers.
3192:
2944:
Fraenkel, Aviezri S.; Garey, M. R.; Johnson, David S.; Yesha, Yaacov (1978). "The complexity of checkers on an N × N board".
2591:
1532:
1272:
In an ending with three kings versus one king, the player with three kings must win in thirteen moves or the game is a draw.
1243:
In an ending with three kings versus one king, the player with three kings must win in thirteen moves or the game is a draw.
279:
772:
3113:
1311:
a man that enters the kings row during a jump and can continue to jump backwards, jumps backwards as a king, not as a man;
610:
3212:
3197:
3126:
1689:
Kings stop on the square directly behind the piece captured and must continue capturing from there as long as possible.
797:
784:
2715:
Board Game Studies: Das Säulenspiel Laska: Renaissance einer fast vergessenen Dame-Variante mit Verbindungen zum Schach
2680:
1957:
3118:
121:
Casual games usually last 10 to 30 minutes; tournament games last anywhere from about 60 minutes to 3 hours or more.
3303:
1614:
1234:
633:
347:
A game in international draughts (10×10 board), featuring a flying king (the move "Les Blancs prennent 6 pions...")
2364:"From circle and square to the image of the world: a possible interpretation or some petroglyphs of merels boards"
2802:
1982:
805:
704:
31:
761:
2058:
695:
385:
In most non-English languages (except those that acquired the game from English speakers), checkers is called
1199:
Two variations exist: one with the double-corner on player's near-right and the other on player's near-left.
514:, with similar play to modern checkers, was played on a 5×5 board. It is mentioned in the tenth-century work
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1609:
Occasionally mislabeled as Hungarian, this variant remains distinctly Slovak in origin and practice.
1590:
821:
three-move restriction. As of December 2007, this makes American checkers the most complex game ever
788:
765:
519:
1520:
829:
776:
732:
251:
board which the game is played on, whereas "draughts" derives from the verb "to draw" or "to move".
2395:
1939:
1851:
Also called "straight checkers" in the United States, or "English draughts" in the United Kingdom.
1638:
575:
554:
469:
3256:
A free Application that allows you to play 15 popular checkers variants with a human or a computer
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443:
checkerboards, found with their pieces in burial chambers, and the game was played by the pharaoh
3108:
2857:
2407:
2309:
2301:
1768:
1153:
908:
809:
675:
671:
294:
3153:
473:, or the game of the Little Soldiers. The pieces, and sporadically the game itself, were called
431:
Similar games have been played for millennia. A board resembling a checkers board was found in
343:
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The most popular forms of checkers in Anglophone countries are American checkers (also called
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2023:
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games is that the captures can be made diagonally, but also straight forwards and sideways.
1098:
1055:, France, Belgium, some eastern European countries, some parts of Africa, some parts of the
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Play online draughts, Russian draughts or giveaway draughts. Online tournaments every day.
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3130:
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2725:
2461:
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Captures are mandatory. Failing to capture results in forfeiture of that piece (huffing).
793:
738:
515:
248:
233:
598:, identical to modern American checkers. The game without forced capture became known as
297:. From the standard starting position, perfect play by each side would result in a draw.
2835:
2538:
2044:
1314:
choosing a sequence that captures the maximum possible number of pieces is not required.
783:
American checkers (English draughts) has been the arena for several notable advances in
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1565:
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647:
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532:, the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name. It was maybe adapted into a derivation of
436:
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2403:
2305:
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1213:
920:
651:
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707:: A variant on a 9×9 board, game ending with capturing opponent's king. Invented by
2465:
2050:
1719:
1365:
1305:
867:
Can one player remove all the other player's pieces in one move (by several jumps)?
549:
464:
259:
59:
2026:: Based on Halma, but uses a star-shaped board divided into equilateral triangles.
2500:
2201:
2126:
3202:
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1998:
1990:
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approach that took hundreds of computers working nearly two decades was used to
661:
621:
540:(in about 1100, probably in the south of France, this was done once again using
290:
2531:
729:): A variant where the objective of each player is to lose all of their pieces.
53:
3123:
2915:
2297:
2040:
817:
735:: A complex variant which allows players to upgrade their pieces beyond kings.
541:
537:
460:
444:
240:
92:
82:
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The rule of crowning was used by the 13th century, as it is mentioned in the
3080:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 547–550.
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There is also a 10×8 board variant (with two additional columns labelled
1052:
714:
639:
397:, or a similar term that refers to ladies. The pieces are usually called
660:: A variant utilising math principles and numbered chips popular in the
17:
3270:
1994:
1848:
Any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made.
