78:
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226:
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In order to live effectively in a given place, a people needs to understand the particulars of their environment, and many traditional societies have complex and subtle understandings of the places in which they live. Ethnobiologists seek to share in these understandings, subject to ethical concerns
369:
Societies invest themselves and their world with meaning partly through their answers to questions like "how did the world happen?", "how and why did people come to be?", "what are proper practices, and why?", and "what realities exist beyond or behind our physical experience?" Understanding these
346:
All societies make use of the biological world in which they are situated, but there are wide differences in use, informed by perceived need, available technology, and the culture's sense of morality and sustainability. Ethnobiologists investigate what lifeforms are used for what purposes, the
332:
Ethnobiology has come out from its place as an ancillary practice in the shadows of other core pursuits, to arise as a whole field of inquiry and research in its own right: taught within many tertiary institutions and educational programs around the world; with its own methods manuals, its own
216:
Arising out of practices in Phase I (above) came a 'second phase' in the development of 'ethnobiology', with researchers now striving to better document and better understand how other peoples' themselves "conceptualize and categorize" the natural world around them. In
Sillitoe's words:
360:
biology) to more general terms (such as 'tree' and even more generally 'plant'). They also try to understand the overall structure or hierarchy of the classification system (if there is one; there is ongoing debate as to whether there must always be an implied hierarchy.
552:
Furthermore, these questions must be considered not only in light of western industrialized nations' common understanding of ethics and law, but also in light of the ethical and legal standards of the societies from which the ethnobiologist draws information.
414:
Ethnobotany investigates the relationship between human societies and plants: how humans use plants – as food, technology, medicine, and in ritual contexts; how they view and understand them; and their symbolic and spiritual role in a culture.
115:
Europeans not only sought to understand the new regions they intruded into but also were on the look-out for resources that they might profitably exploit, engaging in practices that today we should consider tantamount to
529:
Through much of the history of ethnobiology, its practitioners were primarily from dominant cultures, and the benefit of their work often accrued to the dominant culture, with little control or benefit invested in the
355:
Different societies divide the living world up in different ways. Ethnobiologists attempt to record the words used in particular cultures for living things, from the most specific terms (analogous to species names in
537:
Just as many of those indigenous societies work to assert legitimate control over physical resources such as traditional lands or artistic and ritual objects, many work to assert legitimate control over their
193:
At its earliest and most rudimentary, this comprised listing the names and uses of plants and animals in native non-Western or 'traditional' populations often in the context of salvage ethnography ...
370:
elements of a societies' perspective is important to cultural research in general, and ethnobiologists investigate how a societies' view of the natural world informs and is informed by them.
395:
In cross cultural ethnobiology research, two or more communities participate simultaneously. This enables the researcher to compare how a bio-resource is used by different communities.
305:
By the turn of the 21st century, ethnobiological practices, research, and findings have had a significant impact and influence across a number of fields of biological inquiry including
3071:
221:
By the mid-20th century ... utilitarian-focussed studies started to give way to more cognitively framed ones, notably studies that centred on elucidating classificatory schemes.
439:
The subfield ethnozoology focuses on the relationship between humans and other animals throughout human history. It studies human practices such as hunting, fishing and
545:
In an age when the potential exists for large profits from the discovery of, for example, new food crops or medicinal plants, modern ethnobiologists must consider
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3592:
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purpose, often focusing on identifying those 'native' plants, animals and technologies of some potential use and value within increasingly dominant
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1980:
838:
for instances of ethnobiology's influence on conservation biology see
Cunningham (2001); Johannes (1989); Laird (2002); Tuxill & Nabhan (2001)
1305:
724:
Examples of studies from this 'first' phase in the development of ethnobiology include
Stevenson (1915), Castetter (1944) and Harrington (1947)
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3057:
3033:
2837:
2508:
1985:
1572:
1193:
SILLITOE, Paul (2006) "Ethnobiology and applied anthropology: rapprochement of the academic with the practical". Special
Edition of the
20:
3472:
1965:
1960:
1941:
1936:
1923:
1539:
64:. The diversity of perspectives in ethnobiology allows for examining complex, dynamic interactions between human and natural systems.
