1094:
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536:
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520:
1120:
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1172:
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44:
1029:
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367:
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503:. He had remained in power for 38 years thanks to a couple of coups, systematic electoral fraud, the faithful allegiance of an army packed with supporters and members of his Kabye ethnic group, solid foreign support (especially from France), and adroit management of access to Togo's meagre economic resources." Three years after taking power, Eyadéma created the
750:. With the removal of these limitations, however, Eyadéma was free to stand again and did so, winning the election on 1 June with 57.78% of the vote. He was sworn in for another term on 20 June. Another constitutional change was to reduce the minimum age of the president to 35 years, rather than 45.
812:
in Togo and to start a procedure of democratization of Togo. The expedition intended to open a dialogue between the state and the opposition. The team was supposed to meet with many politicians from other parties than Eyadéma's party, Rally of the
Togolese People. But because of the criteria imposed
825:
boycotted the meeting. The
European Union team cancelled the meeting since discussions with the government were almost impossible. The opposition party UFC wanted the release of 11 men held by the government. Finally, the European Union experts met each political figure individually and in private.
428:
until the early 1990s, when reforms leading to multiparty elections began. Although his rule was seriously challenged by the events of the early 1990s, he ultimately consolidated power again and won multiparty presidential elections in 1993, 1998 and 2003; the opposition boycotted the 1993 election
725:
as Prime
Minister and leaving Eyadéma as merely a ceremonial president. Although Eyadéma attempted to suspend the conference, surrounding the venue with soldiers, he subsequently accepted the outcome. Despite this, Eyadéma managed to remain in power with the backing of the army. In March 1993, an
872:
of which he was claimed to be the only survivor. In reality, he was not the sole survivor of the crash. There were other survivors, but he deliberately misrepresented the details of the accident to make himself look like a hero with superhuman strength who miraculously survived the disaster when
507:
as the country's sole legal party. He won an uncontested election in 1972. In 1979, the country adopted a new constitution that returned the country (at least nominally) to civilian rule. The RPT was entrenched as the only party; the president of the party was automatically nominated for a
452:
ethnic group. But this date has been disputed. According to Comi M. Toulabor, Eyadéma's official date of birth is "based on a fertile imagination" and it would be more accurate to say that he was born around 1930. His mother was later known as Maman N'Danida, or Maman N'Danidaha.
490:
against the latter. This time there was no bloodshed (the deposed
Grunitzky managed to escape to exile in Paris) and Eyadéma installed himself as president on 14 April 1967, in addition to awarding himself the post of Defence Minister. He held both offices for almost 38 years.
3007:
1803:
742:(UFC) with 52.13% of the vote according to official results, amid allegations of fraud and accusations of the massacre of hundreds of government opponents. The European Union suspended aid in 1993 in protest of alleged voting irregularities and human rights violations.
873:
everyone else was killed. Eyadéma claimed that the crash was not an accident and was in fact a conspiracy to kill him, plotted by imperialists who did not like his plan (announced two weeks before the crash) to nationalize the important phosphate mining company, the
508:
seven-year term as president upon election to the party presidency and confirmed in office via an unopposed referendum. Under these provisions, Eyadéma was re-elected unopposed in 1979 and 1986. During his rule he escaped several assassination attempts; in 1974 he
726:
unsuccessful attack was made on the Tokoin military camp, where Eyadéma was living; several people were killed in the attack, including Eyadéma's personal chief of staff, General
Mawulikplimi Ameji. He attempted to legitimize his rule with a multiparty
745:
In late
December 2002, the Constitution was changed to remove term limits on the office of president. Previously, presidents had been limited to two five-year terms, and Eyadéma would have therefore been forced to step down after the
1811:
730:, which was boycotted by the opposition; facing only two minor challengers, he won 96.42% of the vote, although turnout was reportedly low outside of his native Kara Region. Eyadéma officially won re-election in the
1098:
925:
also did not approve the designation of Faure
Gnassingbé as president. Under heavy pressure from ECOWAS and the international community, Faure Gnassingbé stepped down on 25 February and was replaced by
1133:
2937:
1582:
2145:
1093:
708:
2224:"Real Decreto 3398/1981, de 23 de noviembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Mérito Civil a su excelencia General Gnassingbe Eyadema, Presidente de la República de Togo"
2942:
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512:
in the northern part of the country near
Sarakawa. After another unsuccessful assassination attempt by a bodyguard, he carried the bullet removed by the surgeon as an
1785:
Le jeudi 24 janvier 1974, le DC-3 des Forces Armées
Togolaises s'écrase à Sarakawa faisant 4 martyrs, des blessés parmi lesquels, feu Général Gnassingbé Eyadema.
