Dreadnought - Knowledge (XXG)

1467: 2248: 1415:-class super-dreadnoughts, augmented by battlecruisers purchased by Australia and New Zealand. In the same period, Germany laid down only three ships, giving the United Kingdom a superiority of 22 ships to 13. The British resolve, as demonstrated by their construction programme, led the Germans to seek a negotiated end to the arms race. The Admiralty's new target of a 60% lead over Germany was near enough to Tirpitz's goal of cutting the British lead to 50%, but talks foundered on the question on whether to include British colonial battlecruisers in the count, as well as on non-naval matters like the German demands for recognition of ownership of 1019:. Behind this belt were arranged the ship's coal bunkers, to further protect the engineering spaces. In an engagement of this sort, there was also a lesser threat of indirect damage to the vital parts of the ship. A shell which struck above the belt armour and exploded could send fragments flying in all directions. These fragments were dangerous but could be stopped by much thinner armour than what would be necessary to stop an unexploded armour-piercing shell. To protect the innards of the ship from fragments of shells which detonated on the superstructure, much thinner steel armour was applied to the decks of the ship. 974:

problematic; being low in the hull, they proved liable to flooding, and on several classes, some were removed and plated over. The only sure way to protect a dreadnought from destroyer or torpedo boat attack was to provide a destroyer squadron as an escort. After World War I the secondary armament tended to be mounted in turrets on the upper deck and around the superstructure. This allowed a wide field of fire and good protection without the negative points of casemates. Increasingly through the 1920s and 1930s, the secondary guns were seen as a major part of the anti-aircraft battery, with high-angle,

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detonate any incoming shells so that crucial internal structures such as turret bases needed only light protection against splinters. This was in spite of the ability to engage the enemy at 20,000 yd (18,000 m), ranges where the shells would descend at angles of up to thirty degrees ("plunging fire") and so could pierce the deck behind the outer plate and strike the internal structures directly. Post-war designs typically had 5 to 6 inches (130 to 150 mm) of deck armour laid across the top of single, much thicker vertical plates to defend against this. The concept of

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forward turret and ran to just behind the aft turret. The ends of the citadel were two armoured bulkheads, fore and aft, which stretched between the ends of the armour belt. The "roof" of the citadel was an armoured deck. Within the citadel were the boilers, engines, and the magazines for the main armament. A hit to any of these systems could cripple or destroy the ship. The "floor" of the box was the bottom of the ship's hull, and was unarmoured, although it was, in fact, a "triple bottom".

987: 1060:, both attempts to protect against underwater damage by mines and torpedoes. The purpose of underwater protection was to absorb the force of a detonating mine or torpedo well away from the final watertight hull. This meant an inner bulkhead along the side of the hull, which was generally lightly armoured to capture splinters, separated from the outer hull by one or more compartments. The compartments in between were either left empty, or filled with coal, water or fuel oil. 1023:

navies—the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. This arrangement gave some armour to a larger part of the ship; for the first dreadnoughts, when high-explosive shellfire was still considered a significant threat, this was useful. It tended to result in the main belt being very short, only protecting a thin strip above the waterline; some navies found that when their dreadnoughts were heavily laden, the armoured belt was entirely submerged. The alternative was an

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ranging difficult. This viewpoint is controversial, as fire control in 1905 was not advanced enough to use the salvo-firing technique where this confusion might be important, and confusion of shell-splashes does not seem to have been a concern of those working on all-big-gun designs. Nevertheless, the likelihood of engagements at longer ranges was important in deciding that the heaviest possible guns should become standard, hence 12-inch rather than 10-inch.

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and a speed of 21 kn (24 mph; 39 km/h), which was two or three knots faster than existing battleships. The initial designs intended twelve 12-inch guns, though difficulties in positioning these guns led the chief constructor at one stage to propose a return to four 12-inch guns with sixteen or eighteen of 9.2-inch. After a full evaluation of reports of the action at Tsushima compiled by an official observer,

1403:—a type for which the Germans had less admiration than Fisher, but which could be built under the authorization for armoured cruisers, rather than for capital ships—these classes gave Germany a total of ten modern capital ships built or building in 1909. The British ships were faster and more powerful than their German equivalents, but a 12:10 ratio fell far short of the 2:1 superiority the Royal Navy wanted to maintain. 840:

firing of heavy guns in 1910 because of the wear on the barrels. The disadvantages of guns of larger calibre are that guns and turrets must be heavier; and heavier shells, which are fired at lower velocities, require turret designs that allow a larger angle of elevation for the same range. Heavier shells have the advantage of being slowed less by air resistance, retaining more penetrating power at longer ranges.

1987: 820: 506:, had long been an advocate of new technology in the Royal Navy and had recently been convinced of the idea of an all-big-gun battleship. Fisher is often credited as the creator of the dreadnought and the father of the United Kingdom's great dreadnought battleship fleet, an impression he himself did much to reinforce. It has been suggested Fisher's main focus was on the arguably even more revolutionary 1069: 741:

drawbacks. Initially, there were concerns about the impact of the blast of the raised guns on the lower turret. Raised turrets raised the centre of gravity of the ship, and might reduce the stability of the ship. Nevertheless, this layout made the best of the firepower available from a fixed number of guns, and was eventually adopted generally. The US Navy used superfiring on the

48: 592: 1049:, torpedo, or collision—then, in theory, only one area would flood and the ship could survive. To make this precaution even more effective, many dreadnoughts had no doors between different underwater sections, so that even a surprise hole below the waterline need not sink the ship. There were still several instances where flooding spread between underwater compartments. 1027:, developed by the US Navy. The armour belt was tall and thick, but no side protection at all was provided to the ends of the ship or the upper decks. The armoured deck was also thickened. The "all-or-nothing" system provided more effective protection against the very-long-range engagements of dreadnought fleets and was adopted outside the US Navy after World War I. 1446:, was to break with the policies of the past and to make an arrangement with France. The French would assume responsibility for checking Italy and Austria-Hungary in the Mediterranean, while the British would protect the north coast of France. In spite of some opposition from British politicians, the Royal Navy organised itself on this basis in 1912. 2461:, designed in 1916. Jutland finally persuaded the Admiralty that lightly armoured battlecruisers were too vulnerable, and therefore the final design of the Admirals incorporated much-increased armour, increasing displacement to 42,000 tons. The initiative in creating the new arms race lay with the Japanese and United States navies. The United States 1642: 957:

attacking destroyer. Destroyers, in contrast to torpedo boats, were expected to attack as part of a general fleet engagement, so it was necessary for the secondary armament to be protected against shell splinters from heavy guns, and the blast of the main armament. This philosophy of secondary armament was adopted by the German navy from the start;

541:-class ships. Detailed plans for these were worked out in July–November 1905, and approved by the Board of Construction on 23 November 1905. Building was slow; specifications for bidders were issued on 21 March 1906, the contracts awarded on 21 July 1906 and the two ships were laid down in December 1906, after the completion of the 1559: 1233:

for the battle fleet was that, with the exception of the United States, every major navy would have to import its oil. As a result, some navies adopted 'dual-firing' boilers which could use coal sprayed with oil; British ships so equipped, which included dreadnoughts, could even use oil alone at up to 60% power.

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Additional advantage is gained by having a uniform armament. A mixed armament necessitates separate control for each type; owing to a variety of causes the range passed to 12-inch guns is not the range that will suit the 9.2-inch or 6-inch guns, although the distance of the target is the same." First

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The major naval powers avoided the cripplingly expensive expansion programmes by negotiating the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922. The Treaty laid out a list of ships, including most of the older dreadnoughts and almost all the newer ships under construction, which were to be scrapped or otherwise put

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In spite of the lull in battleship building during the World War, the years 1919–1922 saw the threat of a renewed naval arms race between the United Kingdom, Japan, and the US. The Battle of Jutland exerted a huge influence over the designs produced in this period. The first ships which fit into this

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taught the dangers of long-range fire to European navies. Important features of the standard battleships were "all or nothing" armour and "raft" construction—based on a design philosophy which held that only those parts of the ship worth giving the thickest possible protection were worth armouring at

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Within a few years, the principal threat was from the destroyer—larger, more heavily armed, and harder to destroy than the torpedo boat. Since the risk from destroyers was very serious, it was considered that one shell from a battleship's secondary armament should sink (rather than merely damage) any

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s and other early American dreadnoughts were similarly equipped. At this stage, torpedo boats were expected to attack separately from any fleet actions. Therefore, there was no need to armour the secondary gun armament, or to protect the crews from the blast effects of the main guns. In this context,

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Different navies approached the issue of calibre in different ways. The German navy, for instance, generally used a lighter calibre than the equivalent British ships, e.g. 12-inch calibre when the British standard was 13.5-inch (343 mm). Because German metallurgy was superior, the German 12-inch

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Initially, all dreadnoughts had two guns to a turret. One solution to the problem of turret layout was to put three or even four guns in each turret. Fewer turrets meant the ship could be shorter, or could devote more space to machinery. On the other hand, it meant that in the event of an enemy shell

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The bulk of a dreadnought's armour was concentrated around the "armoured citadel". This was a box, with four armoured walls and an armoured roof, around the most important parts of the ship. The sides of the citadel were the "armoured belt" of the ship, which started on the hull just in front of the

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would be made with torpedoes. In practice, torpedoes fired from battleships scored very few hits, and there was a risk that a stored torpedo would cause a dangerous explosion if hit by enemy fire. And in fact, the only documented instance of one battleship successfully torpedoing another came during

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The replacement of the 6-or-8-inch (152 or 203 mm) guns with weapons of 9.2-or-10-inch (234 or 254 mm) calibre improved the striking power of a battleship, particularly at longer ranges. Uniform heavy-gun armament offered many other advantages. One advantage was logistical simplicity. When

405:, submitted an alternative drawing showing an armament of twelve 12-inch guns, but the Admiralty was not prepared to accept this. Part of the rationale for the decision to retain mixed-calibre guns was the need to begin the building of the ships quickly because of the tense situation produced by the 290:

An evolutionary step was to reduce the quick-firing secondary battery and substitute additional heavy guns, typically 9.2-to-10-inch (234 to 254 mm). Ships designed in this way have been described as 'all-big-gun mixed-calibre' or later 'semi-dreadnoughts'. Semi-dreadnought ships had many heavy

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For the German part, the High Seas Fleet determined not to engage the British without the assistance of submarines, and since submarines were more needed for commerce raiding, the fleet stayed in port for much of the remainder of the war. Other theatres showed the role of small craft in damaging or

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had changed to reduce the risk of U-boat attack. Jutland was the only major clash of dreadnought battleship fleets in history, and the German plan for the battle relied on U-boat attacks on the British fleet; and the escape of the German fleet from the superior British firepower was effected by the

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The first generation of dreadnoughts used coal to fire the boilers which fed steam to the turbines. Coal had been in use since the first steam warships. One advantage of coal was that it is quite inert (in lump form) and thus could be used as part of the ship's protection scheme. Coal also had many

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The design of the dreadnought changed to meet new challenges. For example, armour schemes were changed to reflect the greater risk of plunging shells from long-range gunfire, and the increasing threat from armour-piercing bombs dropped by aircraft. Later designs carried a greater thickness of steel

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Both methods offered advantages and disadvantages, though in general greater muzzle velocity meant increased barrel wear. As guns fire, their barrels wear out, losing accuracy and eventually requiring replacement. At times, this became problematic; the US Navy seriously considered stopping practice

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The designers of dreadnoughts sought to provide as much protection, speed, and firepower as possible in a ship of a realistic size and cost. The hallmark of dreadnought battleships was an "all-big-gun" armament, but they also had heavy armour concentrated mainly in a thick belt at the waterline and

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Shortly after taking office, Fisher set up a Committee on Designs to consider future battleships and armoured cruisers. The committee's first task was to consider a new battleship. The specification for the new ship was a 12-inch main battery and anti-torpedo-boat guns but no intermediate calibres,

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The outbreak of World War I largely halted the dreadnought arms race as funds and technical resources were diverted to more pressing priorities. The foundries which produced battleship guns were dedicated instead to the production of land-based artillery, and shipyards were flooded with orders for

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The design weakness of super-dreadnoughts, which distinguished them from post-1918 vessels, was armour disposition. Their design emphasized the vertical armour protection needed in short-range battles, where shells would strike the sides of the ship, and assumed that an outer plate of armour would

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The battleship race soon accelerated once more, placing a great burden on the finances of the governments which engaged in it. The first dreadnoughts were not much more expensive than the last pre-dreadnoughts, but the cost per ship continued to grow thereafter. Modern battleships were the crucial

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These benefits meant that, as early as 1901, Fisher was pressing the advantages of oil fuel. There were technical problems with oil-firing, connected with the different distribution of the weight of oil fuel compared to coal, and the problems of pumping viscous oil. The main problem with using oil

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The secondary battery served several other roles. It was hoped that a medium-calibre shell might be able to score a hit on an enemy dreadnought's sensitive fire control systems. It was also felt that the secondary armament could play an important role in driving off enemy cruisers from attacking a

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on the main deck. The Royal Navy increased its secondary armament from 12-pounder to first 4-inch (100 mm) and then 6-inch (150 mm) guns, which were standard at the start of World War I; the US standardized on 5-inch calibre for the war but planned 6-inch guns for the ships designed just

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preferred an all-big-gun design because it would mean only one set of calculations about adjustments to the range of the guns. Some historians today hold that a uniform calibre was particularly important because the risk of confusion between shell-splashes of 12-inch and lighter guns made accurate

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of 1904–1905 showed that future naval battles could, and likely would, be fought at long distances. The newest 12-inch (305 mm) guns had longer range and fired heavier shells than a gun of 10-or-9.2-inch (254 or 234 mm) calibre. Another possible advantage was fire control; at long ranges

