1786:
1486:, any eligible person can be nominated. Although elections were used in ancient Athens, in Rome, and in the selection of popes and Holy Roman emperors, the origins of elections in the contemporary world lie in the gradual emergence of representative government in Europe and North America beginning in the 17th century. In some systems no nominations take place at all, with voters free to choose any person at the time of voting—with some possible exceptions such as through a minimum age requirement—in the jurisdiction. In such cases, it is not required (or even possible) that the members of the electorate be familiar with all of the eligible persons, though such systems may involve indirect elections at larger geographic levels to ensure that some first-hand familiarity among potential electees can exist at these levels (i.e., among the elected delegates).
2383:. Those in favor of this view argue that the modern system of elections was never meant to give ordinary citizens the chance to exercise power - merely privileging their right to consent to those who rule. Therefore, the representatives that modern electoral systems select for are too disconnected, unresponsive, and elite-serving. To deal with this issue, various scholars have proposed alternative models of democracy, many of which include a return to sortition-based selection mechanisms. The extent to which sortition should be the dominant mode of selecting rulers or instead be hybridised with electoral representation remains a topic of debate.
1980:
1170:
2352:
evaluation of candidates based on voters' partial standards of quality and social saliency (for example, skin colour and good looks). This leads to self-selection biases in candidate pools due to unobjective standards of treatment by voters and the costs (barriers to entry) associated with raising one's political profile. Ultimately, the result is the election of candidates who are superior (whether in actuality or as perceived within a cultural context) and objectively unlike the voters they are supposed to represent.
85:
1504:
1000:
396:
2074:
1285:
2063:
51:
1277:), all Athenian citizens were eligible to vote in the popular assemblies, on matters of law and policy, and as jurors, but only the three highest classes of citizens could vote in elections. Nor were the lowest of the four classes of Athenian citizens (as defined by the extent of their wealth and property, rather than by birth) eligible to hold public office, through the reforms of
3866:
1399:
1735:) only set maximum time in office, and the executive decides exactly when within that limit it will actually go to the polls. In practice, this means the government remains in power for close to its full term, and chooses an election date it calculates to be in its best interests (unless something special happens, such as a
1835:
may use the powers of the executive (police, martial law, censorship, physical implementation of the election mechanism, etc.) to remain in power despite popular opinion in favour of removal. Members of a particular faction in a legislature may use the power of the majority or supermajority (passing
1703:
to continue in office. For that reason, most democratic constitutions provide that elections are held at fixed regular intervals. In the United States, elections for public offices are typically held between every two and six years in most states and at the federal level, with exceptions for elected
2351:
Bernard Manin, the inegalitarian nature of elections stems from four factors: the unequal treatment of candidates by voters, the distinction of candidates required by choice, the cognitive advantage conferred by salience, and the costs of disseminating information. These four factors result in the
1839:
Non-governmental entities can also interfere with elections, through physical force, verbal intimidation, or fraud, which can result in improper casting or counting of votes. Monitoring for and minimizing electoral fraud is also an ongoing task in countries with strong traditions of free and fair
1410:
In some countries, voting is required by law. Eligible voters may be subject to punitive measures such as a fine for not casting a vote. In
Western Australia, the penalty for a first time offender failing to vote is a $ 20.00 fine, which increases to $ 50.00 if the offender refused to vote prior.
1971:, voter registration fraud, failure to validate voter residency, fraudulent tabulation of results, and use of physical force or verbal intimation at polling places. Other examples include persuading candidates not to run, such as through blackmailing, bribery, intimidation or physical violence.
1776:
In rolling elections, voters have information about previous voters' choices. While in the first elections, there may be plenty of hopeful candidates, in the last rounds consensus on one winner is generally achieved. In today's context of rapid communication, candidates can put disproportionate
1235:), palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members. The leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the committee members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the
1671:
When elections are called, politicians and their supporters attempt to influence policy by competing directly for the votes of constituents in what are called campaigns. Supporters for a campaign can be either formally organized or loosely affiliated, and frequently utilize
2376:. From this point onward, sortition fell out of favor as a mechanism for selecting rulers. On the other hand, elections began to be seen as a way for the masses to express popular consent repeatedly, resulting in the triumph of the electoral process until the present day.
1347:
Elections are held in a variety of political, organizational, and corporate settings. Many countries hold elections to select people to serve in their governments, but other types of organizations hold elections as well. For example, many corporations hold elections among
1381:
The question of who may vote is a central issue in elections. The electorate does not generally include the entire population; for example, many countries prohibit those who are under the age of majority from voting. All jurisdictions require a minimum age for voting.
2030:
Sometimes, only one government-approved candidate is allowed to run in sham elections with no opposition candidates allowed, or opposition candidates are arrested on false charges (or even without any charges) before the election to prevent them from running.
3436:
1159:
2367:
as a means to select rulers, a method which allowed regular citizens to exercise power, in keeping with understandings of democracy at the time. The idea of what constituted a legitimate government shifted in the 18th century to include
2287:
single-party system without serious opposition, and they won all of the presidential elections in that period with more than 70% of the vote. The first seriously competitive presidential election in modern
Mexican history was that of
2038:
people who pick "no", thus encouraging them to pick the "yes" option. In other cases, those who vote receive stamps in their passport for doing so, while those who did not vote (and thus do not receive stamps) are persecuted as
2046:
Sham elections can sometimes backfire against the party in power, especially if the regime believes they are popular enough to win without coercion, fraud or suppressing the opposition. The most famous example of this was the
1792:
1892: "The rival voters were kept back by an armed force of police out of sight to others. Only batches of two or three were allowed to enter the polling office at a time. Armed sentries guarded the gates and the doors."
