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948:), creates in the reader's mind a feeling of openendedness, "whereby the reader has the impression that the story has an existence outside the confines of the book and that the author could have begun earlier or ended later, if he chose". The appendices indeed supply details of events long before the War of the Ring, what else occurred in Middle-earth at the same time, and what happened to the protagonists after the period described in the text. West notes, too, that openendedness is actually described in Frodo and Sam's conversation on the stairs of
904:, the Seat of Seeing, puts on the One Ring, and feels the Eye of Sauron pressing towards him; at the same time, Frodo hears a voice urging him to take the Ring off, giving him just enough time to make up his mind and save the quest by complying. Interlace, West notes, can "show purpose or pattern behind change". This can appear, Shippey writes, as luck, where in daily life it is uncertain whether this is "something completely humdrum and practical or something mysterious and supernatural", just like the Old English word used for the same purpose in
1011:. The scholars of English literature E. L. Risden and Yvette Kisor studied how Jackson had achieved this. Risden analysed how Jackson had made the Ring central, selecting a storytelling approach to provide "compelling progress with as few asides as possible". Kisor examined how Jackson had used a combination of film techniques to mimic the effect of interlacing, and importantly to preserve the interconnections between related storylines within Tolkien's narrative; those techniques included
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not knowing what lies ahead, where his friends are, or whether the quest has already failed. The bewilderment of the reader is minimised by the use of synchronising 'narrative landmarks', such as the brooch dropped by Pippin and discovered by
Aragorn, and by having different characters observe the same event, such as a full moon, at different points in the narrative.
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More subtly, the leapfrogging of the timeline by the different story threads allows
Tolkien to make hidden connections that can only be grasped retrospectively, as the reader realises on reflection that certain events happened at the same time. Shippey gives as an instance the moment when Frodo sits
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West writes that "even a reader unconcerned with literary form or structure must notice, at least unconsciously, the apparently meandering manner of the plot". Things happen in the familiar way that "things seem to happen in our own lives", where "casual collisions of disparate people and events ...
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Interlacing allowed
Tolkien to weave an elaborately intricate story, presented through the eyes of the Hobbit protagonists, "underscoring frequent bewilderment and disorientation". Most directly, this is achieved by letting the reader know no more than what one Hobbit sees as he struggles forwards,
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The scholar Emily Auger writes that far from removing interlacing, the film, especially in its extended DVD versions, uses "specifically filmic variations of
Tolkien's interlace", namely intercutting, to amplify the narrative and "dramatis its status as myth". She lists over 50 scenes where various
74:. These include maintaining suspense, keeping the reader uncertain of what will happen and even of what is happening to other characters at the same time in the story; creating surprise and an ongoing feeling of bewilderment and disorientation. More subtly, the leapfrogging of the timeline in
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of enemies. The timeline is more complex than this would suggest, as the books do not end with the characters synchronised; instead, the narrative repeatedly leapfrogs, so that sometimes one group is ahead in time, sometimes another. West and
Shippey point out that these are just the major
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it follows the traditional
Medieval-Renaissance pattern of the tapestry romance ... a series of interwoven stories each of which is picked up or dropped as occasion and suspense require ... This complex and highly sophisticated type of narrative has been out of fashion for a long
255:. The mystery stems from the fact that Tolkien hated Spenser's writing, and is recorded as saying that he hadn't read Ariosto "and wouldn't have liked him if I had". All the same, Shippey writes, Tolkien had read French interlaced romances when working on his edition of
885:'s band of Riders of Rohan, disobeying orders from the King, had hunted the Orc intruders down. West states that each group and character has their own motivation, but their stories interact. It feels natural, and may appear "loose", but "everything is interconnected."
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by the different story threads allows
Tolkien to make hidden connections that can only be grasped retrospectively, as the reader realises on reflection that certain events happened at the same time, and that these connections imply a contest of good and evil powers.