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In 1909, the British Parliament authorized an additional four capital ships, holding out hope Germany would be willing to negotiate a treaty limiting battleship numbers. If no such solution could be found, an additional four ships would be laid down in 1910. Even this compromise meant, when taken

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If all turrets were on the centreline of the vessel, stresses on the ship's frames were relatively low. This layout meant the entire main battery could fire on the broadside, though fewer could fire end-on. It meant the hull would be longer, which posed some challenges for the designers; a longer

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In Japan, the two battleships of the 1903–1904 programme were the first in the world to be laid down as all-big-gun ships, with eight 12-inch guns. The armour of their design was considered too thin, demanding a substantial redesign. The financial pressures of the Russo-Japanese War and the short

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had been completed. A June 1919 Admiralty plan outlined a post-war fleet with 33 battleships and eight battlecruisers, which could be built and sustained for £171 million a year (approximately £9.93 billion today); only £84 million was available. The Admiralty then demanded, as an

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entitled "An Ideal Battleship for the British Navy", which called for a 17,000-ton ship carrying a main armament of twelve 12-inch guns, protected by armour 12 inches thick, and having a speed of 24 knots (28 mph; 44 km/h). Cuniberti's idea—which he had already proposed to his own

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in December 1902 arguing the case for larger battleships. In an appendix to his paper, Poundstone suggested a greater number of 11-and-9-inch (279 and 229 mm) guns was preferable to a smaller number of 12-and-9-inch (305 and 229 mm). The Naval War College and Bureau of Construction and

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was building four dreadnoughts, while Italy had four and was building two more. Against such threats, the Royal Navy could no longer guarantee vital British interests. The United Kingdom was faced with a choice between building more battleships, withdrawing from the Mediterranean, or seeking an

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The earliest dreadnoughts were intended to take part in a pitched battle against other battleships at ranges of up to 10,000 yd (9,100 m). In such an encounter, shells would fly on a relatively flat trajectory, and a shell would have to hit at or just about the waterline to damage the

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Much of the displacement of a dreadnought was taken up by the steel plating of the armour. Designers spent much time and effort to provide the best possible protection for their ships against the various weapons with which they would be faced. Only so much weight could be devoted to protection,

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authorized the construction of 156 new ships, including ten battleships and six battlecruisers. For the first time, the United States Navy was threatening the British global lead. This programme was started slowly (in part because of a desire to learn lessons from Jutland), and never fulfilled

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were the first US battleships to match the speed of British dreadnoughts, but their secondary battery was "wet" (suffering from spray) and their bow was low in the water. An alternative 12-gun 24,000-ton design had many disadvantages as well; the extra two guns and a lower casemate had "hidden

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themselves. In theory, a line of battleships so equipped could unleash a devastating volley of torpedoes on an enemy line steaming a parallel course. This was also a carry-over from the older tactical doctrine of continuously closing range with the enemy, and the idea that gunfire alone may be

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of between 4.7-and-7.5-inch (119 and 191 mm) calibre, and other smaller weapons. This was in keeping with the prevailing theory of naval combat that battles would initially be fought at some distance, but the ships would then approach to close range for the final blows (as they did in the

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layout was eventually adopted as standard. This involved raising one or two turrets so they could fire over a turret immediately forward or astern of them. The US Navy adopted this feature with their first dreadnoughts in 1906, but others were slower to do so. As with other layouts there were

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Dreadnoughts developed as a move in an international battleship arms-race which had begun in the 1890s. The British Royal Navy had a big lead in the number of pre-dreadnought battleships, but a lead of only one dreadnought in 1906. This has led to criticism that the British, by launching HMS

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The thickest protection was reserved for the central citadel in all battleships. Some navies extended a thinner armoured belt and armoured deck to cover the ends of the ship, or extended a thinner armoured belt up the outside of the hull. This "tapered" armour was used by the major European

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Fisher first firmly proposed the all-big-gun idea in a paper in 1904, where he called for battleships with sixteen 10-inch guns; by November 1904 he was convinced of the need for 12-inch guns. A 1902 letter, where he suggested powerful ships 'with equal fire all round', might have meant an

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in August 1913, there were extensive debates over the need for such ships and—if they were necessary—over the actual number needed. These lasted into August 1914, when a bill authorizing funding for four dreadnoughts was finalized, but the outbreak of World War I halted the ambitious plan.

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destroying one turret, a higher proportion of the main armament would be out of action. The risk of the blast waves from each gun barrel interfering with others in the same turret reduced the rate of fire from the guns somewhat. The first nation to adopt the triple turret was Italy, in the

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The secondary armament of dreadnoughts was, on the whole, unsatisfactory. A hit from a light gun could not be relied on to stop a destroyer. Heavier guns could not be relied on to hit a destroyer, as experience at the Battle of Jutland showed. The casemate mountings of heavier guns proved

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The range of light and medium-calibre guns was limited, and accuracy declined badly at longer range. At longer ranges the advantage of a high rate of fire decreased; accurate shooting depended on spotting the shell-splashes of the previous salvo, which limited the optimum rate of fire.

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The newer designs of 12-inch gun mounting had a considerably higher rate of fire, removing the advantage previously enjoyed by smaller calibres. In 1895, a 12-inch gun might have fired one round every four minutes; by 1902, two rounds per minute was usual. In October 1903, the Italian

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asserted that from 1896 to 1911, France dropped from being the world's second-largest naval power to fourth; he attributed this to problems in maintenance routines and neglect. The closer alliance with the United Kingdom made these reduced forces more than adequate for French needs.

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drive where the steam turbine generated electrical power which then drove the propellers. This was particularly favoured by the US Navy, which used it for all dreadnoughts from late 1915–1922. The advantages of this method were its low cost, the opportunity for very close underwater

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in 1894, the victorious Japanese did not commence firing until the range had closed to 4,300 yards (3,900 m), and most of the fighting occurred at 2,200 yards (2,000 m). At these ranges, lighter guns had good accuracy, and their high rate of fire delivered high volumes of

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At very close ranges, a projectile fired from a gun follows a flat trajectory, and the guns can be aimed by pointing them at the enemy. At greater ranges, the gunner has a more difficult problem as the gun needs to be elevated in order for the projectile to follow a proper

2229:. Both sides were aware, because of the greater number of British dreadnoughts, that a full fleet engagement would likely result in a British victory. The German strategy was, therefore, to try to provoke an engagement on favourable terms: either inducing a part of the 2322:

German cruisers and destroyers closing on British battleships, causing them to turn away to avoid the threat of torpedo attack. Further near-misses from submarine attacks on battleships led to growing concern in the Royal Navy about the vulnerability of battleships.

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were eventually considered by some powers, as they offered very good endurance and an engineering space taking up less of the length of the ship. They were also heavier, however, took up a greater vertical space, offered less power, and were considered unreliable.

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Repair developed these ideas in studies between 1903 and 1905. War-game studies begun in July 1903 "showed that a battleship armed with twelve 11-or-12-inch (279 or 305 mm) guns hexagonally arranged would be equal to three or more of the conventional type."

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had longer ranges. For instance, in 1903, the US Navy ordered a design of torpedo effective to 4,000 yards (3,700 m). Both British and American admirals concluded that they needed to engage the enemy at longer ranges. In 1900, Admiral Fisher, commanding the

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The Royal Navy was thinking along similar lines. A design had been circulated in 1902–1903 for "a powerful 'all big-gun' armament of two calibres, viz. four 12-inch (305 mm) and twelve 9.2-inch (234 mm) guns." The Admiralty decided to build three more

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to hit its target. This, therefore, needs accurate estimation (prediction) of the range to the target, which was one of the main problems of fire control. On warships, these problems are complicated by the fact that the ship will naturally roll in the water.

1272:, threw away a strategic advantage. Most of the United Kingdom's naval rivals had already contemplated or even built warships that featured a uniform battery of heavy guns. Both the Japanese Navy and the US Navy ordered "all-big-gun" ships in 1904–1905, with 1627:. These two ships were laid down in 1909 and completed in 1912. They were armed with twelve 12-inch guns, but they were of two different models with differing barrel-lengths, meaning that they would have had difficulty controlling their fire at long ranges. 1918:, became trapped in Ottoman territory after the start of the war, Germany "gave" them to the Ottomans. (They remained German-crewed and under German orders.) The British seizure and the German gift proved important factors in the Ottoman Empire joining the 1115:

than reciprocating engines. This was particularly important for navies which required a long range at cruising speeds—and hence for the US Navy, which was planning in the event of war to cruise across the Pacific and engage the Japanese in the Philippines.

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small ships. The weaker naval powers engaged in the Great War—France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Russia—suspended their battleship programmes entirely. The United Kingdom and Germany continued building battleships and battlecruisers but at a reduced pace.

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gun had better shell weight and muzzle velocity than the British 12-inch; and German ships could afford more armour for the same vessel weight because the German 12-inch guns were lighter than the 13.5-inch guns the British required for comparable effect.

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The distinctive all-big-gun armament of the dreadnought was developed in the first years of the 20th century as navies sought to increase the range and power of the armament of their battleships. The typical battleship of the 1890s, now known as the

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disadvantages. It was labour-intensive to pack coal into the ship's bunkers and then feed it into the boilers. The boilers became clogged with ash. Airborne coal dust and related vapours were highly explosive, possibly evidenced by the explosion of

467:, Japanese shells contained a higher than normal proportion of high explosive, and were fused to explode on contact, starting fires rather than piercing armour. The increased rate of fire laid the foundations for future advances in fire control. 1108:. It is often said that turbines had the additional benefits of being cleaner and more reliable than reciprocating engines. By 1905, new designs of reciprocating engine were available which were cleaner and more reliable than previous models. 2734:

In the United Kingdom: "Fisher does not seem to have expressed interest in ... the ability to hit an adversary at long range by spotting salvoes. It is also very difficult to understand just when this method was first officially understood";

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range finders that reached out to 6,600 yd (6,000 m), but both sides still managed to hit each other with 12-inch (305 mm) fire at 14,000 yd (13,000 m). Naval architects and strategists around the world took notice.

1834:). Although many naval journals in Europe and the US speculated that Brazil was really acting as a proxy for one of the naval powers and would hand the ships over to them as soon as they were complete, both ships were commissioned into the 2161:

all, and that the resulting armoured "raft" should contain enough reserve buoyancy to keep the entire ship afloat in the event the unarmoured bow and stern were thoroughly punctured and flooded. This design proved its worth in the 1942

463:—was to make use of the high rate of fire of new 12-inch guns to produce devastating rapid fire from heavy guns to replace the 'hail of fire' from lighter weapons. Something similar lay behind the Japanese move towards heavier guns; at 1449:

In spite of these important strategic consequences, the 1912 Naval Law had little bearing on the battleship-force ratios. The United Kingdom responded by laying down ten new super-dreadnoughts in its 1912 and 1913 budgets—ships of the

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Rather than try to fit more guns onto a ship, it was possible to increase the power of each gun. This could be done by increasing either the calibre of the weapon and hence the weight of shell, or by lengthening the barrel to increase

164:), when the shorter-range, faster-firing guns would prove most useful. Some designs had an intermediate battery of 8-inch (203 mm) guns. Serious proposals for an all-big-gun armament were circulated in several countries by 1903. 2131:

gave greater firepower in spite of the loss of a turret, and there were a thicker armour belt and improved underwater protection. The class had a 25-knot (46 km/h; 29 mph) design speed, and they were considered the first

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guns were aimed by observing the splashes caused by shells fired in salvoes, and it was difficult to interpret different splashes caused by different calibres of gun. There is still debate as to whether this feature was important.

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The First World War saw no decisive engagements between battlefleets to compare with Tsushima. The role of battleships was marginal to the land fighting in France and Russia; it was equally marginal to the German war on commerce

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coincided with increasing tension between the United Kingdom and Germany. Germany had begun building a large battlefleet in the 1890s, as part of a deliberate policy to challenge British naval supremacy. With the signing of the

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This process was well under way before the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. Sixteen pre-dreadnoughts served during World War II in such roles as hulks, accommodation ships, and training vessels; two of the German training vessels

961:, for instance, carried twelve 5.9 in (150 mm) and sixteen 3.5 in (88 mm) guns, and subsequent German dreadnought classes followed this lead. These heavier guns tended to be mounted in armoured barbettes or 2412:; very fast and heavily armed ships with minimal, 3-inch (76 mm) armour, called 'large light cruisers' to get around a Cabinet ruling against new capital ships. Fisher's mania for speed culminated in his suggestion for 2060:

was ordered, the first super-dreadnoughts to mount 16-inch guns, making them arguably the most powerful warships in the world. All were increasingly built from Japanese rather than from imported components. In France, the

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class, launched in 1913, had eight 15-inch (381 mm) guns. In all navies, fewer guns of larger calibre came to be used. The smaller number of guns simplified their distribution, and centreline turrets became the norm.

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classes of German dreadnoughts adopted a 'hexagonal' layout, with one turret each fore and aft and four wing turrets; this meant more guns were mounted in total, but the same number could fire ahead or broadside as with

1550:, laid down in 1912. In part, this reflected a cautious approach to battleship-building, and in part a preference for long endurance over high maximum speed owing to the US Navy's need to operate in the Pacific Ocean. 2756:

In October W.L. Rogers of the Naval War College wrote a long and detailed memorandum on this question, pointing out that as ranges became longer the difference in accuracy between even 10-inch and 12-inch guns became

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Brazil was the third country to begin construction on a dreadnought. It ordered three dreadnoughts from the United Kingdom which would mount a heavier main battery than any other battleship afloat at the time (twelve

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had been used. Construction took place quickly; the keel was laid on 2 October 1905, the ship was launched on 10 February 1906, and completed on 3 October 1906—an impressive demonstration of British industrial might.

