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free-living lifestyles. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are divided into class 2, 3 and 4. Class 2 endophytes can grow in plant tissues both above and below ground. This class of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes has been the most extensively researched and has been shown to enhance fitness benefits of their plant host as a result of habitat-specific stresses such as pH, temperature and salinity. Class 3 endophytes are restricted to growth in above ground plant tissues and form in localized areas of plant tissue. Class 4 endophytes are restricted to plant tissues below ground and can colonize much more of the plant tissue. These classes of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have not been as extensively studied to date.
145:
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entirety of its life cycle and participate in a symbiotic relationship without causing disease or harm to the plant at any point. Additionally, systemic endophytes concentrations and diversity do not change in a host with changing environmental conditions. Non-systemic or transient endophytes on the other hand vary in number and diversity within their plant hosts under changing environmental conditions. Non-systemic endophytes have also been shown to become
240:) saplings in low-nutrient conditions have been shown to be elongated, as well as undergo overall biomass increases. The proposed mechanisms behind this include high inorganic phosphate solubilization ability by the fungi as well as organic phosphate mineralization, increased mycorrhizal associations through root colonization, and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. Specific endophyte species can also stimulate root growth by increasing the flux of
438:. Type III clavicipitaceous endophytes grow within their plant host without manifesting symptoms of disease or harming their host. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions.
31:
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Many endophytes protect plants from herbivory from both insects and animals by producing secondary metabolites that are either unappetizing or toxic to the herbivore. Increasingly there has been great importance placed on endophytes that protect valuable crops from invasive insects. One example of an
264:
However, the specific biochemical mechanisms behind these behavioral changes are still largely unknown and lower-level signal cascades have yet to be discovered. Furthermore, while the benefits of endophyte relations are well-studied, the costs of these relations are less well understood, such as the
929:
practices continue to take priority. Current agriculture relies heavily on fungicides and high levels of chemical fertilizers. The use of fungicides has a negative effect on endophytic fungi and fertilizers reduce a plant's dependence on its endophytic symbiont. Despite this, the interest and use of
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The first method divides endophytes into two categories: systemic (true) and nonsystemic (transient). These categories are based on the endophyte's genetics, biology, and mechanism of transmission from host to host. Systemic endophytes are defined as organisms that live within plant tissues for the
160:
the health and survival of the host plant with issues such as pathogens and disease, water stress, heat stress, nutrient availability and poor soil quality, salinity, and herbivory. In exchange the endophyte receives carbon for energy from the plant host. Plant-microbe interactions are not strictly
154:
Abbreviations: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), volatile organic compounds (VOC), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), type III secretion system (T3SS), type VI secretion system (T6SS), hemagglutinins (HA), small RNAs (sRNAs), copper-micro RNAs (Cu-miRNAs), lipopolysaccharide
690:
properties. Manipulations of a plant's endosymbiots can affect plant development, growth and ultimately the quality and quantity of compounds harvested from the plant. Studies have shown endophytic fungi are able to produce secondary metabolites previously thought to be manufactured by their plant
190:
have been seen growing either flattened or wedged against plant cells. This growth pattern indicates that fungal hyphae are substantially attached to the plant host's cell wall, but do not invade plant cells. Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the
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Most endophyte-plant relationships are still not well understood. However, recently it was shown that endophytes are transmitted from one generation to another via seeds, in a process called vertical transmission. Endophytes and plants often engage in mutualism, with endophytes primarily aiding in
86:
for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Some endophytes may enhance host growth and nutrient acquisition
877:
Endophytes appear to enhance the growth of their plant host symbionts. Endophytes also provide their hosts with an increased resilience to both abiotic and biotic stressors such as drought, poor soils and herbivory. The increased growth and resilience is likely caused by the endophytes ability to
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Class 1 endophytes are all phylogenetically related and proliferate within cool and warm season grasses. They typically colonize plant shoots where they form a systemic intercellular infection. Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal
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concentrations and a further increase was seen in water deficit conditions. In addition, other various physiological pathways were activated upon endophytes interactions with host plants, enabling tighter water control and further water management, which are to be the main reasons behind improved
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which protect against herbivory as well as increased uptake of nutrients. Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic
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fungi. The ecological roles of these fungi are diverse and still poorly understood. These endophyte plant interactions are widespread and have been found in nearly all land plants and ecosystems. Many non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have the ability to switch between endophytic behavior and
498:. The products provide high resistance to foliar lawn pests such as billbugs, chinch bugs, sod webworms, fall army-worms and Argentine stem weevils, but offer little protection to pests of grass roots such as grubs. The endophytes can survive most pesticides and are even resistant to some
490:, is commercially available for use in growing lawns which might require less pesticide use -the grasses are poisonous to cattle and more resistant to some insect damage. As of 1999 this is only available in the afore-mentioned lawn grasses, which are sold as 'low maintenance'
155:(LPS), arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA). The arrows pointing upwards indicate an increase, while the ones pointing downwards indicate a decrease in the expression levels.
206:
There is evidence that plants and endophytes engage in communication with each other that can aid symbiosis. For example, plant chemical signals have been shown to activate gene expression in endophytes. One example of this plant-endosymbiont interaction occurs between
108:
discovered bacteria normally occurring inside plant tissues. Though, most of the endophytic studies reports the mutualistic relationship of bacteria and fungus, Das et al., (2019) reported about endophytic virome and their probable function in plant defense mechanisms.