952:, the dangerous pass into Mordor. "'Why, to think of it, we're in the same tale still! Don't the great tales never end?' 'No, they never end as tales', said Frodo. 'But the people in them come, and go when their part's ended. Our part will end later—or sooner'".
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All the same, according to John R. Holmes, West's 1975 analysis, which focussed specifically on the novel's interlace structure, "remains the definitive study". Holmes states that
Tolkien "uses this medieval technique in a decidedly modern way, closer to
156:. Rather than seeking to make a story as clear as possible with a main plot and subsidiary storylines as in a modern novel, the interlaced medieval tale aimed to reflect the confusing flow of events that people perceive in the world. The Tolkien scholar
1031:'s illustrations for the book; these are structural interlace (achronological order), stylistic interlace (restatement of themes), and pictorial interlace (characters and their environment depicted as if the outer was a projection of the inner).
433:. From book 3, interlacing begins in earnest, as the Fellowship is broken, and the different groups pursue their own quests. The main quest is not forwarded at all in book 3; conversely, the other quests are not progressed in book 4 as Frodo and
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Tolkien structured the novel as six "books", that the publisher chose to print as three volumes. The first two books are almost single-threaded, as they follow Frodo from his home in
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was not, West writes, the last literary masterpiece of the Middle Ages, but
Tolkien's instinct was right that medieval interlacing would work for his "modern masterpiece".
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and his scriptwriters chose to flatten out the book's complex interlacing and back-and-forth timeline to create a much more direct narrative suitable for his
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knit the fabric of the story". West illustrates this by examining Merry and Pippin's meeting with the Ents. This causes the Ents to overthrow their enemy
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and a feeling of solidity; the imaginary world comes to seem real. Further, West writes, the evident sense that the novel is a part of an immense
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comments that there is "a minor mystery" about
Tolkien's use of this French Medieval literary device, as he favoured "northern" literature -
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uses the medieval technique of interlacing to create a modern tale, unique for its "pervasive sense of history", its numerous
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forms of interlacing occur. Further, she detects what she calls all three types of narrative interlace used by Tolkien in
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The interlace structure of Tolkien's work was described in 1967 by George H. Thomson, who wrote that in its subject,
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all pursue their own adventures, for readers to compare and contrast. Outside France, a form of interlace is seen in
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interlacings; many smaller-scale interlacings occur as the characters travel through Middle-earth and the story.
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in producing comparable effects in "emotional and thematic content" and so in remaining true to the book.
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Auger, Emily E. (2008). "The Lord of the Rings' Interlace: Tolkien's Narrative and Lee's Illustrations".
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he has killed; the denouement is by means of story elements not introduced until later. It allows the
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The early reviewer William Blissett wrote in 1959, just a few years after the book was published, that
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The wealth of detail in the novel, and the way that events mutually interact, helps to create both an
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across its 6 "books", with their original titles, showing contrasts and parallels
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Picturing Tolkien: Essays on Peter Jackson's 'The Lord of the Rings' Film Trilogy
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with a complex challenge in translating the book to a narrative suitable for his
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Leibiger, Carol A. (2012). " Picturing Tolkien: Essays on Peter Jackson's
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Literary device of interlacing in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings
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The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology
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had captured them. The Hobbits would not have escaped the Orcs unless
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1550:"Making the Connection on Page and Screen in Tolkien's and Jackson's
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Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E., eds. (2011). "Introduction".
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Tolkien disliked the French and Italian interlaced romances, like
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1875:(1975). "The Interlace Structure of The Lord of the Rings". In
369:, the only place where it can be destroyed. But, he adds, this
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and is enjoyed by readers unfamiliar with medieval literature.
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1464:"The Lord of the Rings' Interlace: The Adaptation to Film,""
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393:, its deep roots in Tolkien's professional knowledge of
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Peter Jackson's interpretation of The Lord of the Rings
1860:
Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics and other essays
1612:
Film Trilogy by Janice M. Bogstad, Philip E. Kaveny".
107:
to produce comparable emotional and thematic effects.
