1446:
1077:
609:, expanded the rights of western visitors. They were permitted to enter the Chinese interior after passporting. However, extraterritorial rights were not extended outside the treaty ports. Similar rights were granted to the interested western powers due to the "most-favoured-nation" clause: all privileges the Qing empire granted to one power were automatically granted to the others. In 1868, when the Tientsin treaties were renegotiated, British merchants clamoured to lift the travel restrictions on the Chinese interior. The Qing position was adamantly opposed, unless extraterritoriality was also abolished. No compromise was reached; and the Qing government was successful in preventing foreigners from visiting the Chinese interior with extraterritorial privileges.
1143:
536:, foreign merchants were not satisfied with the state of the Qing legal system. Prior to the Treaty, British Merchants were only able to trade in the region of Canton, exclusively with Chinese Merchants called Cohongs. The Chinese Merchants benefitted significantly out of the deal, contributing to the British dissatisfaction with the Chinese. British merchants were "suspicious of what they regarded as a tendency in the Qing legal order to impose collective responsibility; they were also resentful of the Qing practice of meting out capital punishment in cases of accidental manslaughter". After the
1338:
756:
769:
873:
1411:
1130:
1326:
1065:
743:
793:
1435:
982:
781:
1458:
1103:
1351:
1048:
860:
835:
912:
1363:
969:
495:
1313:
1089:
1471:
1117:
1228:. These limitations meant that foreigners in Japan were not able to commit crime with impunity, in contrast with China, where foreigners were granted the ability to travel to the interior after passporting. Rather, it was in the context of the Japanese state's desire to eliminate all competing jurisdictions and calls for legal reform based on the models of those jurisdictions that Japan's government desired to abolish foreign courts.
1375:
195:
811:
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1008:
951:
1387:
994:
924:
847:
1423:
1022:
937:
899:
823:
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1399:
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261:
to
Canadian law. For example, in Poland where the age of consent is 15, were a Canadian adult to participate in such an activity, they would be prosecuted in Canadian law regardless of what local law says, for a crime committed outside Canadian jurisdiction. The same applies to China: restrictions on freedom of speech, such as criticism of the
219:. As people move between borders, this led, in the framework of a territorial jurisdiction, to certain persons being under the laws of countries in which they did not reside. Extraterritoriality, in this sense, emerges from the interaction of these two conceptions of jurisdiction, personal and territorial, when laws are applied based on
2469:
588:
Subjects of China who may be guilty of any criminal act towards citizens of the United States shall be arrested and punished by the
Chinese authorities according to the laws of China, and citizens of the United states who may commit any crime in China shall be subject to be tried and punished only by
550:
Grants of extraterritoriality were regular in China. In the 1830s, when the Qing government concluded a treaty with the Uzbek khanate of
Khoqand, it granted extraterritorial privileges to its traders. And in dealing with foreign merchants through the centuries, the Qing government rarely attempted to
260:
apply to every
Chinese citizen across the world, while in Canada's case, local ages of consent are ignored in favour of the Canadian law, meaning a Canadian engaging in sexual activity with a person above age of consent in a jurisdiction which is lower than Canada's, they will be prosecuted according
1738:
Special concessions are sometimes made for cemeteries and memorials. National governments can also own property or special concessions in other host countries without gaining any sort of legal jurisdiction or sovereignty, in which case they are treated similarly to other private property owners. For
1277:
In 1925–1926, the treaties were revised to provide for consular jurisdiction to be terminated, and nationals of the parties to the treaty were to come under the jurisdiction of Thai courts after the introduction of all Thai legal codes and a period of 5 years thereafter. By 1930, extraterritoriality
1158:
In 1929 the
Nationalist government announced its goal of ending extraterritoriality completely. Negotiations with Britain, the main holder of such rights, went slowly. They ended with the Japanese invasion of 1937 when Japan seized Shanghai and the main treaty ports where extraterritoriality was in
351:
The laws and regulations created for
Ottoman subjects to abide by often did not apply to European nationals conducting business and trade in the provinces of the empire, and thus various capitulations were brought into effect with respect to many foreign powers. The various overlapping governmental
1175:
The legacy of this for jurisdictional control continues to the modern day. Cassel writes, "extraterritoriality has left many policy-makers in mainland China with a legacy of deeply felt suspicions toward international law, international organisations, and more recently, human rights". With part of
691:
in strengthening the authority of the
Chinese republic in the mid-1920s led many governments to give up their more minor treaty ports without a fight. However, the treaty powers were unwilling to give up Shanghai, or their privileges within it, which remained the most prominent economic centre and
1192:
for crimes against the criminal code which are committed abroad, even if already punished for the crime. These emerge from significant claims of the importance of national sovereignty, a reaction to its abridgement in the past, where almost no nations emphasise the importance of their sovereignty
703:
was signed which expressed the willingness of the parties to end extraterritoriality in China once a competent legal system was established by China. As a result, a commission was established in 1926 that published a detailed report which contained its findings and recommendations for the
Chinese
678:
Qing law did not make a formal distinction between criminal and civil law. While efforts at legal reform were pursued in earnest in the last decade of the Qing dynasty, what was actually achieved failed to meaningfully address this lack of law in the areas of contracts, trade, or commerce.
1160:
466:. The maternity ward of Ottawa Civic Hospital in which Princess Margriet was born was temporarily declared to be extraterritorial by the Canadian government. Making the maternity ward outside of the Canadian domain caused it to be unaffiliated with any jurisdiction and technically
673:
China having expressed a strong desire to reform her judicial system ... will ... be pretreated to relinquish her extra-territorial rights when she is satisfied that the state of the
Chinese laws, the arrangement for her administration, and other considerations warrant her in so
692:
treaty port. It was only after a confrontation between
Shanghai police and Nationalist demonstrators in 1925 that Chinese authorities refused to enforce the verdicts of the Mixed Court; this led to its disestablishment in 1927 and replacement with a Chinese-run local court.
