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761:. Erikson's theory of development includes various psychosocial crises where each conflict builds off of the previous stages. The result of each conflict can have negative or positive impacts on a person's development, however, a negative outcome can be revisited and readdressed throughout the life span. On ego identity versus role confusion: ego identity enables each person to have a sense of individuality, or as Erikson would say, "Ego identity, then, in its subjective aspect, is the awareness of the fact that there is a self-sameness and continuity to the ego's synthesizing methods and a continuity of one's meaning for others". Role confusion, however, is, according to Barbara Engler, "the inability to conceive of oneself as a productive member of one's own society." This inability to conceive of oneself as a productive member is a great danger; it can occur during adolescence, when looking for an occupation.
1018:, a term used in the context of Erikson's work as it is applied to medicine, meaning "potencies". These virtues are also interpreted to be the same as "strengths", which are considered inherent in the individual life cycle and in the sequence of generations. Erikson's research suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life-stage challenge in tension with one another, not rejecting one end of the tension or the other. Only when both extremes in a life-stage challenge are understood and accepted as both required and useful, can the optimal virtue for that stage surface. Thus, 'trust' and 'mis-trust' must both be understood and accepted, in order for realistic 'hope' to emerge as a viable solution at the first stage. Similarly, 'integrity' and 'despair' must both be understood and embraced, in order for actionable 'wisdom' to emerge as a viable solution at the last stage.
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master, each also included a corresponding virtue, as mentioned above, which form a taxonomy for religious and ethical life. Erikson extends this construct by emphasizing that human individual and social life is characterized by ritualization, "an agreed-upon interplay between at least two persons who repeat it at meaningful intervals and in recurring contexts." Such ritualization involves careful attentiveness to what can be called ceremonial forms and details, higher symbolic meanings, active engagement of participants, and a feeling of absolute necessity. Each life cycle stage includes its own ritualization with a corresponding ritualism: numinous vs. idolism, judicious vs. legalism, dramatic vs. impersonation, formal vs. formalism, ideological vs. totalism, affiliative vs. elitism, generational vs. authoritism, and integral vs. dogmatism.
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the rest of their working life. Also during this time, a person may be raising their children. If they are a parent, then they are reevaluating their life roles. This is one way of contributing to society along with productivity at work and involvement in community activities and organizations. Individuals that exercise the concept of generativity believe in the next generation and seek to nurture them in creative ways through practices such as parenting, teaching, and mentoring. Having a sense of generativity can be considered significant for both the individual and the society, exemplifying their roles as effective parents, leaders for organizations, etc. If a person is not comfortable with the way their life is progressing, they're usually regretful about the decisions that they have made in the past and feels a sense of uselessness.
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seeking for their own unique identity. This is done by looking at personal beliefs, goals, and values. The morality of the individual is also explored and developed. Erikson believes that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will determine their own identity. If, however, the parents continually push them to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion. The teen is also looking towards the future in terms of employment, relationships, and families. Learning the roles they provide in society is essential since the teen begins to develop the desire to fit into society. Fidelity is characterized by the ability to commit to others and acceptance of others even with differences. Identity crisis is the result of role confusion and can cause the adolescent to try out different lifestyles.
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During his travels, he often sold or traded his sketches to people he met. Eventually, Erik realized he would never become a full-time artist and returned to
Karlsruhe and became an art teacher. During the time he worked at his teaching job, Erik was hired by an heiress to sketch and eventually tutor her children. Erik worked very well with these children and was eventually hired by many other families that were close to Anna and Sigmund Freud. This teaching extended into a small experimental school based in the house of Eva Rosenfeld.During this period, which lasted until he was twenty-five years old, he continued to contend with questions about his father and competing ideas of ethnic, religious, and national identity.
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make their own decisions. If allowed to make these decisions, the child will develop confidence in their ability to lead others. If the child is not allowed to make certain decisions, then a sense of guilt develops. Guilt in this stage is characterized by a sense of being a burden to others, and the child will therefore usually present themselves as a follower as they lack the confidence to do otherwise. Additionally, the child is asking many questions to build knowledge of the world. If the questions earn responses that are critical and condescending, the child will also develop feelings of guilt. Success in this stage leads to the virtue of purpose, which is the normal balance between the two extremes.
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relative to other children. Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior. During this stage the child's friend group increases in importance in their life. Often during this stage the child will try to prove competency with things rewarded in society, and also develop satisfaction with their abilities. Encouraging the child increases feelings of adequacy and competency in ability to reach goals. Restriction from teachers or parents leads to doubt, questioning, and reluctance in abilities and therefore may not reach full capabilities. Competence, the virtue of this stage, is developed when a healthy balance between the two extremes is reached.
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the child doubting their efficacy. During this stage the child is usually trying to master toilet training. Additionally, the child discovers their talents or abilities, and it is important to ensure the child is able to explore those activities. Erikson states it is essential to allow the children freedom in exploration but also create an environment welcoming of failures. Therefore, the parent should not punish or reprimand the child for failing at the task. Shame and doubt occurs when the child feels incompetent in ability to complete tasks and survive. Will is achieved with success of this stage. Children successful in this stage will have "self-control without a loss of self-esteem."
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depends on the quality of the maternal relationship. The mother carries out and reflects her inner perceptions of trustworthiness, a sense of personal meaning, etc. on the child. An important part of this stage is providing stable and constant care of the infant. This helps the child develop trust that can transition into relationships other than parental. Additionally, children develop trust in others to support them. If successful in this, the baby develops a sense of trust, which "forms the basis in the child for a sense of identity." Failure to develop this trust will result in a feeling of fear and a sense that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.
1061:. Both books attempt to show how childhood development and parental influence, social and cultural context, even political crises form a confluence with personal identity. These studies demonstrate how each influential person discovered mastery, both individually and socially, in what Erikson would call the historical moment. Individuals like Luther or Gandhi were what Erikson called a Homo Religiosus, individuals for whom the final life cycle challenge of integrity vs. despair is a lifelong crisis, and they become gifted innovators whose own psychological cure becomes an ideological breakthrough for their time.
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Ego-integrity means the acceptance of life in its fullness: the victories and the defeats, what was accomplished and what was not accomplished. Wisdom is the result of successfully accomplishing this final developmental task. Wisdom is defined as "informed and detached concern for life itself in the face of death itself." Having a guilty conscience about the past or failing to accomplish important goals will eventually lead to depression and hopelessness. Achieving the virtue of the stage involves the feeling of living a successful life.
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psychosis." Erikson's daughter wrote that her father's "real psychoanalytic identity" was not established until he "replaced his stepfather's surname with a name of his invention ." The decision to change his last name came about as he started his job at Yale, and the "Erikson" name was accepted by Erik's family when they became
American citizens. It is said his children enjoyed the fact they would not be called "Hamburger" any longer.
730:, which emphasized the role of the ego as being more than a servant of the id. Although Erikson accepted Freud's theory, he did not focus on the parent-child relationship and gave more importance to the role of the ego, particularly the person's progression as self. According to Erikson, the environment in which a child lived was crucial to providing growth, adjustment, a source of self-awareness and identity. Erikson won a
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496:; while at grammar school, he was teased for being Jewish. At Das Humanistische Gymnasium his main interests were art, history, and languages, but he lacked a general interest in school and graduated without academic distinction. After graduation, instead of attending medical school as his stepfather had desired, he attended art school in
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480:, Theodor Homburger. In 1908, Erik Salomonsen's name was changed to Erik Homburger, and in 1911 he was officially adopted by his stepfather. Karla and Theodor told Erik that Theodor was his real father, only revealing the truth to him in late childhood; he remained bitter about the deception all his life.
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Ego development earlier in life (middle adolescence) is a strong predictor of how well intimacy for romantic relationships will transpire in emerging adulthood. By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to experience love and intimacy. They also feel safety,
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This area coincides with the "latency" period of psychoanalysis and covers school age children before adolescence. Children compare their self worth to others around them. Friends can have a significant impact on the growth of the child. The child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities
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Uncertain about his vocation and his fit in society, Erik dropped out of school and began a lengthy period of roaming about
Germany and Italy as a wandering artist with his childhood friend Peter Blos and others. For children from prominent German families, taking a "wandering year" was not uncommon.