853:, including an entourage of 1,000 dancing women who sang and danced in praise of him; portraits which adorned most stores; a bronze statue in the capital city,
899:. He died "as he was being evacuated for emergency treatment abroad", according to a government statement. Officials have stated that the cause of death was a
2444:
1601:
1950:
3012:
2997:
1579:
2104:
535:
2377:
2350:
2323:
922:
694:
133:
3002:
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1220:
1994:
1849:
479:, who was assassinated during the attack; it has often been stated that Eyadéma himself committed the murder. On this occasion he helped establish
2962:
671:
666:
865:. In addition, the date of a failed attempt on President Eyadéma's life was annually commemorated as "the Feast of Victory Over Forces of Evil."
1123:
499:
According to Comi M Toulabor (researcher at the Centre d'études d'Afrique noire), Eyadéma "had been a personal friend of the French president,
3017:
1493:
1475:
1416:
921:, president of the Commission of the African Union, immediately declared this act to be a military coup d'état and against the constitution.
661:
2271:
2146:"Portrait du président de la république togolaise Gnassingbé Eyadema, circa 1970. (Photo by Erling MANDELMANN/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images)"
2947:
656:
651:
646:
641:
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and denounced the 1998 and 2003 election results as fraudulent. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the longest-serving ruler in Africa.
1928:
1465:
519:
2542:
1443:
747:
731:
727:
595:
590:
585:
580:
1826:
On le fait passer pour le seul survivant de l'accident, d'où le mythe de son invincibilité et l'expression " le miraculé " de
Sarakawa.
1119:
937:
Eyadéma's funeral was held on 13 March 2005, in the presence of a number of presidents and other international dignitaries; Presidents
753:
1406:
1279:
2957:
2952:
1770:
869:
842:
631:
1752:
Le Pasteur François Roux, l'un des rescapés du Crash, invité pour la circonstance, a fait un témoignage émouvant sur cet événement.
1737:
857:; wristwatches with his portrait, which disappeared and re-appeared every fifteen seconds; and a comic book that depicted him as a
2987:
2569:
2437:
2404:
1384:
797:
1300:
931:
440:
Usually Eyadéma is said to have been born on 26 December 1935 in the northern quartiers of Pya, a village in the prefecture of
1199:
701:
621:
487:
472:
575:
1171:
1559:
1055:
413:, in January 1963 and January 1967, and became president on 14 April 1967. As president, he created a political party, the
2841:
2534:
1622:
1338:
778:
739:
308:
2051:
958:
626:
570:
504:
414:
298:
2172:
792:
2967:
2430:
1004:
2675:
2343:
1898:
1872:
1531:
1438:
1251:
191:
2020:
1547:"Mar 1993 – Attack on presidential residence", Keesing's Record of World Events, Vol. 39, March 1993 Togo, p. 39353.
883:, which was again damaged beyond repair in a fatal accident in the same year. Eyadéma was not on board at the time.
2453:
1845:
1231:
1176:
829:
According to BBC News, Eyadéma claimed that democracy in Africa "moves along at its own pace and in its own way."
1598:
1144:
370:
43:
1961:
1924:
1109:
1227:
1028:
2096:
2977:
2856:
2745:
2615:
1060:
1032:
826:
The respect of human rights and of the press in Togo were to be investigated by the European Union experts.
786:
762:
996:
2906:
2276:
1986:
2992:
2690:
2655:
1841:
985:
900:
722:
509:
347:
82:
2515:
2387:
938:
918:
471:
Following nearly 10 years in the French army, Eyadéma returned to Togo in 1962. He was a leader in the
322:
238:
1589:, United Nations International covenant on civil and political rights, CCPR/C/TGO/2001/3, 5 July 2001.
432:
According to a 2018 study, his rule "rested on repression, patronage, and a bizarre leadership cult."
