Fiberglass - Knowledge (XXG)

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desired pattern. The most common filaments are carbon or glass fiber and are coated with synthetic resin as they are wound. Once the mandrel is completely covered to the desired thickness, the resin is cured; often the mandrel is placed in an oven to achieve this, though sometimes radiant heaters are used with the mandrel still turning in the machine. Once the resin has cured, the mandrel is removed, leaving the hollow final product. For some products such as gas bottles, the 'mandrel' is a permanent part of the finished product forming a liner to prevent gas leakage or as a barrier to protect the composite from the fluid to be stored.

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Additional resin is applied and possibly additional sheets of fiberglass. Hand pressure, vacuum or rollers are used to be sure the resin saturates and fully wets all layers, and that any air pockets are removed. The work must be done quickly before the resin starts to cure unless high-temperature resins are used which will not cure until the part is warmed in an oven. In some cases, the work is covered with plastic sheets and vacuum is drawn on the work to remove air bubbles and press the fiberglass to the shape of the mold.

793: 1080: 929: 313: 991: 696: 890: 22: 2287: 1096:, where the material is pushed through dies). In fiberglass pultrusion, fibers (the glass material) are pulled from spools through a device that coats them with a resin. They are then typically heat-treated and cut to length. Fiberglass produced this way can be made in a variety of shapes and cross-sections, such as W or S cross-sections. 437:

A coating or primer is applied to the roving to help protect the glass filaments for processing and manipulation and to ensure proper bonding to the resin matrix, thus allowing for the transfer of shear loads from the glass fibers to the thermoset plastic. Without this bonding, the fibers can 'slip'

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Filament winding is well suited to automation, and there are many applications, such as pipe and small pressure vessels that are wound and cured without any human intervention. The controlled variables for winding are fiber type, resin content, wind angle, tow or bandwidth and thickness of the fiber

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process. For polyester this contraction is often 5–6%; for epoxy, about 2%. Because the fibers do not contract, this differential can create changes in the shape of the part during curing. Distortions can appear hours, days, or weeks after the resin has set. While this distortion can be minimized by

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curing systems were used by then. With the combination of fiberglass and resin the gas content of the material was replaced by plastic. This reduced the insulation properties to values typical of the plastic, but now for the first time, the composite showed great strength and promise as a structural

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listing to include only "Glass wool fibers (inhalable and biopersistent)." Therefore a cancer warning label for biosoluble fiber glass home and building insulation is no longer required under federal or California law. As of 2012, the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association stated that

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support structures, due to the ease with which it can be molded and painted to blend with existing structures and surfaces. Other uses include sheet-form electrical insulators and structural components commonly found in power-industry products. Because of fiberglass's lightweight and durability, it

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minerals globally. It is susceptible to chloride ion attack and is a poor choice for marine applications. S-glass ("S" for "stiff") is used when tensile strength (high modulus) is important and is thus an important building and aircraft epoxy composite (it is called R-glass, "R" for "reinforcement"

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with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass but has the drawback that it must be worked at very high temperatures. In order to lower the necessary work temperature, other materials are introduced as "fluxing agents" (i.e., components to lower the melting point). Ordinary

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The mechanical functionality of materials is heavily reliant on the combined performances of both the resin (AKA matrix) and fibers. For example, in severe temperature conditions (over 180 °C), the resin component of the composite may lose its functionality, partially due to bond deterioration

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Chopped strand mat (CSM) is a form of reinforcement used in fiberglass. It consists of glass fibers laid randomly across each other and held together by a binder. It is typically processed using the hand lay-up technique, where sheets of material are placed on a mold and brushed with resin. Because

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is similar to the hand lay-up process but differs in the application of the fiber and resin to the mold. Spray-up is an open-molding composites fabrication process where resin and reinforcements are sprayed onto a mold. The resin and glass may be applied separately or simultaneously "chopped" in a

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is a fabrication technique mainly used for manufacturing open (cylinders) or closed-end structures (pressure vessels or tanks). The process involves winding filaments under tension over a male mandrel. The mandrel rotates while a wind eye on a carriage moves horizontally, laying down fibers in the

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glass, was the first type of glass used for fiberglass. E-glass ("E" because of initial Electrical application), is alkali-free and was the first glass formulation used for continuous filament formation. It now makes up most of the fiberglass production in the world, and also is the single largest

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Ray Greene of Owens Corning is credited with producing the first composite boat in 1937 but did not proceed further at the time due to the brittle nature of the plastic used. In 1939 Russia was reported to have constructed a passenger boat of plastic materials, and the United States a fuselage and

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systems, and heads with keystones and sills. The material's reduced weight and easier handling, compared to wood or metal, allows faster installation. Mass-produced fiberglass brick-effect panels can be used in the construction of composite housing, and can include insulation to reduce heat loss.