1434:
citizen rights outside of cities, expanding the term citizen, the electorates grew to numbers beyond the thousands. Elections with an electorate in the hundred thousands appeared in the final decades of the
3196:
1836:
criminal laws, and defining the electoral mechanisms including eligibility and district boundaries) to prevent the balance of power in the body from shifting to a rival faction due to an election.
3079:
1897:
Those in power may arrest or assassinate candidates, suppress or even criminalize campaigning, close campaign headquarters, harass or beat campaign workers, or intimidate voters with violence.
1785:
2339:
masks the fact that they are actually aristocratic selection mechanisms that deny each citizen an equal chance of holding public office. Such views were expressed as early as the time of
3297:
3311:
2292:, in which for the first time the PRI candidate faced two strong opposition candidates, though it is believed that the government rigged the result. The first fair election was held in
2193:
1875:
rules, and manipulating thresholds for electoral success are some of the ways the structure of an election can be changed to favour a specific faction or candidate. Scheduling
1395:
In the
European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen; the nationality of the country of residence is not required.
1242:
The first recorded popular elections of officials to public office, by majority vote, where all citizens were eligible both to vote and to hold public office, date back to the
3979:
2078:
2067:
1731:(parliamentary system) more problematic if the date should happen to fall at a time when dissolution is inconvenient (e.g. when war breaks out). Other states (e.g., the
1389:) and in 2010 the federal government removed the rights of prisoners serving for three years or more to vote (a large proportion of which were Aboriginal Australians).
1311:, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections. Males, the dominant cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the
1653:
are usually considered cornerstones of a democratic system, the act of casting a vote and the content of a voter's ballot are usually an important exception. The
1761:(where, due to differing election laws in each member state, elections are held on different days of the same week) and, due to logistics, general elections in
3145:
1646:; these methods are also gaining popularity for lesser elections in some countries where more important elections still use more traditional counting methods.
1331:
males. By 1920 all
Western European and North American democracies had universal adult male suffrage (except Switzerland) and many countries began to consider
1770:
317:
1095:
The global use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic
3897:
1699:
The nature of democracy is that elected officials are accountable to the people, and they must return to the voters at prescribed intervals to seek their
2993:
1028:
3245:
3086:
1657:
is a relatively modern development, but it is now considered crucial in most free and fair elections, as it limits the effectiveness of intimidation.
1386:
1684:
1620:
1549:
1540:
3112:
1831:, the most common reason why elections do not meet international standards of being "free and fair" is interference from the incumbent government.
1335:. Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for adult males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections (see
3286:
2004:, is an election that is held purely for show; that is, without any significant political choice or real impact on the results of the election.
2879:
Glazer, Amihai; Glazer, Debra G.; Grofman, Bernard (1984). "Cumulative Voting in
Corporate Elections: Introducing Strategy into the Equation".
1600:
2687:
2660:
2633:
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2225:
2221:
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2213:
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2201:
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in power. Dictatorial regimes can also organize sham elections with results simulating those that might be achieved in democratic countries.
1368:. Elections within corporations and other organizations often use procedures and rules that are similar to those of governmental elections.
2315:, reporting several votes received greater than the number of voters, outright lying, or some combination of these. In an extreme example,
1758:
1727:
Predetermined or fixed election dates have the advantage of fairness and predictability. They tend to greatly lengthen campaigns, and make
3507:
Ferejohn, John; Rosenbluth, Frances (2010). "10". In
Shapiro, Ian; Stokes, Susan C.; Wood, Elisabeth Jean; Kirshner, Alexander S. (eds.).
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424:
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2257:
2253:
1296:
3747:
3619:
3594:
3569:
3544:
3516:
2863:
2577:
2379:
This conceptual misunderstanding of elections as open and egalitarian when they are not innately so may thus be a root cause of the
2280:
2245:
2241:
1572:
Electoral systems are the detailed constitutional arrangements and voting systems that convert the vote into a political decision.
1419:
Historically the size of eligible voters, the electorate, was small having the size of groups or communities of privileged men like
896:
59:
1749:
in a body are elected, but these elections are spread over a period of time rather than all at once. Examples are the presidential
1587:
may be used. and the voting system then determines the result on the basis of the tally. Most systems can be categorized as either
1262:
democratic elections, where all citizens could hold public office, were not introduced for another 247 years, until the reforms of
3410:
3384:
2494:
1938:
1558:
1129:
relating to elections (especially with a view to predicting future results). Election is the fact of electing, or being elected.
502:
329:
3364:
3813:
Owen, Bernard, 2002. "Le système électoral et son effet sur la représentation parlementaire des partis: le cas européen", LGDJ;
3050:
2189:
2133:
1871:, exclusion of opposition candidates from eligibility for office, needlessly high restrictions on who may be a candidate, like
1436:
1316:
3976:
3197:"N.C. board declares a new election in contested House race after the GOP candidate admitted he was mistaken in his testimony"
2932:
1223:
was elected by a group of feudal chieftains. Such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region. In the
2324:
2185:
2113:
2052:
1898:
1892:
1822:
1739:). This calculation depends on a number of variables, such as its performance in opinion polls and the size of its majority.
