380:
268:
62:
53:
670:
543:
799:. The protagonist and his friends are drinking drug-laced milk: "They had no license for selling liquor, but there was no law yet against prodding some of the new veshches which they used to put into the old moloko, so you could peet it with vellocet or synthemesc or drencrom or one or two other veshches "
734:
reported methodological flaws in Hoffer's work on niacin as a schizophrenia treatment and referred to follow-up studies that did not confirm any benefits of the treatment. Multiple additional studies in the United States, Canada, and
Australia similarly failed to find benefits of megavitamin therapy
2025:
656:
O) was among the first reagents employed for this, but a variety of other oxidising agents have been used successfully. In solution, adrenochrome is pink and further oxidation of the compound causes it to polymerize into brown or black
833:. In the footnotes in chapter April, page 140, he says: "It was sometime after midnight in a ratty hotel room and my memory of the conversation is hazy, due to massive ingestion of booze,
556:
1603:
Behonick GS, Novak MJ, Nealley EW, Baskin SI (December 2001). "Toxicology update: the cardiotoxicity of the oxidative stress metabolites of catecholamines (aminochromes)".
829:
1845:
1733:
433:
1262:
1386:
827:
is entirely fictional and seems unaware of the existence of a substance with the same name. Hunter S. Thompson also mentions adrenochrome in his book
815:... the adrenaline glands from a living human body. It's no good if you get it out of a corpse." The adrenochrome scene also appears in the novel's
850:, "Whom the Gods Would Destroy", the motive for the crimes was that a prostitute had been killed years previously to harvest her adrenal glands.
1229:
811:. This is the likely origin of current myths surrounding this compound, because a character states that "There's only one source for this stuff
1542:
1027:
816:
1703:
749:
In the early 2000s, interest was renewed by the discovery that adrenochrome may be produced normally as an intermediate in the formation of
677:
Several small-scale studies (involving 15 or fewer test subjects) conducted in the 1950s and 1960s reported that adrenochrome triggered
1308:
2029:
170:
1817:
1678:
394:
863:
by Aaron
Dembski-Bowden. It is described as a clear liquid beverage that is, "harvested from the adrenal glands of living slaves "
1652:
731:
1907:
858:
1984:
807:
33:
1141:
563:
327:
37:
2050:
878:
353:
1490:
Vaughan K, McConaghy N (1999). "Megavitamin and dietary treatment in schizophrenia: a randomised, controlled trial".
1954:
795:
583:
590:(epinephrine). It was the subject of limited research from the 1950s through to the 1970s as a potential cause of
1224:
754:
275:
2010:
736:
1393:
2045:
924:"The Chemistry of the "Aminochromes": Part I. The Preparation and Paper Chromatography of Pure Adrenochrome"
775:
263:
1875:
1768:
1759:
1060:
1051:
983:
598:
220:
32:
This article is about the chemical compound. For the conspiracy theory about
Satanic child sacrifice, see
1791:
2019:
1136:
1046:
867:
74:
1846:"How QAnon Became Obsessed With 'Adrenochrome,' an Imaginary Drug Hollywood Is 'Harvesting' from Kids"
1360:
886:
783:
mentioned the discovery and the alleged effects of adrenochrome, which he likened to the symptoms of
1065:
375:
870:
716:
102:
893:
rape and murder children, and "harvest" adrenochrome from their victims' blood as a drug or as an
1711:
1628:
1515:
1254:
1198:
1158:
1110:
1078:
802:
730:
The treatment of schizophrenia with such potent anti-oxidants is highly contested. In 1973, the
823:
admits that his and
Thompson's portrayal is a fictional exaggeration. Gilliam insists that the
2014:
1620:
1585:
1538:
1507:
1439:
1322:
1314:
1304:
1246:
1238:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1023:
1017:
846:
824:
724:
579:
1419:
1946:
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1822:
1612:
1575:
1567:
1499:
1470:
1431:
1345:
1150:
1070:
998:
964:
935:
854:
838:
682:
460:
2028:
resulting from the use of epinephrine-containing eye drops used to treat glaucoma from the
753:. This finding may be significant because adrenochrome is detoxified at least partially by
715:
In what Hoffer called the "adrenochrome hypothesis", he and Osmond in 1967 speculated that
341:
1330:
790:
743:
705:
245:
141:
129:
1435:
195:
379:
267:
117:
1980:
1300:
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894:
761:
697:
621:
534:
2039:
1903:
1899:
1571:
1503:
1293:
898:
820:
780:
742:
The adrenochrome theory of schizophrenia waned, despite some evidence that it may be
709:
686:
602:
595:
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522:
256:
1632:
1519:
1258:
1202:
1114:
61:
1284:
1216:
1128:
750:
693:
649:
1976:
1139:(January 1954). "Schizophrenia: A New Approach. II. Result of a Year's Research".