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A 2008 experiment with an isolate of a fungus called NRRL 50072 found that this strain can produce a small amount of fuel-like hydrocarbon compounds which was promoted as "myco-diesel". It was hoped that perhaps in the future this might provide a possible source of
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plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. Class 1 endophytes can further be divided into Types I, II and III. Among these three types of clavicipitaceous endophytes are different interactions with their plant hosts. These interaction range from
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is considered more important. As humans become more aware of the damage that synthetic insecticides cause to the environment and beneficial insects such as bees and butterflies biological insecticides may become more important to the agricultural industry.
714:, also known as taxol. This drug is important for the treatment of cancer. Other endophytes since have been discovered that also produce paclitaxel in other host species, but to date there has been no successful industrial source of paclitaxel created.
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Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2018-12-15). "Evidence of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in lodgepole pine and hybrid white spruce trees growing in soils with different nutrient statuses in the West
Chilcotin region of British Columbia, Canada".
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hosts. The presence of these metabolites in plants could be attributable to endophyte production alone, or to combined endophyte and plant production following transfer of the corresponding genes from endophyte to plant or vice versa.
352:, endophytes gain carbon from their association with the plant host. Bacterial endophytes are polyphyletic, belonging to broad range of taxa, including α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria.
103:
in 1809. They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as "microzymas" by the French scientist Béchamp. There was a belief that plants were healthy under sterile conditions and it was not until 1887 that
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is an environmentally sustainable process where plants potentially able to break down or sequester, or stimulate micro-organisms in the soil to break down or sequester, certain organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants such as
359:
may also contain the highest diversity of endophytic organisms that possess novel and diverse chemical metabolites. It has been estimated that there could be approximately 1 million endophytic fungi that exist in the world.
857:
Among the many promising applications of endophytic microbes are those intended to increase agricultural use of endophytes to produce crops that grow faster and are more resistant and hardier than crops lacking endophytes.
849:. This fungus yields a metabolite that shows potential as an antidiabetic, also known as an insulin mimetic. This compound acts like insulin and has been shown to lower blood glucose levels in mouse model experiments.
247:
Additionally, various reports on endophyte interactions have shown increased photosynthetic capacities of host plants as well as improved water relations. Improvements in water use efficiency were observed in higher
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Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2018-09-20). "Isolation and identification of endophytic diazotrophs from lodgepole pine trees growing at unreclaimed gravel mining pits in central interior
British Columbia, Canada".
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alkaloids at a higher rate, compared to when it is grown apart from the plant. This supports the hypothesis that plant signaling is required in order to induce expression of endophytic secondary metabolites.
1881:
Kandel, Shyam L.; Firrincieli, Andrea; Joubert, Pierre M.; Okubara, Patricia A.; Leston, Natalie D.; McGeorge, Kendra M.; Mugnozza, Giuseppe S.; Harfouche, Antoine; Kim, Soo-Hyung; Doty, Sharon L. (2017).
91:. Although endophytic bacteria and fungi are frequently studied, endophytic archaea are increasingly being considered for their role in plant growth promotion as part of the core microbiome of a plant.
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Augner D, Krut O, Slavov N, Gerbino DC, Sahl HG, Benting J, et al. (August 2013). "On the antibiotic and antifungal activity of pestalone, pestalachloride A, and structurally related compounds".
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Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-05-01). "In vitro and in vivo analyses of plant-growth-promoting potential of bacteria naturally associated with spruce trees growing on nutrient-poor soils".
773:
Some of the antimicrobial compounds produced by endophytic fungi are of interest in their effectiveness against pathogens which have developed resistances to antibiotics. Different fractions of
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Padda KP, Puri A, Zeng Q, Chanway CP, Wu X (2017-07-14). "Effect of GFP-tagging on nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion of an endophytic diazotrophic strain of
Paenibacillus polymyxa".
117:
Endophytes may be transmitted either vertically (directly from parent to offspring) or horizontally (among individuals). Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes are typically considered
2520:
Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway C (November 2019). "Endophytic nitrogen fixation - a possible 'hidden' source of nitrogen for lodgepole pine trees growing at unreclaimed gravel mining sites".
3223:
Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2016-01-01). "Evidence of nitrogen fixation and growth promotion in canola (Brassica napus L.) by an endophytic diazotroph
Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R".
1671:
Christensen MJ, Bennett RJ, Ansari HA, Koga H, Johnson RD, Bryan GT, et al. (February 2008). "Epichloë endophytes grow by intercalary hyphal extension in elongating grass leaves".
50:, infects the roots and establishes a symbiosis. This high magnification image shows part of a cell with single bacteroid (bacterium-like cell or modified bacterial cell) within their
893:. Endophytes accomplish this by increasing the uptake of valuable land limited nutrients from the soil such as phosphorus and making other plant nutrients available to plants such as
198:, leaves and reproductive structures has been shown to dramatically enhance the survival of their hosts. This enhanced survivability is largely attributed to endophytic production of
3004:
Rai M, Rathod D, Agarkar G, Dar M, Brestic M, Pastore GM, Junior MR (2014-02-01). "Fungal growth promotor endophytes: a pragmatic approach towards sustainable food and agriculture".
232:
There are various behaviors that have been studied that resulted from endophyte symbiosis with plants. Through association with fungal endophytes, the root and shoot structures of
3609:
Nisa H, Kamili AN, Nawchoo IA, Shafi S, Shameem N, Bandh SA (May 2015). "Fungal endophytes as prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products: A review".
3137:
Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2015-10-01). "Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth?".
581:
in degraded ecosystems. In this endophytes may possibly assist plants in converting pollutants into less biologically harmful forms; in one of the few experiments performed a
2181:
Suman A, Yadav AN, Verma P (2016-01-01). "Endophytic
Microbes in Crops: Diversity and Beneficial Impact for Sustainable Agriculture". In Singh DP, Singh HB, Prabha R (eds.).