1721:
1320:
1021:
891:
669:
517:
322:
312:
1619:
combine elements of both proportional and majoritarian methods, with some typically producing results closer to the former (
4003:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2272:
2102:
2098:
2056:
2048:
1988:
1979:
1281:. The Spartan election of the Ephors, therefore, also predates the reforms of Solon in Athens by approximately 180 years.
906:
333:
1852:, lack of objectivity in the press due to state or corporate control, and/or lack of access to news and political media.
1471:
requires a procedure to govern nomination for political office. In many cases, nomination for office is mediated through
1688:
655:
487:
458:
1704:
judicial positions that may have longer terms of office. There is a variety of schedules, for example, presidents: the
3831:
3150:
2514:
2019:
and high support (typically at least 80%, and close to 100% in many cases) for the prescribed candidate(s) or for the
1984:
1777:
resources into competing strongly in the first few stages, because those stages affect the reaction of latter stages.
1588:
1531:
1521:
1289:
959:
148:
3172:
3849:
2933:"Exhibitions > Citizenship > The struggle for democracy > Getting the vote > Voting rights before 1832"
1604:
492:
463:
2034:
Ballots may contain only one "yes" option, or in the case of a simple "yes or no" question, security forces often
2121:
1728:
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42:
35:
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1746:
1635:
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624:
191:
3927:
2955:
2355:
Evidence suggests that the concept of electing representatives was originally conceived to be different from
1360:. In many places, an election to the government is usually a competition among people who have already won a
3821:
Liberalism
Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice
3807:
2369:
2169:
1736:
664:
417:
274:
3046:"When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results"
2499:
2233:
2129:
2012:
1616:
1596:
1483:
1069:
901:
843:
789:
366:
3947:— electoral encyclopedia and related resources from a consortium of electoral agencies and organizations.
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604:
522:
307:
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1503:
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3201:
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2414:
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2040:
1946:
1818:
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1709:
1332:
943:
853:
707:
609:
559:
497:
118:
3781:
Benoit, Jean-Pierre and Lewis A. Kornhauser. 1994. "Social Choice in a
Representative Democracy".
4008:
2836:
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2529:
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2409:
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3287:"Egyptian opposition calls for boycott of elections after challengers are arrested and attacked"
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3693:
3665:
3640:
3615:
3590:
3565:
3540:
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3339:
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2979:
Reuven Hazan, 'Candidate
Selection', in Lawrence LeDuc, Richard Niemi and Pippa Norris (eds),
2859:
2683:
2656:
2650:
2629:
2573:
2524:
2504:
2439:
2348:
2336:
2261:
2094:
1968:
1954:
1853:
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Non-partisan systems tend to be different from partisan systems as concerns nominations. In a
1392:
Suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed.
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1100:
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650:
512:
507:
468:
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352:
216:
186:
113:
69:
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can also occur, with the United States interfering between 1946 and 2000 in 81 elections and
1121:
where they are not in place, or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems.
3913:
PARLINE database on national parliaments. Results for all parliamentary elections since 1966
3875:
3816:
3171:
3059:
2828:
2534:
2484:
2454:
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1840:
elections. Problems that prevent an election from being "free and fair" take various forms.
1643:
1612:
1608:
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1251:
1118:
1114:
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682:
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226:
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168:
143:
138:
133:
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3983:
3334:
3312:"Alexei Navalny latest: Russian opposition leader arrested ahead of presidential election"
3250:
2509:
2429:
2312:
2117:
2024:
1964:
1812:
1808:
1794:
1631:
1624:
1365:
1300:
1004:
986:
811:
796:
400:
382:
357:
279:
153:
109:
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1579:, which may be simple single-choice ballots, but other types, such as multiple choice or
1173:
A British election campaign leaflet with an illustration of an example ballot paper, 1880
3891:
3871:
2360:
2340:
2181:
1934:
1868:
1732:
1650:
1630:
Many countries have growing electoral reform movements, which advocate systems such as
1456:
1198:
1178:
882:
801:
755:
697:
231:
196:
128:
2327:, a "majority" that was over fifteen times larger than the number of eligible voters.
2073:
1284:
999:
395:
3997:
3767:
2832:
2774:
2544:
2539:
2393:
2173:
2161:
2016:
1960:
1950:
1942:
1880:
1872:
1754:
1654:
1580:
1512:
1444:
1357:
1324:
1141:
1136:
means "to select or make a decision", and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as
806:
784:
759:
589:
246:
158:
2898:
1909:
in 36. In 2018 the most intense interventions, utilizing false information, were by
3369:
3223:
2840:
2489:
2464:
2459:
2424:
2062:
2008:
1789:
1592:
1472:
1349:
1328:
1224:
1182:
569:
221:
1315:
and continue to do so in many countries. Early elections in countries such as the
3912:
3167:
1385:
In
Australia, Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962 (see
2519:
2474:
2157:
2035:
1848:
The electorate may be poorly informed about issues or candidates due to lack of
1828:
1799:
1508:
1431:
1420:
1263:
1228:
1205:
1089:
1065:
873:
838:
741:
729:
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99:
50:
2449:
2020:
1857:
1232:
1162:
1137:
1126:
1122:
1050:
963:
953:
948:
687:
549:
362:
241:
55:
41:"Free election" redirects here. For the "free elections" of Polish kings, see
3343:
3159:
2805:
1507:
Map showing the main types electoral systems used to elect candidates to the
3790:
US Elections and War On Terrorism – Interview With Professor Massimo Teodori
2380:
2364:
2356:
2344:
2303:
A predetermined conclusion is permanently established by the regime through
2145:
2086:
1967:, tampering with voting machines, destruction of legitimately cast ballots,
1750:
1676:. It is common for political scientists to attempt to predict elections via
1440:
1398:
1158:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1073:
848:
746:
629:
584:
564:
163:
3064:
3045:
2729:
2403:
2308:
1832:
1683:
The most expensive election campaign included US$ 7 billion spent on the
1424:
1308:
1259:
1081:
971:
614:
599:
579:
448:
251:
17:
3928:
parties-and-elections.de: Database for all European elections since 1945
3965:
3961:
European Conferences of Electoral Management Bodies (Council of Europe)
2320:
2197:
2137:
2093:
Examples of sham elections include: the presidential and parliamentary
1455:
had in 1780 about 214,000 eligible voters, 3% of the whole population.