1243:
2565:
124:
Local biological knowledge, collected and sampled over these early centuries significantly informed the early development of modern
1002:
Report to the United
Nations Economic and Social Council's Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Sixth Session, New York, 14–25 May
181:
Ethnobiology itself, as a distinctive practice, only emerged during the 20th century as part of the records then being made about
2034:
1990:
1440:
623:
539:
380:
3336:
2029:
1949:
598:
259:
3628:
3457:
2159:
1995:
549:, the need for informed consent, the potential for harm to informants, and their "debt to the societies in which they work".
328:
Ethnobiology is a rapidly growing field of research, gaining professional, student, and public interest ... internationally
1241:
Ethnobiology — Traditional
Biological Knowledge in Contemporary Global Context. (Athabasca University Course Resource List)
3577:
3482:
2072:
2019:
2009:
185:, and other cultures. As a practice, it was nearly always ancillary to other pursuits when documenting others' languages,
82:
3623:
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2558:
546:
285:
3487:
3119:
2124:
2024:
1819:
1699:
1521:
1476:
1128:
778:
for instances of ethnobiology's influence on ecology, see Balée (1998); Plotkin (1995); Schultes & von Reis (1995)
201:
This 'first phase' in the development of ethnobiology as a practice has been described as still having an essentially
120:. Many new crops ... entered into Europe during this period, such as the potato, tomato, pumpkin, maize, and tobacco.
847:
for an instancing of ethnobiology's influence on development studies, see Warren, Slikkerveer & Brokensha (1995)
461:
focused, primarily, on documenting, describing, and understanding how other peoples perceive, manage, and use whole
3452:
3104:
2042:
2014:
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3432:
2090:
1970:
1804:
1511:
961:
154:
1057:
HAUDRICOURT, Andre-Georges (1973) "Botanical nomenclature and its translation." In M. Teich & R Young (Eds)
3412:
3134:
2179:
443:
in space and time, and human perspectives about animals such as their place in the moral and spiritual realms.
347:
particular techniques of use, the reasons for these choices, and symbolic and spiritual implications of them.
153:
relied upon
Rumphius's work, and also corresponded with other people all around the world when developing the
1145:
PLOTKIN, M.J (1995) "The importance of ethnobotany for tropical forest conservation." in R.E. Schultes &
3247:
3139:
3114:
3094:
2061:
2053:
1898:
1565:
1420:
1405:
956:
Ethnobiological
Classification - Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies
518:
133:
61:
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2647:
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1975:
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384:
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scheme that now underlies the arrangement of much of the accumulated knowledge of the biological sciences.
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2707:
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2319:
2109:
2003:
1610:
1534:
1291:
633:
618:
568:
498:
100:
1170:. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Ethnobiology. BelĂ©m: Museu Paraense EmĂlio Goeldi.
1235:
994:
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1020:
The
Cultural Relations of Classification, an Analysis of Nuaulu Animal Categories from Central Seram.
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310:
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57:
37:
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1280:: contains many flora and fauna names in languages spoken by hunter-gatherers and their neighbors.
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628:
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790:"Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas"
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1384:
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1180:. London: United Nations Environmental Programme & Intermediate Technology Publications.
1173:
1163:
1078:
811:
801:
603:
583:
578:
440:
430:
246:
277:
legitimating "folk biological classification" as a worthy cross-cultural research endeavour
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3326:
3237:
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2977:
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2214:
2154:
1888:
1883:
1861:
1789:
1359:
1247:
1240:
45:
41:
903:
Ethnobotany of the Kondh, Poraja, Gadaba and Bonda of the
Koraput region of Odisha, India
3169:
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169:
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613:
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266:
150:
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856:
for an instancing of ethnobiology's influence on political ecology see Zerner (2000)
19:
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2957:
2937:
2902:
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1893:
1841:
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1516:
1466:
1343:
1338:
1059:
Changing perspectives in the history of science: Essays in honour of Joseph Needham
951:
593:
563:
506:
452:
424:
473:
Studies and writings within ethnobiology draw upon research from fields including
3289:
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2139:
1809:
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1328:
588:
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289:
234:
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24:
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2421:
2354:
2244:
1694:
806:
206:
1092:
1038:
Special Edition of the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. S1-S22
2907:
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2877:
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2802:
2483:
2349:
2254:
1851:
1724:
1581:
1481:
1026:
1015:
510:
478:
462:
165:
143:
117:
104:
1116:
Biodiversity and traditional knowledge: equitable partnerships in practice.