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This is the first stage of adult development. This development usually happens during young adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 40. This stage marks a transition from just thinking about ourselves to thinking about other people in the world. We are social creatures and as a result need to
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This stage covers preschool children from ages three to five. Does the child have the ability to do things on their own, such as dress themselves? Children in this stage are interacting with peers, and creating their own games and activities. Children in this stage practice independence and start to
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This stage covers the period of infancy, 0–1½ years old, which is the most fundamental stage of life, as this is the stage that all other ones build on. Whether the baby develops basic trust or basic mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture. It is multi-faceted and has strong social components. It
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The second stage of adulthood happens between the ages of 40 and 65. During this time people are normally settled in their lives and know what is important to them. A person is either making progress in their career or treading lightly in their career and unsure if this is what they want to do for
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This stage covers early childhood around 1½–3 years old and introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. The child begins to discover the beginnings of their independence, and parents must facilitate the child's sense of doing basic tasks "all by themselves." Discouragement can lead to
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Erikson's psychology of religion begins with an acknowledgement of how religious tradition can have an interplay with a child's basic sense of trust or mistrust. With regard to
Erikson's theory of personality as expressed in his eight stages of the life cycle, each with their different tasks to
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This section deals with adolescence, meaning those between twelve and eighteen years old. This occurs when we start to question ourselves and ask questions relevant to who we are and what we want to accomplish. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? The adolescent is exploring and
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seems to have been one of
Erikson's greatest concerns in his own life as well as being central to his theoretical work. As an older adult, he wrote about his adolescent "identity confusion" in his European days. "My identity confusion", he wrote, " the borderline between neurosis and adolescent
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This stage affects the age group of 65 and on. During this time an individual has reached the last chapter in their life and retirement is approaching or has already taken place. Individuals in this stage must learn to accept the course of their life or they will look back on it with despair.
1084:. Their daughter, Sue, "an integrative psychotherapist and psychoanalyst", described her father as plagued by "lifelong feelings of personal inadequacy". He thought that by combining resources with his wife, he could "achieve the recognition" that might produce a feeling of adequacy.
461:. She was married to Jewish stockbroker Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen but had been estranged from him for several months at the time Erik was conceived. Little is known about Erik's biological father except that he was a non-Jewish Dane. On discovering her pregnancy, Karla fled to
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care, and commitment in these relationships. Furthermore, if individuals are able to successfully resolve the crisis of intimacy versus isolation, they are able to achieve the virtue of love. Those who fail to form lasting relationships may feel isolated and alone.
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of education, which focused on child development and sexual stages. In 1933 he received his diploma from the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Institute. This and his Montessori diploma were to be Erikson's only earned credentials for his life's work.
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be with other people and form relationships with them. Dating, marriage, family and friendships are important during this stage in their life. This is due to the increase in the growth of intimate relationships with others.
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tribe. Erikson discovered differences between the children of the Sioux and Yurok tribes. This marked the beginning of
Erikson's life passion of showing the importance of events in childhood and how society affects them.
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Erik was a tall, blond, blue-eyed boy who was raised in the Jewish religion. Due to these mixed identities, he was a target of bigotry by both Jewish and gentile children. At temple school, his peers teased him for being
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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L. III; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002).
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The
Erikson life-stages, in order of the eight stages in which they may be acquired, are listed below, as well as the "virtues" that Erikson has attached to these stages, (these virtues are underlined).
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When
Erikson was twenty-five, his friend Peter Blos invited him to Vienna to tutor art at the small Burlingham-Rosenfeld School for children whose affluent parents were undergoing psychoanalysis by
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Erikson continued to deepen his interest in areas beyond psychoanalysis and to explore connections between psychology and anthropology. He made important contacts with anthropologists such as
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Weiner, M. B. (1979). "Caring for the
Elderly. Psychological Aging: Aspects of Normal Personality and Development in Old Age. Part II. Erik Erikson: Resolutions of Psychosocial Tasks".
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where Erik was born on 15 June 1902 and was given the surname Salomonsen. She fled due to conceiving Erik out of wedlock, and the identity of Erik's birth father was never made clear.
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1030:, and historical movements. Erik Erikson gave such a strong contribution that his work was well received by students of religion and spurred various secondary literature.
520:. Anna noticed Erikson's sensitivity to children at the school and encouraged him to study psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute, where prominent analysts
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Schnell, R. L. (1980). "Contributions to Psychohistory: IV. Individual Experience in Historiography and Psychoanalysis: Significance of Erik Erikson and Robert Coles".
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In 1939 he left Yale, and the Eriksons moved to California, where Erik had been invited to join a team engaged in a longitudinal study of child development for the
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and Psychological Clinic. This was while he was establishing a singular reputation as a clinician. In 1936, Erikson left Harvard and joined the staff at
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Goethals, George W. (1976). "The Evolution of Sexual and Genital Intimacy: A Comparison of the Views of Erik H. Erikson and Harry Stack Sullivan".
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557:, a Canadian dancer and artist whom Erikson had met at a dress ball. During their marriage, Erikson converted to Christianity. In 1933, with
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were among those who supervised his theoretical studies. He specialized in child analysis and underwent a training analysis with Anna Freud.
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615:. Erikson said his theory of the development of thought derived from his social and cultural studies. In 1938, he left Yale to study the
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He returned to Harvard in the 1960s as a professor of human development and remained there until his retirement in 1970. In 1973 the
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Strozier, Charles B. (1976). "Disciplined Subjectivity and the Psychohistorian: A Critical Look at the Work of Erik H. Erikson".
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Erikson died on 12 May 1994 in Harwich, Massachusetts. He is buried in the First Congregational Church Cemetery in Harwich.
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Slater, Charles L. (2003). "Generativity versus stagnation: An elaboration of Erikson's adult stage of human development".
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Hurrell, Kristen; Stack, Margaret (2020), "Initiative Versus Guilt", in Zeigler-Hill, Virgil; Shackelford, Todd K. (eds.),
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In Erikson's discussion of development, he rarely mentioned a stage of development by age. In fact he referred to it as a
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2338:"Does Identity Precede Intimacy? Testing Erikson's Theory on Romantic Development in Emerging Adults of the 21st Century"
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Vogel-Scibilia, Suzanne E.; McNulty, Kathryn Cohan; Baxter, Beth; Miller, Steve; Dine, Max; Frese, Frederick J. (2009).
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643:'s Institute of Child Welfare. In addition, in San Francisco, he opened a private practice in child psychoanalysis.
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which has led to further investigation into a period of development between adolescence and young adulthood called
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While in California he was able to make his second study of American Indian children when he joined anthropologist
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because of residence requirements, the family left for the United States, where citizenship would not be an issue.
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Olsen, Rodney D.; Friedman, Lawrence J. (December 2000). "Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson".
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Perhaps Erikson's best-known contributions to the psychology of religion were his book length psychobiographies,
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Rotenberg, Ken J. (1 December 1995). "The Socialisation of Trust: Parents' and Children's Interpersonal Trust".
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Kemph, John P. (1969). "Erik H. Erikson. Identity, youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1968".
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Psychoanalytic writers have always engaged in nonclinical interpretation of cultural phenomena such as art,
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Van De Water, Donna A.; McAdams, Dan P. (1989). "Generativity and Erikson's "belief in the species"".
683:, became Erikson's patient and friend. During this time he also served as a visiting professor at the
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threat to Austria, the family left an impoverished Vienna with their two young sons and emigrated to
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survey, published in 2002, ranked Erikson as the 12th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.
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Carney, J. E. (1993). "'Is It Really So Terrible Her?': Karl Menninger's Pursuit of Erik Erikson".
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Andersen, D. C. (1993). "Beyond Rumor and Reductionism: A Textual Dialogue with Erik H. Erikson".
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Hoffman, L. E. (1993). "Erikson on Hitler: The Origins of 'Hitler's Imagery and German Youth'".
3080:(2000). "Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of Development from the Late Teens Through the Twenties".
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A Psychology of Ultimate Concern: Erik H. Erikson's Contribution to the Psychology of Religion
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3922:. Dialogues with notable contributors to personality theory. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
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3347:"Eric Berne's Development of Ego State Theory: Where Did It All Begin and Who Influenced Him?"
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2199:"Psychosocial Aspects of Erickson Model on Toileting Behavior For Toddler Ages: Case Study"
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Insight and responsibility: lectures on the ethical implications of psychoanalytic insight
2279:"[PDF] Erik Erikson | Psychosocial Stages - Simply Psychology - Free Download PDF"
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663:, for which he is best known, Erikson left the University of California when California's
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Doctors Serving People: Restoring Humanism to Medicine through Student Community Service
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3208:
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3016:
2034:
2001:
1583:
1077:
1054:
1050:
748:(1969), which focused more on his theory as applied to later phases in the life cycle.
