328:
486:(2000) uses what are arguably some of the most extensive and intricate footnotes in literature. Throughout the novel, footnotes are used to tell several different narratives outside of the main story. The physical orientation of the footnotes on the page also works to reflect the twisted feeling of the plot (often taking up several pages, appearing mirrored from page to page, vertical on either side of the page, or in boxes in the center of the page, in the middle of the central narrative).
398:
191:) recommend limited use of foot- and endnotes. However, publishers often encourage note references instead of parenthetical references. Aside from use as a bibliographic element, notes are used for additional information, qualification, or explanation that might be too digressive for the main text. Footnotes are heavily utilized in academic institutions to support claims made in academic essays covering myriad topics.
278:
1703:
198:
The MLA (Modern
Language Association) requires the superscript numbers in the main text to be placed following the punctuation in the phrase or clause the note is about. The exception to this rule occurs when a sentence contains a dash, in which case the superscript would precede it. However, MLA is
194:
In particular, footnotes are the normal form of citation in historical journals. This is due, firstly, to the fact that the most important references are often to archive sources or interviews that do not readily fit standard formats, and secondly, to the fact that historians expect to see the exact
168:
Footnote reference numbers ("cues") in the body text of a page should be placed at the end of a sentence if possible, after the final punctuation. This minimizes the interruption of the flow of reading and allows the reader to absorb a complete sentence-idea before having their attention redirected
706:
follows each brief entry with a footnote (often five or six times the length of the main text) in which saints, historical figures, and other topics are used as examples for philosophical digression. The separate footnotes are designed to contradict each other, and only when multiple footnotes are
94:
are informational notes published at the end of a chapter, the end of a volume, or the conclusion of a multi-volume book. Unlike footnotes, which require manipulating the page design (text-block and page layouts) to accommodate the additional text, endnotes are advantageous to editorial production
723:
uses footnotes as a character device that highlights unreliable passages in the narration. As the editor of his father's autobiography, the narrator's son must correct any of his father's misstated facts. The frequency of these corrections increases as the father falls victim to both hubris and
365:
partially eliminates the need for notes, being the web's way to refer to another document. However, it does not allow citing to offline sources and if the destination of the link changes, the link can become dead or irrelevant. A proposed solution is the use of a
115:
number at the end of the pertinent block of text. Typographic characters, such as the asterisk (*) and the dagger mark (†) also are used in place of sequential numbers to identify notes; the traditional order of usage of the typographic characters is: (i) the
474:'s "Notes Towards a Mental Breakdown" (1967) is one sentence ("A discharged Broadmoor patient compiles 'Notes Towards a Mental Breakdown,' recalling his wife's murder, his trial and exoneration.") and a series of elaborate footnotes to each one of the words.
576:), in which he is allegedly the editor of a manuscript by the fictional François Charles Fernand d’Antin, contains copious footnotes purporting to help explain the nonsensical French text. The point of the book is that each written French poem
514:
includes over 400 endnotes, some over a dozen pages long. Several literary critics suggested that the book be read with two bookmarks. Wallace uses footnotes, endnotes, and in-text notes in much of his other writing as
663:
659:
uses footnotes, about which he says: " can allow you to create a kind of secret second narrative, which is important if, say, you're writing a book about what a story is and whether stories are significant."
173:
The cue is placed after any punctuation (normally after the closing point of a sentence). ... Notes cued in the middle of a sentence are a distraction to the reader, and cues are best located at the end of
468:(1939) uses footnotes along with left and right marginal notes in Book II Chapter 2. The three types of notes represent comments from the three siblings doing their homework: Shem, Shaun, and Issy.
256:
is famous in the
American legal community for his writing style, in which he never uses notes. He prefers to keep all citations within the text (which is permitted in American legal citation).