1235:, in which London would relinquish its Japanese extraterritorial rights within five years. Similar treaties were signed with other extraterritorial powers around the same time. These treaties all came into effect in 1899, ending extraterritoriality in Japan.
640:
By far the most important of the treaty ports established after 1842 was Shanghai, where the vague extraterritoriality provisions of the various treaties were most sophisticatedly implemented. The two main courts judging extraterritorial cases were the
593:
The Wanghia treaty included an exception for American trading in opium and also subjected American ships trading outside treaty ports to confiscation by the Chinese government in articles 33 and 3. Similarly, the French also pursued protections in the
682:
After the collapse of the Chinese government in 1911 and the ensuing administrative vacuum, the Chinese members of the Mixed Court were subsequently appointed by the Western powers, placing all inhabitants of the international settlement under
1164:
524:
subjects, was not determined by geography, but rather, by the identity of the subjects. For example, the ruling Manchu elite possessed legal privileges which placed them outside the jurisdiction of local ethnically Chinese administrators.
158:
Historically, this primarily applied to individuals, as jurisdiction was usually claimed on peoples rather than on lands. Extraterritoriality can also be partly applied to physical places. For example, such is the immunity granted to
486:". The practice of extraterritoriality, however, was not confined to the 19th century or these nations, as the monarchs and governments of pre-modern East Asia primarily claimed sovereignty over people rather than tracts of land.
284:, a ship in international waters is governed by the laws of the jurisdiction in which that ship is registered. This can be conceived of as a form of extraterritoriality, where a nation's jurisdiction extends beyond its border.
368:
3290:
653:. These had jurisdiction over the concession areas, which formally remained under Qing sovereignty. Initially, Chinese people who committed crimes in, say, the British zone, were remanded to Chinese authorities.
3394:"Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Syrian Arab Republic on the deployment of an aviation group of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on the territory of the Syrian Arab Republic (Russian)"
2344:
Glenn R. Schmitt, "Closing the Gap in Criminal Jurisdiction over Civilians Accompanying the Armed Forces Abroad-A First Person Account of the Creation of the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000."
711:
lost their rights in China in 1917 after China declared war on them. The Soviet Union made secret agreements that kept its rights until 1960, although it publicly falsely stated that it gave them up in 1924.
3801:
Extraterritoriality: A Letter from the Secretary of State to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations concerning the judicial exercise of extraterritorial rights conferred upon the United
268:
In some military and commercial agreements, nations cede legal jurisdiction for foreign bases or ports to other countries. For example, Japan cedes jurisdiction over American military bases on its soil in
580:
Under imperial edict earlier in the year, these privileges were extended to most western countries. Other nations wanted reassurances and guarantees. For example, the United States negotiated the 1844
598:, which further introduced a distinction between criminal and civil jurisdiction (non-existent in Qing dynasty law) and gave Frenchmen the full protections of Chinese law outside concessionary areas.
3589:
1238:
After the Allied victory in 1945, the Mutual Security Assistance Pact, and its successor treaties, between the United States, to the modern day, grant US military personnel on American bases in
2470:"Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan. By Pär Kristoffer Cassel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. xi, 260 pp. $ 41.95 (cloth)"
1213:". Various commercial treaties extended extraterritorial protections in Japan with various parties, including with Peru, in 1873. Most countries exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction through
443:. Americans in the military or civilians working on American military bases overseas generally have extraterritoriality, so they can only be tried by the U.S. military. This is regulated by a
253:
3564:
661:
By the early 20th century, some Western powers were willing to relinquish extraterritorial rights given the improved state of Chinese legal reform. For example, the 1902 Sino-British "
1923:
are obligations in relation to the acts and omissions of a state, within or beyond its territory, that have effects on the enjoyment of human rights outside of that state's territory.
577:
and Chinese were to be 'tried and punished by their own laws'". These provisions only applied to the treaty ports, since foreigners were barred from entering the Chinese interior.
352:
laws led to legal pluralism in which jurisdiction often was left up to the great powers to institute and organize their own legal structures to represent their citizens abroad.
3294:
1873:
applies. Although both jurisdictions, Shenzhen and Hong Kong, are in the same country, Hong Kong maintains a common law legal system different from the civil law system in
1290:, the constitutional government promulgated a set of legal codes, setting the stage for new treaties signed in 1937–1938 which canceled extraterritorial rights completely.
551:
impose jurisdiction based on territorial sovereignty, instead entrusting the punishment of foreigners to the respective authority in practically all cases except homicide.
2065:
1177:
1515:
Countries which have ceded some control over their territory (for example, the right to enter at will for law enforcement purposes) without ceding sovereignty include:
1159:
operation. When both countries declared war on Japan in late 1941, they became formal allies of China and made ending extraterritoriality an urgent goal which both the
241:, irrespective of the nationality of those persons or the place in which the alleged crimes occurred. This extends to domestic criminal codes as well: for example, the
1232:
265:, will be prosecuted according to Chinese law when that person steps foot on Chinese soil, regardless if said comments were made by a student in London or Vancouver.
1759:, which cannot otherwise be given away for free. Another example of these types of special concessions are the numerous cemeteries and monuments administered by the
566:
at the time of the conclusion of the treaty". This was in line with Qing practices at the time, where sovereignty was held by peoples rather than imposed on lands.
126:
1231:
Having convinced the Western powers that its legal system was "sufficiently modern", Japan succeeded in reforming its unequal status with Britain through the 1894
1600:
2380:
1262:, British Consul-General from 1859 to 1864, gives an account of his judicial training and responsibilities in a letter to his cousin dated 6 September 1860.
1638:
for the Channel Tunnel. The United Kingdom have pre-boarding passport checks in France and Belgium, and France or Belgium operate passport checks in the UK.