1785:
Any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made.
1686:
Any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made.
1655:
Any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made.
1300:
1295:
Any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made.
1266:
Any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made.
1230:
Any sequence may be chosen, as long as all possible captures are made.
681:
2799:
837:
frustrating for the visitors, so the original code was reimplemented.
548:, as the move of the two pieces was the same at the time) or adapting
3251:
A free program that allows you to play more than 20 kinds of draughts
1986:
1924:
985:
657:
544:
pieces, thereby each piece was called a "fers", the same name as the
3250:
2980:
2470:. Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press).
1411:
Variable; Most rules have mandatory capture without maximum capture
1308:
and in Israel. Rules are similar to international draughts, except:
552:
using jumping capture. The rules are given in the 13th-century book
405:, "peón" (pawn) or a similar term; men promoted to kings are called
3245:
2766:"Поддавки - Первый Чемпионат по игре в обратные шашки | Шашки всем"
1874:
more sequences, the one that captures a king first must be chosen.
3061:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2068:
2017:
1935:
1420:
1332:. There are official championships for shashki and its variants.
1090:
771:
760:
691:
667:
625:
620:
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523:
497:
482:
456:
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414:
342:
38:
2967:
Robson, J. M. (May 1984). "N by N Checkers is EXPTIME complete".
796:
computer and played the first computer checkers and arguably the
3263:
Play online draughts plus information on strategies and history.
3021:
1759:
A sequence must capture the maximum possible number of pieces.
1304:
or Russian shashki checkers. It is mainly played in the former
1205:
A sequence must capture the maximum possible number of pieces.
1175:
A sequence must capture the maximum possible number of pieces.
1148:
International rules on a 12×12 board. Played mainly in Canada.
1145:
A sequence must capture the maximum possible number of pieces.
1048:
A sequence must capture the maximum possible number of pieces.
816:
the game, showing that a game of checkers will always end in a
3269:
Internet draughts server, similar to the popular chess server
3098:
1233:
Also called Spanish Pool checkers. It is mainly played in the
194:
3266:
1526:
With this rule, there is no draw with two kings versus one.
518:. Al qirq was also the name for the game that is now called
363:. It is marked by placing an additional piece on top of, or
3217:
3168:
The International Draughts Committee of the Disabled (IDCD)
3167:
856:
However, without this bound, Checkers is EXPTIME-complete.
432:
3260:
351:
When a man reaches the farthest row forward, known as the
3239:
3036:"IDF | IDF | International Draughts Federation"
3035:
293:
in 2007 by a team of Canadian computer scientists led by
215:
3188:
A Guide to Checkers Families and Rules by Sultan Ratrout
3140:
2946:
19th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
2206:(Illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. p. 333.
2087:
When this word is used in the UK, it is usually spelled
2505:(Illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 33.
1414:
Keny (Russian: Кены) is a draughts game played in the
688:
to a hexagonal gameboard. By Christian Freeling (1979).
3198:
Jim Loy's checkers pages with many links and articles.
3162:
1817:
Double-corner or light square on player's near-right?
1453:
Double-corner or light square on player's near-right?
1016:
Double-corner or light square on player's near-right?
1000:
International draughts / American Pool checkers family
3150:
1585:
This variant is from the family of the Spanish game.
224:
218:
203:
197:
2719:
bgsj.ludus-opuscula.org/PDF_Files/BGS5-complete.pdf.
1801:
American straight checkers / English draughts family
221:
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188:
2922:. The Daily Oklahoman. 25 November 1983. p. 51
152:
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133:
125:
117:
109:
101:
75:
67:
1730:). The pieces start on the second and third rows.
609:wrote a foreword to a 1756 book about checkers by
58:Starting position for American checkers on an 8×8
2292:(55). University of Liverpool, England: 257–271.
984:8x8 board, starting position and example play in
808:" program to the point where it is unbeatable. A
800:according to certain definitions. In the 1950s,
2939:
2937:
2152:The sports and pastimes of the people of England
1985:(FMJD) was founded in 1947 by four Federations:
1923:Column draughts (Russian towers), also known as
2339:. New York: Harper and Brothers. Archived from
2012:Games sometimes confused with checkers variants
613:, the earliest book in English about the game.