2932:
2927:
2881:
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2816:
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2705:
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1113:
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from 2000 to 2001, and he attempted, unsuccessfully, to mediate between the government and rebels of
683:
461:
226:
98:
94:
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2505:
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914:
862:
850:
403:
318:
126:
1490:
1280:
https://sylviocombey.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/deces-d%E2%80%99une-femme-de-feu-gnassingbe-eyadema/
2836:
2630:
2590:
1707:
1376:
398:, 26 December 1935 – 5 February 2005) was a Togolese military officer and politician who was the
2765:
1920:
2811:
2780:
2730:
2478:
2414:
2333:
2299:
1471:
1412:
954:
814:
735:
480:
410:
399:
168:
59:
1433:
2846:
2806:
2715:
2610:
2468:
1580:"Consideration of Reports by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant: Addendum Togo"
1368:
1356:
1261:
1087:
822:
476:
2223:
1921:"ASN Aircraft accident Gulfstream Aerospace G-1159 Gulfstream II 5V-TAA Lome Airport (LFW)"
1648:
2901:
2886:
2831:
2725:
2685:
2670:
1960:(in French). Cabinet du Président de la République. 10 May 2003. p. 2. Archived from
1719:
1605:
1586:
1563:
1497:
1342:
1287:
1256:
818:
425:
390:
267:
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Eyadéma constructed a large palace near his family home in Pya a few kilometers north of
114:
891:
On 5 February 2005, Eyadéma died on board a plane 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of
402:
from 1967 until his death in 2005, after which he was immediately succeeded by his son,
366:
2871:
2866:
2826:
2785:
2710:
2695:
2665:
2625:
2620:
2605:
2585:
1357:"Like father, like son? Power and influence across two Gnassingbé presidencies in Togo"
1148:
950:
946:
868:
Eyadéma even changed his first name from Étienne to Gnassingbé to note the date of the
805:
500:
422:
2921:
2861:
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2740:
2720:
2680:
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1380:
990:
910:
904:
880:
758:
203:
90:
934:
on 24 April 2005, when Faure Gnassingbé was elected president with 60% of the vote.
2750:
2640:
2499:
927:
465:
449:
156:
1951:"Publication de la liste des candidats à l'élection présidentielle du 1 juin 2003"
1372:
2198:
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2821:
2801:
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2700:
2073:
1799:
1556:
1164:
942:
837:
782:
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457:
445:
441:
1335:
2896:
2660:
2645:
2043:
1245:
102:
86:
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858:
809:
774:
1876:
1408:
An Ethnography of a Vodu Shrine in Southern Togo: Of Spirit, Slave and Sea
2650:
2016:
1807:
1317:
John R. Heilbrunn, "Togo: The National Conference and Stalled Reform" in
1514:
957:
of Nigeria attended the ceremony. On 15 March, Eyadéma's family and the
3008:
Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures
2197:
British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service (September 1974).
1021:
896:
854:
288:
17:
2422:
1075:
513:
879:(CTMB or Cotomib). His C-47 was replaced by a new presidential jet,
1192:
1048:
892:
836:
752:
518:
284:
2457:
978:
486:
Four years on, Eyadéma, having fallen out with Grunitzky, led a
337:
2538:
2426:
2251:
Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima
1134:
North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal
2171:
Deutschländer, Christian; Walter, Dirk (29 December 2014).
1804:"Togo : F. Gnassingbé s'attaque à l'héritage paternel"
2203:
Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation
1321:(1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, page 225
2378:
Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States
2351:
Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States
2324:
Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States
808:
sent a mission on 1 June 2004, to evaluate the state of
721:
A national conference was held in August 1991, electing
460:
after completing primary school. He participated in the
418:
1871:
Morten Hagen and Michelle Spearing (28 November 2000).
930:, the first deputy parliament speaker, until after the
913:, chief of the Togolese army, pronounced Eyadéma's son
2097:"Le Togo fait ses adieux à Étienne Eyadéma Gnassingbé"
961:
party paid him a final homage in his hometown of Pya.