3806:
2318:
2263:
2055:
1665:
3597:
340:
and Western nations, from the sixteenth through the early nineteenth centuries. The legal impenetrability of the Ottoman legal code created during the
1948:
1675:
613:
1181:
620:
and China granted each other reciprocal extraterritorial rights. China itself imposed reciprocal extraterritoriality rights for its own citizens in
199:
1824:
274:
230:
Extraterritoriality can now take various forms. Most famous are examples of diplomatic extraterritoriality, where diplomats and their belongings
2995:
3840:
3326:
827:
482:
The most famous cases of extraterritoriality in East Asia are those of 19th century China, Japan, and Siam, emerging from what is termed the "
3691:
3683:
3675:
3639:
3422:
3149:
1760:
455:
956:
3816:
2286:
2231:
1978:
1629:
333:
119:
815:
773:
2367:
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only, thus making her solely Dutch, which could be very important had the child been male, and as such, the heir of Princess Juliana.
2661:"Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan by Pär Kristoffer Cassel (review)"
3264:
2855:
1530:
3042:
Chan, K. C. (1977). "The Abrogation of British Extraterritoriality in China 1942–43: A Study of Anglo-American-Chinese Relations".
1613:(European Organization for Nuclear Research) – for convenience, some facilities that cross into France are under Swiss jurisdiction
916:
3170:
3795:
2418:
Cassel, Pär (2004). "Excavating Extraterritoriality: The "Judicial Sub-Prefect" as a Prototype for the Mixed Court in Shanghai".
558:, Qing negotiators readily extended a grant of extraterritoriality. Cassel writes "the imperial commissioner and Manchu nobleman
1850:
Internal cases (both parties are part of the same unitary sovereign state but have different border control and legal systems):
3207:
1828:
1670:
646:
3648:
Chan, K. Chan. "The Abrogation of British Extraterritoriality in China 1942-43: A Study of Anglo-American-Chinese Relations."
2847:
2742:
1592:
112:
64:
3789:
3473:
1266:
were later signed with 12 other European powers and with Japan. Extraterritoriality came to end in 1917 with respect to the
1983:
650:
589:
the Consul or other public functionary of the United States thereto authorised according to the laws of the United States.
242:
3784:
237:
Similarly, many nations claim the right to prosecute foreign combatants and violators of human rights under doctrines of
3005:
2195:
Curley, T. M. (2011). "Legal Imperialism: Sovereignty and Extraterritoriality in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and China".
1920:
1914:
90:
1752:
407:
Historically, the United States has had extraterritoriality agreements with 15 nations with non-Western legal systems:
257:
3524:
3178:
1998:
1835:
1576:
1568:
839:
696:
463:
3751:
Scully, Eileen P. "Historical Wrongs and Human Rights in Sino-Foreign Relations: The Legacy of Extraterritoriality."
3590:"Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"
2350:
3550:
3835:
2045:
1988:
1520:
1287:
1201:
Japan recognized extraterritoriality in the treaties concluded with the United States, the United Kingdom, France,
471:
444:
396:
3023:. Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting. Vol. 32. pp. 127–146.
707:
Extraterritoriality in China for non-diplomatic personnel ended at various times in the 20th century. Germany and
1259:
3195:... sheds a light on living conditions in Siam at the time, especially so on the life at the British Consulate.
864:
171:. The three most common cases recognized today internationally relate to the persons and belongings of foreign
3242:
2975:
Elleman, Bruce A. (1996). "The End of Extraterritoriality in China: The Case of the Soviet Union, 1917–1960".
1507:
do not generally enjoy full extraterritorial status and are not sovereign territory of the represented state.
1900:
3228:
Eric Lawson (former Commissioner of Police, Bangkok), "Extra-Territoriality as viewed by a police officer",
1953:
1938:
1283:
1218:
1189:
785:
629:
467:
262:
49:
494:
1616:
1489:
1013:
891:
384:
246:
238:
3760:
Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-Building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe
3780:
3735:
3155:
1702:
1450:
1081:
625:
216:
2920:
215:
In the past, pre-modern states generally claimed sovereignty over persons, creating something known as
1176:
its legitimacy resting on claims to strengthening national sovereignty and territorial integrity, the
2003:
1210:
642:
245:
claims the right to prosecute Chinese citizens for crimes committed abroad and Canada will prosecute
188:
59:
1662:, other countries have the right to extract some natural resources and build establishments for this
1973:
1963:
1881:
1726:
1635:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1225:
1185:
688:
570:
543:– a controversial 1784 case where a British gunner was executed for killing two Chinese subjects –
459:
231:
3775:
3291:"After Two Centuries, The Order of Malta Flag Flies Over Fort St. Angelo, Beside The Maltese Flag"
3438:
3321:
3051:
3024:
2902:
2754:
2688:
2435:
2028:
2008:
1958:
1839:
1838:: the Government of France bought land property on St. Helena island to commemorate the exile of
1572:
1504:
1239:
602:
544:
537:
360:
306:
270:
176:
160:
100:
69:
54:
3734:(2 vol 1928). comprehensive on China and briefer coverage across the world in vol 2 pp 155–172.
3340:
3813:
3725:
Legal imperialism: sovereignty and extraterritoriality in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and China
3687:
3679:
3671:
3635:
3418:
3412:
2851:
2680:
2489:
2312:
2293:
2277:
2257:
2238:
2222:
2023:
1854:
1748:
1713:
1692:
1684:
1279:
700:
595:
581:
559:
555:
529:
344:
era began to weaken continuously through the spread of European empires and the prevalence of
302:
140:
3745:
2841:
2746:
2672:
2481:
2427:
2204:
1870:
1804:
606:
345:
2132:
234:
under the laws of their host nations, but rather, under the laws of the diplomat's nation.