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There are many obstacles to successfully implementing the use of endophytes in agriculture. Despite the many known benefits that endophytes may confer to their plant hosts,
172:, usually when the plant is stressed. Endophytes may become active and reproduce under specific environmental conditions or when their host plants are stressed or begin to
901:
endophyte-plant-insect interaction is located in the New
Zealand grasslands, where endophytes, known as AR1 and AR37 are utilized to protect valuable ryegrass from the
630:, although many other non-endophytic fungi have demonstrated this ability, and most isolates of endophytic fungi in this experiment could perform this to some degree.
3180:
Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2016-04-01). "Effect of GFP tagging of
Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R on its ability to promote growth of canola and tomato seedlings".
179:
Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. Endophytes can extensively colonize plant tissues and
3999:
Chen L, Zhang QY, Jia M, Ming QL, Yue W, Rahman K, et al. (May 2016). "Endophytic fungi with antitumor activities: Their occurrence and anticancer compounds".
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and improve the plant's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought, and decrease biotic stresses by enhancing plant resistance to insects, pathogens and
599:; although it did not help the plants remove more of this chemical than non-inoculated plants, the plants transpired less TCE into the air. In another experiment
815:
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endophytes are being widely used commercially in turf grasses to enhance the performance of the turf and its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
2601:"Can naturally-occurring endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of hybrid white spruce sustain boreal forest tree growth on extremely nutrient-poor soils?"
1627:
3755:"Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls"
1708:"In planta regulation of extension of an endophytic fungus and maintenance of high metabolic rates in its mycelium in the absence of apical extension"
1271:"Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes"
770:(K-562). Three triterpenes were found in the endophyte Xylarialean sp., all three of these compounds displayed mild cytotoxic effects on tumor cells.
3305:"Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization"
1383:
Matsumoto H, Fan X, Wang Y, Kusstatscher P, Duan J, Wu S, et al. (January 2021). "Bacterial seed endophyte shapes disease resistance in rice".
954:
383:
Endophytes include a wide variety of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and viruses. There are two different means of classifying endophytes.
2839:"Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly"
265:
specific carbon costs, the system of endophyte governance, and the environmental conditions that facilitate a proper plant-endophyte relationship.
4416:
3644:
Sarasan M, Puthumana J, Job N, Han J, Lee JS, Philip R (June 2017). "Marine
Algicolous Endophytic Fungi - A Promising Drug Resource of the Era".
922:, known as nodulisporic acids, have been harvested from this endophyte which have effective insecticidal properties against the blowfly larvae.
288:. However, unique to this experiment was the mode by which this was thought to happen. Inoculation saw an upregulation in the genes relevant to
1427:
1165:
Tadych M, Bergen MS, White JF (2014-03-01). "Epichloë spp. associated with grasses: new insights on life cycles, dissemination and evolution".
300:
was shown to upregulate ethylene receptors and repress ethylene response factors, overall leading to an increase in root growth. Additionally,
4155:
2272:
1969:
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Endophytic species are very diverse; only a small minority of existing endophytes have been characterized. Many endophytes are in the phyla
3961:
Wang QX, Li SF, Zhao F, Dai HQ, Bao L, Ding R, et al. (July 2011). "Chemical constituents from endophytic fungus
Fusarium oxysporum".
2058:"Root ethylene signalling is involved in Miscanthus sinensis growth promotion by the bacterial endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30T"
414:
The second method divides fungal endophytes into four groups based on taxonomy and six other criteria: host range, host tissues colonized,
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other potential pathogens. Some fungal and bacterial endophytes have proven to increase plant growth and improve overall plant hardiness.
3472:"Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H"
2116:; Eckert, Barbara; Schmid, Michael; Fekete, Agnes; Schloter, Michael; Lehner, Angelika; Pollmann, Stephan; Hartmann, Anton (2008-10-01).
3421:"Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072"
3528:
3352:
2198:
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Kuldau G, Bacon C (2008-07-01). "Clavicipitaceous endophytes: Their ability to enhance resistance of grasses to multiple stresses".
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One or more endophytic organisms are found in nearly every land plant. It is suggested that areas of high plant diversity such as
846:
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There are several endophytes that have been discovered that exhibit insecticidal properties. One such endophyte comes from the
308:, and was also shown to manage IAA genes, indicating that there is an intricate balance maintained between ethylene and IAA by
180:
717:
Endophytes have been discovered with various anti-tumor properties. Endophytic fungi produce many secondary compounds such as
1048:"The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes"
100:
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or sexual spores leads to horizontal transmission, where endophytes may spread between plants in a population or community.
3380:"The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072)"
2896:"Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte"
2794:
Wani ZA, Ashraf N, Mohiuddin T, Riyaz-Ul-Hassan S (April 2015). "Plant-endophyte symbiosis, an ecological perspective".
2255:
Unterseher M (2011-01-01). "Diversity of Fungal
Endophytes in Temperate Forest Trees". In Pirttilä AM, Frank AC (eds.).
622:
isolated from stems of plants from the Ecuadorian rainforest were shown in laboratory experiments to be able to digest
3047:
Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2016-06-01). "Seedling growth promotion and nitrogen fixation by a bacterial endophyte
1848:
Khan, Zareen; Kandel, Shyam L.; Ramos, Daniela N.; Ettl, Gregory J.; Kim, Soo-Hyung; Doty, Sharon L. (October 2015).