2244:, and raids on the English coast. In May 1916, a further attempt to draw British ships into battle on favourable terms resulted in a clash of the battlefleets on 31 May to 1 June in the indecisive Battle of Jutland. 1574:

developed the doctrine that Japan should have a battlefleet at least 70% the size of that of the US. This would enable the Japanese navy to win two decisive battles: the first early in a prospective war against the

1211:. Burning coal as fuel also produced thick black smoke which gave away the position of a fleet and interfered with visibility, signaling, and fire control. In addition, coal was very bulky and had comparatively low 887:, begun in 1937 (after the treaty expired), which carried 18 in (460 mm) main guns. By the middle of World War II, the United Kingdom was making use of 15 in (380 mm) guns kept as spares for the 2095:

had a main armament equaling that of their Brazilian counterparts, but were much heavier and carried thicker armour. The British purchased both of Chile's battleships on the outbreak of the First World War. One,

1507:, but with fewer guns; this was the most efficient distribution of weapons and proved a precursor of the standard practice of future generations of battleships. The principal economy of displacement compared to 1221:-fired propulsion had many advantages for naval architects and officers at sea alike. It reduced smoke, making ships less visible. It could be fed into boilers automatically, rather than needing a complement of 2525:

class, authorized in 1916, carried eight 16-inch guns like their American counterparts. The next year's naval bill authorized two more battleships and two more battlecruisers. The battleships, which became the

2144:

became a major part of the thinking behind battleship design. Lack of underwater protection was also a weakness of these pre-World War I designs, which originated before the use of torpedoes became widespread.

1604:, but financial shortages resulting from the Russo-Japanese War delayed completion and resulted in their carrying a mixed armament, so they were known as "semi-dreadnoughts". These were followed by a modified 1259:, at the cost of some speed—but Fisher, who returned to office in 1914, insisted that all the boilers should be oil-fired. Other major navies retained mixed coal-and-oil firing until the end of World War I. 1767:

ships were "obsolescent and outclassed" upon commissioning. Taking lessons from Tsushima, and influenced by Cuniberti, they ended up more closely resembling slower versions of Fisher's battlecruisers than

1541:

costs"—the two wing turrets planned would weaken the upper deck, be almost impossible to adequately protect against underwater attack, and force magazines to be located too close to the sides of the ship.

5266: 134:

gradually dropped from use after World War I, especially after the Washington Naval Treaty, as virtually all remaining battleships shared dreadnought characteristics; it can also be used to describe

1503:. To make the best use of the weight available for armament, all eight 12-inch guns were mounted along the centreline, in superfiring pairs fore and aft. This arrangement gave a broadside equal to 1045:

The final element of the protection scheme of the first dreadnoughts was the subdivision of the ship below the waterline into several watertight compartments. If the hull were holed—by shellfire,

529:

propulsion, which was unprecedented in a large warship. The greater power and lighter weight of turbines meant the 21-knot design speed could be achieved in a smaller and less costly ship than if

1544:

The US Navy continued to expand its battlefleet, laying down two ships in most subsequent years until 1920. The US continued to use reciprocating engines as an alternative to turbines until the

726:

ship needed to devote more weight to armour to get equivalent protection, and the magazines which served each turret interfered with the distribution of boilers and engines. For these reasons,

380:

submitted a design for the battleship with twelve 10-inch (254 mm) guns in twin turrets, two at the ends and four in the wings. Lt. Cdr. Homer C. Poundstone submitted a paper to President

5684: 877:. The Washington Naval Treaty concluded on 6 February 1922 and ratified later limited battleship guns to not more than 16-inch (410 mm) calibre, and these heavier guns were not produced. 1284:

had advocated a fast warship armed only with heavy guns since the 1890s. By securing a head start in dreadnought construction, the United Kingdom ensured its dominance of the seas continued.

1187:

compartmentalization, and good astern performance. The disadvantages were that the machinery was heavy and vulnerable to battle damage, particularly the effects of flooding on the electrics.

107:. Successive designs increased rapidly in size and made use of improvements in armament, armour, and propulsion throughout the dreadnought era. Within five years, new battleships outclassed 1435:

provision was making calls on the budget. Withdrawing from the Mediterranean would mean a huge loss of influence, weakening British diplomacy in the region and shaking the stability of the

2573:, would have carried 18-inch (457 mm) guns. Many in the Japanese navy were still dissatisfied, calling for an 'eight-eight-eight' fleet with 24 modern battleships and battlecruisers. 2551:

proposed a further expansion of the United States Navy, asking for funds for an additional ten battleships and six battlecruisers in addition to the completion of the 1916 programme (the

1179:, where gearing reduced the rotation rate of the propellers and hence increased efficiency. This solution required technical precision in the gears and hence was difficult to implement. 1931:

from Germany, but work stopped on the outbreak of war. The main armament for the Greek ship had been ordered in the United States, and the guns consequently equipped a class of British

2895:

was prevented from sinking by the British who refloated her and used her as a target ship and for experiments). Battleships under construction were scrapped instead of being completed.

2739:, p. 322. And in America: "The possibility of gunnery confusion due to two calibers as close as 10 inches (250 mm) and 12 inches (300 mm) was never raised. For example, 491:

supply of 12-inch guns—which had to be imported from the United Kingdom—meant these ships were completed with a mixture of 12-inch and 10-inch armament. The 1903–1904 design retained

686:, and the British ships which immediately followed it, carried five turrets: one forward, one aft and one amidships on the centreline of the ship, and two in the 'wings' next to the 1718:

in 1909–1910 meant no construction could be approved. In spite of this, shipyards laid down two dreadnoughts on a speculative basis—due especially to the energetic manipulations of

5677: 2616:. The ships built under the terms of the Washington Treaty (and subsequently the London Treaties in 1930 and 1936) to replace outdated vessels were known as treaty battleships. 2608:

class. The ships which survived the treaty, including the most modern super-dreadnoughts of all three navies, formed the bulk of international capital ship strength through the

569:

were commissioned to build up to this limit. Japan's decision to leave the Treaty in the 1930s, and the arrival of the Second World War, eventually made this limit irrelevant.

393:

s (with a mixture of 12-inch, 9.2-inch and 6-inch) in the 1903–1904 naval construction programme instead. The all-big-gun concept was revived for the 1904–1905 programme, the

1796:, with the first laid down in 1909. The three ships, the smallest dreadnoughts ever constructed, were built in Spain with British assistance; construction on the third ship, 1488:

was launched. There is some speculation that informal contacts with sympathetic Royal Navy officials influenced the US Navy design, but the American ship was very different.

429:

and Poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace gunners wounded in action.

2761:, p. 55; "The advantage at long range lies with the ship which carries the greatest number of guns of the largest type", Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in 1422:

The dreadnought race stepped up in 1910 and 1911, with Germany laying down four capital ships each year and the United Kingdom five. Tension came to a head following the

2171:

silhouetted her to Japanese guns. In spite of receiving 26 hits, her armoured raft remained untouched and she remained both afloat and operational at the end of action.

401:

meant the midships 9.2-inch turrets became single instead of twin, thus giving an armament of four 12-inch, ten 9.2-inch and no 6-inch. The constructor for this design,

2379:. This, combined with a government moratorium on battleship building, meant a renewed focus on the battlecruiser. Fisher resigned in 1915 following arguments about the 1704:

classes followed as Italy sought to maintain its lead over Austria-Hungary. These ships remained the core of Italian naval strength until World War II. The subsequent

2576:

The British, impoverished by World War I, faced the prospect of slipping behind the US and Japan. No ships had been begun since the Admiral class, and of those only

1236:

The US had large reserves of oil, and the US Navy was the first to wholeheartedly adopt oil-firing, deciding to do so in 1910 and ordering oil-fired boilers for the

1015:

vitals of the ship. For this reason, the early dreadnoughts' armour was concentrated in a thick belt around the waterline; this was 11 inches (280 mm) thick in

2743:

and Poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace wounded gunners.

1426:. This proposed a fleet of 33 German battleships and battlecruisers, outnumbering the Royal Navy in home waters. To make matters worse for the United Kingdom, the 212:

In naval battles of the 1890s the decisive weapon was the medium-calibre, typically 6-inch (152 mm), quick-firing gun firing at relatively short range; at

83:, had such an effect when launched in 1906 that similar battleships built after her were referred to as "dreadnoughts", and earlier battleships became known as 1955: 1380:

in April 1904, it became increasingly clear the United Kingdom's principal naval enemy would be Germany, which was building up a large, modern fleet under the

1089:

herself, and all British dreadnoughts, had screw shafts driven by steam turbines. The first generation of dreadnoughts built in other nations used the slower

1288:

element of naval power in spite of their price. Each battleship signalled national power and prestige, in a manner similar to the nuclear weapons of today.

2593: 1785:

in 1910, where all the guns capable of training to the port side were fired, forming what was at that time the heaviest broadside ever fired from a warship

997:

shows a typical dreadnought protection scheme, with very thick armour protecting the turrets, magazines and engine spaces tapering away in less vital areas

644:

expected to carry them also increased. From the end of World War I onwards, battleships had to be equipped with many light guns as anti-aircraft armament.

554:

in one or more armoured decks. Secondary armament, fire control, command equipment, and protection against torpedoes also had to be crammed into the hull.

1458:

classes, which introduced a further step-change in armament, speed and protection—while Germany laid down only five, concentrating resources on its army.

199:

The move to all-big-gun designs was accomplished because a uniform, heavy-calibre armament offered advantages in both firepower and fire control, and the

2233:

to enter battle alone, or to fight a pitched battle near the German coast, where friendly minefields, torpedo boats, and submarines could even the odds.

1466: 2247: 5726: 5345: 2604:

out of use. It furthermore declared a 'building holiday' during which no new battleships or battlecruisers were to be laid down, save for the British

1802:, took nine years from its laying down date to completion because of non-delivery of critical material, especially armament, from the United Kingdom. 6664: 1570:

With their victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Japanese became concerned about the potential for conflict with the US. The theorist

1229:

of coal. This meant that the boilers themselves could be smaller; and for the same volume of fuel, an oil-fired ship would have much greater range.

1530:

class could not operate tactically with the newer dreadnoughts due to their low speed, and were forced to operate with the older pre-dreadnoughts.

1738: 2540:, also carried ten 16-inch guns and were designed to be capable of 30 knots, capable of beating both the British Admiral- and the US Navy's 5033:

The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers: A Technical Directory of all the World's Capital Ships from 1860 to the Present Day

1484:-class battleships were the first all-big-gun ships completed by one of the United Kingdom's rivals. The planning for the type had begun before 6659: 126:

Dreadnought-building consumed vast resources in the early 20th century, but there was only one battle between large dreadnought fleets. At the

636:

Dreadnoughts also carried lighter weapons. Many early dreadnoughts carried a secondary armament of very light guns designed to fend off enemy

5716: 5528: 5509: 5489: 5467: 5448: 5429: 5374: 5335: 5316: 5297: 5276: 5240: 5221: 5202: 5180: 5158: 5139: 5120: 5097: 5078: 5059: 5040: 5021: 5002: 4983: 4964: 4945: 4926: 4886: 4858: 4839: 1705: 931:

carried 12-pounder guns; each of her twenty-two 12-pounders could fire at least 15 rounds a minute at any torpedo boat making an attack. The

798: 6287: 640:. The calibre and weight of secondary armament tended to increase, as the range of torpedoes and the staying power of the torpedo boats and 5721: 2552: 2097: 1753: 2211: 2375:

In the United Kingdom, Fisher returned to his old post as First Sea Lord; he had been created 1st Baron Fisher in 1909, taking the motto

5602: 2691:

Lighter projectiles have a lower ratio of mass to frontal surface area, and so their velocity is reduced more quickly by air resistance.

2451: 2039:, laid down in 1911, carried 14-inch (356 mm) guns in response to the British move and this calibre became standard. In Japan, two 311: 1515:

retained triple-expansion steam engines, and could manage only 18.5 kn (34.3 km/h) compared to 21 kn (39 km/h) for

224:

By the early 20th century, British and American admirals expected future battleships would engage at longer distances. Newer models of

87:. Her design had two revolutionary features: an "all-big-gun" armament scheme, with an unprecedented number of heavy-calibre guns, and 757: 6626: 2588:, with 16-inch guns and high speed, and the N3-class battleships, with 18-inch (457 mm) guns. Its navy severely limited by the 1811: 1780: 377: 1825: 577:

Growth in size of battleship designs from 1905 onwards, showing the dreadnought's rapid growth between 1905 and 1920, prior to the

96: 2854:

cost £2,300,000. Comparable figures today are 242 million; 209 million; 286 million. Original figures from Breyer,

1100:

than reciprocating engines for the same volume of machinery. This, along with a guarantee on the new machinery from the inventor,

908:

proposed 20-inch (508 mm) guns, and there is evidence Hitler wanted calibres as high as 24-inch (609 mm); the Japanese '

2848: 2791:, pp. 126–128. Friedman notes, for instance, the total loss of power in the turbo-electric drive of converted battlecruiser 1693: 888: 368:

The design process for these ships often included discussion of an 'all-big-gun one-calibre' alternative. The June 1902 issue of

299: 248:

and the Imperial Japanese Navy had one of the longest-range gunnery duels to date—over 14,000 yd (13,000 m) during the

6492: 2310:

in less than an hour. Mines continued to prove a threat when a month later the recently commissioned British super-dreadnought

2080: 1775: 1731: 1636: 1350: 419: 213: 100: 2156:

class, with long-range engagements and plunging fire in mind; the first of these was laid down in 1912, four years before the

5798: 3185: 2406: 1858: 1354: 943: 519: 237:

was considering the effects on battleship tactics of torpedoes with a range of 7,000 to 8,000 yards (6,400 to 7,300 m).

