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is inserted into the eardrum to keep the middle ear aerated for a prolonged time and to prevent reaccumulation of fluid. Without the insertion of a tube, the incision usually heals spontaneously in two to three weeks. Depending on the type, the tube is either naturally extruded in 6 to 12 months or
2257:
640:
In some cases, the pressure of fluid in an infected middle ear is great enough to cause the eardrum to rupture naturally. Usually, this consists of a small hole (perforation), from which fluid can drain out of the middle ear. If this does not occur naturally, a
486:
tents inward at the level of the tip of malleus. The middle fibrous layer, containing radial, circular, and parabolic fibers, encloses the handle of malleus. Though comparatively robust, the pars tensa is the region more commonly associated with perforations.
1216:
Ritenour AE, Wickley A, Retinue JS, Kriete BR, Blackbourne LH, Holcomb JB, Wade CE (February 2008). "Tympanic membrane perforation and hearing loss from blast overpressure in
Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom wounded".
869:
719:
857:
673:
that is unable to perform drainage or ventilation in its usual fashion. Before the invention of antibiotics, myringotomy without tube placement was also used as a major treatment of severe acute otitis media.
632:). However, they rarely require medical intervention, as between 80 and 95 percent of ruptures recover completely within two to four weeks. The prognosis becomes more guarded as the force of injury increases.
809:
785:
1603:
1422:
Lindeman P, Edström S, Granström G, Jacobsson S, von Sydow C, Westin T, Aberg B (December 1987). "Acute traumatic tympanic membrane perforations. Cover or observe?".
1596:
125:
1075:"Role of Eustachian Dysfunction and Primary Sclerotic Mastoid Pneumatisation Pattern in Aetiology of Squamous Chronic Otitis Media: A Correlative Study"
761:
845:
1589:
690:
intentionally rupture their eardrums at an early age to facilitate diving and hunting at sea. Many older Bajau therefore have difficulties hearing.
1206:
Drake, Richard L., A. Wade Vogl, and Adam
Mitchell. Gray's Anatomy For Students. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2015. Print. pg. 969
101:
299:
534:
1295:
Green SM; Rothrock SG; Green EA= (October 1993). "Tympanometric evaluation of middle ear barotrauma during recreational scuba diving".
881:
833:
1690:
773:
432:
570:
radiates from the tip of the malleus to the periphery in the anteroinferior quadrant, this is what is known clinically as 5 o'clock.
2021:
1133:
1010:
451:
and the anterior and posterior malleal folds. Consisting of two layers and appearing slightly pinkish in hue, it is associated with
649:
procedure in which a tiny incision is created in the eardrum to relieve pressure caused by excessive buildup of fluid, or to drain
503:. The lateral surface of the membrane is thus concave. The most depressed aspect of this concavity is termed the umbo (Latin for "
1379:
Kristensen S (December 1992). "Spontaneous healing of traumatic tympanic membrane perforations in man: a century of experience".
893:
815:
Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical, transverse section of the tympanum (tympanic cavity)
797:
2189:
1742:
483:
120:
2227:
400:, mediolateral, and superoinferior planes. Consequently, its superoposterior end lies lateral to its anteroinferior end.
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436:
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The right membrana tympani with the hammer and the chorda tympani, viewed from within, from behind, and from above
1826:
1576:
2262:
2065:
2060:
1757:
1026:
Gilberto, Nelson; Santos, Ricardo; Sousa, Pedro; O’Neill, Assunção; Escada, Pedro; Pais, Diogo (August 2019). "
292:
84:
20:
2038:
549:(cranial nerve IX). The inner surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
420:
372:
2236:
2282:
1999:
546:
516:
132:
108:
96:
1498:
Smith N, Greinwald JR (2011). "To tube or not to tube: indications for myringotomy with tube placement".
946:"Autoincudotomy as an uncommon etiology of conductive hearing loss: Case report and review of literature"
923:
1841:
479:
1542:
2095:
1892:
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is firmly attached to the medial surface of the membrane as far as its center, drawing it toward the
404:
249:
2144:
1001:
Purves, D; Augustine, G; Fitzpatrick, D; Hall, W; LaMantia, A; White, L; et al., eds. (2012).
875:
A subtotal perforation of the right tympanic membrane resulting from a previous severe otitis media
563:
333:
285:
271:
360:. The ear thereby converts and amplifies vibration in the air to vibration in cochlear fluid. The
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2009:
1942:
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Mansour, Salah; Magnan, Jacques; Ahmad, Hassan Haidar; Nicolas, Karen; Louryan, Stéphane (2019).