731:
727:
688:
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537:
533:
525:
377:
254:
173:
160:
5757:
2798:
2508:
Capps, Donald (1 September 2004). "The Decades of Life: Relocating Erikson's Stages".
7121:
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4455:
3658:
3298:
2553:"The Relation of Ego Integrity and Despair to Personality Traits and Mental Health"
2092:"Basic Trust & Mistrust: Erik Erikson's Theory - Video & Lesson Transcript"
1163:
1070:
664:
651:
620:
554:
382:
136:
4331:
2247:
1202:"A Way of Looking at Things – Selected Papers from 1930 to 1980, Erik H. Erikson"
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6800:
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5452:
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4398:
4078:
4062:
3977:
1081:
1073:(née Sarah Lucretia Serson) in 1930 and they remained together until his death.
780:
692:
529:
3444:
Paranjpe, Anand C. (2005). "Erikson, Erik Homburger". In Shook, John R. (ed.).
3365:
3103:
2129:
6493:
6408:
6303:
5612:
5447:
5243:
5100:
4991:
4829:
4127:
3820:
3314:
3059:
2478:
2017:
711:
624:
570:
517:
477:
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362:
210:
4267:
4172:
4135:
4098:
4046:
4014:
3985:
3948:
3875:
3838:
3773:
3733:
3720:
Coles, Robert; Fitzpatrick, J. J. (1976). "The Writings of Erik H. Erikson".
3712:
3683:
3638:
3606:
3558:
3406:
Erikson on Development in Adulthood: New Insights from the Unpublished Papers
3373:
3322:
3111:
2968:
2902:
2771:
2578:
2529:
2486:
2451:
2371:
2353:
2337:
2224:
2137:
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1949:
1767:
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6453:
6388:
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5432:
5336:
4709:
4318:
3036:
2867:
2569:
2552:
2322:
2215:
1444:
540:
supervised his initial treatment of an adult. Simultaneously he studied the
473:
420:
75:
4180:
4106:
4022:
3927:
3781:
3765:
3741:
3691:
3566:
3119:
3001:
2935:
2711:
2586:
2043:
5031:
4143:
4054:
3883:
3846:
3646:
2894:
2551:
Westerhof, Gerben J.; Bohlmeijer, Ernst T.; McAdams, Dan P. (1 May 2017).
2362:
1360:"Erik Erikson, 91, Psychoanalyst Who Reshaped Views of Human Growth, Dies"
50:
17:
6179:
5852:
5361:
5356:
5316:
4275:
4227:
3993:
3956:
3901:. Vol. 2. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Group. pp. 406–412.
3829:
3663:
Encounter with Erikson: Historical Interpretation and Religious Biography
1027:
939:
596:, where he worked at the Institute of Social Relations and taught at the
623:
on their reservation. After his studies in South Dakota, he traveled to
3752:(1973). "Freud, Erikson, and the Historian: A Bibliographical Survey".
3614:
3448:. Vol. 2. Bristol, England: Thoemmes Continuum. pp. 734–737.
1682:
805: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
466:
458:
424:
2307:. Joan M. Erikson (Extended version ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
2002:"The Recovery Process Utilizing Erikson's Stages of Human Development"
580:
In the United States, Erikson became the first child psychoanalyst in
986:
581:
562:
497:
450:
7108:
4538:
3598:
1666:
2692:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
3234:
In the Shadow of Fame: A Memoir by the Daughter of Erik H. Erikson
923:
628:
616:
4254:
Wurgaft, Lewis D. (1976). "Erik Erikson: From Luther to Gandhi".
472:
Following Erik's birth, Karla trained to be a nurse and moved to
5798:
5376:
3935:
Fitzpatrick, J. J. (1976). "Erik H. Erikson and Psychohistory".
3129:
Erik Erikson and the American Psyche: Ego, Ethics, and Evolution
2614:
Erik Erikson's Verbal Portraits: Luther, Gandhi, Einstein, Jesus
954:
566:
432:
6664:
5802:
4802:
4542:
4335:
4322:
3262:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
2242:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 2257–2259,
2197:
Wijoyo, Eriyono Budi; Mustikasari, Mustikasari (23 May 2020).
774:
7050:
4798:
4033:(1974). "India and the Unconscious: Erik Erikson on Gandhi".
2690:
Erikson, Erik H. (1966). "Ontogeny of Ritualization in Man".
3015:
Erikson, Erik H.; Joan M. Erikson; Helen Q. Kivnick (1986).
1443:. Sweet Briar, Virginia: Sweet Briar College. Archived from
3192:(9th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing.
3169:(8th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing.
2951:
Toys and reasons: stages in the ritualization of experience
1613:"Joan Erikson Is Dead at 95; Shaped Thought on Life Cycles"
1488:
1486:
1144:
Toys and Reasons: Stages in the Ritualization of Experience
4199:. Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press.
1204:
ed. by S. Schlein, W. W. Norton & Co, New York, (1995)
1009:
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development § Ninth Stage
710:, the United States' highest honor for achievement in the
449:
Erikson's mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent
1069:
Erikson married Canadian-born American dancer and artist
726:
Erikson is credited with being one of the originators of
419:
Despite lacking a university degree, Erikson served as a
6625:
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
3500:
Erik H. Erikson: Explorer of Identity and the Life Cycle
3299:"The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century"
1014:
Favorable outcomes of each stage are sometimes known as
7233:
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
4619:
Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
4197:
Ideas and Identities: The Life and Work of Erik Erikson
3862:
Eagle, Morris (1997). "Contributions of Erik Erikson".
3150:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
1864:
Bynum-Grant, Daminga; Travis-Dinkins, Margaret (2010).
1236:
1234:
1111:
Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History
1039:
Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History
6866:
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45
3583:
Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
3281:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2642:
Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views
2395:
Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course
2240:
Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences
1942:
Gandhi's Truth: on the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
1131:
Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
6992:
3966:
The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis
2644:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 369–398.
2616:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 106.
2397:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 290.
2063:(2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1770:. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Shippensburg University
1527:
1525:
3891:
Elms, Alan C. (2008). "Erikson, Erik Homburger". In
3279:
Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson
3213:. Jefferson Lectures in the Humanities. New York: W.
1709:"Erik Erikson | American psychoanalyst | Britannica"
650:
on a field trip to Northern California to study the
500:, much to the liking of his mother and her friends.
404:; 15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994) was an American child
7223:
Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
6612:
6336:
6294:
6231:
6165:
6158:
6117:
6076:
6044:
5983:
5940:
5881:
5843:
5836:
5690:
5397:
5307:
5219:
5039:
4864:
4780:
4754:
4728:
4652:
4576:
4422:
4369:
3581:(1971). "Gandhi: A Psychoanalytic View". Review of
355:
345:
304:
294:
263:
242:
234:
229:
198:
193:
166:
155:
130:
113:
90:
57:
41:
6630:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
4066:
3700:
3472:
2336:Beyers, Wim; Seiffge-Krenke, Inge (2 March 2010).
4069:Erik H. Erikson: The Power and Limits of a Vision
1868:. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. p. 8.
6620:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
3625:(1997). "The Legacy of Erik Hamburger Erikson".
1415:
675:, a prominent psychiatric treatment facility in
671:. From 1951 to 1960 he worked and taught at the
6635:Association for Behavior Analysis International
4522:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
3802:"Erik Erikson: Critical Times, Critical Theory"
2852:(Norton pbk. ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
2822:
2760:"Show Me a Hero and I Will Write You a Tragedy"
2118:International Journal of Behavioral Development
1582:. Cambridge: Harvard University. Archived from
1465:
27:American psychoanalyst and essayist (1902-1994)
7268:Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction winners
4239:. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
4237:Erik Erikson: His Life, Work, and Significance
3446:The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
2599:
1603:
1601:
1335:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
6676:
5814:
4814:
4554:
4347:
1640:
1314:
8:
4035:The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
3502:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
3052:Identity and the life cycle: selected papers
1504:
1329:"Howard Gardner: 'A Blessing of Influences'"
1196:Identity and the Life Cycle. Selected Papers
771:Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
561:in Germany, the burning of Freud's books in
6683:
6669:
6661:
6162:
5840:
5821:
5807:
5799:
4821:
4807:
4799:
4561:
4547:
4539:
4354:
4340:
4332:
4319:
2737:. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 32–33.