3820:
3000:
1812:
1720:
1536:
1463:
1343:
1271:
1108:
761:
708:
617:
563:
533:
508:
The creation of extraterritoriality for treaty nations "was not introduced into East Asia
3474:
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1964/jul/28/john-f-kennedy-memorial-bill
569:
A more formal declaration of extraterritoriality was concluded in the 1843 Supplementary
562:
readily conceded extraterritorial privileges to the British in an exchange of notes with
3799:
3665:
2385:
2013:
1968:
1943:
1874:
1820:
1318:
1263:
1255:
1214:
1094:
834:
483:
440:
322:
172:
168:
74:
2950:"Report of the Commission on Extraterritoriality in China, Peking, September 16, 1926"
1224:
In 1887, only 2,389 non-Chinese foreigners lived in Japan, with strict limitations on
462:
in Ottawa, Ontario, as the family had been living in Canada since June 1940 after the
313:
obtained extraterritoriality for their merchants who operated in designated quarters (
3829:
2692:
2439:
2050:
2039:
1993:
1439:
1416:
1331:
1267:
1135:
986:
748:
662:
521:
337:
298:
164:
2507:
194:
1933:
1756:
1648:
1148:
878:
513:
380:
281:
152:
3316:
3171:"A Letter Written by Sir Robert H. Schomburgk H.B.M.'s Consul in Bangkok in 1860"
2949:
1747:, England, was given to the United States by the United Kingdom, but required an
3317:"The International Maritime Organisation (Immunities and Privileges) Order 2002"
2893:
Fenwick, C. G. (1937). "The Nine Power Treaty and the Present Crisis in China".
2033:
2018:
1808:
1796:
1476:
1356:
1202:
1122:
1053:
574:
517:
388:
95:
17:
3662:
Gunboat Justice: British and American Law Courts in China and Japan (1842-1943)
3021:
Responsibility for Damages to Persons and Property of Aliens in Undeclared War
2485:
2208:
1784:
1642:
1604:
1562:
1380:
1069:
420:
314:
180:
2684:
2493:
547:
officials generally spirited away Britons before Qing officials could react.
470:. This was done to ensure that the newborn would derive her citizenship from
3506:
2400:
1889:
1866:
1862:
1776:
1744:
1740:
1709:
1624:
1588:
612:
Extraterritorial rights were not limited to Western nations. Under the 1871
3528:
2431:
632:, China gave up its extraterritorial rights in Japan, without reciprocity.
3763:
2676:
3393:
2733:
Helmick, Milton J. (12 September 1945). "United States Court for China".
1858:
1699:
having extraterritorial jurisdiction over the air base and its personnel.
1655:
1547:
432:
428:
341:
184:
3713:
Fenwick, C. G. "The Nine Power Treaty and the Present Crisis in China."
3028:
3776:
The Extraterritorial Voting Rights and Restrictions Dataset (1950–2020)
3718:
2906:
2758:
1816:
1792:
1764:
1679:
1596:
1584:
1392:
1368:
1251:
999:
974:
929:
852:
810:
768:
436:
408:
3653:
3055:
2660:
1651:
is partly located in Russia, but the Russian part is rented by Finland
1188:
claims the right, under article 10 of its criminal code, to prosecute
3565:"The Routledge Handbook on Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations"
3551:"New Hengqin border checkpoint opens for public use | Macau Business"
3193:
Translation of a letter written in German by Sir Robert H. Schomburgk
2364:
Status of Forces Agreement: What Is It, and How Has it Been Utilized?
1885:
1800:
1788:
1772:
1696:
1659:
1620:
1445:
1428:
1404:
1206:
1076:
1064:
1040:
1027:
942:
904:
886:
859:
798:
621:
412:
356:
318:
2750:
1645:
is located on Spanish soil but rented by France since a 1856 treaty
573:, which established that "Britons were to be punished according to
3696:
Davids, Jules, and Jonathan M. Nielson. "Extraterritoriality." in
1893:
1780:
1688:
1524:
1434:
981:
822:
780:
493:
424:
416:
399:
were entirely governed by their own laws, even in criminal cases.
364:
193:
3463:
Evans, D. M. Emrys (1965). "John F. Kennedy Memorial Act, 1964".
2331:
Jules Davids, and Jonathan M. Nielson, "Extraterritoriality." in
2166:
Jules Davids, and Jonathan M. Nielson, "Extraterritoriality." in
649:. Similar courts were established for treaty countries, e.g. the
512:, but built atop a long-standing legal edifice". Jurisdiction in
3748:; comprehensive scholarly history in global history perspective.
3367:
2843:
Order and Discipline in China: The Shanghai Mixed Court, 1911–27
1768:
1610:
1580:
911:
310:
203:
155:
of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations.
1831:
and surrounding 100 hectares was gifted by France to Canada.
3790:
Report of the Extraterritoriality Commission in China (1926)
1167:
fulfilled with the treaties they signed with China in 1943.
715:
In 1937, the status of the various foreign powers was thus:
1725:
The Russian Federation maintains a lease until 2050 on the
719:
Status of extraterritoriality with respect to China (1937)
2131:
Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs (16 November 2012).
27:
State of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law
1258:
granting extraterritorial rights to Britain in 1855. Sir
3485:
3131:
3129:
3104:
3102:
2876:
2874:
2823:
2821:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2278:
Allied Forces (United States of America) Ordinance, 1942
1294:
Elimination of extraterritoriality with respect to Siam
498:
A hearing of the International Mixed Court at Shanghai,
2704:
2702:
2642:
2640:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2562:
2560:
2523:
2521:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
730:
Will surrender privileges "when all other powers do so"
2178:
2176:
697:
Conference on the Limitation of Armament in Washington
2083:
2081:
1865:
where an area in a port is leased by Shenzhen to the
277:
pursuant to a bilateral status of forces agreement.
3293:. Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Archived from
2921:"Resolution Regarding Extraterritoriality in China"
2996:"China Still Waits the End of Extraterritoriality"
2066:List of territories governed by the United Nations
3708:
3624:Treaty Ports in Modern China: Law, Land and Power
3507:"Shenzhen Bay Port Hong Kong Port Area Ordinance"
1511:Countries ceding some control but not sovereignty
391:were governed by their own military codes by the
3703:“Developments in the Law: Extraterritoriality.”