1055:
900:
579:
51:
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Hilal, Fathi; Liaw, Jeffrey; Cousins, Joseph P.; Rivera, Arnaldo L.; Nada, Ayman (2023-04-01).
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Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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The oval perforation in this left tympanic membrane was the result of a slap on the ear
601:
that prevents equalization of pressure in the middle ear. It is also known to occur in
583:
475:
467:
1460:
Garth RJ (July 1995). "Blast injury of the ear: an overview and guide to management".
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Sensation of the outer surface of the tympanic membrane is supplied mainly by the
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External and middle ear, right side, opened from the front (coronal section)
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1332:"Traumatic tympanic membrane rupture in a mixed martial arts competition"
1030:
and tympanicomalleal joint: proposal for a new anatomic classification".
621:
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212:
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Those requiring myringotomy usually have an obstructed or dysfunctional
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Mirza S, Richardson H (May 2005). "Otic barotrauma from air travel".
471:
227:
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683:
345:
222:
72:
645:(tympanotomy, tympanostomy) can be performed. A myringotomy is a
620:
Patients with tympanic membrane rupture may experience bleeding,
364:
bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.
463:
1585:
26:
Not to be confused with the secondary tympanic membrane of the
650:
439:. The relatively fragile pars flaccida lies above the lateral
166:
161:
This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of the
1500:
Current
Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
1079:
Indian
Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
779:
Horizontal section through left ear; upper half of section
636:
Surgical puncture for treatment of middle ear infections
16:
Membrane separating the external ear from the middle ear
657:. The fluid or pus comes from a middle ear infection (
2225:
431:
The eardrum is divided into two general regions: the
1149:
Marchioni D, Molteni G, Presutti L (February 2011).
1125:
Comprehensive and
Clinical Anatomy of the Middle Ear
379:
of the eardrum can cause conductive hearing loss or
2170:
2094:
2085:
1988:
1915:
1906:
1885:
1876:
1852:
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396:The tympanic membrane is oriented obliquely in the
119:
107:
95:
83:
71:
66:
61:
35:
803:Auditory tube, laid open by a cut in its long axis
1330:Fields JD, McKeag DB, Turner JL (February 2008).
887:A normal human right tympanic membrane (eardrum)
462:The larger pars tensa consists of three layers:
1597:
293:
8:
661:), which is a common problem in children. A
403:Anatomically, it relates superiorly to the
2091:
1912:
1882:
1707:
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1590:
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1032:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
495:The manubrium (Latin for "handle") of the
300:
286:
148:
50:
41:
1347:
1174:
1098:
977:
562:When the eardrum is illuminated during a
482:or Gerlach's ligament. while the central
352:inside the middle ear, and thence to the
1541:Langenheim, Johnny (18 September 2010).
1455:
1453:
827:Right eardrum as seen through a speculum
56:Right eardrum as seen through a speculum
2232:
1493:
1491:
936:
715:
707:to equalize pressure across the eardrum
165:
1151:"Endoscopic Anatomy of the Middle Ear"
918:This article incorporates text in the
545:(cranial nerve VII), and possibly the
136:
32:
590:, typically in patients experiencing
7:
1436:10.1001/archotol.1987.01860120031002
851:Tympanic membrane viewed by otoscope
1572:Diagram at Georgia State University
1349:10.1097/01.CSMR.0000308672.53182.3b
1155:Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
535:auricular branch of the vagus nerve
666:removed during a minor procedure.
14:
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892:
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
784:
772:
760:
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582:(rupture) has been described in
152:
1577:drtbalu's otolaryngology online
1424:Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
725:Anatomy of the human right ear.
533:), with contributions from the
2000:Reissner's/vestibular membrane
839:This is a normal left eardrum.
474:. Its thick periphery forms a
344:. Its function is to transmit
1:
1743:promontory of tympanic cavity
1543:"The last of the sea nomads"
1512:10.1097/MOO.0b013e3283499fa8
1474:10.1016/0020-1383(95)00042-8
316:of humans and various other
1733:secondary tympanic membrane
1231:10.1097/ta.0b013e318160773e
962:10.1016/j.radcr.2022.10.097
926:of the 20th edition of
599:Eustachian tube dysfunction
78:membrana tympanica; myringa
2299:
1738:prominence of facial canal
1044:10.1007/s00405-019-05434-4
369:perforation of the eardrum
25:
18:
1685:
1393:10.1017/s0022215100121723
1167:10.1007/s12070-011-0159-0
1091:10.1007/s12070-018-1259-x
392:Orientation and relations
332:, is a thin, cone-shaped
131:
49:
40:
1758:aditus to mastoid antrum
1266:10.1258/0022215053945723
419:, and anteriorly to the
21:Eardrum (disambiguation)
1073:Jain, Shraddha (2019).