1290:
1174:W. Norton & Company (published 1998).
588:, the Judge Baker Guidance Center, and at
49:
38:
7258:Naturalized citizens of the United States
6776:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture
3828:
3431:. La Mirada, California: Biola University
3093:
2836:Scribner's Encyclopedia of American Lives
2766:. No. 10. Interviewed by Boag, Zan.
2568:
2361:
2214:
2033:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1302:
1158:(with J. M. Erikson and H. Kivnick, 1986)
865:Learn how and when to remove this message
30:For other people with similar names, see
4085:(1993). "Erik H. Erikson as a Teacher".
3423:Osmer, Richard; Bridgers, Lynn (2018) .
1788:
1427:
7063:
6999:
3703:Erik H. Erikson: The Growth of His Work
3429:Christian Educators of the 20th Century
1866:Schaum's Outline of Psychiatric Nursing
1825:
1565:
1492:
1252:
1240:
1230:
7253:People from Stockbridge, Massachusetts
7208:German people of Danish-Jewish descent
6640:European Association for Psychotherapy
3898:New Dictionary of Scientific Biography
3809:Child Psychiatry and Human Development
2918:Life history and the historical moment
2669:. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 64.
2417:
2078:
2066:
1962:
1636:
1138:Life History and the Historical Moment
508:Psychoanalytic experience and training
412:of human beings. He coined the phrase
7193:Converts to Christianity from Judaism
6734:Anti-intellectualism in American Life
6692:Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction
4528:Evolutionary developmental psychology
3707:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
3408:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3190:Personality Theories: An Introduction
3167:Personality Theories: An Introduction
2635:
2633:
2557:The Journals of Gerontology: Series B
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
1935:
1933:
1732:
1695:
1580:"Stephen Schlein Erik Erikson Papers"
1531:
1516:
1477:
704:National Endowment for the Humanities
423:at prominent institutions, including
7:
7168:American developmental psychologists
3665:. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press.
3661:; Bradford, M. Gerald, eds. (1977).
3454:10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001
3054:. International Universities Press.
2920:(First ed.). New York: Norton.
1918:. New York: National Book Foundation
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1327:Ireland, Corydon (17 October 2013).
803:adding citations to reliable sources
657:In 1950, after publishing the book,
7148:20th-century American psychologists
5925:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
4762:Attachment-based therapy (children)
4287:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
3754:Canadian Review of American Studies
3131:. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson.
2797:Leiter, Robert (29 November 1999).
2203:Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan Indonesia
722:Theories of development and the ego
350:Theory on psychological development
7143:20th-century American male writers
6645:Society for Psychotherapy Research
5873:Transference focused psychotherapy
4772:Dyadic developmental psychotherapy
3021:(1st ed.). New York: Norton.
2986:(1st ed.). New York: Norton.
2735:The Life Cycle Completed: A Review
2522:10.1023/B:PASP.0000039322.53775.2b
2432:Journal of Research in Personality
1840:"Byways of Our National Character"
1053:, for which he remarkably won the
667:required professors there to sign
429:University of California, Berkeley
410:theory on psychosocial development
276:University of California, Berkeley
25:
7228:Jewish American social scientists
7173:American people of Danish descent
5930:Rational emotive behavior therapy
5903:Functional analytic psychotherapy
5898:Acceptance and commitment therapy
3277:Friedman, Lawrence Jacob (2000).
1170:(extended ed.). New York: W.
695:at Arsenal Nursery School of the
7273:University of Pittsburgh faculty
7158:20th-century German male writers
7100:
7083:
7066:
7038:
7026:
7014:
7002:
6933:
6706:The Making of the President 1960
5030:
4384:Cognitive development of infants
3937:Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic
3517:Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (1989).
3479:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1076:The Eriksons had four children:
886:, Basic trust vs. basic mistrust
779:
740:category Philosophy and Religion
714:. Erikson's lecture was titled
6650:World Council for Psychotherapy
4450:Theory of cognitive development
4363:Human psychological development
3260:Personality and Personal Growth
2006:Community Mental Health Journal
1896:. New York: Columbia University
1655:The Journal of American History
1578:Schlein, Stephen, ed. (2009) .
790:needs additional citations for
476:. In 1905 she married a Jewish
145:
7218:Harvard Medical School faculty
7188:Austen Riggs Center physicians
4767:Attachment-based psychotherapy
4460:Cultural-historical psychology
4310:Works by or about Erik Erikson
3587:The American Historical Review
3354:Transactional Analysis Journal
2799:"The Corrosive Nature of Fame"
2342:Journal of Adolescent Research
586:Massachusetts General Hospital
32:Eric Erickson (disambiguation)
1:
7153:20th-century American writers
5863:Mentalization-based treatment
5126:Industrial and organizational
4624:Fathers as attachment figures
4520: (b. 1950), and others (
3475:Erik Erikson: An Introduction
3232:Erikson Bloland, Sue (2005).
3146:Eckenfels, Edward J. (2008).
2758:Erikson Bloland, Sue (2015).
2393:Hutchison, Elizabeth (2007).
2248:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_597
1916:"National Book Awards – 1970"
1838:Stade, George (19 May 1976).
975:, Generativity vs. stagnation
943:, Identity vs. role confusion
697:Western Psychiatric Institute
5920:Dialectical behavior therapy
5910:Cognitive behavioral therapy
5367:Human factors and ergonomics
4788:History of attachment theory
4675:Patricia McKinsey Crittenden
4644:Reactive attachment disorder
3303:Review of General Psychology
3210:Dimensions of a New Identity
3018:Vital involvement in old age
2467:Journal of Adult Development
2444:10.1016/0092-6566(89)90013-5
1156:Vital Involvement in Old Age
716:Dimensions of a New Identity
559:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
438:Review of General Psychology
7248:National Book Award winners
5950:Emotionally focused therapy
4500:Stages of moral development
4216:The Journal of Nursing Care
3978:10.1521/jaap.1.1976.4.4.529
2667:Identity and the Life Cycle
990:, Ego integrity vs. despair
7294:
7138:20th-century American Jews
6221:Systematic desensitization
6150:Practitioner–scholar model
5893:Clinical behavior analysis
4409:Positive adult development
4394:Positive youth development
3919:Dialogue with Erik Erikson
3916:Evans, Richard I. (1967).
3521:. New York: Summit Books.
3404:Hoare, Carol Hren (2002).
3366:10.1177/036215371004000310
3236:. New York: Viking Press.
3104:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
2600:Erikson & Erikson 1997
2130:10.1177/016502549501800408
1980:psychology.fas.harvard.edu
1806:psychology.fas.harvard.edu
1124:Identity: Youth and Crisis
1118:Insight and Responsibility
768:
677:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
29:
7263:Psychologists of religion
6942:
6931:
6796:The Story of Civilization
6699:
5753:
5056:Applied behavior analysis
5028:
4836:
4490:Ecological systems theory
4329:
4324:Links to related articles
4128:10.2466/pr0.1980.46.2.591
3471:Stevens, Richard (1983).
3315:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
3217:W. Norton & Company.
3207:Erikson, Erik H. (1974).
3050:Erikson, Erik H. (1959).
2949:Erikson, Erik H. (1978).
2916:Erikson, Erik H. (1975).
2848:Erikson, Erik H. (1994).
2733:Erikson, Erik H. (1982).
2665:Erikson, Erik H. (1980).
2303:Erikson, Erik H. (1997).
2057:Erikson, Erik H. (1963).
2018:10.1007/s10597-009-9189-4
1940:Erikson, Erik H. (1969).
1768:"Erik Erikson, 1902–1994"
1641:Fadiman & Frager 2002
1315:Osmer & Bridgers 2018
706:selected Erikson for the
391:
189:
48:
7183:Analysands of Anna Freud
6762:Wandering Through Winter
6232:Other individual therapy
4470:Psychosocial development
4440:Psychosexual development
4371:Developmental psychology
4161:The Psychohistory Review
4087:The Psychohistory Review
4003:The Psychohistory Review
3722:The Psychohistory Review
3672:The Psychohistory Review
3623:Brenman-Gibson, Margaret
3547:The Psychohistory Review
3345:Heathcoate, Ann (2010).