936:

the light guns tended to be mounted in unarmoured positions high on the ship to minimize weight and maximize field of fire.

2083:, as Argentina and Chile each ordered two super-dreadnoughts from the US and the United Kingdom, respectively. Argentina's 873:. Both the United Kingdom and Japan were planning battleships with 18-inch (457 mm) armament, in the British case the 2478: 2436: 2358: 2326:

destroying dreadnoughts. The two Austrian dreadnoughts lost in November 1918 were casualties of Italian torpedo boats and

1772:, and they proved badly flawed due to their smaller guns and thinner armour when compared with contemporary dreadnoughts. 1699: 1126: 1090: 353: 6184: 2841: 2705: 2562:

finally agreed to the completion of the 'eight-eight fleet', incorporating a further four battleships. These ships, the

2241: 2198: 1661:

Compared to the other major naval powers, France was slow to start building dreadnoughts, instead finishing the planned

1341: 905: 515: 341: 335: 305: 280: 20: 1175:

The disadvantages of the turbine were eventually overcome. The solution which eventually was generally adopted was the

572: 6467: 6313: 5658: 2619:

From this point on, the term 'dreadnought' became less widely used. Most pre-dreadnought battleships were scrapped or

2458: 2301: 2237: 2162: 1877:

was completed, and in 1913, the Ottoman Empire also acquired a nearly-completed dreadnought from Brazil, which became

1609: 1576: 1440: 770: 722:. This risked blast damage to parts of the ship over which the guns fired, and put great stress on the ship's frames. 172: 2285:

in 1915. And in the Mediterranean, the most important use of battleships was in support of the amphibious assault at

91:

propulsion. As dreadnoughts became a crucial symbol of national power, the arrival of these new warships renewed the

6514: 5896: 5633: 2674: 2570: 2507: 2399: 2116: 2073: 2010: 1959: 1797: 1790: 1645: 1615: 1495:

authorized the Navy to build two battleships, but of only 16,000 tons or lower displacement. As a result, the

1032: 805: 695: 669: 619: 84: 6409: 6078: 5954: 5853: 5843: 2534: 2128: 2066: 2033: 1807: 1651: 1534: 1520: 1411:

in the United Kingdom in 1909–1910. In 1910, the British eight-ship construction plan went ahead, including four

1154: 867: 859:

A further step change was planned for battleships designed and laid down at the end of World War I. The Japanese

359: 2105: 1111:

Turbines also had disadvantages. At cruising speeds much slower than maximum speed, turbines were markedly less

606:

is in twin turrets, with two on the "wings"; the light secondary battery is clustered around the superstructure.

6487: 6477: 6404: 6047: 5905: 2166: 2149: 1926: 1672:

was laid down, making France the eleventh nation to enter the dreadnought race. In the Navy Estimates of 1911,

1666: 1621: 1253: 1167: 1161: 1120: 1101: 915:' design also called for 20-inch guns. None of these proposals went further than very preliminary design work. 824: 329: 323: 249: 221:

on the target, known as the "hail of fire". Naval gunnery was too inaccurate to hit targets at a longer range.

2292:

The course of the war illustrated the vulnerability of battleships to cheaper weapons. In September 1914, the

2079:

were canceled on the outbreak of World War I. The aforementioned Brazilian dreadnoughts sparked a small-scale

2040: 450: 177:, originally designed with twelve 12-inch (305 mm) guns. Work began on her construction in May 1905. The 6277: 6083: 5793: 5595: 2822: 2423: 2348: 2127:

class, dispensed with the midships turret, freeing weight and volume for larger, oil-fired boilers. The new

2054: 1967: 1942: 1936: 1714:

In January 1909 Austro-Hungarian admirals circulated a document calling for a fleet of four dreadnoughts. A

1591: 1526:

were described by some as the US Navy's first dreadnoughts; only a few years after their commissioning, the

1133: 1072: 909: 881: 860: 791: 784: 777: 763: 716: 658: 627: 578: 562: 475: 373: 347: 317: 116: 5384:

Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (October 1995). "Sir John Fisher and the Dreadnought: The Sources of Naval Mythology".

939: 866:

battleships in 1917 carried 410-millimetre (16.1 in) guns, which was quickly matched by the US Navy's

715:

staggered the wing turrets, so all ten guns could fire on the broadside, a feature also used by the German

6272: 6159: 6123: 6118: 5944: 5848: 2834: 2652: 2499: 2343: 2179: 1991: 1817: 1492: 1024: 947: 746: 733:, which carried a record fourteen 12-inch guns in seven centreline turrets, was not considered a success. 596: 480: 269: 168: 77: 37: 5255:

The Anatomy of British Sea Power: A History of British Naval Policy in the Pre-Dreadnought Era, 1880–1905

904:

Some World War II-era designs were drawn up proposing another move towards gigantic armament. The German

6359: 6308: 6204: 6108: 6103: 5823: 2527: 2282: 2281:

by the Italian, British and French blockade but bombarded the Italians on several occasions, notably at

2236:

The first two years of war saw conflict in the North Sea limited to skirmishes by battlecruisers at the

1723: 1715: 1427: 1345: 783:. British Royal Navy battleships did not adopt triple turrets until after the First World War, with the 492: 245: 557:

The inevitable consequence of demands for ever greater speed, striking power, and endurance meant that

115:". Most of the original dreadnoughts were scrapped after the end of World War I under the terms of the 5669: 2655:

had begun work on an all-big-gun battleship in 1904, but finished the ship with a mixed armament. The

2495: 6649: 6585: 6189: 6138: 5881: 5763: 2816: 2589: 2563: 2311: 2183: 2047: 1904:

was scrapped.) This greatly offended the Ottoman Empire. When two German warships, the battlecruiser

1854: 1763:

were laid down. Of seven ships, only one was completed within four years of being laid down, and the

1692:

was prompted by rumours of Austro-Hungarian dreadnought-building. A further five dreadnoughts of the

1571: 1470: 1240:

class, in 1911. The United Kingdom was not far behind, deciding in 1912 to use oil on its own in the

1140: 727: 623: 530: 273: 190: 161: 5538:

Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (January 1990). "British Naval Administration and Policy in the Age of Fisher".

923:

The first dreadnoughts tended to have a very light secondary armament intended to protect them from

6654: 6621: 6439: 6128: 5991: 5833: 2792: 2429:

were gradually completed, but the other two laid down were still unfinished by the end of the War.

2286: 2251: 2026: 1963: 1948: 1719: 1222: 986: 874: 558: 402: 230: 1673: 6555: 6419: 6374: 6267: 6169: 6133: 6113: 6012: 5838: 5733: 5588: 5555: 5401: 2656: 2380: 1665:

class of pre-dreadnoughts, laying down five in 1907 and 1908. In September 1910 the first of the

1586:

Japan's first priorities were to refit the pre-dreadnoughts captured from Russia and to complete

1545: 1362: 1212: 1147: 1053: 709: 637: 565:

of 1922 imposed a limit of 35,000 tons on the displacement of capital ships. In subsequent years

464: 445: 406: 381: 376:, proposing a main battery of eight 12-inch (305 mm) guns in twin turrets. In May 1902, the 291:

secondary guns in wing turrets near the centre of the ship, instead of the small guns mounted in

200: 1408: 2013:(343 mm) gun, and placed all the main armament on the centreline (hence with some turrets 1688:

was launched, but it took until 1909 for Italy to lay down one of its own. The construction of

6590: 6540: 6482: 6472: 6239: 6093: 5971: 5911: 5758: 5653: 5524: 5505: 5485: 5463: 5444: 5425: 5370: 5331: 5312: 5293: 5272: 5236: 5217: 5198: 5176: 5154: 5135: 5116: 5093: 5074: 5055: 5036: 5017: 4998: 4979: 4960: 4941: 4922: 4882: 4854: 4835: 2518: 2462: 2157: 1932: 1831: 1580: 1443: 1381: 1317: 895: 566: 234: 127: 51: 28: 502:

The dreadnought breakthrough occurred in the United Kingdom in October 1905. Fisher, now the

196:, carrying eight 12-inch guns, in March 1905, with construction commencing in December 1906. 6575: 6509: 6462: 6444: 6394: 6224: 6088: 6032: 6027: 6022: 5929: 5785: 5743: 5738: 5628: 5623: 5547: 5393: 5262: 4905: 2585: 2413: 2274: 2141: 1971: 1377: 1301: 1205: 975: 257: 156: 4466: 2269:, action was largely limited to convoy raiding and the laying of defensive minefields. The 2029:(the weight of ammunition that can be fired on a single bearing in one salvo) had doubled. 1935:. In 1914 Greece purchased two pre-dreadnoughts from the United States Navy, renaming them 1431:

alliance with France. Further naval construction was unacceptably expensive at a time when

6499: 6429: 6354: 6252: 5986: 5966: 5934: 5891: 5858: 5803: 5748: 5648: 5190: 2609: 2218: 2133: 2053:

ships in 1914, with both classes carrying twelve 14-inch (356 mm) guns. In 1917, the

1881:. At the start of World War I, Britain seized the two completed ships for the Royal Navy. 1760: 1416: 1332:—commissioned British, French, German, and American yards to build dreadnoughts for them. 1309: 1305: 1112: 1097: 833: 662: 442: 398: 233:, ordered gunnery practice with 6-inch guns at 6,000 yards (5,500 m). By 1904 the US 148: 92: 1252:-class vessels. The United Kingdom planned to revert to mixed firing with the subsequent 626:

was an exception, continuing to use 11-inch guns in its first class of dreadnoughts, the

2317:

struck one and sank in 1914. By the end of October, British strategy and tactics in the

6369: 6364: 6349: 6219: 5981: 5818: 5477: 2548: 2517:

At the same time, the Imperial Japanese Navy was finally gaining authorization for its

2430: 1919: 1847: 1835: 1436: 1432: 1400: 1384:. This rivalry gave rise to the two largest dreadnought fleets of the pre-1914 period. 1313: 1297: 1226: 1183: 1176: 687: 503: 2005:, a new generation of more powerful "super-dreadnoughts" was being built. The British 6643: 6605: 6600: 6565: 6550: 6504: 6414: 6399: 6257: 6199: 6194: 6098: 5976: 5961: 5949: 5939: 5828: 5808: 5643: 5250: 5109: 2559: 2110: 2084: 1289: 1191: 653: 526: 518:, the Committee settled on a main battery of ten 12-inch guns, along with twenty-two 507: 135: 88: 2644:

The concept of an all-big-gun ship had been in development for several years before

2592:, Germany did not participate in this three-way naval building competition. Most of 2032:

British super-dreadnoughts were joined by those built by other nations. The US Navy

591: 256:

with an effective range of 4,400 yd (4,000 m), and the Japanese ships had

6560: 6545: 6384: 6379: 6318: 6262: 6229: 6062: 6057: 5863: 5168: 2740: 2613: 2297: 2278: 2206: 1986: 1962:

passed a bill purchasing three British dreadnoughts for $ 35 million to use in the

1749: 1681: 1057: 924: 819: 648: 614:

of heavy-calibre guns; the number, size, and arrangement differed between designs.

611: 603: 458: 426: 253: 120: 5311:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press (reprint of Seeley Service & Co. edition). 4909: 1052:

The greatest evolution in dreadnought protection came with the development of the

1037:

carried a 16-inch (410 mm) main belt, but a deck 9-inch (230 mm) thick.

167:

All-big-gun designs commenced almost simultaneously in three navies. In 1904, the

4879:

Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941

2009:

class jumped an unprecedented 2,000 tons in displacement, introduced the heavier

130:

in 1916, the British and German navies clashed with no decisive result. The term

6595: 6434: 6333: 6209: 6164: 6052: 2620: 2230: 2014: 1975: 1912: 1821: 1711:

battleship were suspended (and later cancelled) on the outbreak of World War I.

1684:

had received proposals for an all-big-gun battleship from Cuniberti well before

737: 618:

mounted ten 12-inch guns. 12-inch guns had been standard for most navies in the

104: 58: 1068: 836:. Either of these offered the chance to increase range and armour penetration. 432:

A uniform calibre of gun also helped streamline fire control. The designers of

6580: 6389: 6323: 5873: 5773: 5700: 5612: 2597: 2266: 2226: 2190: 2090: 1905: 1423: 1281: 1046: 991: 218: 178: 73: 69: 47: 33: 682:

The effectiveness of the guns depended in part on the layout of the turrets.

622:, and this continued in the first generation of dreadnought battleships. The 418:

the US was considering whether to have a mixed-calibre main armament for the

57:, the only dreadnought still in existence, was launched in 1912 and is now a 6454: 6328: 6143: 6037: 6017: 5580: 2318: 2262: 2261:

In the other naval theatres, there were no decisive pitched battles. In the

2222: 1321: 1082: 641: 286:. It carried four 12-inch (305 mm) and ten 9.2-inch (234 mm) guns. 186: 5289:

Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea

2859: 189:

in October of the same year. Finally, the US Navy gained authorization for

5573: 5441:

Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control

2300:

was demonstrated by successful attacks on British cruisers, including the

2225:

with relative ease, but was unable to break the German superiority in the

690:. This allowed three turrets to fire ahead and four on the broadside. The 6570: 6303: 6174: 5813: 5768: 4868:

Cuniberti, Vittorio (1903). "An Ideal Battleship for the British Fleet".

2584:

absolute minimum, a further eight battleships. These would have been the

2577: 2435:, also laid down before the start of the war, was completed in 1917. The 2270: 1890: 1853:

The Netherlands intended by 1912 to replace its fleet of pre-dreadnought

1218: 962: 851:

class, launched 1910, had ten 13.5-inch guns, all on the centreline; the

847:

Over time the calibre of guns tended to increase. In the Royal Navy, the

292: 4896:

Fairbanks, Charles (1991). "The Origins of the Dreadnought Revolution".