37:"Draughts" redirects here. For other uses, see
3228:"Chess and Draughts/Checkers" by Edward Winter
2717:. Vol. 5, CNWS Publications, 2002, pp. 79-99,
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
370:In international draughts, kings (also called
3246:Server for playing correspondence tournaments
2800:Chinook - World Man-Machine Checkers Champion
2688:Abstract Games... For the Competitive Thinker
2400:Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations
1794:No flying kings; men cannot capture backwards
8:
335:, men can jump both forwards and backwards.
46:
2785:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2337:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
602:, the precursor of international checkers.
2456:
2454:
2437:(2000 ed.). Shire Books. p. 13.
2007:(IDF) was established in 2012 in Bulgaria.
1430:Flying kings; men cannot capture backwards
52:
3104:American Pool Checkers Association (APCA)
2886:"Chinook - Solving Checkers Publications"
2843:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2097:American and British spelling differences
570:Men in medieval clothing playing checkers
3151:World Checkers & Draughts Federation
1797:
1433:
996:
870:Can one player king a piece in one move?
753:English draughts § Computer players
2994:Salm, Steven J.; Falola, Toyin (2002).
2764:в 18:13, Ольга Ворончихина 27/10/2012.
2117:
2080:
993:Flying kings; men can capture backwards
878:
779:'s checkers (1983) the first robot game
768:'s checkers (1952) the first video game
757:International draughts § Computers
711:and described in Japanese book in 1890.
247:. The term "checkers" derives from the
2778:
1382:Mandatory Capture and Maximum Capture
848:Checkers is played on an M × N board.
522:. Al qirq was brought to Spain by the
467:played a derivation of petteia called
45:
3223:On the evolution of Draughts variants
3124:German Draughts Association (DSV NRW)
3092:Draughts associations and federations
2679:Freeling, Christian (14 April 2021).
2668:from the original on 21 October 2020.
7:
3136:Northwest Draughts Federation (NWDF)
2280:Austin, Roland G. (September 1940).
1966:in international draughts since 1873
1960:in international draughts since 1885
1952:World Checkers/Draughts Championship
3209:checkers books, electronic editions
2127:"Draughts, Checkers - Online Guide"
1964:Women's World Draughts Championship
582:in 1243 when the game was known as
455:, as being of Egyptian origin, and
409:or ladies. In these languages, the
3182:History, articles, variants, rules
3114:English Draughts Association (EDA)
3022:"FMJD - World Draughts Federation"
2598:. Godalming: Games & Puzzles.
2596:The encyclopedia of chess variants
934:12x12 board, starting position in
888:10x10 board, starting position in
859:However, other problems have only
25:
3146:Surinam Draughts Federation (SDB)
3099:American Checker Federation (ACF)
2739:"ФШР | Обратные шашки (поддавки)"
2265:. 9 December 2006. Archived from
2005:International Draughts Federation
3193:The history of checkers/draughts
3163:World Draughts Federation (FMJD)
3141:Polish Draughts Federation (PDF)
3054:
2043:
1059:, and other European countries.
977:
968:8x8 board, starting position in
961:
949:8x8 board, starting position in
942:
927:
903:8x8 board, starting position in
896:
881:
605:The 18th-century English author
184:
3119:European Draughts Confederation
1970:Draughts-64 World Championships
1954:in American checkers since 1840
286:) are played on a 12×12 board.
3000:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1934:Bashni has inspired the games
1533:Malaysian/Singaporean checkers
875:National and regional variants
280:Malaysian/Singaporean checkers
1:
2502:Board and Table Game Antiques
2499:Bell, Robert Charles (1981).
2434:Board and Table Game Antiques
2431:Bell, Robert Charles (1981).
2331:Peck, Harry Thurston (1898).
2243:. 17 February 1916. p. 1
1615:Hungarian Highlander draughts
646:. Each player begins with a
451:mentioned a game, πεττεία or
258:), which is played on an 8×8
2997:Culture and Customs of Ghana
1339:Mozambican draughts/checkers
1326:) and the give-away variant
785:game artificial intelligence
435:dating from 3000 BC. In the
270:, both on an 8x8 board; and
2537:. Pantheon Books. pp.
1958:Draughts World Championship
526:, where it became known as
3320:
3109:Danish Draughts Federation
2652:Tapalnitski, Aleh (2019).
2529:(1982) . "Blue and Gray".
2377:(1): 11–25. Archived from
1250:Jamaican draughts/checkers
1235:southeastern United States
750:
684:: A literal adaptation of
590:(derived from the Persian
62:; Black (red) moves first.