1064:
has operated since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the
886:
544:
3740:
Legislature by Lot: Transformative Designs for Deliberative Governance
3080:
Democracy Facing Global Challenges, V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2019
2819:
Cai, J.; Garner, J. L.; Walkling, R. A. (2009). "Electing Directors".
1111:, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot.
3690:
Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century
3662:
Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century
3637:
Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century
2626:
Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib
2268:
2141:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1902:
1856:
may be curtailed by the state, favouring certain viewpoints or state
1576:
1247:
1243:
1220:
936:
878:
776:
284:
31:
1611:) and different methods of majority voting (such as the widely used
27:
Process by which a population chooses the holder of a public office
3923:
ElectionGuide.org — Worldwide Coverage of National-level Elections
3365:"Yes, There Are Elections in North Korea and Here's How They Work"
2072:
2061:
1978:
1910:
1784:
1439:, by extending voting rights to citizens outside of Rome with the
1403:
1397:
1283:
1278:
1185:, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the
1168:
1157:
49:
2956:"Immigrants Are Becoming U.S. Citizens at Fastest Clips in Years"
2335:
Some scholars argue that the predominance of elections in modern
2089:. The "no" box was made significantly smaller than the "yes" box.
1959:
This can include falsifying voter instructions, violation of the
3966:
OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)
3917:
1906:
1583:
may also be used. Then the votes are tallied, for which various
1194:
3988:
3922:
3890:
3956:
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
3918:"Psephos", archive of recent electoral data from 182 countries
3385:"Burma: 20 Years After 1990 Elections, Democracy Still Denied"
3270:
2994:"India's spend on elections could challenge US record: report"
1925:; the next highest levels were in Bahrain, Qatar and Hungary.
1447:
of maximum 10% in 70 BC, only again comparable in size to the
3828:
Just Elections: Creating a Fair Electoral Process in the U.S.
2706:. Tamil Nadu State Election Commission, India. Archived from
1599:. Among the proportional systems, the most commonly used are
3944:
2899:"Failure to Vote | Western Australian Electoral Commission"
1515:) house of national legislatures, as of January 2022:
2806:"Solon | Biography, Reforms, Importance, & Facts"
1107:
institution and most political offices were filled using
3950:
3085:(Report). V-Dem. 14 May 2019. p. 36. Archived from
2854:
Sandri, Giulia; Seddone, Antonella (11 September 2015).
1060:
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern
3955:
3411:"Why Does The Islamic Republic Of Iran Hold Elections?"
3246:"Kim Jong-un wins 100% of the vote in his constituency"
1844:
Lack of open political debate or an informed electorate
3901:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 169–172.
3267:"Yemen holds presidential election with one candidate"
1080:. This process is also used in many other private and
1053:
chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold
2283:(PRI) and its predecessors governed the country in a
2011:
that feel the need to feign the appearance of public
3977:List of Local Elected Offices in the United States
3285:
3111:San Mateo County Civil Grand Jury (24 July 2019).
2130:1940 elections of Stalinist "People's Parliaments"
1687:and is followed by the US$ 5 billion spent on the
1443:, reaching an electorate of 910,000 and estimated
2323:was reported to have won by 234,000 votes in the
3539:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–149.
1140:are referred to as elections, especially in the
3284:Sanchez, Raf; Samaan, Magdy (29 January 2018).
2359:. Prior to the 18th century, some societies in
3951:International Foundation for Electoral Systems
3614:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–93.
3118:. Superior Court of California. Archived from
2055:suffered a landslide defeat by the opposition
2682:(26th ed.). Allied. pp. B-62–B-65.
2059:and consequently, the results were annulled.
2015:. Published results usually show nearly 100%
1430:With the growth of the number of people with
1022:
418:
8:
3664:. Princeton University Press. pp. xiv.
2572:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–7.
2279:are considered to be sham elections, as the
1771:Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic
30:"Elect" redirects here. For other uses, see
3933:Angus Reid Global Monitor: Election Tracker
3612:The Principles of Representative Government
3587:The Principles of Representative Government
3562:The Principles of Representative Government
3537:The Principles of Representative Government
2570:The Principles of Representative Government
1177:Elections were used as early in history as
3971:European Election Law Association (Eurela)
3639:. Princeton University Press. p. 33.
3589:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
2856:Party Primaries in Comparative Perspective
2296:, though the opposition did not win until
1603:(list PR) systems, among majoritarian are
1475:processes in organized political parties.