603:. The narrator of the novel, known as "B.L.A.," tells the fantastical story as if true, while the editor, Gabbler, annotates the story through footnotes and thinks the manuscript is only a
219:
of various academic and legal texts which do not take into account notes. Aggressive use of this strategy can lead to a text affected by "foot and note disease" (a derogation coined by
183:
Notes are most often used as an alternative to long explanations, citations, comments, or annotations that can be distracting to readers. Most literary style guidelines (including the
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has 185 footnotes, adumbrating fictional events before and after those of the main text, in the same archaic narrative voice, and citing fictional scholarly and magical authorities.
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1068:
2109:
1017:
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As signposts to direct the reader to information the author has provided or where further useful information is pertaining to the subject in the main text.
1340:
199:
not known for endnote or footnote citations, and APA and
Chicago styles use them more regularly. Historians are known to use Chicago style citations.
662:
Dr Carol Bolton uses extensive footnotes to provide the modern reader with a cipher for a novel about the travels of the fictional
Spanish traveller
1536:
1314:
694:
uses a footnote to further satirize the style of a history while making a sardonic statement about the extinction of "humanists" in modern society.
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370:. As of 2024, the HTML Living Standard has provided several workarounds for the inclusion of footnotes depending on length or type of annotation.
823:
1000:
296:
288:
915:
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of contemporary editions of the Bible often place the notes in a narrow column in the page centre, between two columns of biblical text.
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666:, an early 19th-century construct of Robert Southey's, designed to provide him with vehicle to critique the societal habits of the day.
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253:
188:
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808:
615:
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1364:
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As an alternative to parenthetical references; it is a simpler way to acknowledge information gained from another source.
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184:
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502:. These footnotes span several pages and often overtake the main plotline, and add to the absurdist tone of the book.
373:
In instances where a user needs to add an endnote or footnote using HTML, they can add the superscript number using
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556:
590:
has made numerous uses within his novels. The footnotes will often set up running jokes for the rest of the novel.
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634:
367:
49:
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31:
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for web pages, has no mechanism for adding notes. Despite a number of different proposals over the years, the
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in the text into paragraph-long comedic monologues that would otherwise break the flow of the narrative.
68:
is a brief text in which the author comments on the subject and themes of the book and names supporting
76:
of books and documents, typographically, a note is usually several lines of text at the bottom of the
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3169:
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often have footnotes, detailing and informing the reader of the background of the world in the novel.
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But beyond the ... double dagger, this order is not familiar to most readers, and never was.
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uses footnotes to explore the story and relationship of characters V.M. Straka and F.X. Caldeira.
750:
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uses footnotes to insert comical remarks and explanations by one of the protagonists, Bartimaeus.
728:. While most of these changes are minor, a few are essential to plot and character development.
711:
revealed. This technique was used in part to evade the harsh censorship of 17th-century France.
682:) which allows communication between the main character’s universe and the fictional bookworld.
498:(1967) utilizes extensive and lengthy footnotes for the discussion of a fictional philosopher,
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1941:
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of texts in the
English language, the footnotes and the endnotes usually are indicated with a
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as U+2E2C “⸬”) to indicate a marginal note. It can often be mistaken for two closely-spaced
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throughout the text. Notes are usually identified with superscript numbers or a symbol.
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1417:"Dave Fitzgerald Reviews Terena Elizabeth Bell's Story Collection Tell Me What You See"
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are informational notes located at the foot of the thematically relevant page, whilst
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because the textual inclusion does not alter the design of the publication. However,
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Early printings of the Douay Bible used a four-dot punctuation mark (represented in
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2899:
2657:
2456:
1978:
1827:
1368:
900:(ver. 3.1 ed.). Point Roberts, Washington: Hartley and Marks. pp. 68–69.
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549:
140:. Additional typographic characters used to identify notes include the Number sign
133:
129:
77:
455:
At times, notes have been used for their comical effect, or as a literary device.
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uses both footnotes and margin notes to offer additional commentary and humor.