316:
882:
617:
1930:
1074:
701:
633:
606:
587:
491:
417:): InChI=1/C9H9NO3/c1-10-4-9(13)5-2-7(11)8(12)3-6(5)10/h2-3,9,13H,4H2,1H3
231:
1558:
Bindoli A, Rigobello MP, Galzigna L (July 1989). "Toxicity of aminochromes".
1242:
1170:
1162:
1090:
1082:
968:
1870:
1334:
1250:
1098:
784:
720:
678:
1624:
1511:
1475:
1458:
1387:"Task Force Report on Megavitamin and Orthomolecular Therapy in Psychiatry"
1194:
1186:
1154:
1106:
1589:
1443:
1326:
1049:(January 2002). "The adrenochrome hypothesis of schizophrenia revisited".
669:
620:
suffix indicates a relationship to color, as pure adrenochrome has a deep
1580:
890:
644:
613:
1950:
1002:
881:, with the chemical helping the theories play a similar role to earlier
52:
17:
834:
793:
mentions adrenochrome as "drencrom" at the beginning of his 1962 novel
757:. Some studies have found genetic defects in the gene for this enzyme.
658:
638:
512:
442:
414:
403:
InChI=1S/C9H9NO3/c1-10-4-9(13)5-2-7(11)8(12)3-6(5)10/h2-3,9,13H,4H2,1H3
370:
336:
311:
298:
286:
276:
240:
215:
190:
165:
112:
1385:
Lipton MA, Ban TA, Kane FJ, Levine J, Mosher LR, Wittenborn R (1973).
1763:
206:
1616:
1459:"Nicotinic Acid in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Summary Report"
940:
923:
533:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
746:, as adrenochrome was not detectable in people with schizophrenia.
955:
Veer WL (1942). "Melanin and its precursors II. On adrenochrome".
874:
668:
181:
169:
154:
901:
companies, solely for research purposes, and has no medical uses.
1318:
1178:
527:
115–120 °C (239–248 °F; 388–393 K) (decomposes)
1818:"The Dark Virality of a Hollywood Blood-Harvesting Conspiracy"
1679:"The Dark Virality of a Hollywood Blood-Harvesting Conspiracy"
1361:"Schizophrenia: An Evolutionary Defense Against Severe Stress"
612:
Despite this compound's name, it is unrelated to the element
358:
1931:"Synthesis of dl-Adrenalin-β-C14 and dl-Adrenochrome-β-C14"
1900:"Untangling the Medical Misinformation Around Adrenochrome"
1764:"Skeptoid #750: How to Extract Adrenochrome from Children"
727:
could cure schizophrenia by reducing brain adrenochrome.
1977:"Method of synthesizing adrenochrome monoaminoguanidine"
1734:"How Facebook connects 'pizzagate' conspiracy theorists"
551:
1537:(1st ed.). Elsevier Academic Press. pp. xv.
984:"The Chemistry Of Adrenochrome And Related Compounds"
889:
stories. The theories commonly state that a cabal of
1420:"Niacin in the Long-Term Treatment of Schizophrenia"
594:. While it has no current medical application, the
1535:Disorders of Synaptic Plasticity and Schizophrenia
1392:. American Psychiatric Association. Archived from
1292:
1492:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
922:Heacock RA, Nerenberg C, Payza AN (1 May 1958).
787:intoxication, although he had never consumed it.
315:
140:
128:
116:
2013:10 Feb 2022 Office for Science and Society,
917:
915:
897:. In reality, adrenochrome is synthesized by
8:
1225:"The Adrenochrome Hypothesis and Psychiatry"
1792:"QAnon, Blood Libel, and the Satanic Panic"
830:Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72
1898:Walker-Journey, Jennifer (14 April 2021).