1292:resigned as president of Finland, and the
1117:describes the process of introducing fair
1029:
1015:
436:
425:
411:
64:
3715:Against Elections: The Case for Democracy
3564:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
3477:"Liberia past and present 1927 elections"
3063:
2271:, all of the presidential elections from
2095:elections of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1575:The first step is for voters to cast the
1459:can reshape the electorate of a country.
1356:, and these elections may be mandated by
1103:, where the elections were considered an
3738:Gastil, John; Wright, Erik Olin (2019).
3224:"Sham Election Law and Legal Definition"
2775:"Birth of Democracy: Solon the Lawgiver"
1685:2012 United States presidential election
1550:Mixed-member proportional representation
1541:Mixed-member majoritarian representation
1502:
3823:. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
3799:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2628:. Penguin Books India. pp. 39–49.
2557:
447:
75:
3989:Caltech/ MIT Voting Technology Project
3660:Landemore, Hélène (2020). "Prologue".
3530:
3528:
3265:Jamjoom, Mohammed (21 February 2012).
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
1601:party-list proportional representation
3683:
3681:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3300:from the original on 11 January 2022.
2704:"Pre-Independence Method of Election"
2620:Nitish K. Sengupta (1 January 2011).
2206:2024 Venezuelan presidential election
2007:Sham elections are a common event in
7:
3452:"Inside North Korea's sham election"
3113:"Security of Election Announcements"
2652:European Trade and Colonial Conquest
2563:
2561:
2051:, in which the government-sponsored
1759:Elections to the European Parliament
1449:first elections of the United States
3772:Social Choice and Individual Values
2381:problems in contemporary governance
1827:In many of the countries with weak
1219: – 770s CE) in early medieval
2649:Biplab Dasgupta (1 January 2005).
2372:, especially with the rise of the
2246:2019 Kazakh presidential elections
1708:is elected every seven years, the
1402:Campaigners working on posters in
1125:is the study of results and other
25:
3783:American Political Science Review
3195:Gardner, Amy (21 February 2019).
3146:"The Crisis of Election Security"
3144:Zetter, Kim (26 September 2018).
2983:, Sage Publications, London, 2002
2954:Jordan, Miriam (12 August 2024).
2730:"Ephor | Spartan magistrate"
2281:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2081:asking voters to approve the new
1567: No election (e.g. Monarchy)
897:Biology and political orientation
3864:
2833:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01504.x
2495:Pluralism (political philosophy)
1939:Certification of voting machines
1607:electoral system (single winner
1559:Semi-proportional representation
998:
394:
83:
3945:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network
3846:Citizens, Parties and the State
3450:Emily Rauhala (10 March 2014).
3330:"Russia: Justice in The Baltic"
3051:International Studies Quarterly
2655:. Anthem Press. pp. 341–.
2406:— "democracy without elections"
2190:2014 Donbass status referendums
1303:to succeed him, with 159 votes.
3692:. Princeton University Press.
3511:. Cambridge University Press.
2604:"Election (political science)"
2186:2014 Crimean status referendum
2079:1938 elections in Nazi Germany
2068:1936 elections in Nazi Germany
1899:Foreign electoral intervention
1893:Foreign electoral intervention
1823:Foreign electoral intervention
1773:are also a classical example.
1769:. The voting procedure in the
1722:President of the United States
892:Theories of political behavior
518:Political history of the world
1:
3788:Corrado Maria, Daclon. 2004.
3713:Reybrouck, David Van (2016).
2258:2002 presidential referendums
2057:National League for Democracy
2049:1990 Myanmar general election
1271:
1213:
1084:organisations, from clubs to
1078:regional and local government
907:Critique of political economy
1689:2014 Indian general election
488:Outline of political science
3832:University of Chicago Press
3151:The New York Times Magazine
3044:Levin, Dov H. (June 2016).
2515:Proportional representation
1985:Economist Intelligence Unit
1887:Interference with campaigns
1745:are elections in which all
1532:Proportional representation
1522:Majoritarian representation
257:Right to stand for election
4030:
3850:Princeton University Press
3826:Thompson, Dennis F. 2004.
3795:Farquharson, Robin. 1969.
3688:Landemore, Hélène (2020).
3635:Landemore, Hélène (2020).
2791:The Constitution of Athens
2676:VK Agnihotri, ed. (2010).
2610:. Retrieved 18 August 2009
2194:2022 annexation referendum
1932:
1890:
1816:
1806:
1729:dissolving the legislature
1664:
1496:
1151:
493:Index of politics articles
40:
29:
3802:Mueller, Dennis C. 1996.
3774:. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT:
3019:"Free and Fair Elections"
2881:South Carolina Law Review
2761:"Ancient Greek Democracy"
1929:Tampering with mechanisms
1621:mixed-member proportional
43:Royal elections in Poland
36:Election (disambiguation)
3804:Constitutional Democracy
3509:Political Representation
2858:. Routledge. p. 1.
2023:choice that favours the
1636:single transferable vote
1469:representative democracy
1453:Kingdom of Great Britain
1062:representative democracy
3898:Encyclopædia Britannica
3808:Oxford University Press
3610:Manin, Bernard (1997).
3585:Manin, Bernard (1997).
3560:Manin, Bernard (1997).
3535:Manin, Bernard (1997).
2981:Comparing Democracies 2
2935:. The National Archives
2903:www.elections.wa.gov.au
2608:Encyclopædia Britannica
2568:Manin, Bernard (1997).