3165:Engler, Barbara (2008).
3127:Burston, Daniel (2007).
2982:Erik H. Erikson (1978).
2640:Wulff, David M. (1991).
2354:10.1177/0743558410361370
2305:The life cycle completed
1791:, pp. 253, 261–262.
1168:The Life Cycle Completed
958:, Intimacy vs. isolation
928:Industry vs. inferiority
685:University of Pittsburgh
637:University of California
553:In 1930 Erikson married
336:The Life Cycle Completed
281:University of Pittsburgh
250:Developmental psychology
7178:American psychoanalysts
6918:Pilgrim at Tinker Creek
6824:The Armies of the Night
6790:Rousseau and Revolution
6254:Cognitive restructuring
5975:Person-centered therapy
5332:Behavioral neuroscience
4896:Behavioral neuroscience
4639:Object relations theory
4073:. New York: Free Press.
3821:10.1023/A:1025188901554
3577:; Fisher, Margaret W.;
2479:10.1023/a:1020790820868
2216:10.31000/jiki.v3i1.1485
1609:Thomas, Robert McG. Jr.
7278:Writers from Frankfurt
6185:Contingency management
6064:Transtheoretical model
6054:Eclectic psychotherapy
6031:Transactional analysis
5382:Psychology of religion
5322:Behavioral engineering
5259:Human subject research
4915:Cognitive neuroscience
4881:Affective neuroscience
4594:Attachment in children
4235:Welchman, Kit (2000).
4189:Wallerstein, Robert S.
3766:10.3138/CRAS-004-01-04
3699:Coles, Robert (1970).
3078:Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen
2712:10.1098/rstb.1966.0019
2612:Capps, Donald (2014).
1890:"1970 Pulitzer Prizes"
1265:McLeod, Saul (2017) .
1022:Psychology of religion
912:, Initiative vs. guilt
590:Harvard Medical School
584:and held positions at
398:Erik Homburger Erikson
7243:Jewish psychoanalysts
7213:German psychoanalysts
7055:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
6135:Common factors theory
6099:Residential treatment
5758:Wiktionary definition
5294:Self-report inventory
5289:Quantitative research
4755:Clinical applications
4604:Attachment and health
4256:Psychoanalytic Review
4116:Psychological Reports
3864:Psychoanalytic Review
3627:Psychoanalytic Review
3082:American Psychologist
2895:10.1002/bs.3830140209
2570:10.1093/geronb/gbv062
2178:McLeod, Saul (2017).
2060:Childhood and Society
1416:Haggbloom et al. 2002
1103:Childhood and Society
765:Theory of personality
753:prolonged adolescence
687:where he worked with
660:Childhood and Society
313:Childhood and Society
6753:Howard Mumford Jones
6564:Lorna Smith Benjamin
6399:Harry Stack Sullivan
6324:Sensitivity training
6125:Clinical formulation
5284:Qualitative research
5239:Behavior epigenetics
4736:Attachment parenting
4634:Maternal deprivation
4589:Attachment in adults
4283:Zock, Hetty (2004).
3585:by Erikson, Erik H.
2823:Erikson Bloland 2005
1466:Erikson Bloland 2005
899:, Autonomy vs. shame
799:improve this article
7238:Jewish philosophers
7163:American Christians
6904:The Denial of Death
6748:O Strange New World
6296:Group psychotherapy
6207:Counterconditioning
6084:Brief psychotherapy
5955:Existential therapy
5763:Wiktionary category
5327:Behavioral genetics
5299:Statistical surveys
5156:Occupational health
4891:Behavioral genetics
4609:Attachment measures
4599:Attachment disorder
4512: (1943–2020),
4498: (1927–1987) (
4488: (1917–2005) (
4478: (1907–1990) (
4468: (1902–1994) (
4458: (1896–1934) (
4448: (1896–1980) (
4438: (1856–1939) (
2803:Jewish World Review
2704:1966RSPTB.251..337E
2510:Pastoral Psychology
1894:The Pulitzer Prizes
1547:. Erikson Institute
1152:(edited book, 1978)
1059:National Book Award
736:National Book Award
673:Austen Riggs Center
573:. Unable to regain
483:The development of
194:Academic background
180:National Book Award
6890:Children of Crisis
6885:Frances FitzGerald
6871:Barbara W. Tuchman
6814:So Human an Animal
6739:Richard Hofstadter
6725:Barbara W. Tuchman
6720:The Guns of August
6424:Milton H. Erickson
6259:Emotion regulation
6239:Autogenic training
6130:Clinical pluralism
6059:Multimodal therapy
5858:Analytical therapy
5735:Schools of thought
5638:Richard E. Nisbett
5518:Donald T. Campbell
5196:Sport and exercise
4741:Attachment therapy
4720:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3750:Crunden, Robert M.
3575:Bondurant, Joan V.
2883:Behavioral Science
2778:on 20 October 2017
1844:The New York Times
1713:www.britannica.com
1617:The New York Times
1468:, pp. 62, 64.
1364:The New York Times
1162:Erikson, Erik H.;
1051:Mohandas K. Gandhi
758:emerging adulthood
575:Danish citizenship
565:and the potential
474:Karlsruhe, Germany
286:Harvard University
7203:German Christians
6990:
6989:
6984:
6983:
6893:vols. 2 and 3 by
6781:David Brion Davis
6658:
6657:
6584:William R. Miller
6569:Marsha M. Linehan
6539:Jean Baker Miller
6499:Salvador Minuchin
6379:Ludwig Binswanger
6332:
6331:
6167:Behaviour therapy
6094:Online counseling
6072:
6071:
6011:Narrative therapy
5915:Cognitive therapy
5796:
5795:
5773:Wikimedia Commons
5700:Counseling topics
5663:Ronald C. Kessler
5653:Shelley E. Taylor
5578:Lawrence Kohlberg
5553:Stanley Schachter
5352:Consumer behavior
5234:Archival research
5002:Psycholinguistics
4886:Affective science
4796:
4795:
4653:Notable theorists
4614:Attachment theory
4570:Attachment theory
4536:
4535:
4516: (b. 1946),
4508: (b. 1939),
4480:Attachment theory
4404:Adult development
4389:Child development
4294:978-90-5183-180-1
4246:978-0-335-20157-0
4206:978-0-8236-2445-4
3908:978-0-684-31322-1
3798:Douvan, Elizabeth
3579:Sutherland, J. D.
3509:978-1-4039-9986-3
3486:978-0-312-25812-2
3463:978-1-84371-037-0
3415:978-0-19-513175-8
3288:978-0-674-00437-5
3269:978-0-13-040961-4
3243:978-0-670-03374-4
3224:978-0-393-00923-1
3199:978-1-285-08880-8
3176:978-0-547-14834-2
3157:978-0-8135-4315-4
3138:978-0-7657-0495-5
2984:Adulthood: essays
2623:978-1-4422-4151-0
2404:978-1-4129-4126-6
2257:978-3-319-24612-3
2184:Simply Psychology
1875:978-0-07-162364-3
1764:Boeree, C. George
1611:(8 August 1997).
1545:"Erik H. Erikson"
1505:Young-Bruehl 1989
1441:"Erik H. Erikson"
1271:Simply Psychology
1215:Erikson Institute
1181:978-0-393-34743-2
875:
874:
867:
849:
708:Jefferson Lecture
555:Joan Mowat Serson
542:Montessori method
463:Frankfurt am Main
395:
394:
16:(Redirected from
7285:
7113:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7096:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7079:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7059:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7007:
7006:
7005:
6998:
6977:
6968:
6959:
6950:
6937:
6926:
6912:
6898:
6880:Fire in the Lake
6874:
6860:
6846:
6832:
6808:
6784:
6770:
6756:
6742:
6728:
6714:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6662:
6574:Vittorio Guidano
6544:Otto F. Kernberg
6414:Donald Winnicott
6271:Free association
6216:Exposure therapy
6195:Stimulus control
6175:Aversion therapy
6163:
6026:Systemic therapy
6001:Feminist therapy
5853:Adlerian therapy
5841:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5800:
5730:Research methods
5673:Richard Davidson
5668:Joseph E. LeDoux
5543:George A. Miller
5533:David McClelland
5528:Herbert A. Simon
5428:Edward Thorndike
5249:Content analysis
5034:
5007:Psychophysiology
4823:
4816:
4809:
4800:
4746:Candace Newmaker
4665:William E. Blatz
4584:Affectional bond
4563:
4556:
4549:
4540:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4333:
4320:
4314:Internet Archive
4298:
4279:
4250:
4231:
4210:
4184:
4155:
4110:
4082:
4074:
4072:
4058:
4026:
3997:
3960:
3931:
3912:
3893:Koertge, Noretta
3887:
3858:
3832:
3806:
3793:
3745:
3716:
3706:
3695:
3666:
3659:Capps, Walter H.