903:. At the time of his death he was the longest-serving
1345:. (5 February 2005). BBC News. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
1099:
Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures
2938:
French military personnel of the First Indochina War
1623:"Delegates to try and untangle Ivory Coast conflict"
2794:
2576:
2173:"Bayerischer Verdienstorden: Wer ihn zurückbrachte"
1842:"Retour sur la fable de " L'attentat " de Sarakawa"
1532:"Togo's President Agrees to Yield Power to a Rival"
361:
353:
343:
333:
328:
314:
304:
294:
273:
253:
248:
232:
220:
197:
185:
162:
150:
132:
120:
108:
76:
57:
34:
1901:(in French). République Togolaise. 23 January 2011
2566:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
1008:Knight Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit
1566:("Chronologie"), Tètè Tété, 1998 (diastode.org)
409:Eyadéma participated in two successful military
2199:"Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, Part 3"
1769:(in French). Présidence du Togo. Archived from
1736:(in French). Présidence du Togo. Archived from
1470:. OUP USA. 2 February 2012. pp. 474–475.
2943:French military personnel of the Algerian War
2550:
2438:
2272:www.dictatorofthemonth.com article on Eyadéma
1608:, UPF (presse-francophone.org), 20 June 2003
800:meeting with President Eyadéma in Lomé, 1993.
702:
8:
3023:Recipients of the Order of the National Flag
2973:Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents
1840:Me Siméon Kwami Occansey (4 February 2004).
1824:
1783:
1750:
1734:"Le Togo s'est recueilli pour la 35ème fois"
1248:(opposition politician and coalition leader)
874:
757:Eyadéma with President of the United States
1958:Journal Officiel de la République Togolaise
1442:(in French). Encyclopædia Universalis S.A.
2557:
2543:
2535:
2445:
2431:
2423:
2281:
2253:. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 638.
2228:Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado
1987:"Gnassingbé Eyadéma, 69, Togo Ruler, Dies"
1331:
1329:
1327:
709:
695:
526:
42:
31:
2983:Rally of the Togolese People politicians
791:
72:14 April 1967 – 5 February 2005
1687:Global Studies Africa: Seventh Edition,
1411:. BRILL. 13 February 2017. p. 71.
1272:
813:by the government, politicians such as
529:
216:7 July 1999 – 8 September 1999
1767:"Le Togo s'est remémoré Sarakawa 1974"
1715:
1705:
1599:"Le Président Eyadema a prêté serment"
1446:from the original on 24 September 2013
1319:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
1124:Indochina Campaign commemorative medal
876:Compagnie Togolaise des Mines du Bénin
789:, that began in that country in 2002.
146:9 November 1975 – 1 June 1978
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2054:from the original on 12 November 2019
1873:"Togo: Stalled Democratic Transition"
1700:Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations
389:
7:
1997:from the original on 5 December 2014
1931:from the original on 9 November 2012
1649:"RFI – Togo – La démocratie évaluée"
1432:Toulabor, Comi M (19 January 1999).
1299:Nabourema, Farida (6 October 2020).
728:presidential election in August 1993
2107:from the original on 4 October 2022
2074:"AU denounces Togo 'military coup'"
2023:from the original on 26 August 2020
1301:"In Togo, There Is Nowhere to Hide"
861:with powers of invulnerability and
181:3 June 1980 – 2 April 1981
27:President of Togo from 1967 to 2005
1000:Grand Officer of the Order of Mono
25:
3013:21st-century Togolese politicians
2998:20th-century Togolese politicians
2267:BBC profile of Gnassingbé Eyadéma
2042:Elraz, Khaled (5 February 2005).
2017:"Togolese president Eyadema dies"
1852:from the original on 29 July 2013
1387:from the original on 26 June 2022
2514:
2405:Chairperson of the African Union
2095:Bailly, Hélène (14 March 2005).
1557:"Démocratisation à la Togolaise"
1226:
1213:
1198:
1185:
1170:
1157:
1143:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1092:
1081:
1068:
1054:
1041:
1027:
1014:
1003:
995:
984:
971:
682:
534:
365:
3003:Knights of the Legion of Honour
2277:Liberta Togo profile of Eyadéma
1467:Dictionary of African Biography
732:June 1998 presidential election
483:as the nation's new president.
2963:Leaders who took power by coup
2230:(in Spanish). 23 November 1981
1336:"Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema"
917:as the new president of Togo.
672:1992 constitutional referendum
667:1979 constitutional referendum
436:Early life and military career
1:
1373:10.1080/13510347.2018.1483916
796:Former Arizona State Senator
779:Organisation of African Unity
777:. He was the chairman of the
769:during a state visit in 1983.