1328:"Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root"
832:
503:
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1850:"Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia"
755:. Two fusarubin derivatives: anhydrofusarubin and methyl ether of fusarubin were isolated from endophytic fungus
2685:"Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria"
618:
610:
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Studies have shown that endophytic fungi grow in a very intimate interaction with their host plant cells. Fungal
1507:
Rai M, Agarkar G (May 2016). "Plant-fungal interactions: What triggers the fungi to switch among lifestyles?".
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Endophytes may have potential future applications in agriculture. Use of endophytes might potentially increase
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46:
144:
480:
4421:
3869:
Aly AH, Debbab A, Proksch P (June 2011). "Fungal endophytes: unique plant inhabitants with great promises".
931:
627:
539:
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Bacon CW, Hinton DM (2014-01-01). "Microbial Endophytes: Future Challenges". In Verma VC, Gange AC (eds.).
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El-Hawary, S.s.; Mohammed, R.; AbouZid, S.f.; Bakeer, W.; Ebel, R.; Sayed, A.m.; Rateb, M.e. (2016-04-01).
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Suryanarayanan TS (2013-12-01). "Endophyte research: going beyond isolation and metabolite documentation".
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Pinski, Artur; Betekhtin, Alexander; Hupert-Kocurek, Katarzyna; Mur, Luis A. J.; Hasterok, Robert (2019).
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to their host plants under stressful or resource limited growing conditions. An example of this would be
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Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JL, Law S, Clow SM (June 2020).
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Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, Berg G, Pirttilä AM, Compant S, Campisano A, et al. (September 2015).
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340:(Pyrenomycetes) class or from the class of Loculoascomycetes. One group of fungal endophytes are the
305:
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Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2016-07-07). "Plant growth promotion and nitrogen fixation in canola (
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A well known example of the discovery of chemicals derived from endophytic fungi is from the fungus
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associated with various plant species. As often with other organisms associated with plants such as
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Functional Importance of the Plant Microbiome: Implications for Agriculture, Forestry and Bioenergy
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874:, the fungus is capable of colonising roots and forming symbiotic relationship with many plants.
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521:
4208:"Piriformospora indica-a mutualistic basidiomycete with an exceptionally large plant host range"
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Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P, Kucera K, Sandoval AG, Dantzler KW, et al. (September 2011).
1884:"An In vitro Study of Bio-Control and Plant Growth Promotion Potential of Salicaceae Endophytes"
3378:
Strobel GA, Knighton B, Kluck K, Ren Y, Livinghouse T, Griffin M, et al. (November 2008).
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Wani, Zahoor Ahmed; Ashraf, Nasheeman; Mohiuddin, Tabasum; Riyaz-Ul-Hassan, Syed (April 2015).
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and atmospheric nitrogen which are normally trapped in forms that are inaccessible to plants.
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production in the plant roots, although the mechanism to this is still unknown. Specifically,
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1992:"Salicaceae Endophytes Modulate Stomatal Behavior and Increase Water Use Efficiency in Rice"
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1458:"A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review"
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biodiversity, mode of transmission and fitness benefits. These four groups are divided into
1990:
Rho, Hyungmin; Van Epps, Victor; Wegley, Nicholas; Doty, Sharon L.; Kim, Soo-Hyung (2018).
4192:
3470:
Shaw JJ, Spakowicz DJ, Dalal RS, Davis JH, Lehr NA, Dunican BF, et al. (April 2015).
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bio-insecticides and using endophytes to aid in plant growth is increasing as organic and
671:
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bacteria with both the TOM plasmid as well as nickel resistance genes was inoculated into
423:
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337:
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59:
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2331:"Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops and their role in stress tolerance: a review"
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broadleaved trees and shrubs, but can also be a pathogen on many fruits and some leaves.
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3698:"Cytotoxic and antibacterial naphthoquinones from an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium sp"
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3017:
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609:; this increased the root mass of the plants, but the amounts of TCE transpired was not
4388:
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4115:
4089:"Anti-mycobacterial activity of marine fungus-derived 4-deoxybostrycin and nigrosporin"
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1765:"Do the costs and benefits of fungal endophyte symbiosis vary with light availability?"
1484:
1457:
1303:
1270:
1236:
1209:
1072:
1047:
990:"An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture"
894:
841:
810:
647:
643:
470:
365:
257:
to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO
212:
208:
4305:
2395:
2370:
4410:
4329:
4223:
3786:
2978:
2961:
2937:
2669:
2232:
2215:
2142:
2117:
1781:
1764:
1740:
1731:
1707:
1571:
1412:
1294:
1116:
1029:
944:
822:
798:
663:
651:
345:
321:
254:
4028:
3673:
3252:
3209:
3088:
3033:
2880:
2823:
2585:
2506:
1536:
1326:
Abdelfattah, Ahmed; Wisniewski, Michael; Schena, Leonardo; Tack, Ayco J. M. (2021).
1194:
2386:
2056:
Straub, Daniel; Yang, Huaiyu; Liu, Yan; Tsap, Tatsiana; Ludewig, Uwe (2013-11-01).
1950:"Endophyte Effects on Photosynthesis and Water Use of Plant Hosts: A Meta-Analysis"
1822:
1805:
1096:
775:
763:
757:
740:
623:
601:
587:
442:
435:
71:
4255:
de Vries S, von Dahlen JK, Schnake A, Ginschel S, Schulz B, Rose LE (April 2018).
3898:
3622:
3396:
3379:
3328:
3158:
2625:
2600:
2167:
988:
Chow, Chanelle; Padda, Kiran Preet; Puri, Akshit; Chanway, Chris P. (2022-09-20).
613:. Despite these failures, such techniques might lead to some future improvements.