95:. Scholars have noted that he used techniques such as
1332:
1330:
1666:
Seaman, Gerald (2013) . "Old French Literature". In
987:
to create, by quite different means, a Tolkienesque
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otherwise - over French or later Italian epics like
203:(on which Tolkien was an expert, as in his lecture "
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in medieval literature, that enables him to achieve
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1966:
1641:. In Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E. (eds.).
1556:. In Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E. (eds.).
128:, but used their technique anyway. Illustration of
1481:Blissett, William (1959). "Despot of the Rings".
1019:. Kisor concluded, unlike some Tolkien scholars,
1587:Interpretations of Beowulf: A Critical Anthology
828:Equally, interlacing enables Tolkien to create
417:, and then south as the nine companions of the
315:
1635:"Tolkien's Resistance to Linearity: Narrating
1351:, book 4, ch. 8, "The Stairs of Cirith Ungol".
1919:
1273:
8:
1763:Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature
924:Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings
271:Narrative structure of The Lord of the Rings
944:, Calendars, Writing and Spelling, and the
940:(which cover Kings and Rulers, Chronology,
84:Interlacing and interconnections presented
3913:
3507:
3453:
3202:
2917:
2568:
2115:
1926:
1912:
1904:
812:The effects of the interlace structure of
170:is just one goal, while the knights Bors,
4174:Literary devices in the Lord of the Rings
437:continue their dangerous journey towards
1390:
1129:
474:
4111:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game
1348:
1321:
1309:
1261:
1219:
1153:
1117:
1105:
1066:
1051:
1039:
848:to appear suddenly and decisively in a
148:Interlace, known in the Middle Ages as
36:Scenes from the interlaced tale of the
4023:The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game
2211:The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
1728:(2013) . "Lord of the Rings, The". In
1402:
1192:
1177:
1078:
971:'s unexpected arrival in the captured
1761:: The Novel as Traditional Romance".
1431:
1419:
1375:
7:
4118:The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game
1614:Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts
1583:"The Interlace Structure of Beowulf"
1450:Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts
1360:
1336:
1297:
1285:
1236:
1204:
1165:
1141:
1093:
820:Bewilderment, suspense, and surprise
346:is, West writes, simple enough: the
3341:Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings
401:, as much as its use of interlace.
245:, which he notes was the model for
4104:Middle-earth Collectible Card Game
975:'s ships (like galleys, shown) is
868:Naturalness and interconnectedness
160:gives as example the 13th century
25:
4136:Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game
4066:Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith
296:the novel addresses modern issues
56:, also called by the French term
2100:
1585:. In Fulk, Robert Dennis (ed.).
983:'s desperate battle against the
361:to where it was made, the fiery
3150:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
1526:A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
276:Applying the medieval technique
42:in a Polish 14th-century fresco
3835:The Battle for Middle-earth II
3596:Peter Jackson's interpretation
3098:The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
2251:Ancestry as guide to character
1476:(1). Article 9, pages 143–162.
208:: The Monsters and the Critics
1:
4030:The One Ring Roleplaying Game
2025:The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
895:Luck and fate in Middle-earth
668:Battle of the Pelennor Fields
614:Battle of the Pelennor Fields
72:a variety of literary effects
3919:The Lord of the Rings Online
1757:Thomson, George H. (1967). "
292:medieval theme and structure
210:"), and in the English poet
62:, is an unusual and complex
3821:The Battle for Middle-earth
3728:Game Two: Shadows of Mordor
3157:The History of Middle-earth
2090:Tolkien's impact on fantasy
1735:J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
1673:J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
816:range from bold to subtle.
381:into conflict with Sauron.