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741:, the main plot is told through the annotative endnotes of a fictional editor.
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Aside from their technical use, authors use notes for a variety of reasons:
1392:""Tell Me What You See" Is A Timeless Collection About Unprecedented Times"
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2971:
2717:
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2357:
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1998:
1973:
1963:
1951:
1946:
1872:
1852:
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1685:
1069:"Passed/Failed: An education in the life of Candida Lycett Green, writer"
841:
499:
432:
is generally credited as the inventor of the footnote, first used in the
157:
117:
69:
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3112:
2297:
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1988:
1968:
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1628:
1586:
708:
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137:
17:
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1675:
377:, then link the superscripted text to the reference section using an
678:
series exploits the use of footnotes as a communication device (the
80:, at the end of a chapter, at the end of a volume, or a house-style
995:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford university press. pp. 332–334.
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2789:
2312:
2157:
1249:, 26 January 2015 issue. Retrieved 25 January 2015. Archived from
851:
326:
2479:
1690:
971:
How to Write
Footnotes: Rules and Examples | Grammarly Blog
339:
260:
has also written against the use of notes in judicial opinions.
237:
73:
2091:
1702:
1518:
236:
Style Manual devotes over 660 words to the topic of footnotes.
1514:
392:
271:
264:, however, advocates using notes instead of inline citations.
27:
Text placed at the bottom of a page or at the end of a chapter
350:
has been unable to reach a consensus on it. Because of this,
240:
has guidance for footnote usage in its historical documents.
1111:"A Guide to Footnotes and Endnotes for NASA History Authors"
803:
The short story "The Fifth Fear" in Terena
Elizabeth Bell's
1041:
Rogers, Timothy (1968). "Rupert Brooke: Man and
Monument".
195:
nature of the evidence that is being used at each stage.
1086:"Chapter 15: Footnotes, indexes, contents, and outlines"
409:
1136:"In Justice Breyer's Opinion, A Footnote Has No Place"
1067:
Candida Lycett Green (Betjeman's daughter), quoted in
38:"Footnote" redirects here. For the Israeli film, see
541:
includes lengthy footnotes and a parallel narrative.
48:
For the usage of footnoting on
Knowledge (XXG), see
2012:
1927:
1886:
1788:
1770:
1710:
1552:
1214:"[whatwg] Footnotes, end notes, side notes"
800:, frequently uses footnotes to add humorous asides.
1018:"MLA Endnotes and Footnotes // Purdue Writing Lab"
753:, is stylized as footnotes to a nonexistent novel.
1193:"Indiana Courts - Footnotes in Judicial Opinions"
335:", rendered as a "pop up" over the relevant text
160:, the little hand with an extended index finger.
949:Many of these symbols are used, for example, in
385:and then link the superscripted text to "ref1".
1264:"4.14 Common idioms without dedicated elements"
30:"Endnote" redirects here. For other uses, see
2103:
1530:
1353:(5 September 2004). Retrieved 5 January 2009.
569:, but when pronounced, sounds similar to the
8:
1090:U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual
967:"How to Write Footnotes: Rules and Examples"
884:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
354:, for example, has had to introduce its own
2029:
1500:. Montpelier, Vt.: Invisible Cities Press.
1498:The Devil's Details: A History of Footnotes
1327:(24 August 2004). Retrieved 5 January 2009.
1288:The Devil's Details: A History of Footnotes
707:read together is Bayle's core argument for
331:A footnote on the Knowledge (XXG) article "
2110:
2096:
2088:
1537:
1523:
1515:
955:History of the People of the United States
862:Knowledge (XXG) style guide for references
879:
877:
315:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:To escape the limitations imposed on the
3256:Version of this table as a sortable list
993:New Hart's rules: the Oxford style guide
923:The Centre for Editing Lives and Letters
529:) also makes extensive use of footnotes.
873:
643:parody series used footnotes to expand
607:attempting to be a literary masterwork.