740:Union of the Forces of Change
448:, to a peasant family of the
3018:Far-right politics in Africa
843:1974 presidential C-47 crash
662:1972 presidential referendum
505:Rally of the Togolese People
456:In 1953, Eyadéma joined the
415:Rally of the Togolese People
299:Rally of the Togolese People
2948:Togolese military personnel
1515:"Togo: Disputed succession"
1504:. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
870:24 January 1974 plane crash
637:1985 parliamentary election
3039:
1899:"Les " Trois Glorieuses ""
1875:. Diastode. Archived from
1846:Union of Forces for Change
1232:Order of the Yugoslav Star
1177:Order of the National Flag
676:
396:Étienne Eyadéma Gnassingbé
2523:
2512:
2464:
2411:
2402:
2394:
2384:
2375:
2367:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2330:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2249:Acović, Dragomir (2012).
2044:""Papa Eyadéma" est mort"
1286:30 September 2022 at the
849:Eyadéma had an extensive
845:, which Eyadéma survived.
473:1963 Togolese coup d'état
391:[ɲasɛ̃ɡbeɛjadema]
376:
244:
209:
174:
139:
65:
53:
41:
2958:Togolese anti-communists
2953:Togolese Roman Catholics
2019:. BBC. 6 February 2005.
1925:Flight Safety Foundation
1702:. Worldmark Press. 1984.
1685:Dr. F. Jeffress Ramsay,
1562:17 December 2008 at the
1439:Encyclopædia Universalis
543:This article is part of
2988:People from Kara Region
1627:The Mail & Guardian
1604:30 October 2007 at the
1341:3 November 2019 at the
1061:National Order of Benin
1033:Bavarian Order of Merit
787:First Ivorian Civil War
1825:
1784:
1751:
1102:with Silver-gilt star
965:Awards and decorations
932:presidential elections
875:
846:
801:
770:
524:
523:Eyadéma in Lomé, 1975.
510:survived a plane crash
2344:Léopold Sédar Senghor
1519:Le Monde Diplomatique
1500:. (6 February 2005).
1252:Agbéyomé Messan Kodjo
1059:Grand Officer of the
840:
795:
756:
723:Joseph Kokou Koffigoh
522:
387:French pronunciation:
354:Years of service
348:Togolese Armed Forces
192:Léopold Sédar Senghor
134:Chairperson of ECOWAS
83:Joseph Kokou Koffigoh
2398:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
2371:Abdulsalami Abubakar
1802:(17 February 2012).
1491:"Gnassingbe Eyadema"
1434:"EYADÉMA GNASSINGBÉ"
1205:Order of Civil Merit
488:second military coup
462:French Indochina War
227:Abdulsalami Abubakar
95:Eugene Koffi Adoboli
1993:. 7 February 2005.
1967:on 29 November 2014
1879:on 2 September 2012
1814:on 19 February 2012
1585:5 June 2007 at the
1355:Osei, Anja (2018).
1175:First Class of the
1151:with campaign clasp
1104:(etoile en vermeil)
989:Grand Cross of the
426:single-party regime
371:Général de division
2968:Presidents of Togo
2388:Alpha Oumar Konaré
2285:Political offices
1991:The New York Times
1536:The New York Times
1496:8 May 2019 at the
919:Alpha Oumar Konaré
847:
802:
771:
554:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
525:
475:against President
383:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
323:Kpatcha Gnassingbé
239:Alpha Oumar Konaré
36:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
2915:
2914:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2421:
2420:
2415:Frederick Chiluba
2412:Succeeded by
2385:Succeeded by
2358:Succeeded by
2334:Olusegun Obasanjo
2331:Succeeded by
2307:Succeeded by
2300:President of Togo
2076:. 6 February 2005
1538:, 29 August 1991.
1477:978-0-195-38207-5
1418:978-9-004-34125-8
1114:Combatant's Cross
955:Olusegun Obasanjo
815:Gilchrist Olympio
736:Gilchrist Olympio
719:
718:
612:
603:President of Togo
563:
562:
481:Nicolas Grunitzky
421:), and headed an
400:president of Togo
380:
379:
169:Olusegun Obasanjo
60:President of Togo
16:(Redirected from
3030:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2525:
2518:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2424:
2395:Preceded by
2368:Preceded by
2341:Preceded by
2310:Faure Gnassingbé
2290:Preceded by
2282:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1810:. Archived from
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1773:on 18 April 2013
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1740:on 18 April 2013
1730:
1724:
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1717:
1713:
1711:
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1683:
1677:
1670:
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1645:
1639:
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1636:
1634:
1629:. 1 January 2002
1619:
1613:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1577:
1571:
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1545:
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1511:
1505:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1367:(8): 1460–1480.