365:, in Sauron's dark land of
4190:
4143:Lego The Lord of the Rings
4037:Adventures in Middle-earth
3872:Lego The Lord of the Rings
3842:The Rise of the Witch-king
3779:The Fellowship of the Ring
3516:The Fellowship of the Ring
3192:The Nature of Middle-earth
3068:List of weapons and armour
1978:The Fellowship of the Ring
1855:Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel
1021:that Jackson had succeeded
994:
921:
892:
854:battlefield of Helm's Deep
413:with the other Hobbits to
279:
268:
4016:Middle-earth Role Playing
3879:Guardians of Middle-earth
3510:
3201:
3171:The History of The Hobbit
2098:
2018:The Scouring of the Shire
1943:
1515:Holmes, John R. (2014). "
1274:Bogstad & Kaveny 2011
946:Languages of Middle-earth
666:
653:
638:
589:
575:
570:
552:
543:
536:
529:
512:
492:
487:
313:no less ambitious, since
1591:Indiana University Press
1483:South Atlantic Quarterly
1462:Auger, Emily E. (2011).
282:Tolkien and the medieval
3772:Vol. II: The Two Towers
3489:The War of the Rohirrim
3290:Margrethe II of Denmark
2461:A mythology for England
1015:, visual doubling, and
979:in Jackson's film with
918:Depth and openendedness
797:destroys Ring, himself
3793:The Return of the King
3532:The Return of the King
3477:The Return of the King
3377:The Battle of Evermore
2361:Psychological journeys
2004:The Shadow of the Past
1992:The Return of the King
1828:The Return of the King
1633:Risden, E. L. (2011).
1581:Leyerle, John (1991).
1548:Kisor, Yvette (2011).
1434:, pp. 70–93, 155.
992:
862:Battle of the Morannon
860:mail-shirt before the
640:Battle of the Morannon
476:Major interlacings of
419:Fellowship of the Ring
353:has to take the enemy
320:
163:Queste del Saint Graal
145:
43:
39:Queste del Saint Graal
3465:The Lord of the Rings
3429:The Lord of the Rings
3409:The Lord of the Rings
3397:The Lord of the Rings
3350:The Lord of the Rings
3263:A Map of Middle-earth
3164:The Children of HĂşrin
3122:The Road Goes Ever On
2266:Death and immortality
2216:The Road Goes Ever On
2193:A Elbereth Gilthoniel
2011:The Council of Elrond
1956:The Lord of the Rings
1936:The Lord of the Rings
1834:The Lord of the Rings
1802:The Lord of the Rings
1759:The Lord of the Rings
1637:The Lord of the Rings
1610:The Lord of the Rings
1552:The Lord of the Rings
1517:The Lord of the Rings
1007:The Lord of the Rings
995:Further information:
967:
954:The Lord of the Rings
922:Further information:
893:Further information:
814:The Lord of the Rings
661:Battle of Helm's Deep
478:The Lord of the Rings
449:with that of the Man
405:Interwoven narratives
344:The Lord of the Rings
303:The Lord of the Rings
288:The Lord of the Rings
280:Further information:
269:Further information:
121:
91:The Lord of the Rings
77:The Lord of the Rings
53:The Lord of the Rings
35:
4169:Narrative techniques
3714:Journey to Rivendell
3421:Hordes of the Things
3185:The Fall of Gondolin
2873:Watcher in the Water
2841:Witch-king of Angmar
2038:List of translations
1730:Drout, Michael D. C.
1668:Drout, Michael D. C.
1639:in Fiction and Film"
1593:. pp. 146–167.
1566:. pp. 102–115.
1533:. pp. 133–145.
938:extensive appendices
503:4 The Journey of the
493:2 The Journey of the
453:and his friends the
305:was "an anatomy of
223:The Tolkien scholar
3735:War in Middle Earth
3681:The Hunt for Gollum
3235:The Last Ringbearer
2521:Narrative structure
2516:Impression of depth
2133:Company of the Ring
1422:, pp. 143–162.
1393:, pp. 517–521.
1378:, pp. 102–115.
1312:, pp. 170–174.
1264:, pp. 181–190.
1108:, pp. 146–167.
1069:, pp. 181–183.