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As of 2001, the Hazardous Substances Ordinance in Germany dictates a maximum occupational exposure limit of 86 mg/m. In certain concentrations, a potentially explosive mixture may occur. Further manufacture of GRP components (grinding, cutting, sawing) creates fine dust and chips containing

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As of 2012, the European Union and Germany have classified synthetic glass fibers as possibly or probably carcinogenic, but fibers can be exempt from this classification if they pass specific tests. A 2012 health hazard review for the European Commission stated that inhalation of fiberglass at

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polyester, vinyl, or epoxy—is mixed with its hardener and applied to the surface. Sheets of fiberglass matting are laid into the mold, then more resin mixture is added using a brush or roller. The material must conform to the mold, and air must not be trapped between the fiberglass and the mold.

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concentrations of 3, 16 and 30 mg/m3 "did not induce fibrosis nor tumours except transient lung inflammation that disappeared after a post-exposure recovery period." Historic reviews of the epidemiology studies had been conducted by Harvard's Medical and Public Health Schools in 1995, the

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Furthermore, by laying multiple layers of fiber on top of one another, with each layer oriented in various preferred directions, the material's overall stiffness and strength can be efficiently controlled. In fiberglass, it is the plastic matrix which permanently constrains the structural glass

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vapors are released while the resins are cured. These are also irritating to mucous membranes and respiratory tract. The general population can get exposed to fibreglass from insulation and building materials or from fibers in the air near manufacturing facilities or when they are near

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combined stream from a chopper gun. Workers roll out the spray-up to compact the laminate. Wood, foam or other core material may then be added, and a secondary spray-up layer imbeds the core between the laminates. The part is then cured, cooled, and removed from the reusable mold.

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GRP and GRE pipe can be used in a variety of above- and below-ground systems, including those for desalination, water treatment, water distribution networks, chemical process plants, water used for firefighting, hot and cold drinking water, wastewater/sewage, municipal waste and

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and sports car bodies, where it gained acceptance in the 1950s. Its use has broadened to the automotive and sport equipment sectors. In the production of some products, such as aircraft, carbon fiber is now used instead of fiberglass, which is stronger by volume and weight.

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fibers to directions chosen by the designer. With chopped strand mat, this directionality is essentially an entire two-dimensional plane; with woven fabrics or unidirectional layers, directionality of stiffness and strength can be more precisely controlled within the plane.

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Products currently being produced using this technique range from pipes, golf clubs, Reverse Osmosis Membrane Housings, oars, bicycle forks, bicycle rims, power and transmission poles, pressure vessels to missile casings, aircraft fuselages and lamp posts and yacht masts.

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The development of fiber-reinforced plastic for commercial use was extensively researched in the 1930s. It was of particular interest to the aviation industry. A means of mass production of glass strands was accidentally discovered in 1932 when a researcher at

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bundle. The angle at which the fiber has an effect on the properties of the final product. A high angle "hoop" will provide circumferential or "burst" strength, while lower angle patterns (polar or helical) will provide greater longitudinal tensile strength.

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A fiberglass component is typically of a thin "shell" construction, sometimes filled on the inside with structural foam, as in the case of surfboards. The component may be of nearly arbitrary shape, limited only by the complexity and tolerances of the

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esistance; alumino-lime silicate with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, with high acid resistance), C-glass (alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation), D-glass (borosilicate glass, named for its low

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glass filaments, as well as tacky dust, in quantities high enough to affect health and the functionality of machines and equipment. The installation of effective extraction and filtration equipment is required to ensure safety and efficiency.

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Pultrusion is a manufacturing method used to make strong, lightweight composite materials. In pultrusion, material is pulled through forming machinery using either a hand-over-hand method or a continuous-roller method (as opposed to

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in Europe). C-glass ("C" for "chemical resistance") and T-glass ("T" is for "thermal insulator"—a North American variant of C-glass) are resistant to chemical attack; both are often found in insulation-grades of blown fiberglass.