1352:
1346:
1333:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1262:Politics of Togo
1230:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1202:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1174:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1147:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1096:
1088:Legion of Honour
1085:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1058:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1031:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1007:
999:
988:
977:
975:
974:
949:of Ivory Coast,
915:Faure Gnassingbé
878:
851:personality cult
841:Monument to the
833:Personality cult
823:Leopold Gnininvi
821:, and Professor
711:
704:
697:
686:
627:Personality cult
606:
559:
558:
557:
555:
547:
546:
538:
531:
530:
527:
477:Sylvanus Olympio
420:
404:Faure Gnassingbé
393:
388:
369:
329:Military service
319:Faure Gnassingbé
309:Véronique Massan
280:
264:26 December 1935
263:
261:
249:Personal details
235:
223:
214:
200:
188:
179:
165:
153:
144:
127:Faure Gnassingbé
123:
111:
79:
70:
46:
32:
21:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2790:
2578:
2577:Organisation of
2572:
2563:
2533:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2460:
2451:
2417:
2408:
2400:
2390:
2381:
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2327:
2312:
2303:
2295:
2263:
2258:
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2222:
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2217:
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2196:
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2191:
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2144:
2143:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
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1897:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
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1855:
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1839:
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1657:
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1646:
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1632:
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1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:Wayback Machine
1597:
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1587:Wayback Machine
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1564:Wayback Machine
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1498:Wayback Machine
1489:
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1464:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1361:Democratization
1354:
1353:
1349:
1343:Wayback Machine
1334:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1288:Wayback Machine
1278:
1274:
1270:
1257:History of Togo
1242:
1214:
1212:
1186:
1184:
1158:
1156:
1069:
1067:
1042:
1040:
1015:
1013:
972:
970:
967:
939:Mathieu Kérékou
889:
835:
819:Yawovi Agboyibo
715:
681:
613:
611:
600:
553:
551:
550:
549:
548:
544:
542:
541:
497:
438:
386:
321:
295:Political party
282:
278:
277:5 February 2005
268:French Togoland
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49:
48:Eyadéma in 1983
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Sole survivors
2975:
2970:
2965:
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2955:
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2296:
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2262:
2261:External links
2259:
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2256:
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2118:
2087:
2065:
2034:
2008:
1978:
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1149:Overseas Medal
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1065:
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951:Mamadou Tandja
947:Laurent Gbagbo
888:
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863:super strength
834:
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806:European Union
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545:a series about
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501:Jacques Chirac
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423:anti-communist
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78:Prime Minister
74:
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63:
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55:
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50:
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35:
26:
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2795:African Union
2793:
2787:
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2777:
2774:
2772:
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2764:
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2759:
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2579:African Unity
2575:
2571:
2570:African Union
2567:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2506:F. Gnassingbé
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:F. Gnassingbé
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
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2416:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2393:
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2380:
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2372:
2366:
2362:
2361:Siaka Stevens
2353:
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2139:
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2135:
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2119:
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2103:(in French).
2102:
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2075:
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2050:(in French).
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1851:
1847:
1844:(in French).
1843:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1827:
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1809:
1806:(in French).
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1521:. April 2005.
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991:Order of Mono
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953:of Niger and
952:
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911:Zakari Nandja
908:
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905:head of state
902:
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881:Gulfstream II
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759:Ronald Reagan
755:
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748:2003 election
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204:Siaka Stevens
202:
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91:Kwassi Klutse
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2152:. 9 May 2018
2150:Getty Images
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466:Algerian War
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279:(2005-02-05)
234:Succeeded by
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199:Succeeded by
176:
164:Succeeded by
157:Yakubu Gowon
141:
122:Succeeded by
115:Kléber Dadjo
67:
29:
2933:2005 deaths
2928:1935 births
2852:Hailemariam
2234:5 September
2111:12 November
2080:12 November
2058:12 November
1800:Marthe Fare
1716:|work=
1658:12 November
1653:www1.rfi.fr
1610:(in French)
1568:(in French)
1165:North Korea
943:John Kufuor
907:in Africa.