960:Translation to film
930:impression of depth
889:Providence and luck
481:
265:Narrative structure
64:narrative structure
3978:War of Three Peaks
3655:The Rings of Power
3589:Hobbiton Movie Set
3553:Concerning Hobbits
3437:Der Herr der Ringe
3370:Misty Mountain Hop
3227:Bored of the Rings
3051:Phial of Galadriel
2381:Sound and language
2276:Dreams and visions
2246:Addiction to power
1889:. pp. 77–94.
1706:(Third ed.).
1651:. pp. 70–83.
993:
651:meets the Hobbits
475:
387:invented languages
337:Chrétien de Troyes
146:
44:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4079:Lord of the Rings
4001:
4000:
3992:Before the Shadow
3936:Siege of Mirkwood
3699:
3698:
3618:
3617:
3602:Picturing Tolkien
3320:Lord of the Rings
3273:Barbara Remington
3178:Beren and LĂşthien
3129:Bilbo's Last Song
3076:
3075:
2907:
2906:
2558:
2557:
2509:Pseudotranslation
2499:Editorial framing
2494:Character pairing
2341:Naming of weapons
1882:A Tolkien Compass
1823:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1791:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1749:978-0-415-86511-1
1717:978-0-261-10275-0
1687:978-0-415-86511-1
1658:978-0-7864-8473-7
1644:Picturing Tolkien
1600:978-0-253-20639-8
1573:978-0-7864-8473-7
1559:Picturing Tolkien
1540:978-0-4706-5982-3
1507:978-0-7864-8473-7
1405:, pp. 70–83.
1288:, pp. 83–84.
1239:, pp. 81–83.
1168:, pp. 77–94.
1096:, pp. 78–81.
1054:, pp. 43–59.
973:Corsairs of Umbar
805:
804:
252:The Faerie Queene
68:tapestry romances
16:(Redirected from
4181:
3985:Fate of Gundabad
3943:Rise of Isengard
3914:
3886:Shadow of Mordor
3865:War in the North
3813:Game Boy Advance
3508:
3454:
3212:derivative works
3203:
3143:Unfinished Tales
3136:The Silmarillion
2918:
2569:
2346:Northern courage
2291:Environmentalism
2271:Decline and fall
2206:Song of Eärendil
2116:
2104:
1949:J. R. R. Tolkien
1928:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1873:West, Richard C.
1868:
1850:
1839:Houghton Mifflin
1818:
1807:Houghton Mifflin
1786:
1753:
1721:
1691:
1662:
1629:
1604:
1577:
1544:
1511:
1486:
1477:
1458:
1457:(1): 70–93, 155.
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1240:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1120:, pp. 5–48.
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1055:
1049:
495:Nine Companions
482:
47:J. R. R. Tolkien
21:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4123:
4091:
4086:War of the Ring
4061:War of the Ring
4042:
4007:
3997:
3950:Riders of Rohan
3912:
3907:Return to Moria
3858:Aragorn's Quest
3800:War of the Ring
3758:Riders of Rohan
3695:
3668:
3631:Sagan om ringen
3614:
3609:Tolkien on Film
3572:
3538:
3502:
3495:
3443:
3384:
3348:Symphony No. 1
3326:
3299:
3249:
3214:
3197:
3082:
3072:
3029:
3020:Pelennor Fields
3003:
2903:
2877:
2812:
2619:
2612:
2554:
2475:
2436:First World War
2431:Classical world
2400:
2232:
2105:
2096:
1962:
1961:
1939:
1932:
1897:
1871:
1853:
1821:
1789:
1775:10.2307/1207129
1756:
1750:
1742:. p. 389.
1726:Sturgis, Amy H.
1724:
1718:
1696:
1688:
1680:. p. 468.