3650:
3618:
3593:(4): 1104–1115.
3570:
3532:
3513:
3497:
3490:
3478:
3467:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3419:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3391:on 2 August 2016
3390:
3384:. Archived from
3360:(3–4): 254–260.
3351:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3292:
3273:
3247:
3228:
3216:
3203:
3187:
3180:
3161:
3142:
3123:
3097:
3064:
3063:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2774:. Archived from
2755:
2749:
2748:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2698:(772): 337–349.
2687:
2681:
2680:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2365:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2175:
2150:
2149:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1650:
1644:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1586:on 12 March 2014
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1356:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1185:
1173:
1164:Erikson, Joan M.
870:
863:
859:
856:
850:
848:
807:
783:
775:
321:Young Man Luther
295:Notable students
149:
147:
97:
71:
69:
53:
39:
21:
7293:
7292:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7106:
7101:
7099:
7089:
7084:
7082:
7072:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7058:sister projects
7057:
7049:
7039:
7037:
7027:
7025:
7015:
7013:
7003:
7001:
6993:
6991:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6971:
6962:
6953:
6946:
6938:
6929:
6915:
6901:
6877:
6863:
6849:
6835:
6811:
6787:
6773:
6767:Edwin Way Teale
6759:
6745:
6731:
6717:
6703:
6695:
6689:
6659:
6654:
6608:
6589:Steven C. Hayes
6519:Paul Watzlawick
6504:Paul Watzlawick
6459:Virginia Axline
6369:Sándor Ferenczi
6328:
6309:Couples therapy
6290:
6264:Affect labeling
6227:
6212:Desensitization
6154:
6140:Discontinuation
6113:
6068:
6040:
6021:Reality therapy
5979:
5965:Gestalt therapy
5936:
5884:
5877:
5832:
5827:
5797:
5792:
5749:
5725:Psychotherapies
5686:
5643:Martin Seligman
5608:Daniel Kahneman
5548:Richard Lazarus
5498:Raymond Cattell
5402:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5303:
5215:
5042:
5035:
5026:
4987:Neuropsychology
4867:
4860:
4832:
4827:
4797:
4792:
4776:
4750:
4724:
4648:
4572:
4567:
4537:
4532:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4365:
4360:
4325:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4282:
4253:
4247:
4234:
4213:
4207:
4195:, eds. (1998).
4193:Goldberger, Leo
4187:
4158:
4113:
4080:
4077:
4061:
4029:
4000:
3963:
3934:
3915:
3909:
3890:
3861:
3804:
3796:
3748:
3719:
3698:
3669:
3653:
3621:
3599:10.2307/1849243
3573:
3544:
3540:
3538:Further reading
3535:
3529:
3516:
3510:
3498: (2008).
3495:
3493:
3487:
3470:
3464:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3422:
3416:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3349:
3344:
3335:
3333:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3250:
3244:
3231:
3225:
3214:
3206:
3200:
3188: (2014).
3185:
3183:
3177:
3164:
3158:
3145:
3139:
3126:
3095:10.1.1.462.7685
3076:
3072:
3067:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3029:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2928:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2860:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2764:New Philosopher
2757:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2258:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2177:
2176:
2153:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2056:
2055:
2051:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1667:10.2307/2675414
1652:
1651:
1647:
1639:, p. 151;
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1523:
1519:, pp. 8–9.
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1397:
1396:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1366:. 13 March 1994
1358:
1357:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1333:Harvard Gazette
1326:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1291:Heathcoate 2010
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1211:
1192:
1182:
1171:
1161:
1098:
1093:
1067:
1024:
1001:
992:
977:
960:
945:
930:
914:
901:
888:
871:
860:
854:
851:
808:
806:
796:
784:
773:
767:
724:
681:Norman Rockwell
609:Gregory Bateson
594:Yale University
551:
522:August Aichhorn
510:
447:
414:identity crisis
402:Erik Salomonsen
387:
373:James W. Fowler
341:
299:Richard Sennett
290:
271:Yale University
259:
225:
185:
151:
148: 1930)
143:
139:
126:
109:
99:
95:
86:
73:
67:
65:
64:
63:
62:Erik Salomonsen
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7291:
7289:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7198:Ego psychology
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7097:
7095:from Wikiquote
7080:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7035:
7023:
7011:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6969:
6960:
6951:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6913:
6899:
6875:
6861:
6852:The Rising Sun
6847:
6838:Gandhi's Truth
6833:
6809:
6785:
6771:
6757:
6743:
6729:
6715:
6711:Theodore White
6700:
6697:
6696:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6665:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6559:Arnold Lazarus
6556:
6554:Irvin D. Yalom
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6529:Eugene Gendlin
6526:
6521:
6516:
6514:Ogden Lindsley
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6489:Virginia Satir
6486:
6481:
6479:James Bugental
6476:
6474:Silvano Arieti
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6344:Philippe Pinel
6340:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6314:Family therapy
6311:
6306:
6300:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6256:
6251:
6249:Clean language
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6209:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6160:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6109:Support groups
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5889:
5887:
5883:Cognitive and
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5868:Psychoanalysis
5865:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5803:
5794:
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5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:Roy Baumeister
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5618:Michael Posner
5615:
5610:
5605:
5603:Elliot Aronson
5600:
5598:Walter Mischel
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5563:Albert Bandura
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5538:Leon Festinger
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5508:Neal E. Miller
5505:
5503:Abraham Maslow
5500:
5495:
5490:
5488:Ernest Hilgard
5485:
5483:Donald O. Hebb
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5463:J. P. Guilford
5460:
5458:Gordon Allport
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5438:John B. Watson
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5390:
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5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
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5329:
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5309:
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5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5229:Animal testing
5225:
5223:
5217:
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5213:
5208:
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5063:
5058:
5053:
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5045:
5037:
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5029:
5027:
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5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4932:Cross-cultural
4929:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4862:
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4858:
4853:
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4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4660:Mary Ainsworth
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
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4566:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4503:
4493:
4486:Bronfenbrenner
4483:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
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4381:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4361:
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4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4305:
4304:External links
4302:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4280:
4262:(2): 209–233.
4251:
4245:
4232:
4211:
4205:
4185:
4156:
4122:(2): 591–612.
4111:
4093:(1): 101–117.
4075:
4059:
4041:(4): 519–529.
4027:
3998:
3972:(4): 529–544.
3961:
3943:(4): 295–314.
3932:
3913:
3907:
3888:
3870:(3): 337–347.
3859:
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3678:(1): 119–153.
3667:
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3633:(3): 329–335.
3619:
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3527:
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3485:
3468:
3462:
3441:
3425:"James Fowler"
3420:
3414:
3401:
3342:
3309:(2): 139–152.
3293:
3287:
3274:
3268:
3256:Frager, Robert
3252:Fadiman, James
3248:
3242:
3229:
3223:
3204:
3198:
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3143:
3137:
3124:
3088:(5): 469–480.
3073:
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2974:
2959:
2941:
2926:
2908:
2889:(2): 154–159.
2873:
2858:
2840:
2827:
2825:, pp. 67.
2815:
2789:
2750:
2743:
2725:
2682:
2675:
2657:
2650:
2629:
2622:
2604:
2592:
2563:(3): 400–407.
2543:
2500:
2457:
2438:(4): 435–449.
2422:
2410:
2403:
2385:
2363:1854/LU-941691
2348:(3): 387–415.
2328:
2313:
2295:
2270:
2256:
2230:
2189:
2180:"Erik Erikson"
2151:
2124:(4): 713–726.
2108:
2083:
2081:, p. 143.
2071:
2069:, p. 142.
2049:
2012:(6): 405–414.
1992:
1976:"Erik Erikson"
1967:
1955:
1929:
1907:
1881:
1874:
1856:
1830:
1818:
1802:"Erik Erikson"
1793:
1781:
1755:
1750:New York Times
1737:
1725:
1700:
1688:
1645:
1643:, p. 208.