3084:, Second Ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
1233:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation
1209:in 1858, in connection with the concept of the "
1180:explicitly states that foreigners must abide by
297:During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Italian
3732:The development of extraterritoriality in China
3700:ed. by Alexander DeConde et al. (2002) 2:81–92.
2401:"Netherlands' Princess Margriet born in Ottawa"
2335:ed. by Alexander DeConde et al. (2002) 2:81–92.
671:
586:
3265:"Laws and Rules Regarding Extraterritoriality"
1178:Constitution of the People's Republic of China
336:were made in the form of treaties between the
325:, as well as in Egypt and the Barbary states.
3742:Extraterritoriality, Its Rise and Its Decline
3707:, vol. 124, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1226–1304.
1877:. Hong Kong law now applies in the port area.
1755:) to do so, because the land was part of the
1601:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
464:occupation of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany
120:
8:
3622:Bickers, Robert, and Isabella Jackson, eds.
3019:Eagleton, Clyde; Dunn, Frederick S. (1938).
2956:. Commission on Extraterritoriality in China
2170:ed. by Alexander DeConde et al. (2002) 2:81.
3182:. 37.2f (digital). Siam Society: images 3–4
1823:. The most popular site among these is the
355:The capitulations ceased to have effect in
1550:, Belgium (as well as the building of the
127:
113:
31:
2659:Kim, Marie Seong-Hak (29 November 2013).
1949:British Supreme Court for China and Japan
1671:Japan–Djibouti Status of Forces Agreement
687:foreign jurisdiction. The success of the
614:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty
3753:Journal of American-East Asian Relations
3245:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)
3210:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)
3208:"The Elimination of Extraterritoriality"
1292:
1278:was in effect no longer in force. After
717:
206:) indicating its extraterritorial status
200:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
167:of foreign countries, or offices of the
151:is the state of being exempted from the
3698:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy
3417:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 511–.
2366:(Congressional Research Service, 2009)
2333:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy
2168:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy
2133:"Child Sex Tourism : It's a Crime"
2077:
1867:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
1825:Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial
1571:in New York, United Nations offices in
82:
41:
34:
3486:"American Battle Monuments Commission"
3368:"日本は、自衛隊が駐留するジブチに「占領軍」のような不平等協定を強いている"
3135:
3120:
3108:
3093:
3068:
2880:
2827:
2812:
2800:
2783:
2771:
2720:
2708:
2646:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2578:
2566:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2452:
2317:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2310:
2262:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2255:
2182:
2154:
2118:
2106:
2087:
249:by a Canadian anywhere in the world.
3715:American Journal of International Law
2895:American Journal of International Law
2463:
2461:
2056:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement
1739:example, ownership of land under the
1729:in Kazakhstan in the city of Baikonur
1666:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement
736:
699:, an international treaty called the
7:
3709:www.jstor.org/stable/25800158 online
2514:. University of Southern California.
1761:American Battle Monuments Commission
456:Princess Margriet of the Netherlands
415:, China, Egypt, Iran, Japan, Korea,
2508:"Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), 1842"
1979:EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg
1921:Extraterritorial Obligations (ETOs)
1695:for a period of 49 years, with the
1630:International Maritime Organization
657:End of extraterritoriality in China
2665:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
2407:. Canada Broadcasting Corporation.
2283:(Ordinance LVII). 26 October 1942.
516:, with differential treatment for
198:Plaque on an external wall of the
25:
3411:Alexey Vasiliev (19 March 2018).
2228:(Ordinance LVI). 26 October 1942.
1753:John F. Kennedy Memorial Act 1964
1531:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
258:restrictions on freedom of speech
1913:This section is an excerpt from
1482:
1469:
1456:
1444:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1336:
1324:
1311:
1141:
1128:
1115:
1101:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1046:
1033:
1020:
1006:
992:
980:
967:
949:
935:
922:
910:
897:
885:
871:
858:
845:
833:
821:
809:
791:
779:
767:
754:
741:
733:Rights continued to have effect
383:, the military personnel of the
179:, the persons and belongings of
3271:. Integrity Legal. 14 July 2009
2930:. US Government Printing Office
1896:in a situation similar to above
1829:Canadian National Vimy Memorial
647:British Supreme Court for China
458:was born on 19 January 1943 in
3347:(in Japanese). 29 January 2020
2848:University of Washington Press
2743:Institute of Pacific Relations
2347:Catholic University Law Review
1734:Transfers of ownership of land
1593:International Court of Justice
624:. However, in 1895, under the
584:, which stated in article 21:
252:In practice, it means Chinese
65:International Seabed Authority
1:
3841:Extraterritorial jurisdiction
3525:"University of Macau webpage"
2994:Wan, Ching-Chun (July 1937).
2223:Allied Forces Ordinance, 1942
1984:Extraterritorial jurisdiction
1254:(Rama IV) of Siam signed the
1242:extraterritorial privileges.
651:United States Court for China
499:
393:Allied Forces Ordinance, 1942
3341:"自衛隊派遣支える「地位協定」 ジブチの法令適用されず"
3151:Extraterritoriality in Japan
3006:Council on Foreign Relations
2840:Stephens, Thomas B. (1992).
2474:The Journal of Asian Studies
1915:Extraterritorial Obligations
1503:Contrary to popular belief,
1193:more than China does today.
321:) in the Byzantine capital,
91:Extraterrestrial real estate
3796:Frelinghuysen, Frederick T.