1737:motion of no-confidence
1451:. At the same time the
1299:elected prime minister
902:Political organisations
665:International relations
503:Politics by subdivision
3939:Election organizations
2500:Political polarization
2347:. According to French
2232:in Portugal, those in
2090:
2070:
1993:
1804:
1569:
1484:non-partisan democracy
1407:
1304:
1174:
1166:
1086:voluntary associations
323:Next general elections
62:
3792:Analisi Difesa, n. 50
3776:Yale University Press
3023:Public Sphere Project
2399:Concession (politics)
2325:1927 general election
2262:Saddam Hussein's Iraq
2114:1942 general election
2076:
2065:
2041:enemies of the people
1982:
1788:
1716:every six years, the
1678:political forecasting
1640:instant runoff voting
1623:) or the other (e.g.
1585:vote counting systems
1506:
1401:
1387:1967 referendum entry
1337:civil rights movement
1294:parliament of Finland
1287:
1268:Solonian Constitution
1250:in 754 BC, under the
1172:
1161:
1047:group decision-making
982:Political campaigning
722:Public administration
555:Collective leadership
207:Boundary delimitation
53:
4004:Comparative politics
3982:2 April 2016 at the
2922:Vishnia 2012, p. 125
2794:. Project Gutenberg.
2749:. Project Gutenberg.
2622:"The Imperial Palas"
2435:Elections by country
2196:in Russian-occupied
2166:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
2053:National Unity Party
1850:freedom of the press
1714:President of Finland
1706:President of Ireland
1674:campaign advertising
1266:. Under the earlier
1256:Spartan Constitution
1227:, around 920 CE, in
1154:History of democracy
832:Separation of powers
703:Political psychology
678:Comparative politics
656:political scientists
643:Academic disciplines
523:Political philosophy
308:Elections by country
3717:. Random House UK.
3483:on 20 November 2017
3318:. 22 February 2018.
3202:The Washington Post
2415:Electoral integrity
2349:political scientist
2337:liberal democracies
2307:of the opposition,
2009:dictatorial regimes
1947:Voter impersonation
1819:Electoral integrity
1718:President of France
1710:President of Russia
1649:While openness and
1605:first-past-the-post
1423:and men of a city (
1068:, sometimes in the
1049:process by which a
1005:Politics portal
854:Election commission
825:Government branches
708:Political sociology
560:Confessional system
498:Politics by country
401:Politics portal
3874:has a profile for
3844:Ware, Alan. 1987.
3797:A Theory of Voting
3417:. 20 February 2020
3389:Human Rights Watch
3338:. 19 August 1940.
3065:10.1093/isq/sqv016
2960:The New York Times
2821:Journal of Finance
2808:. 9 November 2023.
2710:on 29 October 2011
2530:Stunning elections
2480:Multi-party system
2470:Landslide election
2410:Electoral calendar
2317:Charles D. B. King
2154:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2132:to legitimise the
2091:
2077:A ballot from the
2071:
2066:A ballot from the
1994:
1877:frequent elections
1805:
1724:every four years.
1720:every five years,
1667:Political campaign
1570:
1441:Lex Julia of 90 BC
1408:
1354:board of directors
1323:were dominated by
1305:
1187:Holy Roman Emperor
1175:
1167:
1165:depicting election
688:Political analysis
620:Semi-parliamentary
63:
3880:
3768:Arrow, Kenneth J.
3437:"Google Podcasts"
3176:on 1 January 2022
3125:on 20 August 2019
2689:978-81-8424-568-4
2662:978-1-84331-029-7
2635:978-0-14-341678-4
2505:Political science
2440:Electronic voting
2188:, as well as the
2134:Soviet occupation
1969:voter suppression
1955:Voter suppression
1879:can also lead to
1854:Freedom of speech
1743:Rolling elections
1524:(winner-take-all)
1415:Voting population
1321:the United States
1191:imperial election
1119:electoral systems
1039:
1038:
987:Political parties
927:Electoral systems
651:Political science
625:Semi-presidential
537:Political systems
513:Political history
508:Political economy
435:
434:
353:Election security
336:elections in 2024
290:Electoral systems
217:Electoral college
187:Anonymous elector
16:(Redirected from
4021:
3973:, closed in 2008
3902:
3894:
3892:"Election"
3878:
3877:public election
3868:
3867:
3754:
3753:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3504:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3479:. Archived from
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3254:. 10 March 2014.
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3170:. Archived from
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2827:(5): 2387–2419.
2816:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2617:
2611:
2601:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2535:Two-party system
2485:Nomination rules
2455:Garrat Elections
2420:Electoral system
1644:Condorcet method
1613:two-round system
1609:plurality voting
1566:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1519:
1499:Electoral system
1480:direct democracy
1362:primary election
1333:women's suffrage
1276:
1273:
1252:mixed government
1231:(in present-day
1218:
1215:
1115:Electoral reform
1031:
1024:
1017:
1003:
1002:
793:
738:
693:Political theory
683:Election science
673:
659:
437:
427:
420:
413:
399:
398:
378:Election science
373:Electoral reform
227:Election silence
212:Crossover voting
169:Two-round system
87:
65:
21:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
3994:
3993:
3984:Wayback Machine
3941:
3909:
3907:Election counts
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3506:
3505:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3373:. 6 March 2014.