825:
457:
Ethnoecology refers to an increasingly dominant 'ethnobiological' research
172:
took interest in the local biological knowledge of peoples he encountered.
3306:
2997:
2922:
2852:
2782:
2777:
2602:
2169:
2134:
458:
186:
137:
53:
225:
197:-biology as the descriptive biological knowledge of 'primitive' peoples.
3012:
2742:
2612:
2189:
2119:
494:
306:
230:
125:
49:
2550:
865:
Ethnbiology methods manuals include Alexiades (1996) and Martin (1995)
136:
benefited from local biological knowledge in producing his catalogue,
2677:
1674:
1204:
Volume 30. Number 31102, Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.
915:
Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association, section A
281:
89:
map of the world, showing the extent of English geographic knowledge
1216:
The cultural dimension of development: indigenous knowledge systems.
111:
the world, from the 15th century onwards. Paul Sillitoe wrote that:
2204:
1714:
224:
76:
18:
229:
Some Mangyan (who count the HanunĂło among their members) men, on
1595:
1223:
People, plants and justice: the politics of nature conservation.
939:
Selected guidelines for ethnobotanical research: a field manual.
3053:
2554:
1554:
1287:
1283:
1252:
995:"Report of the Secretariat on Indigenous traditional knowledge"
1272:
1262:
1214:
WARREN, D.M; SLIKKERVEER, L; & BROKENSHA, D. (Eds) (1995)
987:
Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation.
1550:
44:, and environments integrating many perspectives, from the
1267:
1200:
STEVENSON, M.C. (1914) "Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians."
1004:. United Nations Economic and Social Council. New York
189:, and natural resource use. Roy Ellen commented that:
1084:
10.2993/0278-0771(2007)27[1:EIFP]2.0.CO;2
324:
The Society of Ethnobiology advises on its web page:
296:
and R. Porteres' and others work in economic biology.
16:
Study of how living things are used by human cultures
142:, covering more than 1,200 species of the plants in
3397:
3177:
3087:
3021:
2532:
2408:
2280:
2088:
1922:
1723:
1588:
1454:
1393:
1352:
1321:
1273:
Tsammalex: A lexical database on plants and animals
973:
The relation of HanunĂło culture to the plant world.
237:, where Harold Conklin did his ethnobiological work
1278:Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors
1153:(eds) Chapman & Hall. London. Pages 147-156.
219:
191:
113:
1195:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
788:O'Neill, Alexander; et al. (2017-03-29).
365:Cosmological, moral and spiritual significance
3065:
2566:
1566:
1299:
1218:Intermediate Technology Publications. London.
1178:Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity
1111:IUCN, The World Conservation Union. Cambridge
8:
534:whose practice and knowledge they recorded.
1202:Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report.
1168:Ethnobiology: Implications and Applications
3072:
3058:
3050:
2573:
2559:
2551:
1573:
1559:
1551:
1306:
1292:
1284:
883:one Ethnobiology textbook is Cotton (1996)
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
3039:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
1263:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
1190:(eds) Chapman & Hall. London. Part 6.
1082:
980:Ethnobotany: principles and applications.
815:
805:
794:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
651:
649:
941:The New York Botanical Garden. New York.
901:Franco, F.M. and Narasimhan, D. (2012).
874:one Ethnobiology reader is Minnis (2000)
1236:Biology on-line "Ethnobiology" articles
1050:HARRINGTON, J.P (1947) "Ethnobiology".
968:. Volume 78. Number 774. Pages 158-170.
645:
1188:Ethnobotany: evolution of a discipline
1156:PORTERES, R. (1977)."Ethnobotanique."
1151:Ethnobotany: evolution of a discipline
1022:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73:Beginnings (15th century–19th century)
3034:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1253:International Society of Ethnobiology
1142:University of Oklahoma Press. Norman.
964:(1944) "The domain of ethnobiology".
253:'s completing his doctorate entitled
7:
1225:Columbia University Press. New York.
948:New York: Columbia University Press.
269:(mid 1960s) with the publication of
56:sciences; along with application to
1207:TUXILL, J & NABHAN, G.P (2001)
958:. Princeton University Press, 1992.
892:Ellen, Roy (1993) pages 216 forward
99:Biologists have been interested in
1209:People, plants and protected area.
1125:Weidenfeld & Nicolson. London.
975:PhD dissertation, Yale University.