1390:Lutwick-Deaner, Rachel (2023-01-20).
816:story resemble a historical document.
599:makes uses of footnotes to break the
593:B.L.A. and G.B. Gabbler's meta novel
7:
3108: ⟨ ⟩
525:(originally published in Spanish as
358:tag for citing references in notes.
1162:Posner, Richard A. (Summer 2001).
916:"Toward a History of the Manicule"
914:Sherman, William H. (2005-04-01).
703:Historical and Critical Dictionary
287:tone or style may not reflect the
254:Supreme Court of the United States
209:To attribute a quote or viewpoint.
189:American Psychological Association
25:
1338:"Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell"
898:The Elements of Typographic Style
822:used footnotes frequently in his
616:Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell
1701:
824:Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
553:is written entirely in endnotes.
396:
381:. Create an anchor tag by using
297:guide to writing better articles
276:
124:, (iii) the Crossed dagger mark
1481:Toward a Theory of the Footnote
1458:The Footnote: A Curious History
1446:Fictional Footnotes and Indexes
383:<a name="ref1"></a>
1448:. Miskatonic University Press.
1071:, interview by Jonathan Sale.
769:I Am America (And So Can You!)
1:
1415:Feather, Heavy (2023-01-16).
1173:. American Judges Association
562:Mots d'Heures: Gousses, Rames
234:US Government Printing Office
148:, the diamond-shaped lozenge
1460:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
664:Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella
361:It might be argued that the
50:Knowledge (XXG):Cite sources
1594:Canons of page construction
1191:Oddi, Marcia (2005-01-07).
896:Bringhurst, Robert (2005).
812:uses footnotes to make the
691:Natural History of the Dead
185:Modern Language Association
169:to the content of the note.
3355:
2571:inverted ! and ?
1363:Green, John (2006-08-07).
1312:"Do You Believe in Magic?"
656:An Abundance of Katherines
36:
29:
3251:
3139:
3043:
2987:sound recording copyright
2941:
2846:
2729:
2597:
2510:
2445:
2271:
2131:
1722:Anthropodermic bibliopegy
1699:
1075:, Thursday 27 April 2006.
991:Waddingham, Anne (2014).
527:El beso de la mujer araña
368:digital object identifier
248:Former Associate Justice
144:, the Greek letter delta
54:Knowledge (XXG):Footnotes
2062:Intentionally blank page
1462:Harvard University Press
1444:Denton, William (2014).
1396:Southern Review of Books
1115:NASA History Style Guide
1055:10.1093/english/17.99.79
523:Kiss of the Spider Woman
128:, (iv) the Section sign
32:Endnote (disambiguation)
1343:2 February 2016 at the
1317:16 January 2009 at the
557:Luis d'Antin van Rooten
375:<sup></sup>
356:<ref></ref>
291:used on Knowledge (XXG)
136:, and (vi) the Pilcrow
132:, (v) the Vertical bar
120:, (ii) the Dagger mark
3104: { }
3096: ( )
3081: « »
3077: ‹ ›
3062: " "
3058: ' '
3054: “ ”
3050: ‘ ’
2030:
1483:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
1195:. The Indiana Law Blog
628:The Bartimaeus Trilogy
336:
333:William Booth (forger)
295:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
176:
1496:Zerby, Chuck (2002).
1479:Riess, Peter (1984).
1016:Lab, Purdue Writing.
574:"Mother Goose Rhymes"
330:
171:
152:, the downward arrow
103:Numbering and symbols
3301:Japanese punctuation
3002:registered trademark
2887: |
2745:plus and minus signs
2138:
1421:Heavy Feather Review
1268:html.spec.whatwg.org
809:Tell Me What You See
709:Fideistic skepticism
506:David Foster Wallace
228:Government documents
74:editorial production
3291:Chinese punctuation
3017:service mark symbol
2760:multiplication sign
2278: &
1350:The Washington Post
1164:"Against Footnotes"
726:Alzheimer's disease
495:The Third Policeman
478:Mark Z. Danielewski
428:The London printer
156:, and the manicule
3306:Korean punctuation
3296:Hebrew punctuation
2057:Fore-edge painting
2052:Extra-illustration
1141:The New York Times
1022:Purdue Writing Lab
951:John Bach McMaster
794:'s collaboration,
751:Enrique Vila-Matas
746:Bartleby & Co.