1665:
1659:
1632:
1607:
1601:
1580:
1574:
1547:
1541:
1531:Wiley-Blackwell
1514:
1508:
1489:
1480:
1461:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1243:
1235:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1041:
1037:
999:
962:
926:
920:
897:
891:
870:
822:
810:
796:
786:
777:
747:
721:
716:
709:
702:
680:
659:
612:
594:
579:scour the Shire
577:
572:
557:travel towards
549:
547:
538:
531:
524:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
469:scour the Shire
407:
397:, history, and
389:, its abundant
284:
278:
273:
267:
242:Orlando Furioso
158:Richard C. West
138:Orlando Furioso
125:Orlando Furioso
116:
101:visual doubling
51:interlacing in
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4161:
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4149:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4129:
4125:
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4121:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
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4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4009:
4006:Tabletop role-
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3929:Mines of Moria
3924:
3922:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3786:The Two Towers
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3707:
3701:
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3674:
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3666:
3665:
3664:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3524:The Two Towers
3520:
3511:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3473:
3460:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3405:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3268:Pauline Baynes
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3094:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3056:Rings of Power
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Old Man Willow
2845:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Modern sources
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2414:Antiquarianism
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:Mental illness
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2221:A Walking Song
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2085:Works inspired
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1985:The Two Towers
1981:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1869:
1851:
1819:
1796:The Two Towers
1787:
1754:
1748:
1722:
1716:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1663:
1657:
1630:
1620:(3): 517–521.
1605:
1599:
1578:
1572:
1545:
1539:
1521:Lee, Stuart D.
1512:
1506:
1487:
1478:
1459:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1407:
1395:
1380:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1241:
1224:
1222:, p. 389.
1209:
1197:
1195:, p. 137.
1182:
1180:, p. 136.
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1132:, p. 449.
1122:
1110:
1098:
1083:
1081:, p. 468.
1071:
1056:
1038:
1036:
1033:
961:
958:
919:
916:
890:
887:
869:
866:
821:
818:
809:
806:
803:
802:
800:
798:
795:pursues Frodo;
793:
791:
783:
781:
779:
774:
772:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
744:
742:
740:
734:
733:
731:
730:alerts allies
728:
726:
713:
706:
704:
701:advises Frodo,
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
673:
672:
670:
665:
663:
652:
649:
643:
642:
637:
627:
625:
619:
618:
616:
601:
599:
588:
582:
581:
574:
569:
563:
561:
555:
553:
551:
542:
535:
528:
517:
516:
515:the Third Age
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
406:
403:
333:Thomas Mallory
307:romance themes
277:
274:
266:
263:
212:Edmund Spenser
144:, 19th century
115:
109:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4186:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:playing games
4004:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3893:Shadow of War
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3807:The Third Age
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:Into the West
3557:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:Peter Jackson
3498:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3255:Illustrations
3252:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
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2331:Moral dilemma
2329:
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2316:Luck and fate
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2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
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1954:Constructing
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1896:0-87548-303-8
1892:
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1877:Jared Lobdell
1874:
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1865:HarperCollins
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1708:HarperCollins
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1391:Leibiger 2012
1387:
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1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:, p. 91.
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1339:, p. 90.
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:, Appendices.
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1300:, p. 89.
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1276:, p. 14.
1275:
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1246:
1242:
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1216:
1214:
1210:
1207:, p. 81.
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:, p. 48.
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:, p. 77.
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:Blissett 1959
1126:
1123:
1119:
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1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1002:Peter Jackson
998:
990:
989:eucatastrophe
986:
982:
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974:
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966:
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951:
947:
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867:
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863:
859:
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850:eucatastrophe
847:
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839:
835:
831:
826:
819:
817:
815:
807:
801:
799:
794:
792:
790:
785:pursues Frodo
784:
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560:
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541:
534:
527:
522:
519:
518:
507:
505:Ring-bearers
502:
498:3 The Treason
497:
484:
483:
479:
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459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
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420:
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412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
391:use of poetry
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:The story of
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
319:
314:
312:
311:its structure
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
283:
275:
272:
264:
262:
260:
259:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
231:if possible,
230:
226:
221:
219:
218:
217:Faerie Queene
213:
209:
207:
202:
201:
196:
192:
188:
187:
186:Metamorphoses
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
150:entrelacement
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:
120:
114:
113:entrelacement
110:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
92:
87:
86:Peter Jackson
82:
79:
78:
73:
69:
66:, known from
65:
61:
60:
59:entrelacement
55:
54:
49:'s narrative
48:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
18:Entrelacement
4141:
4134:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4084:
4077:
4055:Middle Earth
4053:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3971:Minas Morgul
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3917:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3689:Born of Hope
3687:
3679:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3607:
3600:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3357:Led Zeppelin
3349:
3339:
3318:
3310:
3243:Muddle Earth
3241:
3233:
3225:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3114:The Sea-Bell
3109:Fastitocalon
3096:
3089:
2899:Tom Bombadil
2826:Barrow-wight
2531:Storytelling
2525:
2419:
2261:Christianity
2256:Architecture
2198:
2191:
2153:Black Speech
2138:Family trees
1990:
1983:
1976:
1955:
1934:
1880:
1859:
1832:
1826:
1800:
1794:
1769:(1): 43–59.