1005:. Sunderland: Sinauer.
476:fibrocartilaginous ring
421:temporomandibular joint
373:conductive hearing loss
1336:Current Sports Med Rep
1309:10.1055/s-2007-1021201
1085:(Suppl 2): 1190–1196.
950:Radiology Case Reports
547:glossopharyngeal nerve
517:auriculotemporal nerve
133:Anatomical terminology
1749:Posterior structures
1197:Gray's Anatomy (1918)
899:Frog on leaf showing
628:, or disequilibrium (
553:Clinical significance
407:, posteriorly to the
1990:Cochlear duct /
1954:Perilymphatic space
1854:Auditory tube /
415:, inferiorly to the
405:middle cranial fossa
356:in the fluid-filled
348:from the air to the
19:For other uses, see
2273:Otorhinolaryngology
2172:Semicircular canals
2145:Vestibular aqueduct
1225:(2 Suppl): S174-8.
678:Society and culture
564:medical examination
336:that separates the
272:Semicircular canals
2150:endolymphatic duct
2138:Otolithic membrane
2051:Tectorial membrane
2010:Reticular membrane
1815:posterior ligament
1763:pyramidal eminence
1719:Medial structures
519:, a branch of the
480:annulus tympanicus
324:, also called the
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2205:crista ampullaris
2155:endolymphatic sac
2087:Vestibular system
2081:
2080:
1963:Cochlear aqueduct
1872:
1871:
1810:superior ligament
1798:anterior ligament
1788:superior ligament
1676:Auricular muscles
1659:intertragic notch
712:Additional images
705:Valsalva maneuver
663:tympanostomy tube
592:upper respiratory
326:tympanic membrane
310:
309:
208:Tympanic membrane
147:
146:
142:
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2240:
2239:
2231:
2195:Ampullary cupula
2092:
2022:Stria vascularis
2005:Basilar membrane
1913:
1883:
1827:annular ligament
1793:lateral ligament
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1038:(8): 2141–2148.
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956:(4): 1461–1465.
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750: Purple is
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521:mandibular nerve
455:dysfunction and
449:Notch of Rivinus
302:
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139:edit on Wikidata
54:
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2162:Ductus reuniens
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2056:Sulcus spiralis
2027:Spiral ligament
1991:
1984:
1948:Cochlear cupula
1928:Vestibular duct
1908:Auditory system
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1856:Eustachian tube
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1712:Tympanic cavity
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1387:(12): 1037–50.
1381:J Laryngol Otol
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671:Eustachian tube
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1566:External links
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1506:(5): 363–366.
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686:people of the
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584:blast injuries
578:Unintentional
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457:cholesteatomas
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2177:
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2160:
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2148:
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2139:
2136:
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2119:
2118:
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2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2073:Spiral limbus
2071:
2067:
2064:
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1987:
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1941:
1939:
1938:Tympanic duct
1936:
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1909:
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1753:mastoid cells
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1691:pars flaccida
1689:
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1260:(5): 366–70.
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1224:
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1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:(2): 101–13.
1160:
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1135:9783030153632
1131:
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1012:9780878936953
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569:
568:cone of light
565:
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525:cranial nerve
522:
518:
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485:
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477:
473:
469:
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460:
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454:
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442:
438:
434:
433:pars flaccida
426:
424:
422:
418:
417:parotid gland
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
391:
386:
384:
382:
381:cholesteatoma
378:
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365:
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65:
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53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
29:
22:
2055:
1728:round window
1680:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:The Guardian
1546:
1536:
1503:
1499:
1468:(6): 363–6.
1465:
1461:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1342:(1): 10–11.
1339:
1335:
1325:
1303:(7): 411–5.
1300:
1296:
1290:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1128:. Springer.