36:
29:
2969:SIAM Journal on Computing
2298:10.1017/S0003598X00015258
1983:World Draughts Federation
705:Philosophy shogi checkers
502:Alquerque board and setup
51:
32:Checkers (disambiguation)
2728:. Accessed 16 Dec. 2021.
2690:. 10 Summer 2002: 10–12.
2059:List of draughts players
1908:Captures are mandatory.
841:Computational complexity
642:: A variant invented by
600:Le jeu plaisant de dames
586:, the name used for the
3299:Traditional board games
3294:Abstract strategy games
3218:Alemanni Checkers Pages
3129:27 October 2010 at the
3077:Encyclopædia Britannica
2845:10.1126/science.1144079
2241:The Ellensburgh Capital
2149:Strutt, Joseph (1801).
1919:Russian Column draughts
1437:Spanish draughts family
972:and Portuguese draughts
282:(also locally known as
3156:10 August 2010 at the
2743:Федерация шашек России
2713:Angerstein, Wolfgang.
2200:Oxland, Kevin (2004).
2155:. London. p. 255.
2032:: "Hawaiian checkers".
1887:Altdeutsches Damespiel
1031:International draughts
890:international draughts
780:
769:
686:international draughts
629:
571:
506:An Arabic game called
503:
348:
329:international draughts
289:American checkers was
272:International draughts
88:Abstract strategy game
3173:14 April 2021 at the
2571:www.chessvariants.org
1033:(or Polish draughts)
861:polynomial complexity
832:and was powered by a
798:first video game ever
775:
764:
751:Further information:
624:
569:
501:
346:
2954:10.1109/SFCS.1978.36
2820:"Checkers Is Solved"
2805:24 June 2003 at the
2384:on 21 November 2004.
2171:www.tradgames.org.uk
2131:www.tradgames.org.uk
1823:Capture constraints
1497:Argentinian draughts
1459:Capture constraints
1119:Played primarily in
1022:Capture constraints
789:Christopher Strachey
766:Christopher Strachey
696:World Chess Champion
481:). Like the pawn in
323:An uncrowned piece (
159:draughts (or drafts)
30:For other uses, see
3213:The Checkers Family
2920:The Daily Oklahoman
2836:2007Sci...317.1518S
2830:(5844): 1518–1522.
2724:2 June 2016 at the
2592:Pritchard, D. Brine
2282:"Greek Board Games"
2269:on 9 December 2006.
2203:Gameplay and design
1804:
1480:Portuguese draughts
1440:
1003:
555:Libro de los juegos
48:
27:Strategy board game
2948:. pp. 55–64.
2890:www.cs.ualberta.ca
2467:A History of Chess
2410:. pp. 47–48.
2408:Dover Publications
2362:Berger, F (2004).
2237:"Lure of checkers"
2095:); see further at
1798:
1769:Tanzanian draughts
1434:
1154:Brazilian draughts
997:
781:
770:
676:Christian Freeling
630:
572:
504:
349:
295:Jonathan Schaeffer
3304:Individual sports
3007:978-0-313-32050-7
2916:"But Can It Type"
2632:www.mindsports.nl
2371:Rock Art Research
2343:on 8 October 2008
2213:978-0-321-20467-7
1916:
1915:
1832:American checkers
1808:National variant
1791:
1790:
1552:Mainly played in
1444:National variant
1427:
1426:
1184:Filipino Checkers
1129:Canadian checkers
1065:Ghanaian draughts
1007:National variant
955:Armenian draughts
936:Canadian draughts
747:Computer checkers
723:Giveaway Checkers
628:starting position
617:Invented variants
520:nine men's morris
439:are specimens of
276:Canadian checkers
236:), is a group of
178:), also known as
169:
168:
16:(Redirected from
3311:
3081:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2896:on 16 April 2008
2892:. Archived from
2882:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2847:
2815:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2729:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2553:Internet Archive
2536:
2533:A Gamut of Games
2523:
2517:
2516:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2462:Murray, H. J. R.
2458:
2449:
2448:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2308:. Archived from
2277:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2218:
2217:
2197:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2125:Masters, James.