4147:
4012:
3974:
3721:
2709:
2661:
2577:
2118:"Endophytic root colonization of gramineous plants by Herbaspirillum frisingense"
1706:
Tan YY, Spiering MJ, Scott V, Lane GA, Christensen MJ, Schmid J (December 2001).
1520:
1151:
814:
sp. have been shown to have a broad range of antimicrobial effects, even against
2264:
2190:
1961:
1603:
1586:
871:
860:
730:
675:
329:
237:
41:
36:
3770:
2912:
2895:
2855:
2838:
1396:
1256:
1005:
4105:
3882:
3487:
3353:"University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets: Endopyhte-Enhanced Grasses"
3244:
3201:
3072:
3025:
2807:
2759:
2347:
2330:
1949:
1684:
1646:
964:
878:
improve plant nutrition or secondary metabolite production, as in the case of
826:
722:
711:
655:
526:
446:
426:
endophytes (Class 1) and non-clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 2, 3, and 4).
349:
333:
325:
173:
51:
4337:
3939:
3538:
3166:
3080:
2921:
2864:
2767:
2441:
2151:
2081:
2017:
1909:
1900:
1612:
1474:
1361:
1013:
989:
34:
Transmission electron microscope image of a cross section through a soybean (
4272:
4087:
Wang C, Wang J, Huang Y, Chen H, Li Y, Zhong L, et al. (January 2013).
2743:
2533:
2008:
1628:"Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth"
1352:
1327:
919:
752:
667:
659:
499:
289:
195:
88:
75:
4397:
4345:
4290:
4241:
4124:
4073:
4020:
3982:
3947:
3890:
3842:
3778:
3739:
3665:
3657:
3630:
3595:
3505:
3456:
3437:
3405:
2987:
2929:
2872:
2815:
2775:
2728:
2541:
2488:
2460:
2404:
2315:
2241:
2159:
2099:
2035:
1927:
1831:
1790:
1749:
1692:
1654:
1528:
1493:
1404:
1369:
1312:
1245:
1186:
1081:
1021:
561:. The polyenes isolated from the fungus have properties that are sought in
30:
4257:"Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes"
3279:
3123:
2290:"Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future"
1063:
17:
4364:"Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification"
3577:
2259:. Forestry Sciences. Vol. 80. Springer Netherlands. pp. 31–46.
2073:
1226:
969:
767:
718:
562:
495:
491:
431:
293:
220:
165:
4173:
Chapter 20: Biology and Applications of Fungal Endophytes in Turfgrasses
1806:"Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: origins of secondary metabolites"
1587:"Fungal endophytes and their interaction with plant pathogens: a review"
3823:
1456:
Jia M, Chen L, Xin HL, Zheng CJ, Rahman K, Han T, Qin LP (2016-06-09).
1251:
792:
726:
679:
606:
596:
582:
558:
554:
516:
464:
253:
water relations. Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing
133:
118:
4379:
4171:
Meyer W, Torres M, White J (2012). Stier J, Horgan B, Bonos S (eds.).
4064:
4055:
3930:
3913:
3337:
3288:
2497:
2306:
2289:
1210:"Defining the Genetic Basis of Plant–Endophytic Bacteria Interactions"
1178:
3696:
Khan M, Sohrab MH, Rony SR, Tareq FS, Hasan CM, Mazid MA (Oct 2016).
2057:
1866:
1849:
1041:
1039:
784:-methyl ether of fusarubin have shown antibacterial activity against
748:
578:
537:
A strain of endophytic fungi which appeared to be closely related to
187:
122:
79:
3754:
3419:
Griffin MA, Spakowicz DJ, Gianoulis TA, Strobel SA (December 2010).
2371:"Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products"
2288:
van der Heijden MG, Martin FM, Selosse MA, Sanders IR (March 2015).
3521:
Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture: Prospects for the 21st Century
3304:
1948:
Rho, Hyungmin; Kim, Soo-Hyung (2017), Doty, Sharon Lafferty (ed.),
1108:
176:, thereby limiting the amount of carbon provided to the endophyte.
905:
but remain palatable to another important food source, livestock.
445:
group of organisms. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are typically
241:
143:
125:
83:
29:
1255:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3914:"Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum"
1095:
Das, Saurav; Barooah, Madhumita; Thakur, Nagendra (2019-04-17).
129:
1429:
Radical Mycology: A Treatise on Seeing & Working with Fungi
729:
which have been shown to have anti-tumor effects. The alkaloid
3554:"Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi"
744:
3051:
P2b-2R and its GFP derivative in corn in a long-term trial".
2183:
Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity
4306:"Do grasses fight back? The case for antiherbivore defences"
2960:
Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS (2009-04-01).
1956:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 43–69,
4362:
Le Cocq K, Gurr SJ, Hirsch PR, Mauchline TH (April 2017).
830:
sp. have activity against strains of multi drug-resistant
280:, a roughly 20% increase in fresh biomass was observed in
3807:"Lead compounds from mangrove-associated microorganisms"
549:
collected in Ecuador was found to produce a variety of
268:
In an experiment investigating the interaction between
99:
Endophytes were first described by the German botanist
2744:"Plant-endophyte symbiosis, an ecological perspective"
1626:
Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, Elsas JD (October 2008).
1257:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
363:
A diazotrophic bacterium isolated in lodgepole pines (
219:
fungi. When the fungus is in the plant it synthesizes
3110:
and its GFP-tagged derivative in a long-term study".
2214:
Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS (2009).
1763:
Davitt AJ, Stansberry M, Rudgers JA (November 2010).
4175:. American Society of Agronomy. pp. Chapter 20.