14:
1166:& W. L. Overal (Eds.), 1990)
1158:Encyclopaedia Universalis Organum
1109:Traditional ecological knowledge.
1061:Heinemann. London. Pages 265-273.
760:Haudricourt, Andre-Georges (1973)
3563:
3562:
3552:
3168:
1441:Traditional ecological knowledge
624:Indigenous intellectual property
374:Traditional ecological knowledge
40:of relationships among peoples,
3337:Science, technology and society
1186:& VON REIS, S (1995) (Eds)
946:Advances in historical ecology.
599:Human interactions with insects
333:readers, and its own textbooks
241:This 'second' phase is marked:
1133:Ethnobotany: a methods manual.
1:
1121:LEVI-STRAUSS, Claude (1966).
1067:"Ethnobiology in Four Phases"
90:
3081:Environmental social science
905:. D.K. Printworld, New Delhi
547:intellectual property rights
3120:Environmental communication
1522:List of paleoethnobotanists
1135:Chapman & Hall. London.
751:LĂ©vi-Strauss, Claude (1966)
391:Cross-cultural ethnobiology
261:culture to the plant world"
3645:
3105:Environmental anthropology
1942:Countries by ethnic groups
1937:Contemporary ethnic groups
450:
428:
422:
407:
101:local biological knowledge
3548:
3166:
2588:
1530:
1512:Constantino Manuel Torres
1160:Number 17. Pages 326-330.
1107:JOHANNES, R.E (Ed)(1989)
1054:. Number 5. Pages 244-247
807:10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9
286:André-Georges Haudricourt
160:during the 19th century,
155:biological classification
149:during the 18th century,
132:during the 17th century,
3135:Environmental psychology
1114:LAIRD, S.A. (Ed) (2002)
993:DODSON, Michael (2007).
207:western economic systems
3140:Environmental sociology
3115:Environmental economics
3095:Ecological anthropology
2054:Torres Strait Islanders
1899:Ethnopsychopharmacology
1643:In-group and out-groups
1455:Notable ethnobiologists
1421:Ethnopsychopharmacology
1406:Ecological anthropology
1268:Society of Ethnobiology
1258:Journal of Ethnobiology
1071:Journal of Ethnobiology
985:CUNNINGHAM, A.B (2001)
966:The American Naturalist
944:BALLEE, W (1998) (ed.)
937:ALEXIADES, M.N. (1996)
661:Society of Ethnobiology
657:"What is Ethnobiology?"
519:sustainable development
134:Georg Eberhard Rumphius
62:sustainable development
25:Society of Ethnobiology
3130:Environmental politics
2648:Biological engineering
2295:Cultural appropriation
1507:Richard Evans Schultes
1322:Primary subdisciplines
1221:ZERNER, C (Ed) (2000)
1140:Ethnobotany: a reader.
1138:MINNIS, P (Ed) (2000)
733:Sillitoe 2006, p. 121.
688:Sillitoe 2006, p. 121.
385:cultural appropriation
330:
294:botanical nomenclature
238:
223:
212:Phase II (1950s–1970s)
199:
139:"Herbarium Amboinense"
122:
96:
27:
3629:Traditional knowledge
3225:Ecological humanities
3125:Environmental history
2733:Developmental biology
2708:Computational biology
2688:Cellular microbiology
2320:Ethnic interest group
2160:Ethnicity in censuses
2110:Cultural assimilation
1611:Ethnolinguistic group
1065:Hunn, Eugene (2007).
971:CONKLIN, H.C. (1954)
634:Traditional knowledge
619:Hawaiian Ethnobiology
569:Biocultural diversity
540:intellectual property
499:cultural anthropology
429:Further information:
381:intellectual property
326:
301:Present (1980s–2000s)
228:
177:Phase I (1900s–1940s)
80:
22:
3317:Integrated geography
3195:Behavioral geography
3100:Ecological economics
2953:Reproductive biology
2838:Mathematical biology
2763:Evolutionary biology
2713:Conservation biology
2540:Minzu (anthropology)
2509:Separatist movements
2365:Ethnographic village
2195:Legendary progenitor
1830:Transidioethnography
1633:Hyphenated ethnicity
1628:Ethnographic realism
1621:Ethnoreligious group
1353:Other subdisciplines
742:Conklin, H.C. (1954)
584:Declaration of Belém
311:conservation biology
170:Voyage of the Beagle
3624:Branches of biology
3588:Research institutes
3110:Environmental crime
2738:Ecological genetics
2582:Branches of biology
2400:Multinational state
2395:Model minority myth
2282:Multiethnic society
2200:Linguistic homeland
1616:Ethnonational group
1487:Robin Wall Kimmerer
982:John Wiley. London.