3414:Russia's Middle East Policy
3179:Journal of the Siam Society
2954:Hathi Trust Digital Library
2061:United Nations Headquarters
1836:French domains of St Helena
1719:The countries pavilions of
1569:United Nations headquarters
554:At the negotiations of the
367:they were abolished by the
3857:
3807:Government Printing Office
3443:www.ilgiornaledellarte.com
2046:Status of forces agreement
1989:Extraterritorial operation
1912:
1827:in France. Land under the
1521:properties of the Holy See
1308:
1288:Siamese revolution of 1932
1217:. Britain established the
727:No extraterritorial rights
445:status of forces agreement
397:United States Armed Forces
359:in 1923, by virtue of the
243:People's Republic of China
2486:10.1017/S0021911815000133
2468:Thai, Philip (May 2015).
2209:10.1017/S0022381611000235
1260:Robert Hermann Schomburgk
636:International Mixed Court
334:A series of capitulations
3169:Guehler, Ulrich (1949).
1741:John F. Kennedy Memorial
1542:the headquarters of the
223:a person is rather than
3660:Clark, Douglas (2015).
3634:. New York: Oxford UP.
3439:"Il Giornale dell'Arte"
3243:"Complete Independence"
1954:British Court for Japan
1939:Antarctic Treaty System
1901:Hengqin Border Crossing
1763:. These are located in
1712:exist outside the main
1539:in Malta (only partial)
1284:constitutional monarchy
1219:British Court for Japan
630:First Sino-Japanese War
468:international territory
395:and the members of the
263:Chinese Communist Party
50:Antarctic Treaty System
3755:9.1-2 (2000): 129-146.
3717:31.4 (1937): 671-674.
2432:10.1353/late.2004.0003
1834:A similar case is the
1716:of their host country.
1632:Headquarters in London
1617:European Patent Office
676:
601:The 1858 Sino-British
591:
505:
254:national security laws
247:sexual abuse of minors
239:universal jurisdiction
207:
3814:Law Ministry of India
3785:"Extraterritoriality"
3781:Columbia Encyclopedia
3762:(Princeton UP, 1994)
3727:(Cambridge UP, 2010).
3652:11.2 (1977): 257-291
3465:The Modern Law Review
3327:The National Archives
3156:Yale University Press
2677:10.1353/jas.2013.0022
1703:Tomb of Suleyman Shah
1305:Abolished in 1937–38
724:Ceased to have effect
626:Treaty of Shimonoseki
497:
460:Ottawa Civic Hospital
275:US military tribunals
217:personal jurisdiction
197:
36:Extraterritorialities
3819:4 March 2016 at the
3650:Modern Asian Studies
3630:Cassel, Pär (2012).
3366:志葉玲 (6 March 2019).
3269:Integrity Legal Blog
3148:Jones, F.C. (1931).
3080:Duus, Peter (1998).
3044:Modern Asian Studies
2004:International waters
1529:Headquarters of the
1211:most favoured nation
643:Shanghai Mixed Court
189:international waters
60:International waters
3758:Thomson, Janice E.
3632:Grounds of Judgment
3123:, pp. 150–151.
2928:Library of Congress
2420:Late Imperial China
2389:. 26 December 1942.
2197:Journal of Politics
2121:, pp. 182–183.
1999:Imperialism in Asia
1974:Enclave and exclave
1964:Diplomatic immunity
1903:, adjacent to above
1882:University of Macau
1727:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1658:, which is part of
1636:Juxtaposed controls
1559:European Parliament
1552:European Parliament
1544:European Commission
1505:diplomatic missions
1295:
1226:freedom of movement
720:
689:Northern Expedition
571:Treaty of the Bogue
369:Montreux Convention
161:diplomatic missions
145:extraterritoriality
3805:. Washington, DC:
3730:Keeton, George W.
3705:Harvard Law Review
3626:(Routledge, 2016).
3322:legislation.gov.uk
3297:on 20 October 2013
3230:The Police Journal
2735:Far Eastern Survey
2512:US-China Institute
2349:51 (2001): 55–134
2029:Outer Space Treaty
2009:International zone
1959:Demilitarized zone
1892:, administered by
1880:Hengqin Campus of
1840:Napoleon Bonaparte
1705:of Turkey in Syria
1697:Russian Federation
1293:
718:
605:, which ended the
603:Treaty of Tientsin
545:East India Company
532:, which ended the
506:
361:Treaty of Lausanne
208:
101:Outer Space Treaty
70:International zone
55:Diplomatic mission
3836:International law
3798:(29 April 1882).
3723:Kayaoglu, Turan.
3692:978-988-82731-9-5
3684:978-988-82730-9-6
3676:978-988-82730-8-9
3641:978-0-19-979205-4
3553:. 18 August 2020.
3531:on 15 August 2020
3424:978-1-351-34886-7
2634:, pp. 61–62.
2622:, pp. 60–61.
2024:Neutral territory
1855:Shenzhen Bay Port
1749:Act of Parliament
1714:customs territory
1693:Russian Air Force
1691:is leased to the
1685:Khmeimim Air Base
1519:Extraterritorial
1496:
1495:
1302:Abolished in 1917
1299:Abolished in 1909
1286:in the bloodless
1280:absolute monarchy
1156:
1155:
701:Nine-Power Treaty
669:article 12 read:
596:Treaty of Huangpu
582:Treaty of Wanghia
556:Treaty of Nanjing
530:Treaty of Nanking
141:international law
137:
136:
16:(Redirected from
3848:
3810:
3740:Liu, Shih Shun.