119:, but many of the newer super-dreadnoughts continued serving throughout 6524: 6424: 6282: 6179: 6042: 5921: 5704: 5559: 5521:

The Battleship Builders – Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships

5405: 2327: 2265:, Russian and Turkish battleships skirmished, but nothing more. In the 1857:

with a modern fleet composed of dreadnoughts. After a Royal Commission

1726:—later approved along with an additional two. The resulting ships, all 1641: 1312:

all began dreadnought programmes, and second-rank powers—including the

1160:

of 1914 both received reciprocating engines, but all four ships of the

225: 152: 1846:

prices collapsed and Brazil could not afford her. She was sold to the

797:. Several later designs used quadruple turrets, including the British 6519: 6247: 6214: 2305: 2293: 1843: 1325: 1293: 708:

Dreadnought designs experimented with different layouts. The British

602:

showing the armament distribution of early British dreadnoughts. The

5551: 5397: 2623:

after World War I, so the term 'dreadnought' became less necessary.

2600:

by its crews in 1919; the remainder were handed over as war prizes.

1407:

together with some social reforms, raising taxes enough to prompt a

138:, the other type of ship resulting from the dreadnought revolution. 4329: 4327: 652:

sufficient to cripple a battleship, but not sink it outright, so a

151:", had a main armament of four heavy guns of 12-inch (300 mm) 6007: 4467:"Canada | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)" 2494: 2342: 2246: 2178: 2104: 1985: 1774: 1744:

In June 1909 the Imperial Russian Navy began construction of four

1640: 1558: 1557: 1465: 1349: 1329: 1067: 985: 938: 818: 590: 571: 474: 268: 46: 27: 1865:

The Ottoman Empire ordered two dreadnoughts from British yards,

823:

Animated diagram of gun turret loading and firing, based on the

5673: 5584: 4278: 4276: 4192: 2394:

classes were completed, though the last two battleships of the

2046:

super-dreadnoughts were laid down in 1912, followed by the two

1119:

The US Navy experimented with turbine engines from 1908 in the

5268:

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War

2721:

Addendum to the Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in

2704:, p. 51, for discussion of alternative proposals for the 4919:

Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05

2972: 2970: 2217:

By virtue of geography, the Royal Navy could keep the German

1730:

class, were to be accompanied by a further four ships of the

752:

of 1910. By World War II, superfiring was entirely standard.

745:

class, and the layout was adopted in the Royal Navy with the

5071:

German Warships 1815–1945. Volume One: Major Surface Vessels

2840:

cost £1,783,000, compared to the £1,540,000 for each of the

2484:

battlecruisers), took a qualitative step beyond the British

1244:

class; shorter British design and building times meant that

372:

contained comments by the US Navy's leading gunnery expert,

5130:

Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977).

4149: 4147: 4176: 4174: 3529: 3527: 3454: 3452: 2815:

was designed and completed with oil-fired steam turbines,

2659:

was building ships with a similar armament scheme, though

2533:, were to carry ten 16-inch guns. The battlecruisers, the 946:

anti-torpedo boat guns mounted on the roof of a turret on

880:

The only battleships to break the limit were the Japanese

561:, and hence cost, of dreadnoughts tended to increase. The 99:. Dreadnought races sprang up around the world, including 5460:

The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922

3939: 3937: 3935: 3847: 3845: 3153: 3151: 3075: 3073: 3071: 2405:. Fisher followed these ships with the even more extreme 2383:

with the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill.

1439:. The only acceptable option, and the one recommended by 3736: 3734: 3439: 3437: 3304: 3302: 3090: 3088: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2442:, designed in 1914–1915, were begun but never finished. 1583:

which would inevitably be dispatched as reinforcements.

5482:

Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905

4995:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905

3862: 3860: 3184:, p. 426, quoting an INA paper of 9 April 1919 by 2547:

Matters took a further turn for the worse in 1919 when

4832:

Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World, 1905–1970

3978: 3976: 2072:, carrying 13.4-inch (340 mm) guns; another five 72:

in the early 20th century. The first of the kind, the

4851:

Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905

1974:. As a result, the country's navy was unprepared for 1002:

without compromising speed, firepower or seakeeping.

2961: 1125:, but was not fully committed to turbines until the 790:, and Japanese battleships not until the late-1930s 252:. The Russian battleships were equipped with Lugeol 111:

herself. These more powerful vessels were known as "