525:, but later research showed that it was in fact the
4206:Qiang X, Weiss M, Kogel KH, Schäfer P (June 2012).
3805:Ancheeva E, Daletos G, Proksch P (September 2018).
2962:"Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles"
2216:"Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles"
1666:
1664:
194:The presence of certain fungal endophytes in host
132:, while reproduction of the fungi through asexual
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2425:"Endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials"
870:is an interesting endophytic fungus of the order
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3303:Compant S, Clément C, Sessitsch A (2010-05-01).
2418:
2416:
2414:
1269:Saunders M, Glenn AE, Kohn LM (September 2010).
4357:
4355:
3800:
3798:
3796:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
1804:Kusari S, Hertweck C, Spiteller M (July 2012).
585:called TOM from a strain of a bacterium in the
494:. The fungi cause the grasses to contain toxic
626:plastic as the fungus's sole carbon source in
519:. It was first misidentified as the endophyte
375:, which may help its host by fixing nitrogen.
164:, as endophytic fungi can potentially become
8:
4304:Vicari, Mark; Bazely, Dawn R. (1993-04-01).
3994:
3992:
2789:
2787:
2785:
543:which was isolated from a stem of the plant
441:Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes represent a
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
2999:
2997:
2894:Martin, Phillip L.; Peter, Kari A. (2021).
2683:Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-08-26).
2599:Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-01-01).
1451:
1449:
1214:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
912:. which was first harvested from the plant
2837:Lin, Shan; Peduto Hand, Francesca (2019).
2423:Deshmukh SK, Verekar SA, Bhave SV (2015).
2375:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1052:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
642:that might be useful as lead compounds in
191:intercellular spaces of the plant tissue.
4387:
4280:
4231:
4114:
4104:
4063:
3929:
3832:
3822:
3729:
3646:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
3585:
3495:
3446:
3436:
3395:
3336:
3287:
2977:
2911:
2854:
2718:
2708:
2624:
2496:
2450:
2440:
2394:
2346:
2305:
2231:
2141:
2089:
2025:
2007:
1917:
1899:
1865:
1821:
1780:
1739:
1602:
1483:
1473:
1351:
1302:
1235:
1225:
1071:
410:Clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous
128:penetrating the embryo within the host's
2329:Buzaite O, Baniulis D, Stanys V (2015).
1591:Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research
955:Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense
845:has been found in the rainforest of the
980:
808:. Several isolates from the ascomycota
595:(TCE) was transferred to endophytes of
591:genus known as G4 which can break down
4188:
4178:
3871:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
3558:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3476:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2796:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2748:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
1712:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
150:Plant-endophytic bacteria interactions
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1843:
1841:
638:Endophytes produce a wide variety of
7:
4142:. Springer India. pp. 441–451.
3519:Altman A, Hasegawa PM, eds. (2011).
2369:Strobel G, Daisy B (December 2003).
2185:. Springer India. pp. 117–143.
616:Two strains of the endophytic fungi
2477:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
650:has already yielded compounds with
502:, and are very suitable for use in
887:s inhibition of the phytopathogen
839:An endophytic fungus of the genus
733:has been isolated from the fungus
369:) in British Columbia, Canada, is
54:. In this image, you can also see
25:
4310:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
203:symbiont under these conditions.
27:Endosymbiotic bacterium or fungus
4224:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00764.x
4001:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
2979:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x
2233:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x
2143:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00582.x
1782:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03428.x
1732:10.1128/aem.67.12.5377-5383.2001
1572:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.023
1509:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
1295:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00141.x
1250:
847:Democratic Republic of the Congo
434:to symbiotic and symptomatic to
402:, which is an endophyte of many
44:. The nitrogen fixing bacteria,
4140:Advances in Endophytic Research
3918:Journal of Applied Microbiology
3523:. Academic press. p. 319.
1585:Zabalgogeazcoa I (2008-02-01).
1432:. Chthaeus Press. p. 177.
328:. Endophytic fungi may be from
4417:Microbial growth and nutrition
3225:Biology and Fertility of Soils
3182:Biology and Fertility of Soils
2387:10.1128/mmbr.67.4.491-502.2003
2062:Journal of Experimental Botany
1823:10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.004
700:isolated from the pacific yew
101:Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link
1:
3623:10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.001
3329:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.024
3309:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
3159:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012
3139:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
3106:) by an endophytic strain of
2626:10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107642
2605:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2558:Forest Ecology and Management
1554:. Special Issue: Endophytes.
4330:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90026-L
4148:10.1007/978-81-322-1575-2_22
4013:10.3109/1040841x.2014.959892
3975:10.1016/j.fitote.2011.04.002
3722:10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.10.005
2710:10.1371/journal.pone.0238055
2662:10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103538
2578:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.049
1521:10.3109/1040841X.2014.958052
1152:10.1016/j.funeco.2013.09.007
342:arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
4044:Journal of Natural Products
3397:10.1099/mic.0.2008/022186-0
2265:10.1007/978-94-007-1599-8_2
2191:10.1007/978-81-322-2647-5_7
1962:10.1007/978-3-319-65897-1_4
1673:Fungal Genetics and Biology
821:. Also, compounds from the
284:following inoculation with
244:to where the endophyte is.