3363:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3316:The Independent
3310:
3309:
3305:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3251:The Independent
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2602:
2587:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2510:Polling station
2445:Fenno's paradox
2430:Election litter
2389:
2333:
2184:(including the
2025:political party
1989:Democracy Index
1977:
1965:ballot stuffing
1957:
1931:
1895:
1889:
1866:
1846:
1825:
1815:
1813:Unfair election
1809:Electoral fraud
1807:Main articles:
1795:Godefroy Durand
1783:
1747:representatives
1697:
1669:
1663:
1632:approval voting
1625:parallel voting
1568:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1465:
1417:
1379:
1374:
1366:political party
1345:
1274:
1216:
1156:
1150:
1035:
997:
992:
991:
922:
921:
912:
911:
869:
868:
859:
858:
827:
826:
817:
816:
812:Public interest
797:Domestic policy
787:
780:
779:
768:
767:
732:
725:
724:
713:
712:
674:
667:
660:
653:
645:
644:
635:
634:
540:
539:
528:
527:
483:
482:
473:
442:Politics series
431:
393:
388:
387:
383:Paper candidate
358:Electoral fraud
348:
340:
339:
313:Close elections
303:
295:
294:
280:Political party
270:
262:
261:
182:
174:
173:
95:
70:Politics series
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4027:
4025:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3974:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3870:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:External links
3856:
3854:
3853:
3842:
3840:978-0226797649
3824:
3817:Riker, William
3814:
3811:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3785:88.1: 185–192.
3779:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3730:
3724:978-1847924223
3723:
3705:
3699:978-0691181998
3698:
3677:
3671:978-0691181998
3670:
3652:
3646:978-0691181998
3645:
3627:
3620:
3602:
3595:
3577:
3570:
3552:
3545:
3524:
3517:
3494:
3468:
3442:
3428:
3402:
3376:
3356:
3321:
3303:
3276:
3257:
3237:
3226:. USLegal, Inc
3215:
3187:
3136:
3103:
3092:on 5 June 2019
3071:
3058:(2): 189–202.
3036:
3010:
2985:
2972:
2946:
2924:
2915:
2890:
2871:
2864:
2846:
2811:
2797:
2780:
2766:
2763:. 5 June 2023.
2752:
2735:
2721:
2695:
2688:
2679:Indian History
2668:
2661:
2641:
2634:
2612:
2585:
2578:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2361:Western Europe
2341:Ancient Greece
2332:
2329:
2230:1958 elections
2182:Vladimir Putin
2118:Imperial Japan
1976:
1973:
1935:Election audit
1930:
1927:
1888:
1885:
1869:Gerrymandering
1865:
1862:
1845:
1842:
1803:, 21 May 1892.
1782:
1779:
1733:United Kingdom
1696:
1693:
1665:Main article:
1662:
1659:
1651:accountability
1581:ranked ballots
1563:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1516:
1497:Main article:
1494:
1491:
1482:, one type of
1464:
1461:
1457:Naturalization
1437:Roman Republic
1416:
1413:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1344:
1341:
1317:United Kingdom
1199:papal election
1179:ancient Greece
1149:
1146:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1008:
1007:
994:
993:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
968:
967:
951:
946:
941:
940:
939:
929:
923:
919:
918:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
876:
870:
867:Related topics
866:
865:
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861:
860:
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856:
851:
846:
841:
835:
834:
828:
824:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
809:
804:
802:Foreign policy
799:
794:
781:
775:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
764:
763:
749:
744:
739:
726:
720:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
705:
700:
698:Policy studies
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
663:
661:
649:
646:
642:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
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481:Primary topics
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455:
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390:
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326:
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277:
275:Administration
271:
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232:Gerrymandering
229:
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107:
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96:
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72:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4026:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3990:
3987:
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3888:
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3873:
3857:
3851:
3848:. Princeton:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
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3822:
3818:
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3812:
3809:
3805:
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3798:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3780:
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3769:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3751:
3749:9781788736084
3745:
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3726:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3706:
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3695:
3691:
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3656:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3621:9780511659935
3617:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3596:9780511659935
3592:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3571:9780511659935
3567:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3546:9780511659935
3542:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3518:9780511813146
3514:
3510:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3391:. 26 May 2010
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3293:The Telegraph
3288:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2887:(2): 295–311.