1124:
1117:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1003:Neuroscience
1002:
996:
953:
949:
939:
931:
917:
911:
681:
668:
659:otitis media
639:
626:hearing loss
619:
615:martial arts
611:scuba diving
577:
561:
543:facial nerve
514:
511:Nerve supply
494:
461:
447:between the
430:
413:facial nerve
402:
395:
371:can lead to
366:
338:external ear
329:
325:
321:
311:
102:A15.3.01.052
77:
28:round window
2039:stereocilia
1992:scala media
1933:Helicotrema
1723:oval window
1612:Anatomy of
1554:15 February
643:myringotomy
609:(including
597:or general
580:perforation
558:Examination
505:shield boss
478:called the
367:Rupture or
354:oval window
67:Identifiers
2252:Categories
2190:Horizontal
2128:Kinocilium
1893:membranous
1886:Labyrinths
1703:Middle ear
1654:antitragus
1028:Pars tensa
908:References
742:middle ear
700:Middle ear
655:middle ear
595:congestion
588:air travel
437:pars tensa
377:retraction
342:middle ear
250:Vestibules
201:Middle ear
2185:Posterior
2096:Vestibule
2044:tip links
2017:Endolymph
1978:Boettcher
1958:Perilymph
1878:Inner ear
1837:stapedius
1671:Ear canal
1644:antihelix
1626:Outer ear
1366:205388185
1060:123959777
970:1930-0433
924:page 1039
752:inner ear
732:outer ear
653:from the
387:Structure
340:from the
318:tetrapods
243:Inner ear
188:Ear canal
176:Outer ear
167:Human ear
2200:Ampullae
2180:Superior
2066:internus
2061:externus
1973:Claudius
1943:Modiolus
1833:Muscles
1775:Ossicles
1520:21804383
1409:21899785
1358:18296937
1282:45256115
1274:15949100
1239:18376162
1219:J Trauma
1185:22468244
1109:31750149
1052:31004197
988:36798057
901:tympanum
694:See also
647:surgical
622:tinnitus
603:swimming
435:and the
409:ossicles
350:ossicles
334:membrane
213:Ossicles
2278:Otology
2242:Anatomy
2133:Otolith
2116:Saccule
2104:Utricle
1923:Cochlea
1916:General
1783:Malleus
1681:Eardrum
1664:earlobe
1634:Auricle
1618:balance
1614:hearing
1528:3027628
1482:7558254
1444:3675893
1401:1487657
1317:8244609
1176:3102170
1100:6841851
979:9925837
688:Pacific
630:vertigo
613:), and
574:Rupture
541:), the
497:malleus
445:malleus
443:of the
441:process
427:Regions
362:malleus
358:cochlea
330:myringa
322:eardrum
314:anatomy
312:In the
267:Cochlea
260:Saccule
255:Utricle
218:Malleus
183:Auricle
90:D014432
62:Details
36:Eardrum
2228:Portal
2121:macula
2109:macula
1969:Cells
1822:Stapes
1649:tragus
1526:
1518:
1480:
1462:Injury
1442:
1407:
1399:
1364:
1356:
1315:
1280:
1272:
1237:
1183:
1173:
1132:
1107:
1097:
1058:
1050:
1009:
986:
976:
968:
932:(1918)
748:
738:
728:
607:diving
472:mucosa
470:, and
320:, the
228:Stapes
1805:Incus
1639:helix
1524:S2CID
1405:S2CID
1362:S2CID
1278:S2CID
1056:S2CID
922:from
684:Bajau
346:sound
223:Incus
137:[
73:Latin
1898:bony
1686:umbo
1616:and
1556:2016
1516:PMID
1478:PMID
1440:PMID
1397:PMID
1354:PMID
1313:PMID
1270:PMID
1235:PMID
1181:PMID
1130:ISBN
1105:PMID
1048:PMID
1007:ISBN
984:PMID
966:ISSN
682:The
586:and
566:, a
507:").
491:Umbo
484:umbo
464:skin
411:and
126:9595
114:6870
97:TA98
85:MeSH
2268:Ear
1508:doi
1470:doi
1432:doi
1428:113
1389:doi
1385:106
1344:doi
1305:doi
1262:doi
1258:119
1227:doi
1171:PMC
1163:doi
1095:PMC
1087:doi
1040:doi
1036:276
974:PMC
958:doi
651:pus
328:or
121:FMA
109:TA2
2254::
1545:.
1522:.
1514:.
1504:19
1502:.
1490:^
1476:.
1466:26
1464:.
1452:^
1438:.
1426:.
1403:.
1395:.
1383:.
1360:.
1352:.
1338:.
1334:.
1311:.
1301:14
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1268:.
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1233:.
1223:64
1221:.
1179:.
1169:.
1159:63
1157:.
1153:.
1103:.
1093:.
1083:71
1081:.
1077:.
1054:.
1046:.
1034:.
982:.
972:.
964:.
954:18
952:.
948:.
624:,
617:.
605:,
466:,
459:.
423:.
383:.
2230::
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1472::
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1391::
1368:.
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1264::
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1062:.
1042::
1015:.
990:.
960::
754:.
744:.
734:.
537:(
530:3
528:V
523:(
301:e
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30:.
23:.
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