6614: 6533: 6453: 6342: 6296: 6238: 6152: 6071: 6000: 5920: 5872: 5784: 2065:s were followed by three super-dreadnoughts of the 1190:Turbines were never replaced in battleship design. 5328:A Fleet in Being: Austro-Hungarian Warships of WW1 5108: 5090:"Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 2302:sinking of three elderly British armoured cruisers 2123:Later British super-dreadnoughts, principally the 5502:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 5132:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 5014:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 2569:would displace 43,000 tons; the next design, the 2257:begins to roll over after being torpedoed in 1918 1081:Dreadnoughts were propelled by two to four screw 4993:Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew, eds. (2001). 2273:was in a sense the mirror of the North Sea: the 3130: 2398:class were re-ordered as battlecruisers of the 1657:battleship, launched in 1913 (pictured in 1942) 522:as secondary armament. The committee also gave 2913:undertook naval gunfire support in the Baltic. 1104:, persuaded the Royal Navy to use turbines in 298:Semi-dreadnought classes included the British 5685: 5596: 5422:The Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1897–1984 5012:Gray, Randal (1985). Gardiner, Robert (ed.). 4957:US Battleships: An Illustrated Design History 2419:, a mammoth, lightly armoured battlecruiser. 1499:class were built to much tighter limits than 1093:which had been standard in pre-dreadnoughts. 456: 43:, launched in 1906, gave its name to the type 8: 5392:(4). Society for Military History: 619–637. 4997:. Conway's History of the Ship. Book Sales. 4754: 4742: 4598: 4526: 4429: 4393: 4381: 4333: 4294: 4255: 4231: 4219: 3269: 2976: 1779:The gun trials of the Brazilian dreadnought 1225:to do it by hand. Oil has roughly twice the 4938:Battleship Design and Development 1905–1945 2856:Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World 2799:after just one torpedo hit in World War II. 2513:battleships, steaming at high speed in 1921 1830:, followed thirteen days later at Vickers ( 279:, an all-big-gun mixed-calibre ship of the 5692: 5678: 5670: 5603: 5589: 5581: 5173:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery 5054:(in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. 2821:was designed and completed with oil-fired 2001:Within five years of the commissioning of 1859:proposed the purchase of nine dreadnoughts 1395:class, laid down in 1907, followed by the 493:traditional triple-expansion steam engines 155:, a secondary armament of six to eighteen 5546:(1). Society for Military History: 1–26. 5496:Originally Classified and in two volumes. 4877:Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R (1997). 3257: 3245: 3038: 2594:the German dreadnought fleet was scuttled 2025:, displacement had increased by 25%, and 4622: 4562: 4514: 4502: 4453: 4318: 4306: 4282: 4243: 4207: 4180: 4153: 4138: 4114: 4102: 4066: 4042: 4018: 4006: 3943: 3926: 3902: 3890: 3851: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3653: 3545: 3533: 3518: 3506: 3470: 3458: 3416: 3404: 3368: 3356: 3332: 3233: 3169: 3157: 3079: 3050: 3026: 3007: 2995: 2949: 2808: 2788: 2758: 2744: 2701: 2679: 2017:over others). In the four years between 1533:The two 10-gun, 20,500-ton ships of the 1146:, received reciprocating engines, while 5901: 5346:"Sea Fighter Nevada Ready For Her Test" 4778: 4670: 4658: 4634: 4574: 4369: 4345: 4126: 4030: 3428: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3062: 2925: 2663:was launched before any were completed. 2637: 2367:in Hamburg after the war, in about 1920 1739:Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I 668:claimed to have torpedoed the crippled 537:The first US dreadnoughts were the two 112: 5107:Ireland, Bernard; Grove, Eric (1997). 4814: 4802: 4790: 4766: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4682: 4646: 4610: 4586: 4550: 4538: 4490: 4441: 4417: 4405: 4357: 4267: 4165: 4090: 4078: 4054: 3994: 3955: 3914: 3878: 3866: 3788: 3677: 3665: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3494: 3482: 3443: 3392: 3380: 3344: 3320: 3308: 3293: 3281: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3181: 3142: 2932: 2776: 2762: 2736: 2722: 2466:entirely. The new American ships (the 2277:dreadnought fleet was confined to the 1966:, but the measure was defeated in the 1789:Spain commissioned three ships of the 1248:was commissioned before either of the 3982: 3967: 2422:In Germany, two units of the pre-war 2334:Battleship building from 1914 onwards 2148:The United States Navy designed its ' 1041:Underwater protection and subdivision 370:Proceedings of the US Naval Institute 7: 5523:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 5195:Pursuit: The Sinking of the Bismarck 5073:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 4959:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 4881:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 894:to arm the last British battleship, 5519:Johnston, Ian; Buxton, Ian (2013). 2612:and, with some modernisation, into 2558:not yet started). In response, the 2452:List of battleships of World War II 1925:Greece had ordered the dreadnought 762:, soon followed by Russia with the 5214:Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution 5134:. London: Arms & Armor Press. 2962:Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977 2492:classes by mounting 16-inch guns. 2102:, was later repurchased by Chile. 1997:super-dreadnoughts in line c. 1914 1810:). Two were completed for Brazil: 1752:, and in October 1911, three more 1737:, but these were cancelled on the 1172:(1912) classes received turbines. 1153:received geared turbines. The two 1025:"all or nothing" protection scheme 486:, showing the revolutionary design 397:class. Restrictions on length and 295:of earlier pre-dreadnought ships. 16:Early 20th century battleship type 14: 5504:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 4471:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net 1820:) on 17 April 1907, and its 1399:class in 1909. Together with two 1280:, respectively. Germany's Kaiser 378:Bureau of Construction and Repair 103:, lasting up to the beginning of 5330:(Paperback). Shilka Publishing. 5216:. University of South Carolina. 4834:. London: Macdonald and Jane's. 2463:Naval Appropriations Act of 1916 647:Dreadnoughts frequently carried 6665:20th-century military equipment 5574:British and German Dreadnoughts 5540:The Journal of Military History 5386:The Journal of Military History 1816:was laid down on by Armstrong ( 1637:South American dreadnought race 815:Main armament power and calibre 661:, where the British battleship 610:Dreadnoughts mounted a uniform 471:Building the first dreadnoughts 265:All-big-gun mixed-calibre ships 5799:Anti-submarine warfare carrier 5500:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1980). 4974:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1992). 4870:All The World's Fighting Ships 2887:classes, and first two of the 2858:, p.52, 141; comparisons from 1428:Imperial Austro-Hungarian Navy 231:Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet 1: 6660:20th-century military history 5717:Naval ship classes in service 5352:. 26 October 1915. p. 12 5212:Lambert, Nicholas A. (1999). 4910:10.1080/07075332.1991.9640580 3145:, pp. 113, 331–332, 418. 2879:classes were war prizes. The 1579:, and the second against the 1387:The first German response to 1091:triple-expansion steam engine 413:Switch to all-big-gun designs 185:in January 1905, and she was 6185:Harbour defence motor launch 5420:Archibald, E. H. H. (1984). 5035:. London: Salamander Books. 4898:International History Review 2935:, p. 326, for instance. 2891:class were scuttled (though 2199:Naval warfare of World War I 2165:, when an ill-timed turn by 2119:, under construction in 1912 1519:. For this reason the later 214:the Battle of the Yalu River 68:was the predominant type of 21:Dreadnought (disambiguation) 6468:Ballistic missile submarine 6314:Mine countermeasures vessel 5659:Battleships in World War II 5365:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). 5235:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5231:Mackay, Ruddock F. (1973). 5111:Jane's War At Sea 1897–1997 5092:. Amherst: Humanity Books. 3131:Gardiner & Lambert 2001 2163:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 1842:, was nearly complete when 1441:First Lord of the Admiralty 1342:World War I naval arms race 171:authorized construction of 6681: 6515:Submarine aircraft carrier 5897:Pre-dreadnought battleship 5707:in 19th and 20th centuries 5634:Pre-dreadnought battleship 5326:Phillips, Russell (2013). 5115:. London: Harper Collins. 4976:The Eclipse of the Big Gun 4830:Breyer, Siegfried (1973). 2811:, pp. 104–105. While 2449: 2238:Battle of Heligoland Bight 2196: 2081:arms race in South America 1960:House of Commons of Canada 1634: 1339: 1132:in 1916. In the preceding 827:used on super-dreadnoughts 97:United Kingdom and Germany 18: 6410:General stores issue ship 6079:Amphibious transport dock 5854:Merchant aircraft carrier 5844:Interdiction Assault Ship 5712: 5619: 5484:. Naval Institute Press. 5016:. Naval Institute Press. 4955:Friedman, Norman (1985). 4940:. Conway Maritime Press. 4936:Friedman, Norman (1978). 3121:, pp. 50, 56–57, 72. 2519:'eight-eight battlefleet' 2377:Fear God and dread nought 2150:Standard-type battleships 2129:15-inch (381 mm) gun 1838:in 1910. The third ship, 678:Position of main armament 457: 6488:Deep-submergence vehicle 6478:Cruise missile submarine 6405:Fast combat support ship 6048:Guided-missile destroyer 5906:Standard-type battleship 5052:Schlachtschiffe der Welt 4917:Forczyk, Robert (2009). 4755:Evans & Peattie 1997 4743:Evans & Peattie 1997 4599:Ireland & Grove 1997 4527:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4432:, pp. 363–364, 366. 4430:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4394:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4382:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4334:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4295:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4256:Evans & Peattie 1997 4232:Gardiner & Gray 1985 4220:Gardiner & Gray 1985 3270:Evans & Peattie 1997 2977:Evans & Peattie 1997 2847:. Eight years later the 2823:triple-expansion engines 2457:picture are the British 2304:by the German submarine 1562:The Japanese battleship 1476:making full steam (1915) 1424:German Naval Law of 1912 1182:One alternative was the 510:and not the battleship. 250:Battle of the Yellow Sea 181:began the design of HMS 6084:Amphibious warfare ship 5794:Amphibious assault ship 5367:Naval Warfare 1815–1914 5307:Parkes, Oscar (1990) . 5286:Massie, Robert (2005). 5088:Herwig, Holger (1980). 2544:-class battlecruisers. 2477:-class battleships and 2386:The final units of the 1808:12-inch/45 calibre guns 1600:s were designed before 769:, the Austro-Hungarian 579:Washington Naval Treaty 563:Washington Naval Treaty 358:; and Austro-Hungarian 117:Washington Naval Treaty 6160:Armed boarding steamer 6124:Landing Ship Logistics 6119:Landing ship, infantry 5945:Guided missile cruiser 5849:Light aircraft carrier 5458:Brown, D. K. (2003) . 5257:. Frank Cass & Co. 5069:Gröner, Erich (1990). 5031:Gibbons, Tony (1983). 2860:Measuring Worth UK CPI 2653:Imperial Japanese Navy 2514: 2368: 2258: 2194: 2189:sinks after hitting a 2152:', beginning with the 2120: 1998: 1964:Canadian Naval Service 1786: 1658: 1567: 1477: 1368: 1336:Anglo-German arms race 1096:Turbines offered more 1078: 1077:on speed trials (1914) 1031:on the armoured deck; 998: 978:increasingly adopted. 953: 828: 607: 583: 487: 287: 244:On 10 August 1904 the 169:Imperial Japanese Navy 61: 44: 6360:Auxiliary repair dock 6309:Destroyer minesweeper 6205:Ocean boarding vessel 6109:Landing Craft Support 6104:Landing craft carrier 5824:Fighter catapult ship 5439:Brooks, John (2005). 5369:. London: Routledge. 5233:Fisher of Kilverstone 5175:. London: Macmillan. 5149:Keegan, John (1999). 5050:Greger, René (1993). 4849:Brown, D. K. (2003). 2498: 2365:Prinz Eitel Friedrich 2346: 2250: 2242:Battle of Dogger Bank 2182: 2108: 1989: 1778: 1759:dreadnoughts for the 1748:dreadnoughts for the 1724:Austro-Hungarian Navy 1716:constitutional crisis 1644: 1561: 1469: 1409:constitutional crisis 1353: 1346:Causes of World War I 1071: 989: 970:crippled battleship. 942: 906:H-43 and H-44 designs 822: 659:action of 27 May 1941 594: 575: 531:reciprocating engines 478: 451:Jane's Fighting Ships 448:published a paper in 272: 246:Imperial Russian Navy 50: 31: 6586:Littoral combat ship 6139:Landing Ship Vehicle 5882:Coastal defence ship 4872:. London: F.T. Jane. 4529:, pp. 401, 408. 4168:, pp. 115, 196. 3917:, pp. 292, 295. 3632:, pp. 107, 115. 2775:all-big-gun design. 2675:ballistic trajectory 2651:s construction. The 2590:Treaty of Versailles 2470:-class battleships, 2362:-class battlecruiser 1707:Francesco Caracciolo 1371:The construction of 1263:Dreadnought building 624:Imperial German Navy 162:Battle of Manila Bay 19:For other uses, see 6440:Replenishment oiler 6343:Command and support 6129:Landing Ship Medium 5992:Unprotected cruiser 5834:Flight deck cruiser 5478:Corbett, Sir Julian 5462:. Caxton Editions. 5309:British Battleships 5292:. London: Pimlico. 5271:. London: Pimlico. 5197:. London: Fontana. 5153:. London: Pimlico. 5151:The First World War 4978:. London: Conways. 4793:, pp. 173–174. 4781:, pp. 274–275. 4709:, pp. 277–284. 4673:, pp. 247–249. 4661:, pp. 245–248. 4649:, pp. 127–145. 4637:, pp. 256–257. 4613:, pp. 234–235. 4577:, pp. 250–251. 4565:, pp. 202–203. 4541:, pp. 140–144. 4517:, pp. 214–216. 4420:, pp. 450–455. 4396:, pp. 403–404. 4336:, pp. 302–303. 4321:, pp. 211–213. 4309:, pp. 209–211. 4285:, pp. 214–215. 4258:, pp. 142–143. 4141:, pp. 204–205. 4129:, pp. 224–228. 4117:, pp. 203–204. 4069:, pp. 227–228. 3997:, pp. 582–583. 3704:, pp. 116–122. 3692:, pp. 113–116. 3668:, pp. 106–107. 3656:, pp. 135–136. 3509:, pp. 130–131. 3497:, pp. 393–396. 3419:, pp. 151–153. 3407:, pp. 141–151. 3395:, pp. 54, 266. 3323:, pp. 46, 115. 3296:, pp. 619–621. 3260:, pp. 407–409. 3212:, pp. 451–452. 3133:, pp. 125–126. 3053:, pp. 170–171. 2027:weight of broadside 1949:Royal Hellenic Navy 1902:Fatih Sultan Mehmed 1871:Fatih Sultan Mehmed 1755:Imperatritsa Mariya 1720:Rudolf Montecuccoli 1511:was in propulsion; 825:British 15-inch gun 620:pre-dreadnought era 6556:Breastwork monitor 6420:Joint support ship 6375:Combat stores ship 6170:Coastal motor boat 6134:Landing Ship, Tank 6114:Landing Ship Heavy 6013:Convoy rescue ship 5839:Helicopter carrier 5350:The New York Times 4921:. London: Osprey. 4194:The New York Times 3109:, pp. 50, 72. 