1629:
1597:
1570:
1558:
1536:
1521:
1509:
1507:, p. 178.
1497:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1447:on 15 May 2013
1432:
1420:
1408:
1399:"Erik Erikson"
1377:
1346:
1319:
1307:
1305:, p. vii.
1303:Eckenfels 2008
1295:
1293:, p. 257.
1283:
1267:"Erik Erikson"
1257:
1255:, p. 109.
1245:
1229:
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1127:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1078:Kai T. Erikson
1066:
1063:
1055:Pulitzer Prize
1047:Gandhi's Truth
1023:
1020:
1000:
997:
991:
982:
976:
969:
959:
950:
944:
935:
929:
919:
913:
906:
900:
893:
887:
880:
873:
872:
814:"Erik Erikson"
787:
785:
778:
769:Main article:
766:
763:
745:Gandhi's Truth
732:Pulitzer Prize
728:ego psychology
723:
720:
689:Benjamin Spock
648:Alfred Kroeber
598:medical school
550:
547:
538:Edward Bibring
534:Helene Deutsch
526:Heinz Hartmann
509:
506:
446:
443:
408:known for his
393:
392:
389:
388:
386:
385:
380:
378:Howard Gardner
375:
370:
365:
359:
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353:
352:
347:
343:
342:
340:
339:
333:
329:Gandhi's Truth
325:
317:
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296:
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267:
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255:psychoanalysis
252:
246:
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243:Sub-discipline
240:
239:
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232:
231:
227:
226:
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223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
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196:
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190:
187:
186:
184:
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177:
174:Pulitzer Prize
170:
168:
164:
163:
161:Kai T. Erikson
157:
153:
152:
141:
135:
134:
132:
128:
127:
125:
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121:
117:
115:
111:
110:
100:
98:(aged 91)
92:
88:
87:
74:
61:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7290:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
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7246:
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7239:
7236:
7234:
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7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
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7184:
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7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7112:from Wikidata
7111:
7110:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7046:
7045:United States
7036:
7034:
7024:
7022:
7012:
7010:
7000:
6996:
6975:
6970:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6952:
6949:
6948:Complete list
6945:
6944:
6941:
6936:
6924:
6923:Annie Dillard
6920:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6909:Ernest Becker
6906:
6905:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6830:
6829:Norman Mailer
6826:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6793:, vol. 10 of
6792:
6791:
6786:
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6778:
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6758:
6754:
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6722:
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6716:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6701:
6698:
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6681:
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6667:
6666:
6663:
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6648:
6646:
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6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6599:Jeffrey Young
6597:
6595:
6594:Michael White
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6579:Les Greenberg
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
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6550:
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6507:
6505:
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6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6464:Carl Whitaker
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6444:Viktor Frankl
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6429:Jacques Lacan
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6419:Wilhelm Reich
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6384:Melanie Klein
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6354:Sigmund Freud
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6335:
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6317:
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6208:
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6200:Token economy
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6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Music therapy
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5996:Dance therapy
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
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5911:
5908:
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5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5845:Psychodynamic
5842:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5830:Psychotherapy
5824:
5819:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:Psychologists
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5710:Organizations
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5658:John Anderson
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
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5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Ulric Neisser
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5573:Endel Tulving
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:Robert Zajonc
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:Jerome Bruner
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:B. F. Skinner
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:Clark L. Hull
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:Sigmund Freud
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5413:William James
5411:
5409:
5408:Wilhelm Wundt
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:Psychologists
5396:
5388:
5387:Psychometrics
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5347:Consciousness
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5279:Psychophysics
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5221:Methodologies
5218:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:Psychotherapy
5179:
5177:
5176:Psychometrics
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
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5139:
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5114:
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5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
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5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5033:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Developmental
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
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4842:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:Konrad Lorenz
4703:
4701:
4700:Melanie Klein
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4685:Sigmund Freud
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Human bonding
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
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4582:
4581:
4579:
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4515:
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4507:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4424:Theorists and
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4031:Masson, J. L.
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3830:2027.42/43955
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:Capps, Donald
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3530:
3528:9780333455265
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3028:0-393-02359-1
3024:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2993:0-393-01165-8
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2960:0-7145-2629-0
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2927:0-393-01103-8
2923:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2859:0-393-31214-3
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2744:0-393-30229-6
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2676:0-393-00949-1
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2651:0-471-50236-7
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2602:, p. 61.
2601:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2314:0-393-03934-X
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:Friedman 2000
1785:
1782:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1746:"On this Day"
1741:
1738:
1735:, p. 11.
1734:
1729:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1698:, p. 10.
1697:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1430:, p. 29.
1429:
1428:Friedman 2000
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:, p. 93.
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1065:Personal life
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Martin Luther
1040:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
998:
996:
989:
988:
983:
981:
974:
970:
968:
964:
957:
956:
951:
949:
942:
941:
936:
934:
927:
925:
920:
918:
911:
907:
905:
898:
894:
892:
885:
881:
879:
869:
866:
858:
847:
844:
840:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
816: –
815:
811:
810:Find sources:
804:
800:
794:
793:
788:This section
786:
782:
777:
776:
772:
764:
762:
760:
759:
754:
749:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:loyalty oaths
666:
662:
661:
655:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
633:
630:
627:to study the
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:Ruth Benedict
610:
606:
605:Margaret Mead
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:United States
548:
546:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:'s daughter,
515:
514:Sigmund Freud
507:
505:
501:
499:
495:
489:
486:
481:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
442:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:psychoanalyst
403:
399:
390:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
358:
354:
351:
348:
346:Notable ideas
344:
337:
334:
331:
330:
326:
323:
322:
318:
315:
314:
310:
309:
307:
305:Notable works
303:
300:
297:
293:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
266:
262:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:Academic work
228:
222:
221:Margaret Mead
219:
217:
216:Sigmund Freud
214:
212:
209:
207:
206:Ruth Benedict
204:
203:
201:
197:
192:
188:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:4, including
158:
154:
138:
133:
129:
122:
119:
118:
116:
112:
107:
106:Massachusetts
103:
93:
89:
85:
84:German Empire
81:
77:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7107:
7090:
7078:from Commons
7073:
7053:Erik Erikson
7052:
6916:
6902:
6895:Robert Coles
6888:
6878:
6864:
6850:
6843:Erik Erikson
6842:
6836:
6822:
6812:
6805:Ariel Durant
6794:
6788:
6774:
6760:
6746:
6732:
6718:
6704:
6613:Associations
6604:Peter Fonagy
6549:Nathan Azrin
6524:Arthur Janov
6484:Joseph Wolpe
6469:Albert Ellis
6449:George Kelly
6434:Erik Erikson
6433:
6394:Karen Horney
6364:Alfred Adler
6359:Pierre Janet
6349:Josef Breuer
6281:Hypnotherapy
6016:Play therapy
5633:Larry Squire
5628:Bruce McEwen
5623:Amos Tversky
5593:Jerome Kagan
5583:Noam Chomsky
5523:Hans Eysenck
5493:Harry Harlow
5473:Erik Erikson
5472:
5372:Intelligence
5269:Neuroimaging
5012:Quantitative
4977:Mathematical
4972:Intelligence
4962:Experimental
4957:Evolutionary
4947:Differential
4856:Psychologist
4695:Jerome Kagan
4690:Harry Harlow
4680:Erik Erikson
4679:
4465:
4284:
4259:
4255:
4236:
4222:(5): 27–28.
4219:
4215:
4196:
4167:(3): 28–31.
4164:
4160:
4119:
4115:
4090:
4086:
4068:
4063:Roazen, Paul
4038:
4034:
4009:(1): 69–86.
4006:
4002:
3969:
3965:
3940:
3936:
3918:
3896:
3867:
3863:
3815:(1): 15–21.
3812:
3808:
3760:(1): 48–64.
3757:
3753:
3728:(3): 42–46.
3725:
3721:
3702:
3675:
3671:
3662:
3630:
3626:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3553:(1): 35–68.
3550:
3546:
3518:
3499:
3474:
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3428:
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3386:the original
3357:
3353:
3334:. Retrieved
3306:
3302:
3278:
3259:
3233:
3209:
3189:
3166:
3147:
3128:
3085:
3081:
3051:
3045:
3017:
3010:
2983:
2977:
2950:
2944:
2917:
2911:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2830:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2802:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2776:the original
2763:
2753:
2734:
2728:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2666:
2660:
2641:
2613:
2607:
2595:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2473:(1): 53–65.