978:COTTON, C.M (1996)
769:Porteres, R. (1977)
574:Cultural landscapes
337:Subjects of inquiry
315:development studies
271:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
166:evolutionary theory
3558:Environment portal
3312:Industrial ecology
3029:History of biology
2963:Structural biology
2948:Relational biology
2773:Generative biology
2768:Freshwater biology
2380:Middleman minority
2340:Ethnic pornography
2335:Ethnic nationalism
2240:Pantribal sodality
2185:Imagined community
1710:Symbolic ethnicity
1638:Indigenous peoples
1606:Ethnographic group
1426:Historical ecology
1246:2016-03-03 at the
1211:Earthscan. London.
1118:Earthscan. London.
629:Historical ecology
532:indigenous peoples
491:population biology
435:Insects in culture
239:
164:, the 'father' of
97:
28:
3601:
3600:
3440:Green criminology
3200:Community studies
3155:Political ecology
3047:
3046:
2968:Synthetic biology
2848:Molecular biology
2703:Cognitive biology
2548:
2547:
2462:Ethnic stereotype
2375:Indigenous rights
2360:Ethnographic film
2345:Ethnic theme park
2305:Dominant minority
2300:Diaspora politics
2290:Consociationalism
2225:National language
2115:Cultural identity
2105:Cross-race effect
2049:Aboriginal groups
1548:
1547:
1472:Harold C. Conklin
1394:Correlated fields
989:Earthscan. London
715:Ellen, Roy (2006)
469:Other disciplines
319:political ecology
284:(mid 1970s) with
255:"The relation of
249:(mid 1950s) with
35:multidisciplinary
3636:
3566:
3565:
3556:
3488:natural resource
3172:
3160:Regional science
3074:
3067:
3060:
3051:
2693:Chemical biology
2575:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2432:Ethnic cleansing
2427:Ethnic bioweapon
2310:Ethnic democracy
1924:Groups by region
1874:Ethnomethodology
1857:Ethnomathematics
1847:Ethnolinguistics
1743:Ethnoarchaeology
1575:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1502:Darrell A. Posey
1492:Gary Paul Nabhan
1436:Paleoethnobotany
1411:Ethnoarchaeology
1401:Cultural ecology
1385:Ethnoprimatology
1380:Ethnoornithology
1375:Ethnolichenology
1370:Ethnoichthyology
1365:Ethnoherpetology
1308:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1123:The savage mind.
1104:
1086:
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689:
686:
680:
677:
671:
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668:
667:
653:
604:Ethnoichthyology
579:Darrell A. Posey
441:animal husbandry
431:Birds in culture
247:Northern America
95:
92:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3544:
3393:
3364:Systems ecology
3348:Sustainability
3342:science studies
3327:Rural sociology
3173:
3164:
3150:Human geography
3083:
3078:
3048:
3043:
3017:
2978:Systems biology
2943:Quantum biology
2584:
2579:
2549:
2544:
2528:
2467:Ethnic violence
2415:
2413:ethnic conflict
2411:
2404:
2385:Minority rights
2325:Ethnic majority
2276:
2260:Detribalization
2215:Nation-building
2155:Ethnic religion
2098:
2094:
2084:
1991:Central America
1918:
1889:Ethnophilosophy
1884:Ethnomusicology
1862:Ethnostatistics
1820:Person-centered
1790:Autoethnography
1719:
1584:
1579:
1549:
1544:
1526:
1450:
1389:
1360:Ethnoentomology
1348:
1317:
1312:
1248:Wayback Machine
1232:
1064:
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1007:
1005:
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962:CASTETTER, E.F.