4448:
3771:10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1
2913:10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0157-R
2856:10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1694-RE
2257:Endophytes of Forest Trees
1996:Frontiers in Plant Science
1397:10.1038/s41477-020-00826-5
1332:Environmental Microbiology
1006:10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y
833:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
551:volatile organic compounds
504:Integrated Pest Management
277:Herbaspirillum frisingense
4368:Molecular Plant Pathology
4261:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
4212:Molecular Plant Pathology
4106:10.3390/molecules18021728
3883:10.1007/s00253-011-3270-y
3488:10.1007/s00253-014-6206-5
3245:10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y
3202:10.1007/s00374-015-1083-3
3073:10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z
3026:10.1007/s13199-014-0273-3
2808:10.1007/s00253-015-6487-3
2760:10.1007/s00253-015-6487-3
2522:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
2429:Frontiers in Microbiology
2348:10.13080/z-a.2015.102.060
2122:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1888:Frontiers in Microbiology
1685:10.1016/j.fgb.2007.07.013
1647:10.1016/j.tim.2008.07.008
1604:10.5424/sjar/200806S1-382
1462:Frontiers in Microbiology
1275:Evolutionary Applications
927:conventional agricultural
619:Pestalotiopsis microspora
611:statistically significant
387:Systemic and non-systemic
228:Effects on plant behavior
2442:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00715
1901:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00386
1475:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00906
743:against the tumor cells
399:Colletotrichum fioriniae
274:and the plant endophyte
47:Bradyrhizobium japonicum
3759:Pharmaceutical Research
2335:Zemdirbyste-Agriculture
2009:10.3389/fpls.2018.00188
1810:Chemistry & Biology
1353:10.1111/1462-2920.15392
932:sustainable agriculture
481:Acremonium coenophialum
306:indoleacetic acid (IAA)
3658:10.4014/jmb.1701.01036
3611:Microbial Pathogenesis
3438:10.1099/mic.0.041327-0
3108:Paenibacillus polymyxa
3049:Paenibacillus polymyxa
2489:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0347
1635:Trends in Microbiology
890:Phytophthora infestans
816:methicillin-resistant
540:Nigrograna mackinnonii
372:Paenibacillus polymyxa
156:
82:, that lives within a
63:
4273:10.1093/femsec/fiy037
3280:10.1139/cjb-2017-0056
3124:10.1139/cjb-2016-0075
2534:10.1093/femsec/fiz172
1064:10.1128/MMBR.00050-14
960:Arbuscular mycorrhiza
903:Argentine stem weevil
867:Piriformospora indica
818:Staphylococcus aureus
787:Staphylococcus aureus
640:secondary metabolites
565:-surrogate biofuels.
474:infected with fungal
344:involving biotrophic
234:Pseudotsuga menziesii
200:secondary metabolites
181:competitively exclude
147:
56:endoplasmic reticulum
33:
3578:10.1128/AEM.00521-11
3431:(Pt 12): 3814–3829.
3390:(Pt 11): 3319–3328.
2642:Applied Soil Ecology
1227:10.3390/ijms20081947
994:Current Microbiology
782:secondary metabolite
628:anaerobic conditions
531:Ascocoryne sarcoides
462:. Turfgrass seed of
357:tropical rainforests
304:is known to produce
4322:1993TEcoE...8..137V
3714:2016ToxR....3..861K
3570:2011ApEnM..77.6076R
3321:2010SBiBi..42..669C
3237:2016BioFS..52..119P
3194:2016BioFS..52..377P
3151:2015SBiBi..89..210P
3065:2016Symbi..69..123P
3018:2014Symbi..62...63R
2966:The New Phytologist
2701:2020PLoSO..1538055P
2654:2020AppSE.14903538P
2617:2020SBiBi.14007642P
2570:2018ForEM.430..558P
2294:The New Phytologist
2220:The New Phytologist
2134:2008FEMME..66...85R
2114:Rothballer, Michael
1769:The New Phytologist
1724:2001ApEnM..67.5377T
1564:2008BiolC..46...57K
1344:2021EnvMi..23.2199A
1287:2010EvApp...3..525S
1144:2013FunE....6..561S
1097:"Endophytic Virome"
805:Bacillus megaterium
697:Taxomyces andreanae
271:Miscanthus sinensis
3824:10.3390/md16090319
3817:(9): Article 319.
3765:(7): Article 125.
3702:Toxicology Reports
2074:10.1093/jxb/ert276
1552:Biological Control
950:List of endophytes
736:Fusarium oxysporum
522:Gliocladium roseum
350:mycorrhizal fungus
157:
64:
4380:10.1111/mpp.12483
4157:978-81-322-1574-5
4056:10.1021/np400301d
3931:10.1111/jam.13077
3118:(12): 1209–1217.
2483:(12): 1601–1606.
2307:10.1111/nph.13288
2274:978-94-007-1598-1
2068:(14): 4603–4615.
1971:978-3-319-65897-1
1860:(10): 3582–3593.
1179:10.3852/106.2.181
915:Bontia daphnoides
688:immunosuppressant
593:trichloroethylene
546:Guazuma ulmifolia
121:and transmit via
16:(Redirected from
4439:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4359:
4350:
4349:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4108:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4039:
4033:
4032:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3933:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3866:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3826:
3802:
3791:
3790:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3693:
3678:
3677:
3652:(6): 1039–1052.
3641:
3635:
3634:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3355:. Archived from
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2957:
2942:
2941:
2915:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2858:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2754:(7): 2955–2965.
2739:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2366:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2145:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2011:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1903:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:10.3390/f6103582
1845:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1426:McCoy P (2016).
1423:
1417:
1416:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1338:(4): 2199–2214.
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1043:
1034:
1033:
985:
910:Nodulisporium sp
886:
703:Taxus brevifolia
686:inhibitory, and
574:Phytoremediation
569:Phytoremediation
424:clavicipitaceous
217:clavicipitaceous
21:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4187:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4041:
4040:
4036:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3868:
3867:
3850:
3804:
3803:
3794:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3695:
3694:
3681:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3564:(17): 6076–84.