2122:
2100:
2093:Chinese chequers
2085:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2024:Chinese checkers
1891:Altdeutsche Dame
1857:Italian draughts
1814:Pieces per side
1805:
1744:Myanmar draughts
1728:Armenian variant
1695:Turkish draughts
1468:Spanish draughts
1450:Pieces per side
1441:
1388:Turkish draughts
1279:Russian draughts
1099:Frisian draughts
1013:Pieces per side
1004:
981:
965:
946:
931:
917:Russian draughts
900:
885:
715:Suicide checkers
576:Philippe Mouskés
441:ancient Egyptian
333:Russian draughts
268:Turkish draughts
264:Russian draughts
256:English draughts
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
176:American English
56:
49:
21:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3179:
3175:Wayback Machine
3158:Wayback Machine
3131:Wayback Machine
3089:
3084:
3070:, ed. (1911). "
3066:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3008:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2981:10.1137/0213018
2966:
2965:
2961:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2807:Wayback Machine
2798:
2794:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2726:Wayback Machine
2712:
2708:
2699:
2695:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
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2590:
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2585:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2549:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2478:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2402:. Vol. I.
2394:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2312:on 8 April 2009
2279:
2278:
2274:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2221:
2214:
2199:
2198:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2014:
1979:
1948:
1921:
1883:Gothic checkers
1803:
1796:
1665:German draughts
1591:Slovak draughts
1439:
1432:
1002:
995:
988:
982:
973:
966:
957:
947:
938:
932:
923:
901:
892:
886:
877:
843:
794:Ferranti Mark 1
759:
749:
727:Losing Draughts
619:
564:
516:Kitab al-Aghani
496:
429:
424:
383:
359:, it becomes a
341:
321:
316:
303:
234:British English
208:
187:
183:
165:
97:
63:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3267:Lidraughts.org
3264:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3203:Checkers Maven
3200:
3195:
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3148:
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3121:
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3095:
3088:
3087:External links
3085:
3083:
3082:
3068:Chisholm, Hugh
3050:
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3013:
3006:
2986:
2975:(2): 252–267.
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1912:flying kings.
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1714:Also known as
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830:Colne Robotics
777:Scott M Savage
748:
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719:Anti-Checkers
717:(also called
716:
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634:Blue and Gray
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611:William Payne
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427:Ancient games
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3261:Draughts.org
3233:
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3091:
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3030:
3016:
2996:
2989:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2945:
2924:. Retrieved
2919:
2910:
2898:. Retrieved
2894:the original
2889:
2880:
2870:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2795:
2769:. Retrieved
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2745:(in Russian)
2742:
2733:
2714:
2709:
2696:
2687:
2674:
2654:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2631:
2622:
2595:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:
2561:
2551:– via
2532:
2527:Sackson, Sid
2521:
2501:
2494:
2466:
2433:
2426:
2399:
2390:
2379:the original
2374:
2370:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2341:the original
2336:
2333:"Latruncŭli"
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:the original
2289:
2285:
2275:
2267:the original
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2240:
2202:
2174:. Retrieved
2170:
2167:"Error Page"
2161:
2151:
2130:
2120:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2051:Games portal
1933:
1929:
1922:
1890:
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1668:
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1508:
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1479:
1436:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1299:
1298:Also called
1271:
1242:
1187:
1157:
1068:
999:
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850:
844:
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722:
718:
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372:flying kings
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308:
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288:
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260:checkerboard
253:
179:
171:
170:
118:Playing time
113:<1 minute
68:Years active
60:checkerboard
43:
3271:lichess.org
3240:mindoku.com
3234:Online play
3207:CheckersUSA
2900:22 December
2771:16 December
2749:16 December
2396:Bell, R. C.
2176:29 December
1999:Switzerland
1991:Netherlands
1977:Federations
1820:First move
1811:Board size
1456:First move
1447:Board size
1057:former USSR
1019:First move
1010:Board size
853:PSPACE-hard
846:Generalized
810:brute force
709:Inoue Enryō
672:Epaminondas
662:Philippines
588:chess queen
546:chess queen
241:board games
3283:Categories
2704:1492-0492.
2655:Meet Dameo
2576:28 October
2567:"Cheskers"
2107:References
1972:since 1985
1782:Not fixed
1546:Not fixed
1089:Played in
787:. In 1951
542:backgammon
538:chessboard
534:latrunculi
470:latrunculi
461:Trojan War
445:Hatshepsut
357:crown head
110:Setup time
93:Mind sport
83:Board game
2541:, 10–11.
2306:163535077
2286:Antiquity
2263:"Petteia"
2112:Citations
1558:Singapore
1370:6×4 grid
1121:Friesland
909:Brazilian
596:Jeu forcé
580:Chronique
529:Alquerque
494:Alquerque
487:Alquerque
353:kings row
249:checkered
245:alquerque
148:, tactics
134:Age range
3289:Draughts
3171:Archived
3154:Archived
3127:Archived
3072:Draughts
2926:26 March
2862:10274228
2854:17641166
2803:Archived
2781:cite web
2722:Archived
2663:Archived
2637:14 April
2614:60113912
2594:(1994).