408:. You can help by
342:, the predominant
337:
3314:
3313:
2643:ordinal indicator
2586:irony punctuation
2085:
2084:
1964:Addendum/Appendix
1848:Table of contents
1324:The Village Voice
1002:978-0-19-957002-7
565:(the title is in
538:Lake Wobegon Days
426:
425:
325:
324:
317:
289:encyclopedic tone
258:Richard A. Posner
97:graphic designers
82:typographic usage
16:(Redirected from
3344:
3263:Currency symbols
3243:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3226:(paragraph mark)
3220:
3216:
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893:
887:
881:
733:Vladimir Nabokov
720:Barney's Version
715:Mordecai Richler
686:Ernest Hemingway
580:like an English
533:Garrison Keillor
421:
418:
400:
393:
384:
376:
357:
320:
313:
309:
306:
300:
299:for suggestions.
280:
279:
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57:
46:
21:
3354:
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3347:
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3341:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3247:
3238:
3235: §
3234:
3232:
3222:
3219: ⸿
3218:
3215: ¶
3214:
3212:
3203:
3200: ⌑
3199:
3196: ◊
3195:
3193:
3184:
3181: ☞
3180:
3178:
3172:(hedera, aldus)
3168:
3165: ❧
3164:
3162:
3153:
3150: ‡
3149:
3146: †
3145:
3143:
3135:
3126:
3123: ”
3122:
3120:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3084:
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3076:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3039:
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3026:
3024:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2997: ®
2996:
2994:
2985:
2982: ℗
2981:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2948: ©
2947:
2945:
2937:
2928:
2925: ·
2924:
2922:
2913:
2910: •
2909:
2907:
2898:
2895: ‖
2894:
2891: ¦
2890:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2853: _
2852:
2850:
2842:
2833:
2830: ^
2829:
2827:
2820:minus-plus sign
2818:
2815: ∓
2814:
2812:
2805:plus–minus sign
2803:
2800: ±
2799:
2797:
2788:
2785: ~
2784:
2782:
2773:
2770: ÷
2769:
2767:
2758:
2755: ×
2754:
2752:
2743:
2740: −
2739:
2736: +
2735:
2733:
2725:
2716:
2713: ⌀
2712:
2710:
2701:
2698: °
2697:
2695:
2686:
2683: ‱
2682:
2680:
2671:
2668: ‰
2667:
2665:
2656:
2653: %
2652:
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2641:
2638: ª
2637:
2634: º
2633:
2631:
2622:
2619: №
2618:
2616:
2607:
2604: #
2603:
2601:
2593:
2584:
2581: ⸮
2580:
2578:
2569:
2566: ¿
2565:
2562: ¡
2561:
2559:
2550:
2547: ‽
2546:
2544:
2535:
2532: !
2531:
2529:
2520:
2517: ?
2516:
2514:
2506:
2497:
2494: ⸗
2493:
2490: ⹀
2489:
2487:
2478:
2475: —
2474:
2471: –
2470:
2467: ‒
2466:
2464:
2455:
2452: -
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2441:
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2368: *
2367:
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2356:
2353: …
2352:
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2341:
2338: \
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2326:
2323: /
2322:
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2308: ^
2307:
2305:
2296:
2293: @
2292:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2258:
2255: .