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275:The Savage Mind
214:
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103:since the time
93:
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3297:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:Environmental
3242:
3241:
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3235:
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3222:
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3215:
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3197:
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2885:
2880:
2875:
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2860:
2855:
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2833:Marine biology
2830:
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2815:
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2800:
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2643:Bioinformatics
2640:
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2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Indigenization
2496:
2491:
2489:Ethnosymbolism
2486:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:Ethnic penalty
2449:
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2429:
2424:
2418:
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2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:Model minority
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Ethnopluralism
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Ethnic enclave
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
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2247:
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2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
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2127:
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2089:
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2080:
2075:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2030:Southeast Asia
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1909:Ethnosemiotics
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Ethnomuseology
1876:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1740:
1738:Ethnic studies
1735:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Supraethnicity
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1658:Minority group
1655:
1653:Metroethnicity
1650:
1648:Meta-ethnicity
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1546:
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1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
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1499:
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1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1446:Zooarchaeology
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
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1238:
1231:
1230:External links
1228:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:SCHULTES, R.E.
1181:
1176:(Ed.), (1999)
1171:
1161:
1154:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1062:
1055:
1052:Acta Americana
1048:
1031:"Introduction"
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699:
697:Sillitoe 2006.
690:
681:
679:Sillitoe 2006.
672:
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451:Main article:
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423:Main article:
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408:Main article:
405:
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399:Subdisciplines
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251:Harold Conklin
213:
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175:
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162:Charles Darwin
158:
147:
74:
71:
69:
66:
38:field of study
15:
13:
10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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3594:
3591:
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3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3539:
3538:environmental
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:environmental
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
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3484:
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3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:environmental
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
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3451:
3449:
3448:environmental
3446:
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3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3433:environmental
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3420:Ecopsychology
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:Architecture
3403:
3402:
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3396:
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3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3218:environmental
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Anthrozoology
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Human ecology
3143:
3141:
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3133:
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3128:
3126:
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3020:
3014:
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3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
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2991:
2989:
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2913:Phylogenetics
2911:
2909:
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2899:
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2834:
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2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Human biology
2806:
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2799:
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2784:
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2779:
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2698:Chronobiology
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2673:Biotechnology
2671:
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2668:Biostatistics
2666:
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2654:
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2479:Ethnocentrism
2477:
2473:
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2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
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2438:
2437:Ethnic hatred
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
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2256:
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2230:National myth
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2175:Folk religion
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2150:Ethnic origin
2148:
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2145:Ethnic option
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Northern Asia
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:South America
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1981:United States
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1690:Polyethnicity
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23:Logo for the
21:
3619:Anthropology
3614:Ethnobiology
3458:occupational
3453:epidemiology
3424:Engineering
3322:Permaculture
3285:Ethnobiology
3284:
2958:Sociobiology
2938:Protistology
2903:Photobiology
2898:Pharmacology
2888:Parasitology
2883:Paleontology
2863:Neuroscience
2843:Microbiology
2753:Epidemiology
2723:Cytogenetics
2683:Cell biology
2663:Biosemiotics
2653:Biomechanics
2633:Biogeography
2628:Biochemistry
2623:Bacteriology
2618:Astrobiology
2514:Xenocentrism
2472:Ethnic riots
2457:Ethnic slurs
2447:Ethnic party
2410:Ideology and
2330:Ethnic media
2272:White ethnic
2265:Neotribalism
2220:Nation state
2165:Ethnofiction
2096:ethnogenesis
2067:
2060:
2041:
2010:Central Asia
2002:
1955:
1948:
1931:
1904:Ethnoscience
1894:Ethnopoetics
1842:Ethnohistory
1780:Ethnogeology
1768:Ethnozoology
1758:Ethnoecology
1748:Ethnobiology
1747:
1733:Anthropology
1685:Panethnicity
1601:Ethnic group
1517:Nancy Turner
1467:Brent Berlin
1344:Ethnoecology
1339:Ethnozoology
1315:Ethnobiology
1314:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1177:
1174:POSEY, D. A.
1167:
1157:
1150:
1139:
1132:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1074:
1070:
1058:
1051:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1019:
1006:. Retrieved
1001:
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738:
729:
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693:
684:
675:
664:. Retrieved
660:
594:Ethnoecology
564:Anthropology
551:
544:
536:
528:
515:conservation
507:pharmacology
472:
456:
453:Ethnoecology
447:Ethnoecology
438:
425:Ethnozoology
419:Ethnozoology
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98:
58:conservation
31:Ethnobiology
30:
29:
3469:Management
3413:sustainable
3185:Agroecology
3008:Xenobiology
3003:Virophysics
2973:Systematics
2928:Primatology
2873:Ornithology
2813:Ichthyology
2798:Herpetology
2793:Gerontology
2758:Epigenetics
2718:Cryobiology
2608:Agrostology
2598:Aerobiology
2593:Abiogenesis
2442:Ethnic joke
2250:Tribal name
2235:Origin myth
2210:Mythomoteur
2140:Ethnic flag
2125:Development
1810:Netnography
1785:Ethnography
1775:Ethnocinema
1753:Ethnobotany
1680:Nationality
1329:Ethnobotany
1129:MARTIN, G.J
1077:(1): 1–10.