2486:13472872
2464:(1913).
2398:(1979).
2347:7 August
2316:16 April
2247:16 April
2089:chequers
2064:Fanorona
2037:See also
1554:Malaysia
1416:Caucasus
1329:Poddavki
1053:Suriname
739:Vigman's
640:Cheskers
562:Crowning
365:crowning
238:strategy
180:draughts
172:Checkers
162:chequers
153:Synonyms
146:Strategy
47:Checkers
18:Draughts
3065::
3047:Sources
2832:Bibcode
2824:Science
2681:"Dameo"
2628:"Rules"
2091:(as in
1995:Belgium
1726:in the
1301:shashki
1158:derecha
970:Italian
951:Turkish
905:English
806:Chinook
682:Hexdame
678:(2000).
584:Fierges
512:al-qirq
508:Quirkat
479:pebbles
475:calculi
453:petteia
422:History
102:Players
3059:
3004:
2860:
2852:
2612:
2602:
2545:
2509:
2484:
2474:
2441:
2414:
2304:
2210:
2030:Kōnane
1989:, the
1987:France
1940:Emergo
1925:Bashni
1905:White
1870:White
1845:Black
1826:Notes
1756:White
1722:(or a
1708:White
1683:Black
1652:Black
1627:White
1603:White
1579:White
1537:12×12
1516:White
1503:10x10
1485:White
1462:Notes
1379:White
1352:White
1292:White
1263:Black
1227:Black
1202:White
1172:White
1142:White
1133:12×12
1112:White
1103:10×10
1083:White
1074:10×10
1045:White
1036:10×10
1025:Notes
986:Bashni
851:It is
823:solved
755:, and
742:games.
658:Damath
650:and a
648:bishop
465:Romans
463:. The
403:stones
381:Naming
314:Pieces
142:Skills
126:Chance
76:Genres
2875:Prize
2858:S2CID
2684:(PDF)
2666:(PDF)
2659:(PDF)
2382:(PDF)
2367:(PDF)
2302:S2CID
2075:Notes
2069:Chess
2018:Halma
1936:Lasca
1724:queen
1421:Dameo
1366:Tobit
1091:Ghana
1069:damii
913:Czech
814:solve
733:Tiers
692:Lasca
674:. By
668:Dameo
652:camel
626:Dameo
550:Seega
524:Moors
483:Chess
457:Homer
449:Plato
415:chess
411:queen
407:dames
395:damas
391:dames
339:King
39:Draft
3002:ISBN
2928:2022
2902:2007
2850:PMID
2787:link
2773:2021
2751:2021
2702:ISSN
2639:2021
2610:OCLC
2600:ISBN
2578:2021
2543:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2482:OCLC
2472:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2349:2021
2318:2009
2249:2009
2208:ISBN
2178:2022
1997:and
1938:and
1896:8×8
1885:(or
1861:8×8
1842:Yes
1836:8×8
1779:Yes
1773:8×8
1748:8×8
1735:tama
1720:rook
1716:Dama
1699:8×8
1680:Yes
1674:8×8
1669:Dame
1667:(or
1649:Yes
1643:8×8
1619:8×8
1595:8×8
1576:Yes
1570:8×8
1543:Yes
1501:8×8
1472:8×8
1400:8×8
1396:Keny
1343:8×8
1322:and
1306:USSR
1289:Yes
1283:8×8
1254:8×8
1224:Yes
1218:8×8
1193:8×8
1188:dama
1186:(or
1169:Yes
1163:8×8
1156:(or
1139:Yes
1109:Yes
1067:(or
1042:Yes
953:and
915:and
818:draw
592:ferz
387:dame
361:king
331:and
278:and
266:and
129:None
3074:".
2977:doi
2950:doi
2840:doi
2828:317
2294:doi
1899:16
1889:or
1867:No
1864:12
1839:12
1776:12
1751:12
1702:16
1677:12
1573:12
1540:30
1513:No
1509:15
1507:12
1482:.)
1475:12
1403:16
1373:12
1349:No
1346:12
1286:12
1260:No
1257:12
1221:12
1196:12
1166:12
1136:30
1106:20
1080:No
1077:20
1039:20
725:or
578:'s
510:or
413:in
399:men
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325:man
319:Man
284:dam
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