2911:Schleswig-Holstein 2657:United States Navy 2515: 2381:Gallipoli Campaign 2369: 2259: 2195: 2121: 1999: 1982:Super-dreadnoughts 1956:Conservative Party 1787: 1659: 1631:In other countries 1568: 1478: 1369: 1213:thermal efficiency 1158:-class battleships 1079: 1054:anti-torpedo bulge 999: 954: 919:Secondary armament 829: 608: 584: 567:treaty battleships 488: 446:Vittorio Cuniberti 407:Russo-Japanese War 382:Theodore Roosevelt 313:Andrei Pervozvanny 288: 208:Long-range gunnery 201:Russo-Japanese War 113:super-dreadnoughts 62: 45: 6637: 6636: 6541:Armed merchantman 6483:Cruiser submarine 6473:Coastal submarine 6240:Fast attack craft 6094:Dock landing ship 5972:Protected cruiser 5955:Pocket battleship 5912:Treaty battleship 5902:Super-dreadnought 5786:Aircraft carriers 5734:Operational zones 5667: 5666: 5654:Treaty battleship 5530:978-1-59114-027-6 5511:978-0-85177-146-5 5491:978-1-55750-129-5 5469:978-1-84067-531-3 5450:978-0-7146-5702-8 5431:978-0-7137-1348-0 5376:978-0-415-21478-0 5337:978-0-9927648-0-7 5318:978-1-55750-075-5 5299:978-1-84413-411-3 5278:978-1-84413-528-8 5251:Marder, Arthur J. 5242:978-0-19-822409-9 5223:978-1-57003-277-6 5204:978-0-00-634014-0 5182:978-0-333-35094-2 5160:978-0-7126-6645-9 5141:978-0-85368-151-9 5122:978-0-00-472065-4 5099:978-1-57392-286-9 5080:978-0-87021-790-6 5061:978-3-613-01459-6 5042:978-0-517-37810-6 5023:978-0-87021-907-8 5004:978-0-7858-1413-9 4985:978-0-85177-607-1 4966:978-0-87021-715-9 4947:978-0-85177-135-9 4928:978-1-84603-330-8 4888:978-0-87021-192-8 4860:978-1-84067-529-0 4841:978-0-356-04191-9 4817:, pp. 69–70. 4721:, pp. 62–63. 4697:, pp. 61–62. 4601:, pp. 88–95. 4553:, pp. 75–79. 4246:, pp. 69–70. 4196:, 26 October 1915 4057:, pp. 54–55. 3970:, pp. 22–23. 3893:, pp. 75–76. 3839:, pp. 89–90. 3815:, pp. 79–83. 3803:, pp. 77–79. 3779:, pp. 66–67. 3755:, pp. 65–66. 3728:, pp. 54–61. 3371:, pp. 19–21. 3172:, pp. 53–58. 2964:, pp. 22–23. 2586:G3 battlecruisers 2352:-class battleship 2210:) and the Allied 2158:Battle of Jutland 2099:Almirante Latorre 1922:in October 1914. 1581:US Atlantic Fleet 1444:Winston Churchill 976:dual-purpose guns 713:-class battleship 258:Barr & Stroud 235:Naval War College 157:quick-firing guns 128:Battle of Jutland 36:'s revolutionary 6672: 6576:Floating battery 6510:Midget submarine 6463:Attack submarine 6445:Submarine tender 6395:Destroyer tender 6225:Submarine chaser 6089:Attack transport 6033:Escort destroyer 6028:Destroyer leader 6023:Destroyer escort 5930:Aircraft cruiser 5744:Green-water navy 5739:Brown-water navy 5694: 5687: 5680: 5671: 5629:Ironclad warship 5624:Ship of the line 5605: 5598: 5591: 5582: 5563: 5534: 5515: 5495: 5473: 5454: 5435: 5409: 5380: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5341: 5322: 5303: 5282: 5258: 5246: 5227: 5208: 5191:Kennedy, Ludovic 5186: 5169:Kennedy, Paul M. 5164: 5145: 5126: 5114: 5103: 5084: 5065: 5046: 5027: 5008: 4989: 4970: 4951: 4932: 4913: 4892: 4873: 4864: 4845: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3855: 3849: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3447: 3441: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3186:Sir Philip Watts 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2980: 2974: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2936: 2930: 2914: 2902: 2896: 2869: 2863: 2832: 2826: 2806: 2800: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2754: 2748: 2732: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2670: 2664: 2650: 2642: 2357:(right) and the 2275:Austro-Hungarian 2221:confined to the 2142:zone of immunity 2134:fast battleships 1972:Senate of Canada 1911:and the cruiser 1577:US Pacific Fleet 1378:Entente Cordiale 990:This section of 674:at close range. 516:Captain Pakenham 462: 461: 101:in South America 85:pre-dreadnoughts 6680: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6627:Sailing vessels 6610: 6529: 6500:Fleet submarine 6449: 6430:Net laying ship 6355:Ammunition ship 6338: 6292: 6234: 6148: 6067: 5996: 5987:Torpedo cruiser 5967:Merchant raider 5935:Armored cruiser 5916: 5892:Fast battleship 5868: 5859:Seaplane tender 5804:Balloon carrier 5780: 5764:Central battery 5749:Blue-water navy 5708: 5698: 5668: 5663: 5649:Fast battleship 5615: 5611:History of the 5609: 5570: 5552:10.2307/1985838 5537: 5531: 5518: 5512: 5499: 5492: 5476: 5470: 5457: 5451: 5438: 5432: 5419: 5416: 5414:Further reading 5398:10.2307/2944495 5383: 5377: 5364: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5338: 5325: 5319: 5306: 5300: 5285: 5279: 5261: 5249: 5243: 5230: 5224: 5211: 5205: 5189: 5183: 5167: 5161: 5148: 5142: 5129: 5123: 5106: 5100: 5087: 5081: 5068: 5062: 5049: 5043: 5030: 5024: 5011: 5005: 4992: 4986: 4973: 4967: 4954: 4948: 4935: 4929: 4916: 4895: 4889: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4848: 4842: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3905:, pp. 7–8. 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3716:, pp. 7–8. 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3450: 3442: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2983: 2975: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2903: 2899: 2870: 2866: 2850:Queen Elizabeth 2833: 2829: 2807: 2803: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2769: 2755: 2751: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2715: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2671: 2667: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2610:interwar period 2571:Number 13 class 2486:Queen Elizabeth 2454: 2448: 2392:Queen Elizabeth 2341: 2336: 2219:High Seas Fleet 2201: 2177: 2125:Queen Elizabeth 1984: 1900:respectively. ( 1761:Black Sea Fleet 1722:, Chief of the 1695:Conte di Cavour 1690:Dante Alighieri 1639: 1633: 1556: 1464: 1452:Queen Elizabeth 1417:Alsace-Lorraine 1348: 1338: 1310:Austria-Hungary 1265: 1246:Queen Elizabeth 1242:Queen Elizabeth 1227:thermal content 1201: 1102:Charles Parsons 1066: 1043: 1008: 1006:Central citadel 984: 921: 890:Queen Elizabeth 853:Queen Elizabeth 834:muzzle velocity 817: 759:Dante Alighieri 680: 589: 582: 551: 473: 443:naval architect 425:, for example, 415: 391:King Edward VII 301:King Edward VII 267: 210: 149:pre-dreadnought 144: 93:naval arms race 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6678: 6676: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6365:Auxiliary ship 6362: 6357: 6352: 6350:Amenities ship 6346: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6220:Steam gun boat 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5982:Strike cruiser 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5819:Escort carrier 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5755:Gun placement 5753: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5577: 5576: 5569: 5568:External links 5566: 5565: 5564: 5535: 5529: 5516: 5510: 5497: 5490: 5474: 5468: 5455: 5449: 5436: 5430: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5381: 5375: 5362: 5342: 5336: 5323: 5317: 5304: 5298: 5283: 5277: 5263:Massie, Robert 5259: 5247: 5241: 5228: 5222: 5209: 5203: 5187: 5181: 5165: 5159: 5146: 5140: 5127: 5121: 5104: 5098: 5085: 5079: 5066: 5060: 5047: 5041: 5028: 5022: 5009: 5003: 4990: 4984: 4971: 4965: 4952: 4946: 4933: 4927: 4914: 4904:(2): 246–272. 4893: 4887: 4874: 4865: 4859: 4853:. Book Sales. 4846: 4840: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4769:, p. 356. 4759: 4757:, p. 174. 4747: 4745:, p. 171. 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4589:, p. 289. 4579: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4505:, p. 214. 4495: 4493:, p. 126. 4483: 4458: 4456:, p. 220. 4446: 4444:, p. 252. 4434: 4422: 4410: 4408:, p. 320. 4398: 4386: 4384:, p. 378. 4374: 4372:, p. 195. 4362: 4360:, p. 393. 4350: 4348:, p. 205. 4338: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4297:, p. 190. 4287: 4272: 4270:, p. 333. 4260: 4248: 4236: 4234:, p. 113. 4224: 4222:, p. 112. 4212: 4200: 4185: 4170: 4158: 4156:, p. 216. 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4105:, p. 203. 4095: 4083: 4081:, p. 281. 4071: 4059: 4047: 4045:, p. 201. 4035: 4033:, p. 218. 4023: 4021:, p. 198. 4011: 3999: 3987: 3972: 3960: 3958:, p. 269. 3948: 3931: 3929:, p. 213. 3919: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3881:, p. 474. 3871: 3856: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3791:, p. 360. 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3680:, p. 159. 3670: 3658: 3646: 3644:, p. 196. 3634: 3622: 3620:, p. 367. 3610: 3608:, p. 214. 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3548:, p. 135. 3538: 3536:, p. 130. 3523: 3521:, p. 129. 3511: 3499: 3487: 3485:, p. 138. 3475: 3473:, p. 132. 3463: 3461:, p. 134. 3448: 3446:, p. 263. 3433: 3431:, p. 246. 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3347:, p. 542. 3337: 3325: 3313: 3311:, p. 115. 3298: 3286: 3284:, p. 331. 3274: 3262: 3258:Cuniberti 1903 3250: 3248:, p. 250. 3246:Fairbanks 1991 3238: 3226: 3224:, p. 113. 3214: 3202: 3200:, p. 426. 3190: 3174: 3162: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3084: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3039:Fairbanks 1991 3031: 3012: 3010:, p. 419. 3000: 2981: 2979:, p. 159. 2966: 2954: 2937: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2897: 2864: 2827: 2801: 2781: 2779:, p. 312. 2767: 2765:, p. 322. 2749: 2727: 2725:, p. 322. 2713: 2693: 2684: 2665: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2549:Woodrow Wilson 2447: 2444: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2197:Main article: 2193:, October 1914 2176: 2173: 2109:The Argentine 1983: 1980: 1920:Central Powers 1887:Sultan Osman I 1879:Sultan Osman I 1855:armoured ships 1848:Ottoman Empire 1840:Rio de Janeiro 1836:Brazilian Navy 1733:Ersatz Monarch 1632: 1629: 1572:Satō Tetsutarō 1555: 1552: 1528:South Carolina 1513:South Carolina 1497:South Carolina 1482:South Carolina 1463: 1460: 1437:British Empire 1433:social welfare 1401:battlecruisers 1382:"Tirpitz" laws 1337: 1334: 1314:Ottoman Empire 1278:South Carolina 1264: 1261: 1200: 1197: 1192:Diesel engines 1184:turbo-electric 1177:geared turbine 1113:fuel-efficient 1065: 1062: 1042: 1039: 1007: 1004: 983: 980: 933:South Carolina 920: 917: 816: 813: 743:South Carolina 688:superstructure 679: 676: 588: 585: 576: 550: 547: 539:South Carolina 504:First Sea Lord 472: 469: 421:South Carolina 414: 411: 266: 263: 209: 206: 143: 140: 136:battlecruisers 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6677: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6606:Training ship 6604: 6602: 6601:River monitor 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6566:Drone carrier 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6551:Barracks ship 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534:Miscellaneous 6532: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6505:Human torpedo 6503: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6425:Naval tugboat 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6415:Hospital ship 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6400:Dispatch boat 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6200:Naval trawler 6198: 6196: 6195:Naval drifter 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6099:Landing craft 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5977:Scout cruiser 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5962:Light cruiser 5960: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5950:Heavy cruiser 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940:Battlecruiser 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5829:Fleet carrier 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5809:Battlecarrier 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5688: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Battlecruiser 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443:. Routledge. 5442: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424:. Blandford. 5423: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4736: 4733:, p. 63. 4732: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4688: 4685:, p. 61. 4684: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4623:Phillips 2013 4619: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4563:Friedman 1985 4559: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4515:Sondhaus 2001 4511: 4508: 4504: 4503:Sondhaus 2001 4499: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4484: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4454:Sondhaus 2001 4450: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4319:Sondhaus 2001 4315: 4312: 4308: 4307:Sondhaus 2001 4303: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4283:Sondhaus 2001 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4244:Friedman 1985 4240: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4210:, p. 57. 4209: 4208:Friedman 1985 4204: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4183:, p. 69. 4182: 4181:Friedman 1985 4177: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4154:Sondhaus 2001 4150: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4139:Sondhaus 2001 4135: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4115:Sondhaus 2001 4111: 4108: 4104: 4103:Sondhaus 2001 4099: 4096: 4093:, p. 59. 4092: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4067:Sondhaus 2001 4063: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4043:Sondhaus 2001 4039: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4019:Sondhaus 2001 4015: 4012: 4009:, p. 94. 4008: 4007:Friedman 1978 4003: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3985:, p. 23. 3984: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3946:, p. 93. 3945: 3944:Friedman 1978 3940: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927:Friedman 1985 3923: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3903:Gardiner 1992 3899: 3896: 3892: 3891:Friedman 1985 3887: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3869:, p. 46. 3868: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3854:, p. 91. 3853: 3852:Friedman 1978 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3837:Friedman 1978 3833: 3830: 3827:, p. 95. 3826: 3825:Friedman 1978 3821: 3818: 3814: 3813:Friedman 1978 3809: 3806: 3802: 3801:Friedman 1978 3797: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3777:Friedman 1978 3773: 3770: 3767:, p. 67. 3766: 3765:Friedman 1978 3761: 3758: 3754: 3753:Friedman 1978 3749: 3746: 3742: 3741:Gardiner 1992 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3726:Friedman 1978 3722: 3719: 3715: 3714:Friedman 1978 3710: 3707: 3703: 3702:Friedman 1978 3698: 3695: 3691: 3690:Friedman 1978 3686: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3654:Friedman 1978 3650: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3596:, p. 82. 3595: 3590: 3587: 3584:, p. 84. 3583: 3578: 3575: 3572:, p. 71. 3571: 3566: 3563: 3560:, p. 72. 3559: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3546:Friedman 1978 3542: 3539: 3535: 3534:Friedman 1978 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3519:Friedman 1978 3515: 3512: 3508: 3507:Friedman 1978 3503: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3471:Friedman 1978 3467: 3464: 3460: 3459:Friedman 1978 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3417:Friedman 1978 3413: 3410: 3406: 3405:Friedman 1978 3401: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3383:, p. 85. 3382: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3369:Friedman 1978 3365: 3362: 3359:, p. 63. 3358: 3357:Friedman 1985 3353: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3335:, p. 62. 3334: 3333:Friedman 1985 3329: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3272:, p. 63. 3271: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3236:, p. 55. 3235: 3234:Friedman 1985 3230: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3170:Friedman 1985 3166: 3163: 3160:, p. 51. 3159: 3158:Friedman 1985 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3097:, p. 78. 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3082:, p. 53. 3081: 3080:Friedman 1985 3076: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3065:, p. 77. 3064: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3051:Sondhaus 2001 3047: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3029:, p. 98. 