1766:
1762:
1758:
1733:
1702:
1698:Shippey, Tom
1671:
1642:
1636:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1586:
1557:
1551:
1524:
1516:
1492:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1427:
1398:
1356:
1349:Tolkien 1954
1344:
1322:Tolkien 1955
1317:
1310:Shippey 2005
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1262:Shippey 2005
1220:Sturgis 2013
1200:
1173:
1161:
1154:Thomson 1967
1149:
1137:
1125:
1118:Tolkien 1997
1113:
1106:Leyerle 1991
1101:
1074:
1067:Shippey 2005
1052:Thomson 1967
1025:
1013:intercutting
1009:film trilogy
1006:
1000:
953:
950:Cirith Ungol
942:Family Trees
927:
909:
905:
898:
871:
827:
823:
813:
811:
778:in pursuit)
703:hurries off
513:6 The end of
508:5 The War of
500:of Isengard
477:
431:River Anduin
408:
399:Christianity
379:Middle-earth
375:free peoples
343:
341:
321:
316:
302:
300:
290:, given its
287:
285:
256:
250:
240:
222:
215:
205:
198:
191:ancient Rome
185:
166:, where the
161:
149:
147:
142:Gustave Doré
137:
123:
112:
97:intercutting
93:film trilogy
90:
83:
75:
67:
58:
57:
52:
50:
45:
37:
29:
4128:Other games
4047:Board games
3957:Helm's Deep
3705:Video games
3482:Rankin/Bass
3432:(BBC, 1981)
3312:Fellowship!
3295:Ted Nasmith
3208:Adaptations
3015:Helm's Deep
2538:Prose style
2526:Interlacing
2489:Anachronism
2471:Shakespeare
2078:Tolkienmoot
2068:Fan fiction
2033:Translating
1403:Risden 2011
1193:Holmes 2014
1178:Holmes 2014
1079:Seaman 2013
834:cliffhanger
749:Parth Galen
590:awaken the
573:meet again
571:the friends
488:1 The First
229:Old English
225:Tom Shippey
195:Old English
4163:Categories
4096:Card games
3639:Khraniteli
3584:Production
3091:The Hobbit
2972:LothlĂłrien
2938:Old Forest
2804:Wormtongue
2660:Half-elven
2655:Glorfindel
2481:Techniques
2406:Influences
2049:Reception
1887:Open Court
1863:. London:
1837:. Boston:
1815:1042159111
1805:. Boston:
1485:(58): 449.
1432:Auger 2008
1420:Auger 2011
1376:Kisor 2011
1035:References
1017:voice-over
985:Witch-king
715:reappears;
654:travel to
567:Mount Doom
565:travel to
485:Character
427:Lothlorien
421:, through
363:Mount Doom
309:", and in
258:Sir Gawain
197:epic poem
168:holy grail
105:voice-over
3567:May It Be
3363:Ramble On
3280:John Howe
3046:PalantĂrs
2948:The Shire
2943:Rivendell
2922:Geography
2894:Goldberry
2738:Beornings
2694:Treebeard
2682:Thranduil
2650:Galadriel
2548:Epic Pooh
2543:Ambiguity
2466:Philology
2456:Modernism
2376:Sexuality
2148:Languages
1857:(1997) .