2254:
2252:
2243:
2240: ‴
2239:
2236: ″
2235:
2232: ′
2231:
2229:
2220:
2217: '
2216:
2213: ’
2212:
2210:
2201:
2198: ‐
2197:
2195:
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2183: ;
2182:
2180:
2171:
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2167:
2165:
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2153: ,
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2135:
2127:
2116:
2086:
2081:
2008:
1923:
1919:Tipped-in pages
1882:
1863:Acknowledgments
1784:
1766:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1671:Recto and verso
1557:
1548:
1543:
1508:
1495:
1478:
1472:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1438:Further reading
1435:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1345:Wayback Machine
1336:Michael Dirda,
1335:
1331:
1319:Wayback Machine
1310:Grady Hendrix,
1309:
1305:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1262:
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1222:
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1094:
1092:
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1083:
1079:
1073:The Independent
1066:
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1040:
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1024:
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1003:
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989:
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933:
929:
918:
913:
912:
908:
895:
894:
890:
882:
875:
870:
833:
814:science fiction
788:Terry Pratchett
764:Stephen Colbert
623:Jonathan Stroud
588:Terry Pratchett
483:House of Leaves
453:
451:Literary device
422:
416:
413:
406:needs expansion
391:
382:
374:
355:
344:markup language
321:
310:
304:
301:
294:
285:This section's
281:
277:
270:
262:Bryan A. Garner
246:
230:
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166:
105:
58:
47:
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3329:
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3312:
3311:
3309:
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3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3259:
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3252:
3249:
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3191:
3176:
3160:
3140:
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3133:
3118:
3100:
3091:
3072:
3067:quotation mark
3044:
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2678:
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2629:
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2527:
2511:
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2507:
2505:
2504:
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2100:
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2016:
2014:
2013:Other elements
2010:
2009:
2007:
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2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
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1878:Printer's mark
1875:
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1823:Imprimi potest
1820:
1818:Edition notice
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1279:
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1246:The New Yorker
1229:
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886:(1992) p. 709.
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785:
773:
761:
754:
742:
729:
712:
695:
683:
680:footnoterphone
667:
660:
648:
645:one-line jokes
635:Michael Gerber
632:
620:
613:'s 2004 novel
611:Susanna Clarke
608:
596:The Automation
591:
585:
554:
542:
530:
516:
503:
487:
475:
469:
465:Finnegans Wake
452:
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434:Bishops' Bible
424:
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390:
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323:
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284:
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275:
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250:Stephen Breyer
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179:Academic usage
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104:
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10:
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2:
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3274:Logic symbols
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2772:
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2159:
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2124:typographical
2121:
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2018:
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1906:Illustrations
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1802:bastard title
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1757:Picture cover
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1582:Marginal note
1580:
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1471:0-674-90215-7
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
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1447:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1371:on 2006-11-25
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1286:Chuck Zerby,
1283:
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1103:
1091:
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1081:
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1049:(99): 79–84.
1048:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
998:
994:
987:
984:
972:
968:
962:
959:
956:
952:
946:
943:
932:on 2013-10-08
928:
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848:
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840:
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835:
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821:
820:Douglas Adams
818:
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799:
798:
793:
789:
786:
783:
782:
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756:The works of
755:
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749:, a novel by
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692:
687:
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681:
677:
676:
675:Thursday Next
671:
670:Jasper Fforde
668:
665:
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652:
649:
646:
642:
641:
640:Barry Trotter
636:
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621:
618:
617:
612:
609:
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583:
582:nursery rhyme
579:
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551:
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531:
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520:
517:
513:
512:
511:Infinite Jest
507:
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497:
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1095:October 26,
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1401:2023-04-13
1296:1931229058
1273:2024-09-03
1241:The Cobweb
1223:2024-09-03
1199:2015-11-04
1177:2014-10-13
1148:2008-04-30
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977:2023-06-10
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868:References
837:Annotation
805:collection
797:Good Omens
776:Doug Dorst
758:Jack Vance
651:John Green
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417:July 2019
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1120:July 10,
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