3028: 3027:Friedman 1978 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3008:Friedman 1985 3004: 3001: 2998:, p. 15. 2997: 2996:Gardiner 1992 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2952:, p. 52. 2951: 2950:Friedman 1985 2946: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2809:Friedman 1985 2805: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2790: 2789:Friedman 1985 2785: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2759:Friedman 1985 2753: 2750: 2747:, p. 55. 2746: 2745:Friedman 1985 2742: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2703: 2702:Friedman 1985 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2682:, p. 99. 2681: 2680:Friedman 1978 2676: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2560:Diet of Japan 2557: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2510: 2506:, one of two 2505: 2504: (BB-44) 2503: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2459:Admiral class 2453: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2298:capital ships 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1994: 1988: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:Liberal Party 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1565: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1480:The American 1475: 1474: 1468: 1462:United States 1461: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1355:King George V 1352: 1347: 1343: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1012: 1005: 1003: 996: 995: 988: 981: 979: 977: 971: 967: 964: 960: 952: 950: 945: 941: 937: 934: 930: 926: 925:torpedo boats 918: 916: 914: 913: 907: 902: 900: 899: 893: 891: 886: 884: 878: 876: 872: 870: 865: 863: 857: 854: 850: 845: 841: 837: 835: 826: 821: 814: 812: 810: 808: 803: 801: 800:King George V 796: 794: 789: 787: 782: 780: 776:, and the US 775: 773: 768: 766: 761: 760: 753: 751: 749: 744: 739: 734: 732: 731: 723: 721: 719: 714: 712: 706: 704: 699: 698: 693: 689: 685: 677: 675: 673: 672: 667: 666: 660: 655: 654:coup de grace 650: 649:torpedo tubes 645: 643: 639: 638:torpedo boats 634: 632: 630: 625: 621: 617: 613: 605: 601: 599: 593: 586: 580: 574: 570: 568: 564: 560: 555: 548: 546: 544: 540: 535: 532: 528: 527:steam turbine 525: 521: 517: 511: 509: 508:battlecruiser 505: 500: 498: 494: 485: 484: 479:A profile of 477: 470: 468: 466: 460: 453: 452: 447: 444: 438: 435: 430: 428: 424: 422: 412: 410: 408: 404: 403:J. H. Narbeth 400: 396: 392: 386: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 362: 357: 356: 351: 350: 345: 344: 339: 338: 333: 332: 327: 326: 321: 320: 315: 314: 309: 308: 303: 302: 296: 294: 285: 283: 278: 277: 271: 264: 262: 259: 255: 254:range finders 251: 247: 242: 238: 236: 232: 227: 222: 220: 215: 207: 205: 202: 197: 195: 194: 188: 184: 180: 176: 175: 170: 165: 163: 158: 154: 150: 141: 139: 137: 133: 129: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89:steam turbine 86: 82: 81: 75: 71: 67: 60: 56: 55: 49: 42: 41: 35: 30: 26: 22: 6561:Capital ship 6546:Arsenal ship 6385:Crane vessel 6380:Command ship 6319:Mine planter 6297:Mine warfare 6263:Missile boat 6230:Torpedo boat 6190:Motor launch 6153:Patrol craft 6058:Radar picket 5886: 5864:Supercarrier 5638: 5578: 5543: 5539: 5520: 5501: 5481: 5459: 5440: 5421: 5389: 5385: 5366: 5354:. Retrieved 5349: 5327: 5308: 5288: 5267: 5254: 5232: 5213: 5194: 5172: 5150: 5131: 5110: 5089: 5070: 5051: 5032: 5013: 4994: 4975: 4956: 4937: 4918: 4901: 4897: 4878: 4869: 4850: 4831: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4779:Kennedy 1983 4774: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4671:Kennedy 1983 4666: 4659:Kennedy 1983 4654: 4642: 4635:Kennedy 1983 4630: 4618: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4575:Kennedy 1983 4570: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4474:. Retrieved 4470: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4370:Gibbons 1983 4365: 4353: 4346:Gibbons 1983 4341: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4193: 4188: 4161: 4134: 4127:Kennedy 1983 4122: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4031:Kennedy 1983 4026: 4014: 4002: 3990: 3963: 3951: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3743:, p. 9. 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3429:Kennedy 1991 3424: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3177: 3165: 3138: 3126: 3119:Forczyk 2009 3114: 3107:Forczyk 2009 3102: 3095:Lambert 1999 3063:Lambert 1999 3058: 3046: 3034: 3003: 2957: 2928: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2838: (1906) 2835: 2830: 2817: 2812: 2804: 2797: (CV-3) 2794: 2784: 2770: 2752: 2730: 2716: 2706: 2696: 2687: 2668: 2660: 2645: 2640: 2618: 2614:World War II 2605: 2602: 2579: 2575: 2564: 2554:South Dakota 2553: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2508: 2501: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2455: 2437: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2416:Incomparable 2415: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2324: 2313: 2306: 2291: 2279:Adriatic Sea 2260: 2254:Szent István 2253: 2235: 2216: 2207:Handelskrieg 2205: 2202: 2185: 2168:South Dakota 2167: 2153: 2147: 2138: 2124: 2122: 2111: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2074: 2067: 2062: 2055: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2022: 2018: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1992: 1953: 1943: 1937: 1927: 1924: 1914: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869:in 1911 and 1866: 1864: 1852: 1839: 1826: 1813:Minas Geraes 1812: 1804: 1798: 1791: 1788: 1782:Minas Geraes 1781: 1769: 1764: 1754: 1750:Baltic Fleet 1745: 1743: 1732: 1727: 1713: 1706: 1701:Andrea Doria 1700: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1682:Regia Marina 1680:The Italian 1679: 1674:Paul Bénazet 1667: 1662: 1660: 1652: 1646: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1569: 1563: 1546: 1543: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1472: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1421: 1412: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1372: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1286: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1217: 1207: 1202: 1189: 1181: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1155: 1149: 1142: 1139:, one ship, 1134: 1128:Pennsylvania 1127: 1122:North Dakota 1121: 1118: 1110: 1105: 1095: 1086: 1080: 1073: 1058:torpedo belt 1051: 1044: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1000: 993: 972: 968: 966:afterwards. 958: 955: 951: (1906) 948: 932: 928: 922: 911: 903: 897: 889: 882: 879: 868: 861: 858: 852: 848: 846: 842: 838: 830: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 764: 758: 754: 747: 742: 735: 729: 724: 717: 710: 707: 702: 696: 691: 683: 681: 670: 664: 646: 635: 628: 615: 612:main battery 609: 604:main battery 600: (1907) 597: 559:displacement 556: 552: 542: 538: 536: 523: 512: 501: 496: 489: 482: 459:Regia Marina 449: 439: 433: 431: 427:William Sims 420: 416: 394: 390: 387: 369: 367: 360: 355:Regina Elena 354: 348: 342: 336: 330: 324: 318: 312: 306: 300: 297: 289: 281: 275: 243: 239: 223: 211: 198: 192: 182: 173: 166: 145: 131: 125: 121:World War II 108: 95:between the 79: 65: 63: 53: 39: 25: 6650:Battleships 6596:Mother ship 6435:Repair ship 6334:Minesweeper 6210:Patrol boat 6165:Armed yacht 5887:Dreadnought 5874:Battleships 5701:Naval ships 5639:Dreadnought 4815:Breyer 1973 4805:, p. . 4803:Gröner 1990 4791:Breyer 1973 4767:Breyer 1973 4731:Breyer 1973 4719:Breyer 1973 4707:Breyer 1973 4695:Breyer 1973 4683:Breyer 1973 4647:Massie 2005 4625:, p. . 4611:Keegan 1999 4587:Keegan 1999 4551:Breyer 1973 4539:Breyer 1973 4491:Breyer 1973 4442:Greger 1993 4418:Breyer 1973 4406:Breyer 1973 4358:Breyer 1973 4268:Breyer 1973 4166:Breyer 1973 4091:Breyer 1973 4079:Keegan 1999 4055:Herwig 1980 3995:Parkes 1990 3956:Mackay 1973 3915:Breyer 1973 3879:Massie 2004 3867:Breyer 1973 3789:Breyer 1973 3678:Breyer 1973 3666:Breyer 1973 3642:Breyer 1973 3630:Breyer 1973 3618:Breyer 1973 3606:Breyer 1973 3594:Breyer 1973 3582:Breyer 1973 3570:Breyer 1973 3558:Breyer 1973 3495:Breyer 1973 3483:Breyer 1973 3444:Breyer 1973 3393:Breyer 1973 3381:Breyer 1973 3345:Marder 1964 3321:Breyer 1973 3309:Breyer 1973 3294:Sumida 1995 3282:Breyer 1973 3222:Breyer 1973 3210:Parkes 1990 3198:Parkes 1990 3182:Parkes 1990 3143:Breyer 1973 2933:Mackay 1973 2843:Lord Nelson 2836:Dreadnought 2777:Mackay 1973 2763:Mackay 1973 2737:Mackay 1973 2723:Mackay 1973 2707:Mississippi 2661:Dreadnought 2646:Dreadnought 2355:Württemberg 2347:Unfinished 2339:World War I 2231:Grand Fleet 2115:, first of 2019:Dreadnought 2015:superfiring 2003:Dreadnought 1990:Royal Navy 1976:World War I 1970:-dominated 1958:-dominated 1770:Dreadnought 1686:Dreadnought 1602:Dreadnought 1517:Dreadnought 1509:Dreadnought 1505:Dreadnought 1501:Dreadnought 1493:US Congress 1486:Dreadnought 1389:Dreadnought 1373:Dreadnought 1361:) inspects 1270:Dreadnought 1166:(1911) and 1106:Dreadnought 1087:Dreadnought 1017:Dreadnought 949:Dreadnought 929:Dreadnought 804:and French 738:superfiring 703:Dreadnought 684:Dreadnought 616:Dreadnought 598:Bellerophon 543:Dreadnought 524:Dreadnought 520:12-pounders 497:Dreadnought 483:Dreadnought 434:Dreadnought 395:Lord Nelson 374:P. R. Alger 343:Mississippi 337:Connecticut 334:; American 316:; Japanese 307:Lord Nelson 282:Lord Nelson 183:Dreadnought 132:dreadnought 109:Dreadnought 105:World War I 80:Dreadnought 66:dreadnought 59:museum ship 40:Dreadnought 6655:Ship types 6644:Categories 6622:Ship types 6581:Guard ship 6455:Submarines 6390:Depot ship 6324:Minehunter 5613:battleship 4824:References 3983:Brown 2003 3968:Brown 2003 2877:Heligoland 2598:Scapa Flow 2502:California 2488:class and 2450:See also: 2432:Hindenburg 2408:Courageous 2296:threat to 2267:Baltic Sea 2227:Baltic Sea 1728:Tegetthoff 1635:See also: 1340:See also: 1282:Wilhelm II 1083:propellers 1064:Propulsion 944:12-pounder 772:Tegetthoff 642:destroyers 595:A plan of 455:navy, the 352:; Italian 310:; Russian 179:Royal Navy 74:Royal Navy 70:battleship 34:Royal Navy 6329:Minelayer 6144:Troopship 6072:Transport 6038:Escorteur 6018:Destroyer 5759:Broadside 5727:auxiliary 5722:submarine 5356:9 October 2921:Citations 2907:Schlesien 2793:USS 2757:enormous. 2632:Footnotes 2578:HMS 2542:Lexington 2509:Tennessee 2500:USS 2480:Lexington 2438:Mackensen 2414:HMS 2360:Mackensen 2319:North Sea 2314:Audacious 2312:HMS 2287:Gallipoli 2263:Black Sea 2252:SMS 2223:North Sea 2186:Audacious 2184:HMS 2175:In action 2117:its class 2112:Rivadavia 2086:Rivadavia 2075:Normandie 2011:13.5-inch 1951:service. 1913:SMS 1906:SMS 1898:Agincourt 1891:HMS 1883:Reshadiye 1875:Reshadiye 1873:in 1914. 1867:Reshadiye 1850:in 1913. 1827:São Paulo 1471:USS 1397:Helgoland 1363:HMS 1322:Argentina 1206:USS 1148:USS 1141:USS 992:SMS 963:casemates 896:HMS 807:Richelieu 730:Agincourt 728:HMS 697:Helgoland 663:HMS 495:, unlike 481:HMS 346:; French 293:barbettes 276:Agamemnon 274:HMS 191:USS 187:laid down 78:HMS 52:USS 38:HMS 6571:Flagship 6304:Danlayer 6175:Corvette 6053:Kaibōkan 5922:Cruisers 5814:CAM ship 5769:Casemate 5705:warships 5480:(1994). 5265:(2004). 5253:(1964). 5193:(1991). 5171:(1983). 2818:Oklahoma 2795:Saratoga 2468:Colorado 2446:Post-war 2271:Adriatic 2212:blockade 2068:Bretagne 2035:New York 1933:monitors 1653:Bretagne 1647:Provence 1536:Delaware 1522:Delaware 1473:New York 1391:was the 1156:New York 1143:Oklahoma 898:Vanguard 875:N3 class 869:Colorado 671:Bismarck 587:Armament 465:Tsushima 361:Radetzky 219:ordnance 193:Michigan 6615:Related 6591:Monitor 6525:Wet sub 6370:Collier 6288:Shin'yō 6283:PT boat 6180:Gunboat 6043:Frigate 5774:Turrets 5560:1985838 5406:2944495 2490:Admiral 2396:Revenge 2388:Revenge 2328:frogmen 2063:Courbet 1928:Salamis 1915:Breslau 1889:became 1818:Elswick 1799:Jaime I 1668:Courbet 1623:Kawachi 1620:of the 1611:Kawachi 1608:-type: 1598:Satsuma 1588:Satsuma 1456:Revenge 1365:Neptune 1290:Germany 1274:Satsuma 1255:Revenge 1223:stokers 1169:Wyoming 1163:Florida 711:Neptune 581:of 1922 363:classes 331:Kawachi 325:Satsuma 226:torpedo 174:Satsuma 153:calibre 142:Origins 6520:U-boat 6248:E-boat 6215:Q-ship 6001:Escort 5558: 5527: 5508: 5488: 5466: 5447: 5428: 5404: 5373: 5334: 5315: 5296: 5275: 5239: 5220: 5201: 5179: 5157: 5138: 5119: 5096: 5077: 5058: 5039: 5020: 5001: 4982: 4963: 4944: 4925: 4885: 4857: 4838: 4476:2 July 2889:Bayern 2881:Kaiser 2873:Nassau 2813:Nevada 2621:hulked 2606:Nelson 2523:Nagato 2521:. The 2511:-class 2482:-class 2475:Dakota 2425:Bayern 2401:Renown 2350:Bayern 2294:U-boat 2283:Ancona 2154:Nevada 2092:Moreno 2056:Nagato 2051:-class 2044:-class 1995:-class 1944:Lemnos 1938:Kilkis 1908:Goeben 1844:rubber 1832:Barrow 1822:sister 1792:España 1765:Gangut 1757:-class 1746:Gangut 1709:-class 1663:Danton 1655:-class 1625:-class 1617:Settsu 1596:. The 1566:(1911) 1564:Settsu 1547:Nevada 1393:Nassau 1328:, and 1326:Brazil 1318:Greece 1298:Russia 1294:France 1250:Nevada 1238:Nevada 1150:Nevada 1135:Nevada 1034:Yamato 994:Bayern 982:Armour 959:Nassau 912:Yamato 910:Super 883:Yamato 864:-class 862:Nagato 793:Yamato 786:Nelson 779:Nevada 765:Gangut 718:Kaiser 692:Nassau 665:Rodney 629:Nassau 549:Design 349:Danton 328:, and 319:Katori 6063:Sloop 6008:Aviso 5556:JSTOR 5402:JSTOR 2893:Baden 2885:König 2852:class 2845:class 2709:class 2649:' 2627:Notes 2567:class 2556:class 2538:class 2536:Amagi 2531:class 2472:South 2440:class 2427:class 2410:class 2403:class 2070:class 2058:class 2037:class 2023:Orion 2007:Orion 1993:Orion 1794:class 1735:class 1670:class 1554:Japan 1538:class 1524:class 1413:Orion 1330:Chile 1306:Japan 1302:Italy 1257:class 1208:Maine 1137:class 1130:class 1098:power 1074:Paris 892:class 885:class 871:class 849:Orion 809:class 802:class 795:class 788:class 781:class 774:class 767:class 750:class 748:Orion 720:class 631:class 423:class 284:class 54:Texas 6493:DSRV 6278:MTSM 5703:and 5525:ISBN 5506:ISBN 5486:ISBN 5464:ISBN 5445:ISBN 5426:ISBN 5371:ISBN 5358:2018 5332:ISBN 5313:ISBN 5294:ISBN 5273:ISBN 5237:ISBN 5218:ISBN 5199:ISBN 5177:ISBN 5155:ISBN 5136:ISBN 5117:ISBN 5094:ISBN 5075:ISBN 5056:ISBN 5037:ISBN 5018:ISBN 4999:ISBN 4980:ISBN 4961:ISBN 4942:ISBN 4923:ISBN 4883:ISBN 4855:ISBN 4836:ISBN 4478:2022 2909:and 2883:and 2875:and 2871:The 2741:Sims 2700:See 2580:Hood 2529:Tosa 2390:and 2240:and 2191:mine 2089:and 2042:Fusō 2021:and 1954:The 1941:and 1896:and 1893:Erin 1885:and 1698:and 1650:, a 1614:and 1590:and 1491:The 1454:and 1359:left 1344:and 1308:and 1276:and 1199:Fuel 1056:and 1047:mine 694:and 657:the 399:beam 340:and 304:and 64:The 32:The 6273:MTM 6268:MTB 6258:MGB 6253:MAS 5548:doi 5394:doi 4906:doi 2596:at 2565:Kii 2307:U-9 2049:Ise 1947:in 1606:Aki 1593:Aki 1219:Oil 76:'s 6646:: 5554:. 5544:54 5542:. 5400:. 5390:59 5388:. 5348:. 4902:13 4900:. 4469:. 4326:^ 4275:^ 4173:^ 4146:^ 3975:^ 3934:^ 3859:^ 3844:^ 3733:^ 3526:^ 3451:^ 3436:^ 3301:^ 3150:^ 3087:^ 3070:^ 3015:^ 2984:^ 2969:^ 2940:^ 2330:. 2289:. 2214:. 2136:. 1978:. 1824:, 1741:. 1419:. 1324:, 1320:, 1316:, 1304:, 1300:, 1296:, 1292:, 1215:. 1085:. 927:. 901:. 811:. 736:A 705:. 633:. 545:. 499:. 409:. 365:. 322:, 123:. 5908:) 5904:( 5693:e 5686:t 5679:v 5604:e 5597:t 5590:v 5562:. 5550:: 5533:. 5514:. 5494:. 5472:. 5453:. 5434:. 5408:. 5396:: 5379:. 5360:. 5340:. 5321:. 5302:. 5281:. 5245:. 5226:. 5207:. 5185:. 5163:. 5144:. 5125:. 5102:. 5083:. 5064:. 5045:. 5026:. 5007:. 4988:. 4969:. 4950:. 4931:. 4912:. 4908:: 4891:. 4863:. 4844:. 4480:. 4198:. 3188:. 3041:. 2862:. 2825:. 2711:. 2204:( 2077:s 1357:( 147:" 23:.

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