2470:
2466:
2460:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2413:
2394:
2388:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2304:
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:
2273:
2239:
2233:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2183:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2074:
2059:
2052:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1958:
1941:
1920:. Retrieved
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1865:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:
1833:
1826:Erikson 1974
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:
1796:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1740:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:
1703:
1691:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:the original
1573:
1568:, p. 8.
1566:Stevens 2008
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1539:
1534:, p. 9.
1512:
1500:
1493:Stevens 1983
1480:, p. 8.
1473:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1435:
1423:
1411:
1403:Encyclopedia
1402:
1368:. Retrieved
1363:
1337:. Retrieved
1332:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1260:
1253:Stevens 2008
1248:
1241:Burston 2007
1201:
1195:
1167:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1091:Bibliography
1086:
1075:
1071:Joan Erikson
1068:
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1038:
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855:January 2016
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792:verification
789:
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665:Levering Act
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621:South Dakota
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490:
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478:pediatrician
471:
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436:
418:
401:
397:
396:
383:James Marcia
368:Robert Coles
335:
327:
319:
311:
264:Institutions
96:(1994-05-12)
72:15 June 1902
43:Erik Erikson
36:
7133:1994 deaths
7128:1902 births
6857:John Toland
6694:(1962–1975)
6534:R. D. Laing
6509:Haim Ginott
6439:Carl Rogers
6404:Fritz Perls
6319:Psychodrama
6244:Biofeedback
6046:Integrative
5991:Art therapy
5970:Logotherapy
5705:Disciplines
5678:Susan Fiske
5568:Roger Brown
5468:Carl Rogers
5453:Jean Piaget
5418:Ivan Pavlov
5274:Observation
5254:Experiments
5201:Suicidology
5096:Educational
5051:Anomalistic
5022:Theoretical
4997:Personality
4927:Comparative
4910:Cognitivism
4901:Behaviorism
4729:Controversy
4670:John Bowlby
4399:Young adult
3070:Works cited
2516:(1): 3–32.
2418:Slater 2003
2079:Engler 2014
2067:Engler 2014
1985:27 November
1963:Arnett 2000
1661:(3): 1112.
1637:Engler 2008
1190:Collections
1096:Major works
1082:sociologist
1005:Ninth Stage
999:Ninth stage
693:Fred Rogers
530:Paul Federn
137:Joan Serson
114:Citizenship
94:12 May 1994
7122:Categories
7092:Quotations
7021:Psychology
6819:René Dubos
6494:Aaron Beck
6409:Anna Freud
6304:Co-therapy
6159:Techniques
6089:Counseling
6077:Approaches
5942:Humanistic
5885:behavioral
5768:Wikisource
5613:Paul Ekman
5448:Kurt Lewin
5342:Competence
5264:Interviews
5244:Case study
5121:Humanistic
5101:Ergonomics
5086:Counseling
5061:Assessment
5043:psychology
4992:Perception
4952:Ecological
4868:psychology
4846:Philosophy
4830:Psychology
4715:René Spitz
3519:Anna Freud
3395:20 October
3336:20 October
3060:1016208029
2953:. Boyars.
2808:20 October
2782:20 October
2283:docuri.com
2209:(1): 1–9.
1944:. Norton.
1900:20 October
1849:19 October
1811:4 December
1733:Hoare 2002
1718:4 December
1696:Hoare 2002
1532:Hoare 2002
1517:Hoare 2002
1478:Hoare 2002
1370:19 October
1339:20 October
1276:20 October
1221:References
924:Competence
825:newspapers
712:humanities
625:California
571:Copenhagen
518:Anna Freud
455:Copenhagen
453:family in
445:Early life
363:Eric Berne
356:Influenced
238:Psychology
235:Discipline
211:Anna Freud
199:Influences
68:1902-06-15
18:Eriksonian
7009:Biography
6974:2001–2025
6965:1976–2000
6956:1962–1975
6454:Rollo May
6389:Otto Rank
6374:Carl Jung
6104:Self-help
5788:Wikibooks
5778:Wikiquote
5648:Ed Diener
5433:Carl Jung
5337:Cognition
5166:Political
5076:Community
4906:Cognitive
4710:Mary Main
4518:Demetriou
4379:Antenatal
4268:0033-2836
4173:0363-891X
4136:0033-2941
4099:0363-891X
4047:1745-8315
4015:0363-891X
3986:1546-0371
3949:0025-9284
3876:0033-2836
3839:1573-3327
3774:0007-7720
3734:0363-891X
3713:898775065
3684:0363-891X
3639:0033-2836
3607:0002-8762
3559:0363-891X
3435:27 August
3374:2329-5244
3331:145668721
3323:1939-1552
3112:1935-990X
3090:CiteSeerX
2969:315744364
2903:1099-1743
2772:2201-7151
2579:1079-5014
2538:144519449
2530:1573-6679
2495:140501567
2487:1068-0667
2452:0092-6566
2372:0743-5584
2266:241069450
2225:2580-3077
2146:145704944
2138:0165-0254
2096:study.com
2065:Cited in
2026:0010-3853
1950:868769096
1774:30 August
1766:(2006) .
1675:0021-8723
1622:30 August
1451:30 August
1226:Citations
1150:Adulthood
734:and a US
619:tribe in
421:professor
76:Frankfurt
6887: /
6821: /
6286:Modeling
6276:Homework
6180:Chaining
6118:Research
5960:Focusing
5783:Wikinews
5740:Timeline
5362:Feelings
5357:Emotions
5317:Behavior
5308:Concepts
5186:Religion
5171:Positive
5161:Pastoral
5146:Military
5111:Forensic
5106:Feminist
5091:Critical
5081:Consumer
5071:Coaching
5066:Clinical
5041:Applied
4937:Cultural
4876:Abnormal
4496:Kohlberg
4456:Vygotsky
4427:theories
4414:Maturity
4181:11615797
4152:35340912
4107:11623366
4065:(1976).
4023:11623369
3855:22049620
3800:(1997).
3790:35564701
3782:11634791
3742:11615801
3692:11623367
3567:11623368
3382:51749399
3258:(2002).
3120:10842426
3037:13821644
2868:31741383
2720:83998401
2587:26443014
2380:44281123
2323:35198742
2044:19533350
1590:11 March
1495:, ch. 1.
1209:See also
1166:(1997).
1057:and the
1028:religion
1003:For the
940:Fidelity
641:Berkeley
485:identity
156:Children
120:American
7033:Germany
6995:Portals
6190:Shaping
6145:History
5837:Schools
5715:Outline
5211:Traffic
5206:Systems
5141:Medical
4967:Gestalt
4841:History
4510:Fischer
4506:Commons
4466:Erikson
4312:at the
4144:6992185
4055:4616017
3928:4930459
3895:(ed.).
3884:9279929
3847:9256525
3647:9279928
3615:1849243
3002:3414835
2936:1055523
2700:Bibcode
2288:18 June
2035:2791471
1922:8 March
1752:. 2010.
1683:2675414
1551:3 April
1405:. 2018.
1016:virtues
910:Purpose
839:scholar
467:Germany
459:Denmark
425:Harvard
150:
142:
102:Harwich
6925:(1975)
6911:(1974)
6897:(1973)
6873:(1972)
6859:(1971)
6845:(1970)
6831:(1969)
6807:(1968)
6783:(1967)
6769:(1966)
6755:(1965)
6741:(1964)
6727:(1963)
6713:(1962)
6337:People
5745:Topics
5191:School
5116:Health
5017:Social
4920:Social
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4851:Portal
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987:Wisdom
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611:, and
582:Boston
563:Berlin
528:, and
498:Munich
494:Nordic
451:Jewish
431:, and
400:(born
338:(1987)
332:(1969)
324:(1958)
316:(1950)
182:(1970)
176:(1970)
167:Awards
131:Spouse
123:German
108:, U.S.
7075:Media
6799:, by
5984:Other
5692:Lists
5151:Music
5136:Media
5131:Legal
4982:Moral
4514:Kegan
4436:Freud
4148:S2CID
3851:S2CID
3805:(PDF)
3786:S2CID
3611:JSTOR
3389:(PDF)
3378:S2CID
3350:(PDF)
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2716:S2CID
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