1847:519647821
1740:Routledge
1700:(2005) .
1678:Routledge
1649:McFarland
1564:McFarland
1498:McFarland
1361:West 1975
1337:West 1975
1298:West 1975
1286:West 1975
1237:West 1975
1205:West 1975
1166:West 1975
1142:West 1975
1094:West 1975
934:mythology
776:(glimpsed
550:go south
540:Rivendell
537:travel to
530:travel to
510:the Ring
415:Rivendell
411:the Shire
395:philology
233:Old Norse
193:, in the
154:in France
132:rescuing
111:Medieval
3851:Conquest
3721:Game One
3673:Fan-made
3577:Approach
3457:Animated
3379:" (1971)
3372:" (1971)
3365:" (1969)
3285:Alan Lee
3104:Errantry
3061:One Ring
3025:Morannon
2997:Isengard
2977:Mirkwood
2929:Eriador
2818:Monsters
2771:Denethor
2748:DĂşnedain
2743:DrĂşedain
2601:Radagast
2446:Medieval
2351:Paganism
2228:Proverbs
2168:Sindarin
2143:Heraldry
2120:Elements
2111:Analysis
2073:Oxonmoot
2058:Literary
1999:Stories
1973:Volumes
1825:(1955).
1793:(1954).
1626:24353098
1469:Mythlore
1029:Alan Lee
977:intercut
902:Amon Hen
830:suspense
789:the Ring
724:Isengard
717:awakens
635:Denethor
597:Isengard
548:meet up,
490:Journey
460:and the
359:One Ring
331:than to
329:Faulkner
214:'s 1590
180:Lancelot
134:Angelica
130:Ruggiero
3828:Tactics
3765:Elendor
3658:(2022)
3647:Hobitit
3484:, 1980)
3472:, 1978)
3416:, 1979)
3404:, 1955)
3304:Theatre
3081:Related
3041:Mithril
3034:Objects
3008:Battles
2953:Bag End
2799:Théoden
2776:Faramir
2766:Boromir
2753:Aragorn
2701:Hobbits
2677:Legolas
2628:Dwarves
2620:peoples
2606:Saruman
2596:Gandalf
2591:Wizards
2581:Balrogs
2564:Peoples
2420:Beowulf
2311:Heroism
2301:Forests
2286:England
2281:Economy
2200:Namárië
2175:Khuzdul
2128:Artwork
2043:Swedish
1879:(ed.).
1783:1207129
1732:(ed.).
1670:(ed.).
1523:(ed.).
1441:Sources
969:Aragorn
906:Beowulf
875:Saruman
858:mithril
852:on the
808:Effects
746:dies at
738:Boromir
708:dies in
697:Gandalf
677:Legolas
647:Aragorn
629:swears
609:Theoden
603:swears
576:Hobbits
458:Legolas
451:Aragorn
429:to the
383:Tolkien
247:Spenser
237:Ariosto
206:Beowulf
200:Beowulf
184:Ovid's
172:Galahad
4071:Sauron
3964:Mordor
3900:Gollum
3752:(SNES)
3750:Vol. I
3744:(1990)
3742:Vol. I
3692:(2009)
3684:(2009)
3650:(1993)
3642:(1991)
3634:(1971)
3535:(2003)
3527:(2002)
3519:(2001)
3503:series
3492:(2024)
3470:Bakshi
3440:(1992)
3424:(1980)
3353:(1988)
3344:(1972)
3323:(2006)
3315:(2005)
3246:(2003)
3238:(1999)
3230:(1969)
2987:Mordor
2962:Gondor
2889:Eagles
2863:Trolls
2858:Shelob
2836:Nazgûl
2831:Gollum
2761:Gondor
2721:Pippin
2670:Elrond
2586:Sauron
2426:Celtic
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