589:Ethnobotany
503:ethnography
487:systematics
483:linguistics
475:archaeology
410:Ethnobotany
404:Ethnobotany
292:studies of
235:Philippines
203:utilitarian
94: 1600
3608:Categories
3428:ecological
3382:metabolism
3332:Sexecology
3229:Economics
3213:ecological
3205:Demography
2993:Toxicology
2988:Teratology
2933:Proteomics
2918:Physiology
2858:Neontology
2823:Lipidology
2818:Immunology
2788:Geobiology
2748:Embryology
2728:Dendrology
2658:Biophysics
2638:Biogeology
2524:Xenophobia
2519:Xenophilia
2494:Indigenism
2422:Allophilia
2355:Ethnocracy
2245:Statistext
2180:Historical
2073:Indigenous
2025:South Asia
1961:Indigenous
1695:Population
1477:Wade Davis
1164:POSEY, D.A
1043:2008-04-21
1027:ELLEN, Roy
1016:ELLEN, Roy
1008:2007-11-28
932:References
800:(21): 21.
666:2024-09-26
463:ecosystems
379:regarding
290:linguistic
109:colonising
50:biological
3499:Planning
3478:fisheries
3408:landscape
3377:geography
3248:education
2908:Phycology
2893:Pathology
2878:Osteology
2868:Nutrition
2828:Mammalogy
2803:Histology
2484:Ethnocide
2350:Ethnoburb
2255:Tribalism
2043:Australia
2035:West Asia
2015:East Asia
1986:Caribbean
1971:Greenland
1852:Ethnology
1725:Ethnology
1663:Influence
1582:Ethnicity
1482:Roy Ellen
1197:S119-S142
1093:0278-0771
641:Footnotes
511:nutrition
479:geography
168:, on his
144:Indonesia
118:biopiracy
105:Europeans
3593:Scholars
3583:Journals
3573:Concepts
3568:Category
3513:regional
3508:land use
3307:Forestry
3022:See also
2998:Virology
2983:Taxonomy
2923:Pomology
2853:Mycology
2783:Genomics
2778:Genetics
2603:Agronomy
2504:Nativism
2170:Ethnonym
2135:Ethnarch
2091:Identity
2078:European
1956:Americas
1800:Critical
1795:Clinical
1589:Concepts
1535:Category
1244:Archived
1101:26309207
1029:(2006).
826:28356115
557:See also
459:paradigm
351:Taxonomy
233:island,
187:folklore
107:started
87:Molyneux
3578:Degrees
3529:Policy
3518:spatial
3444:Health
3398:Applied
3387:studies
3372:ecology
3357:studies
3352:science
3300:zoology
3295:ecology
3273:justice
3268:studies
3263:science
3209:Design
3178:Related
3013:Zoology
2743:Ecology
2613:Anatomy
2533:Related
2190:Kinship
2130:Endonym
2120:Demonym
2068:Oceania
1825:Salvage
1540:Project
1131:(1995)
1018:(1993)
954:(1992)
817:5372287
495:ecology
358:Linnean
307:ecology
273:' book
267:Britain
257:HanunĂło
231:Mindoro
126:biology
68:History
54:medical
33:is the
3533:energy
3483:forest
3463:public
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3290:botany
3278:racism
3253:ethics
3238:thermo
3233:energy
3088:Fields
2678:Botany
2062:Europe
1976:Mexico
1966:Canada
1950:Africa
1815:Online
1675:Nation
1149:(Eds)
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517:, and
317:, and
282:France
83:Wright
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2205:Mores
1932:World
1835:Video
1715:Tribe
1097:S2CID
1034:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
342:Usage
195:ethno
42:biota
2004:Asia
1700:Race
1596:Clan
1089:ISSN
822:PMID
433:and
383:and
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3258:law
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