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2865:9781472450388
2861:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:The Histories
2739:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:9780511659935
2575:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2545:Voting system
2543:
2541:
2540:Voter turnout
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Ballot access
2392:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2374:enlightenment
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:Sheikh Hasina
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:Hosni Mubarak
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:Fascist Italy
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:voter turnout
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2002:show election
1999:
1998:sham election
1991:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:secret ballot
1956:
1952:
1951:Voter ID laws
1948:
1944:
1943:Secret ballot
1940:
1936:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1881:voter fatigue
1878:
1874:
1873:ballot access
1870:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:United States
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1655:secret ballot
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:Mixed systems
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:voter turnout
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1406:, Italy, 2004
1405:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:corporate law
1355:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:Questions of
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1275: 574 BC
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1142:United States
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1055:public office
1052:
1048:
1044:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1001:
996:
995:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
965:
961:
957:
956:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
938:
935:
934:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
916:
915:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
863:
862:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:
830:
829:
821:
820:
813:
810:
808:
807:Civil society
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
791:
786:
785:Public policy
783:
782:
778:
772:
771:
761:
757:
753:
752:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
736:
731:
728:
727:
723:
717:
716:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
671:
666:
662:
657:
652:
648:
647:
639:
638:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
605:Parliamentary
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Hybrid regime
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
532:
531:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
477:
476:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
454:
453:
450:
446:
443:
439:
438:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
406:
405:
402:
397:
392:
391:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
368:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
344:
343:
335:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
266:
265:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
247:Secret ballot
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
192:Apportionment
190:
188:
185:
184:
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3896:
3876:
3845:
3827:
3820:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3771:
3761:Bibliography
3739:
3733:
3714:
3708:
3689:
3661:
3655:
3636:
3630:
3611:
3605:
3586:
3580:
3561:
3555:
3536:
3508:
3485:. Retrieved
3481:the original
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3455:
3445:
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3414:
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3388:
3379:
3370:The Atlantic
3368:
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3291:
3279:
3260:
3249:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3200:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3173:the original
3149:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3120:the original
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3087:the original
3074:
3055:
3049:
3039:
3027:. Retrieved
3022:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2959:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2927:
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2902:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2855:
2849:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2800:
2790:
2783:
2769:
2755:
2745:
2738:
2724:
2712:. Retrieved
2708:the original
2698:
2678:
2671:
2651:
2644:
2625:
2615:
2607:
2569:
2490:Party system
2465:Issue voting
2460:Gerontocracy
2425:Election law
2378:
2354:
2334:
2331:Aristocratic
2313:vote rigging
2302:
2284:
2266:
2240:regime, the
2126:East Germany
2122:Nazi Germany
2092:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1958:
1896:
1867:
1864:Unfair rules
1847:
1838:
1826:
1798:
1790:Buenos Aires
1781:Undemocratic
1775:
1742:
1741:
1726:
1698:
1682:
1670:
1648:
1629:
1593:majoritarian
1589:proportional
1574:
1571:
1488:
1477:
1473:preselection
1466:
1429:
1418:
1409:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1352:to select a
1350:shareholders
1346:
1329:ruling class
1306:
1241:
1236:
1225:Chola Empire
1203:
1183:ancient Rome
1176:
1133:
1131:
1113:
1094:
1090:corporations
1059:
1045:is a formal
1042:
1040:
931:
735:street-level
610:Presidential
570:Dictatorship
440:Part of the
222:Election law
149:Proportional
76:
68:Part of the
47:
3415:Radio Farda
3003:25 February
2908:26 November
2788:Aristotle.
2743:Herodotus.
2520:Re-election
2475:Meritocracy
2311:of voters,
2305:suppression
2250:North Korea
2248:, those in
2176:, those in
2168:, those in
2158:Anwar Sadat
2148:, those in
2120:, those in
1829:rule of law
1800:The Graphic
1561:(non-mixed)
1421:aristocrats
1264:Cleisthenes
1229:Uthiramerur
1217: 750s
1138:referendums
1066:legislature
874:Sovereignty
839:Legislature
742:Technocracy
730:Bureaucracy
595:Meritocracy
575:Directorial
318:Most recent
202:Competition
181:Terminology
100:By-election
94:Basic types
3998:Categories
3806:. Oxford:
3168:2112081778
3029:8 November
2714:3 November
2552:References
2450:Full slate
2170:Bangladesh
2021:referendum
2013:legitimacy
1933:See also:
1891:See also:
1858:propaganda
1817:See also:
1513:unicameral
1463:Candidates
1372:Electorate
1313:electorate
1290:Mannerheim
1233:Tamil Nadu
1193:) and the
1163:Roman coin
1152:See also:
1127:statistics
1123:Psephology
1105:oligarchic
1099:, ancient
1076:, and for
1051:population
964:Governance
954:Government
949:Federalism
550:City-state
367:by country
363:Referendum
242:Psephology
237:Initiative
119:Fixed-term
56:ballot box
4009:Elections
3830:Chicago:
3742:. Verso.
3344:0040-781X
3208:20 August
3180:20 August
3160:0362-4331
3129:20 August
3096:1 January
2965:13 August
2365:sortition
2357:democracy
2345:Aristotle
2238:New Order
2234:Indonesia
2146:Lithuania
2106:elections
2087:Anschluss
2083:Reichstag
2036:persecute
1983:The 2023
1833:Dictators
1751:primaries
1680:methods.
1661:Campaigns
1511:or sole (
1432:bourgeois
1364:within a
1301:Paasikivi
1237:Kudavolai
1109:sortition
1097:archetype
1074:judiciary
1070:executive
944:Unitarism
932:Elections
920:Subseries
849:Judiciary
844:Executive
747:Adhocracy
630:Theocracy
585:Feudalism
565:Democracy
269:Subseries
164:Sortition
139:Plurality
105:Corporate
77:Elections
18:Electoral
4014:Politics
3980:Archived
3879:(Q40231)
3819:. 1980.
3421:31 March
3298:Archived
3164:ProQuest
2998:NDTV.com
2404:Demarchy
2387:See also
2309:coercion
2285:de facto
2192:and the
2085:and the
1712:and the
1425:citizens
1377:Suffrage
1343:Contexts
1309:suffrage
1288:In 1946
1260:Athenian
1239:system.
1082:business
1043:election
972:Ideology
790:doctrine
751:Service
615:Republic
600:Monarchy
580:Federacy
469:Category
449:Politics
330:National
252:Suffrage
134:Mid-term
114:Indirect
58:used in
3872:Scholia
3487:14 July
3395:14 July
3349:14 July
3230:14 July
2939:11 June
2841:6133226
2370:consent
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