3669:
3645:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3596:. Archived from
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3527:. Archived from
3521:
3515:
3514:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3175:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2977:Republican China
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2377:
2371:
2362:R. Chuck Mason,
2360:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2292:. Archived from
2291:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2237:. Archived from
2236:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2091:
2085:
1805:Papua New Guinea
1557:the seat of the
1499:Current examples
1492:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1282:was replaced by
1264:Unequal treaties
1190:Chinese citizens
1147:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
998:
996:
995:
985:
984:
973:
971:
970:
959:
955:
953:
952:
941:
939:
938:
928:
926:
925:
915:
914:
903:
901:
900:
890:
889:
881:
877:
875:
874:
863:
862:
851:
849:
848:
838:
837:
826:
825:
814:
813:
801:(lapsed in 1928)
797:
795:
794:
784:
783:
772:
771:
760:
758:
757:
747:
745:
744:
721:
695:In 1921, at the
668:
607:Second Opium War
528:Before the 1842
504:
501:
484:unequal treaties
381:Second World War
346:legal positivism
288:Historical cases
149:exterritoriality
129:
122:
115:
32:
21:
18:Extraterritorial
3856:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3826:
3825:
3821:Wayback Machine
3794:
3772:
3659:
3642:
3629:
3619:
3617:Further reading
3614:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3185:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3001:Foreign Affairs
2993:
2992:
2988:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2751:10.2307/3021415
2732:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2700:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2361:
2357:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2299:on 4 March 2016
2296:
2289:
2287:"Archived copy"
2285:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2244:on 4 March 2016
2241:
2234:
2232:"Archived copy"
2230:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2144:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2074:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1848:
1813:Solomon Islands
1736:
1721:Venice Biennale
1537:Fort St. Angelo
1513:
1501:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1344:Austria-Hungary
1337:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1312:
1310:
1272:Austria-Hungary
1248:
1215:consular courts
1199:
1173:
1142:
1140:
1129:
1127:
1116:
1114:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1019:
1007:
1005:
1004:
993:
991:
979:
968:
966:
950:
948:
947:
936:
934:
923:
921:
909:
898:
896:
884:
872:
870:
869:
857:
846:
844:
832:
820:
808:
792:
790:
778:
766:
762:Austria-Hungary
755:
753:
742:
740:
709:Austria-Hungary
666:
659:
638:
534:First Opium War
502:
492:
480:
453:
405:
377:
331:
295:
290:
213:
187:, and ships in
133:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3854:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3811:
3792:
3787:
3778:
3771:
3770:External links
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3749:
3738:
3728:
3721:
3711:
3701:
3694:
3666:Earnshaw Books
3657:
3646:
3640:
3627:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3594:ETO Consortium
3581:
3556:
3542:
3516:
3498:
3477:
3455:
3430:
3423:
3403:
3385:
3358:
3332:
3329:, SI 2002/1826
3308:
3282:
3256:
3234:
3221:
3199:
3161:
3158:. p. 158.
3140:
3138:, p. 160.
3125:
3113:
3111:, p. 150.
3098:
3096:, p. 157.
3086:
3073:
3071:, p. 179.
3061:
3050:(2): 257–291.
3034:
3011:
2986:
2967:
2941:
2912:
2901:(4): 671–674.
2885:
2883:, p. 178.
2870:
2856:
2832:
2830:, p. 177.
2817:
2815:, p. 162.
2805:
2803:, p. 175.
2788:
2776:
2764:
2725:
2713:
2698:
2671:(2): 382–392.
2651:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2583:
2571:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2517:
2499:
2480:(2): 459–460.
2457:
2445:
2410:
2392:
2386:Canada Gazette
2381:"Proclamation"
2372:
2355:
2337:
2324:
2269:
2214:
2203:(2): 622–624.
2187:
2172:
2159:
2157:, p. 183.
2142:
2123:
2111:
2109:, p. 182.
2092:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:Law of the Sea
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Embassy church
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Basilica Major
1941:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:Macau half of
1897:
1878:
1875:Mainland China
1847:
1846:Internal cases
1844:
1821:United Kingdom
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1682:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1623:, Berlin, and
1614:
1608:
1607:and elsewhere.
1566:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1512:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1346:
1321:
1319:United Kingdom
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1256:Bowring Treaty
1247:
1244:
1198:
1195:
1186:PRC government
1172:
1169:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1138:
1125:
1112:
1097:
1095:United Kingdom
1084:
1072:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1043:
1030:
1017:
1002:
989:
977:
962:
961:
960:
945:
932:
919:
907:
894:
882:
867:
855:
842:
840:Czechoslovakia
830:
818:
804:
803:
802:
788:
776:
764:
751:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
704:legal system.
658:
655:
637:
634:
491:
488:
479:
476:
452:
449:
441:Ottoman Empire
404:
401:
376:
373:
330:
329:Ottoman Empire
327:
323:Constantinople
294:
291:
289:
286:
232:do not operate
212:
209:
173:heads of state
169:United Nations
165:military bases
135:
134:
132:
131:
124:
117:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
85:
84:
80:
79:
78:
77:
75:United Nations
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3853:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:. Hong Kong:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3600:on 6 May 2022
3599:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3471:(6): 703–706.
3470:
3466:
3459:
3456:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3374:(in Japanese)
3373:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2859:
2857:0-295-97123-1
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2786:, p. 65.
2785:
2780:
2777:
2774:, p. 64.
2773:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2723:, p. 63.
2722:
2717:
2714:
2711:, p. 13.
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2649:, p. 84.
2648:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2610:, p. 54.
2609:
2604:
2601:
2598:, p. 53.
2597:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:, p. 60.
2580:
2575:
2572:
2569:, p. 52.
2568:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2554:, p. 51.
2553:
2548:
2545:
2542:, p. 47.
2541:
2536:
2533:
2530:, p. 43.
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:(2): 156–82.
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2185:, p. 12.