1041:
1039:
957:Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas
378:
266:
244:
44:
1579:
1474:
1418:Wittenborn JR, Weber ES, Brown M (1973).
1064:
939:
340:
1935:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1646:
1644:
1642:
1016:A. Hoffer, H. Osmond (22 October 2013).
805:mentioned adrenochrome in his 1971 book
2032:(searched for diagnosis = adrenochrome)
911:
844:In the first episode of the ITV series
438:
399:
374:
1230:The Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine
853:Adrenochrome is mentioned in the 2014
760:Adrenochrome is also believed to have
257:
1533:Smythies J (2004). Smythies J (ed.).
1265:from the original on 20 February 2024
866:Adrenochrome is a subject of several
632:The oxidation reaction that converts
406:Key: RPHLQSHHTJORHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
219:
194:
36:. For the Sisters of Mercy song, see
7:
1987:from the original on 16 October 2021
1957:from the original on 25 October 2022
1436:10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750330010002
445:): O=C1\C=C2/C(=C\C1=O)N(CC2O)C
420:Key: RPHLQSHHTJORHI-UHFFFAOYAD
301:
1910:from the original on 14 April 2021
1790:Kantrowitz L (29 September 2020).
1368:Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine
819:. In the DVD commentary, director
25:
708:substance and may play a role in
1504:10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00527.x
732:American Psychiatric Association
541:
478:
472:
78:3-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1
60:
51:
700:claimed that adrenochrome is a
537:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1653:"The truth about adrenochrome"
1424:Archives of General Psychiatry
1022:. Elsevier. pp. 272–273.
808:Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
636:into adrenochrome occurs both
481:
466:
34:Adrenochrome conspiracy theory
1:
2011:QAnon’s Adrenochrome Quackery
1605:Journal of Applied Toxicology
1142:The Journal of Mental Science
928:Canadian Journal of Chemistry
1929:Schayer, Richard W. (1952).
1816:Friedberg B (31 July 2020).
1710:. 4 May 2020. Archived from
1572:10.1016/0378-4274(89)90180-X
712:and other mental illnesses.
38:Some Girls Wander by Mistake
1457:Ban TA, Lehmann HE (1970).
982:Heacock RA (1 April 1959).
2067:
31:
1844:Hitt T (14 August 2020).
1075:10.1080/10298420290015827
755:glutathione-S-transferase
531:
453:
429:
390:
95:
90:Adraxone; Pink adrenaline
87:
73:
68:
59:
50:
1651:Adams J (7 April 2020).
969:10.1002/recl.19420610904
2020:Adrenochrome Commentary
1704:"Fear and adrenochrome"
776:The Doors of Perception
673:An adrenochrome ampoule
1876:Anti-Defamation League
1463:Schizophrenia Bulletin
1223:(First Quarter 1999).
1155:10.1192/bjp.100.418.29
1052:Neurotoxicity Research
674:
2026:Adrenochrome deposits
692:In 1954, researchers
672:
1714:on 20 September 2020
1476:10.1093/schbul/1.3.5
887:Satanic ritual abuse
841:'s of adrenochrome."
1951:10.1021/ja01129a531
1871:"QAnon: A Glossary"
1762:(20 October 2020).
1399:on 23 February 2021
1003:10.1021/cr50026a001
871:conspiracy theories
499: g·mol
139:)-Enantiomer:
127:)-Enantiomer:
47:
2051:Secondary alcohols
1560:Toxicology Letters
1299:(First ed.).
1291:(1 January 1968).
860:The Talon of Horus
803:Hunter S. Thompson
796:A Clockwork Orange
768:In popular culture
681:reactions such as
675:
564:Infobox references
45:
2015:McGill University
2009:Joe Schwarcz PhD
1879:. 21 January 2021
1544:978-0-12-366860-8
1359:Hoffer A (1994).