798:Billy Davis
783:Ivory Coast
767:White House
763:Rose Garden
458:French Army
446:Kara Region
222:Preceded by
187:Preceded by
152:Preceded by
110:Preceded by
2922:Categories
2892:Tshisekedi
2857:Abdel Aziz
2771:Bouteflika
2616:Boumédiène
2490:G. Eyadéma
2454:Presidents
2409:2000–2001
2382:1999–2001
2355:1980–1981
2328:1977–1978
2304:1967–2005
1268:References
1246:Edem Kodjo
1221:Yugoslavia
1140:gilt clasp
945:of Ghana,
941:of Benin,
632:C-47 crash
616:Government
334:Allegiance
260:1935-12-26
103:Koffi Sama
87:Edem Kodjo
2907:Ghazouani
2902:Assoumani
2887:Ramaphosa
2837:Mutharika
2786:Mwanawasa
2731:Babangida
2656:Ramgoolam
2636:Hassan II
2526:* interim
2479:Grunitzky
2318:New title
2177:Merkur.de
2101:Afrik.com
2048:Afrik.com
1718:ignored (
1708:cite book
1633:9 January
1381:149724978
859:superhero
810:democracy
775:Lama-Kara
622:1967 coup
609:1967–2005
357:1958-1987
212:In office
177:In office
142:In office
68:In office
2812:Obasanjo
2807:Chissano
2766:Compaoré
2726:Museveni
2691:Mengistu
2606:Selassie
2586:Selassie
2568:and the
2474:Bodjollé
2208:19 April
2182:19 April
2156:19 April
2105:Archived
2052:Archived
2021:Archived
1995:Archived
1929:Archived
1850:Archived
1808:TV5Monde
1602:Archived
1583:Archived
1560:Archived
1494:Archived
1444:Archived
1391:2 August
1385:Archived
1339:Archived
1284:Archived
1282:(† 2010)
1240:See also
495:Politics
464:and the
315:Children
2832:Gaddafi
2827:Kikwete
2817:Nguesso
2781:Chiluba
2776:Eyadéma
2746:Ben Ali
2741:Mubarak
2721:Mubarak
2706:Nguesso
2696:Nyerere
2681:Stevens
2676:Senghor
2671:Tolbert
2666:Nimeiry
2596:Nkrumah
2469:Olympio
1935:17 June
1905:17 June
1883:17 June
1856:17 June
1818:17 June
1777:17 June
1744:17 June
1676:, p. 48
1138:ALGÉRIE
1022:Bavaria
897:Tunisia
785:in the
765:of the
761:in the
738:of the
444:in the
394:; born
289:Tunisia
18:Eyadema
2877:Kagame
2862:Mugabe
2842:Obiang
2822:Kufuor
2761:Mugabe
2716:Traoré
2711:Kaunda
2631:Daddah
2626:Kaunda
2621:Ahidjo
2611:Mobutu
2601:Ankrah
2591:Nasser
2027:1 June
2001:1 June
1971:1 June
1474:
1450:1 June
1415:
1379:
1218:
1207:(1981)
1190:
1179:(1974)
1162:
1076:France
1073:
1046:
1035:(1984)
1019:
976:
923:ECOWAS
514:amulet
305:Spouse
2872:Condé
2802:Mbeki
2751:Meles
2736:Diouf
2701:Diouf
2661:Bongo
2646:Barre
2641:Gowon
2500:Abass
2484:Dadjo
1965:(PDF)
1954:(PDF)
1689:p. 63
1377:S2CID
1193:Spain
1136:with
1049:Benin
893:Tunis
887:Death
677:Death
450:Kabye
442:Kozah
411:coups
285:Tunis
283:near
266:Pya,
2897:Sall
2882:Sisi
2867:Déby
2847:Boni
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2184:2023
2158:2023
2113:2019
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2060:2019
2029:2012
2003:2012
1973:2012
1937:2012
1907:2012
1885:2012
1858:2012
1820:2012
1779:2012
1746:2012
1720:help
1660:2019
1635:2023
1472:ISBN
1452:2012
1413:ISBN
1393:2020
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855:Lomé
804:The
657:2002
652:1999
647:1994
642:1990
596:2003
591:1998
586:1993
581:1986
576:1979
362:Rank
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254:Born
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