3551:
3550:
3546:
3531:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2959:
2958:
2945:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2695:(8): e0238055.
2682:
2681:
2677:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2368:
2367:
2356:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2055:
2054:
2043:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1718:(12): 5377–83.
1705:
1704:
1700:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1597:(S1): 138–146.
1584:
1583:
1579:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1281:(5–6): 525–37.
1268:
1267:
1263:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1045:
1044:
1037:
987:
986:
982:
978:
941:
884:
881:Phoma eupatorii
855:
762:and have shown
672:neuroprotective
636:
571:
512:
456:
412:
389:
381:
338:Sordariomycetes
318:
260:
251:
230:
153:
142:
115:
97:
60:Golgi apparatus
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4445:
4443:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Fungus ecology
4419:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4374:(3): 469–473.
4351:
4316:(4): 137–141.
4296:
4247:
4198:
4163:
4156:
4130:
4099:(2): 1728–40.
4079:
4050:(8): 1519–22.
4034:
3988:
3953:
3924:(4): 900–911.
3904:
3877:(6): 1829–45.
3848:
3792:
3745:
3679:
3636:
3601:
3544:
3529:
3511:
3482:(8): 3715–28.
3462:
3411:
3370:
3344:
3315:(5): 669–678.
3295:
3274:(9): 933–942.
3258:
3231:(1): 119–125.
3215:
3188:(3): 377–387.
3172:
3129:
3104:Brassica napus
3094:
3059:(2): 123–129.
3039:
2993:
2943:
2906:(2): 333–344.
2900:Phytopathology
2886:
2849:(5): 951–958.
2829:
2802:(7): 2955–65.
2781:
2734:
2675:
2632:
2591:
2547:
2512:
2466:
2410:
2381:(4): 491–502.
2354:
2341:(4): 465–478.
2321:
2300:(4): 1406–23.
2280:
2273:
2247:
2206:
2199:
2173:
2105:
2041:
1982:
1970:
1933:
1873:
1837:
1796:
1755:
1698:
1660:
1641:(10): 463–71.
1618:
1577:
1542:
1499:
1445:
1438:
1418:
1375:
1318:
1261:
1200:
1173:(2): 181–201.
1157:
1138:(6): 561–568.
1132:Fungal Ecology
1122:
1109:10.1101/602144
1087:
1058:(3): 293–320.
1035:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
940:
937:
895:rock phosphate
854:
851:
842:Pseudomassaria
811:Pestalotiopsis
766:against human
739:and has shown
648:bioprospecting
644:drug discovery
635:
634:Drug discovery
632:
570:
567:
557:and odd chain
511:
508:
471:Lolium perenne
455:
452:
418:colonization,
411:
408:
388:
385:
380:
379:Classification
377:
366:Pinus contorta
317:
314:
310:H. frisingense
302:H. frisingense
298:H. frisingense
286:H. frisingense
258:
249:
229:
226:
213:Convolvulaceae
211:plants in the
209:dicotyledonous
148:
141:
138:
114:
111:
106:Victor Galippe
96:
93:
62:and cell wall.
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4444:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4218:(5): 508–18.
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4182:
4174:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4007:(3): 454–73.
4006:
4002:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3969:(5): 777–81.
3968:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3530:9780123814661
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3359:on 2006-03-12
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2972:(2): 314–30.
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:Plant Disease
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2226:(2): 314–30.
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2200:9788132226451
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1775:(3): 824–34.
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:(3): 428–38.
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:9780986399602
1435:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:Nature Plants
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:Biofertilizer
943:
942:
938:
936:
933:
928:
923:
921:
917:
916:
911:
906:
904:
898:
896:
892:
891:
883:
882:
875:
873:
869:
868:
863:
862:
852:
850:
848:
844:
843:
837:
835:
834:
829:
828:
824:
823:marine fungus
820:
819:
813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
800:
799:P. aeruginosa
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
779:
777:
771:
769:
765:
761:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:
699:
698:
692:
689:
685:
684:α-glucosidase
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:antiparasitic
661:
657:
653:
652:antibacterial
649:
645:
641:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
620:
614:
612:
608:
607:yellow lupine
604:
603:
598:
597:popular trees
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
575:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:
542:
541:
535:
533:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
483:
482:
477:
473:
472:
467:
466:
461:
453:
451:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
427:
425:
421:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
400:
395:
386:
384:
378:
376:
374:
373:
368:
367:
361:
358:
353:
351:
347:
346:Glomeromycota
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Basidiomycota
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:
273:
272:
266:
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3428:
3425:Microbiology
3424:
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3384:Microbiology
3383:
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3361:. Retrieved
3357:the original
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3308:
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1995:
1985:
1975:, retrieved
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1891:
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615:
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731:beauvericin
723:triterpenes
676:antioxidant
460:crop yields
330:Hypocreales
282:M. sinensis
238:Douglas-fir
170:saprotrophs
162:mutualistic
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920:diterpenes
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780:including
712:paclitaxel
682:-mimetic,
656:antifungal
553:including
527:saprophyte
500:fungicides
476:inoculants
447:Ascomycota
432:pathogenic
394:pathogenic
334:Xylariales
326:Ascomycota
89:herbivores
74:, often a
18:Endophytic
4432:Symbiosis
4338:0169-5347
4191:ignored (
4181:cite book
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2865:0191-2917
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1362:1462-2920
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710:produces
668:cytotoxic
660:antiviral
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492:cultivars
420:in planta
416:in planta
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316:Diversity
290:jasmonate
196:meristems
166:pathogens
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236:(
20:)
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