1295:The Hallucinogens
1029:978-1-4832-6169-0
1019:The Hallucinogens
773:In his 1954 book
580:chemical compound
572:Chemical compound
570:
569:
354:CompTox Dashboard
289:): 200-192-8
171:Interactive image
82:-indole-5,6-dione
27:Chemical compound
16:(Redirected from
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582:produced by the
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1740:. February 2019
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895:elixir of youth
817:film adaptation
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791:Anthony Burgess
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744:psychotomimetic
706:psychotomimetic
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2030:Iowa Eye Atlas
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2004:External links
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1981:Google Patents
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1989:. Retrieved
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1959:. Retrieved
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751:neuromelanin
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694:Abram Hoffer
691:
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650:Silver oxide
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624:coloration.
611:
576:Adrenochrome
575:
574:
507:deep-violet
196:CHEBI:166544
136:
124:
96:Identifiers
88:Other names
79:
42:
29:
1883:15 February
1829:16 February
1688:21 February
1657:The Spinoff
1566:(1): 3–20.
1403:7 September
883:blood libel
762:cardiotoxic
661:compounds.
517:3.264 g/cm
504:Appearance
454:Properties
264:100.000.176
2040:Categories
1991:25 October
1961:25 October
1914:25 October
1855:27 January
1775:20 October
1469:(3): 5–7.
1137:Smythies J
1047:Smythies J
906:References
873:, such as
702:neurotoxic
634:adrenaline
607:hemostatic
599:derivative
588:adrenaline
492:Molar mass
342:70G54NQL71
232:ChemSpider
153:3D model (
103:CAS Number
75:IUPAC name
1760:Dunning B
1335:35255701M
1243:0834-4825
1171:0007-1250
1163:1472-1465
1091:1029-8428
1083:1476-3524
1061:CiteSeerX
891:Satanists
879:Pizzagate
868:far right
785:mescaline
735:to treat
721:vitamin C
717:megadoses
679:psychotic
628:Chemistry
584:oxidation
277:EC Number
142:5181-82-8
130:7506-92-5
1985:Archived
1983:. 1965.
1955:Archived
1945:: 2441.
1908:Archived
1769:Skeptoid
1738:NBC News
1633:27865845
1625:11920915
1520:38857700
1512:10197889
1340:15 March
1319:66030086
1289:Osmond H
1285:Hoffer A
1269:15 March
1263:Archived
1259:41468628
1251:15726974
1221:Osmond H
1217:Hoffer A
1203:42531852
1195:13152519
1179:89649366
1133:Osmond H
1129:Hoffer A
1115:37594882
1107:12829415
1099:50166444
645:in vitro
614:chromium
373:):
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18:Drencrom
1662:28 June
1590:2665188
1444:4569673
1187:1537306
835:fatback
665:History
659:melanin
639:in vivo
618:‑chrome
605:, is a
557:what is
555: (
513:Density
497:179.175
443:racemic
415:racemic
371:racemic
337:racemic
312:racemic
299:PubChem
287:racemic
241:racemic
216:racemic
191:racemic
166:racemic
118:54-06-8
113:racemic
1744:23 May
1718:23 May
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857:novel
813:
725:niacin
622:violet
552:verify
549:
434:SMILES
207:ChEMBL
69:Names
1941:(9).
1823:Wired
1801:8 May
1683:Wired
1629:S2CID
1516:S2CID
1397:(PDF)
1390:(PDF)
1364:(PDF)
1255:S2CID
1199:S2CID
1159:eISSN
1111:S2CID
1079:eISSN
987:(PDF)
875:QAnon
847:Lewis
578:is a
395:InChI
182:ChEBI
155:JSmol
1993:2022
1963:2022
1916:2022
1885:2022
1857:2021
1831:2022
1803:2021
1777:2020
1746:2020
1720:2020
1690:2021
1664:2020
1621:PMID
1586:PMID
1539:ISBN
1508:PMID
1440:PMID
1405:2020
1342:2024
1323:OCLC
1315:LCCN
1305:ISBN
1271:2024
1247:OCLC
1239:ISSN
1191:PMID
1183:OCLC
1175:LCCN
1167:ISSN
1103:PMID
1095:OCLC
1087:ISSN
1024:ISBN
885:and
877:and
825:drug
723:and
696:and
685:and
642:and
328:UNII
317:5898
246:5687
1947:doi
1613:doi
1576:hdl
1568:doi
1500:doi
1471:doi
1432:doi
1151:doi
1147:100
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999:doi
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302:CID
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