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Terra nullius
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2040:Rasul v. Bush
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Harris Treaty
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:Hong Kong law
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1418:
1417:United States
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1347:
1345:
1333:
1322:
1320:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:German Empire
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1150:
1139:
1137:
1136:United States
1126:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1098:
1096:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1029:
1018:
1015:
1003:
1001:
990:
988:
983:
978:
976:
965:
964:
963:
958:
946:
944:
933:
931:
920:
918:
913:
908:
906:
895:
893:
888:
883:
880:
868:
866:
861:
856:
854:
843:
841:
836:
831:
829:
824:
819:
817:
812:
807:
806:
805:
800:
789:
787:
782:
777:
775:
770:
765:
763:
752:
750:
739:
738:
737:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:
716:
713:
710:
705:
702:
698:
693:
690:
686:
680:
675:
670:
664:
663:Mackay treaty
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
599:
597:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
548:
546:
542:
540:
535:
531:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
496:
489:
487:
485:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
403:United States
402:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:Allied forces
382:
375:British India
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:Sublime Porte
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:sea republics
292:
287:
285:
283:
278:
276:
272:
266:
264:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
210:
205:
201:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
130:
125:
123:
118:
116:
111:
110:
108:
107:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
81:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3800:
3759:
3752:
3741:
3736:vol 2 online
3731:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3697:
3661:
3649:
3631:
3623:
3602:. Retrieved
3598:the original
3593:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3568:
3559:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3529:the original
3519:
3511:www.hklii.hk
3510:
3501:
3489:. Retrieved
3480:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3448:16 September
3446:. Retrieved
3442:
3433:
3413:
3406:
3398:docs.cntd.ru
3397:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3371:
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3344:
3335:
3320:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3295:the original
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3268:
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3237:
3229:
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3202:
3192:
3191:
3184:. Retrieved
3177:
3164:
3150:
3143:
3116:
3089:
3082:Modern Japan
3081:
3076:
3064:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3020:
3014:
2999:
2989:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2953:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2927:
2915:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2861:. Retrieved
2842:
2835:
2808:
2779:
2767:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2716:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2574:
2547:
2535:
2511:
2502:
2477:
2473:
2455:, p. 8.
2448:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2405:CBC Archives
2404:
2395:
2384:
2375:
2363:
2358:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2327:
2301:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2272:
2246:. Retrieved
2239:the original
2217:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2167:
2162:
2137:Travel.gc.ca
2136:
2126:
2114:
2090:, p. 9.
2038:
1934:Akmal Shaikh
1849:
1833:
1757:Crown Estate
1737:
1649:Saimaa Canal
1514:
1502:
1354:
1276:
1249:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1200:
1174:
1157:
1149:Soviet Union
1051:
714:
706:
694:
684:
681:
677:
672:
660:
639:
622:Joseon Korea
611:
600:
592:
587:
579:
568:
553:
549:
538:
527:
509:
507:
481:
454:
406:
392:
378:
354:
350:
332:
296:
293:14th century
282:maritime law
279:
267:
251:
236:
229:
224:
220:
214:
157:
153:jurisdiction
148:
144:
138:
35:
29:
3535:15 December
3232:, 3:1, 1930
3186:30 November
3136:Cassel 2012
3121:Cassel 2012
3109:Cassel 2012
3094:Cassel 2012
3069:Cassel 2012
2983:(2): 65–89.
2960:12 February
2934:12 February
2881:Cassel 2012
2828:Cassel 2012
2813:Cassel 2012
2801:Cassel 2012
2784:Cassel 2012
2772:Cassel 2012
2745:: 252–255.
2721:Cassel 2012
2709:Cassel 2012
2647:Cassel 2012
2632:Cassel 2012
2620:Cassel 2012
2608:Cassel 2012
2596:Cassel 2012
2579:Cassel 2012
2567:Cassel 2012
2552:Cassel 2012
2540:Cassel 2012
2528:Cassel 2012
2453:Cassel 2012
2303:28 February
2248:28 February
2183:Cassel 2012
2155:Cassel 2012
2119:Cassel 2012
2107:Cassel 2012
2088:Cassel 2012
2034:Prerogative
2019:Moon Treaty
1908:Obligations
1809:Philippines
1797:Netherlands
1477:Netherlands
1357:Switzerland
1203:Netherlands
1123:Netherlands
1054:Switzerland
575:English law
539:Lady Hughes
503: 1905
423:, Morocco,
389:British Raj
387:within the
379:During the
181:ambassadors
96:Moon Treaty
3830:Categories
3686:; Vol. 3:
3678:; Vol. 2:
3670:, Vol. 1:
3249:25 January
3214:25 January
2863:23 January
2072:References
1819:, and the
1785:Luxembourg
1710:free ports
1643:Pays Quint
1605:Copenhagen
1563:Strasbourg
1381:Luxembourg
1184:. And the
628:after the
514:Qing China
472:her mother
439:, and the
421:Madagascar
227:they are.
183:and other
177:government
3569:Routledge
2693:191484811
2685:1944-6454
2494:0021-9118
2440:144313731
1894:Macau SAR
1890:Guangdong
1863:Guangdong
1777:Gibraltar
1745:Runnymede
1625:The Hague
1589:The Hague
1221:in 1879.
564:Pottinger
478:East Asia
371:in 1949.
363:, and in
185:diplomats
3817:Archived
3491:13 March
3029:25656978
2313:cite web
2258:cite web
1928:See also
1859:Shenzhen
1708:Various
1656:Svalbard
1565:, France
1548:Brussels
1490:Portugal
1014:Portugal
957:Bulgaria
685:de facto
645:and the
433:Thailand
429:Tanzania
342:Tanzimat
3744:(1925)
3378:9 March
3351:9 March
3301:19 July
2907:2190677
2759:3021415
1842:there.
1817:Tunisia
1793:Morocco
1765:Belgium
1680:Belgium
1597:Hamburg
1585:Nairobi
1533:in Rome
1393:Denmark
1369:Belgium
1332:Germany
1252:Mongkut
1240:Okinawa
1182:PRC law
1165:Britain
1000:Denmark
975:Belgium
930:Uruguay
853:Finland
816:Bolivia
774:Hungary
749:Germany
510:ex novo
437:Tunisia
409:Algeria
271:Okinawa
3802:States
3764:online
3746:online
3719:online
3690:
3682:
3674:
3654:online
3638:
3421:
3372:日刊SPA!
3345:日本経済新聞
3275:6 July
3056:311551
3054:
3027:
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