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the binder dissolves in resin, the material easily conforms to different shapes when wetted out. After the resin cures, the hardened product can be taken from the mold and finished. Using chopped strand mat gives the fiberglass

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NRC Subcommittee on Manufactured Vitreous Fibers. 2000. Review of the U.S. Navy's Exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.: National Academy

1129:. Since work practices are not always followed, and fiberglass is often left exposed in basements that later become occupied, people can get exposed. No readily usable biological or clinical indices of exposure exist. 279:

to produce its patented "Fiberglas" (spelled with one "s") in 1936. Originally, Fiberglas was a glass wool with fibers entrapping a great deal of gas, making it useful as an insulator, especially at high temperatures.

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People can be exposed to fiberglass in the workplace during its fabrication, installation or removal, by breathing it in, by skin contact, or by eye contact. Furthermore, in the manufacturing process of fiberglass,

328:. If a bulk piece of glass were defect-free, it would be as strong as glass fibers; however, it is generally impractical to produce and maintain bulk material in a defect-free state outside of laboratory conditions. 412:(pipe), gun roving (where an automated gun chops the glass into short lengths and drops it into a jet of resin, projected onto the surface of a mold), or in an intermediary step, to manufacture fabrics such as 296:

and building material. Many glass fiber composites continued to be called "fiberglass" (as a generic name) and the name was also used for the low-density glass wool product containing gas instead of plastic.

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and for non-insulation products. However, NTP still considers fibrous glass dust to be "reasonably anticipated a human carcinogen (Certain Glass Wool Fibers (Inhalable))". Similarly, California's

2148:"Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for man made-mineral fibres (MMMF) with no indication for carcinogenicity and not specified elsewhere (SCOEL/SUM/88)" 956:

applications, fiberglass rods are often used for their high tensile strength to weight ratio. Fiberglass rods provide an advantage over steel rods because they stretch more elastically (lower

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Russo, Salvatore; Ghadimi, Behzad; Lawania, Krishna; Rosano, Michele (December 2015). "Residual strength testing in pultruded FRP material under a variety of temperature cycles and values".

1196:(cancer of the lining of the body cavities) from occupational exposures during the manufacture of these materials, and inadequate evidence overall of any cancer risk." In June 2011, the US 963:

Fiberglass rods must be kept in tension, however, as they frequently part if placed in even a small amount of compression. The buoyancy of the rods within a fluid amplifies this tendency.

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Unlike glass fibers used for insulation, for the final structure to be strong, the fiber's surfaces must be almost entirely free of defects, as this permits the fibers to reach gigapascal

1301:(REL) of 3 fibers/cm (less than 3.5 micrometers in diameter and greater than 10 micrometers in length) as a time-weighted average over an 8-hour workday, and a 5 mg/m total limit. 394:, or yards per pound (the number of yards of fiber in one pound of material; thus a smaller number means a heavier roving). Examples of standard yields are 225yield, 450yield, 675yield. 400:, or grams per km (how many grams 1 km of roving weighs, inverted from yield; thus a smaller number means a lighter roving). Examples of standard tex are 750tex, 1100tex, 2200tex. 1192:). "Epidemiologic studies published during the 15 years since the previous IARC monographs review of these fibers in 1988 provide no evidence of increased risks of lung cancer or 2235: 2092: 1294: 939:

Glass-reinforced plastics are also used to produce house building components such as roofing laminate, door surrounds, over-door canopies, window canopies and dormers, chimneys,

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A release agent, usually in either wax or liquid form, is applied to the chosen mold to allow the finished product to be cleanly removed from the mold. Resin—typically a 2-part

960:) than steel for a given weight, meaning more oil can be lifted from the hydrocarbon reservoir to the surface with each stroke, all while reducing the load on the pumping unit. 2248:

Charles William Jameson, "Comments on the National Toxicology Program's Actions In Removing Biosoluble Glass Wool Fibers From The Report On Carcinogens," September 9, 2011.

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of the fiber which makes it seem so; i.e., because a typical fiber is long and narrow, it buckles easily. On the other hand, the glass fiber is weak in shear—that is,

238:). This article will adopt the convention that "fiberglass" refers to the complete fiber-reinforced composite material, rather than only to the glass fiber within it. 1160:

As of 2001, in humans only the more biopersistent materials like ceramic fibres, which are used industrially as insulation in high-temperature environments such as

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deposition was observed in rodents and humans for fibers with diameters of 1 to 2 μm. In animal experiments, adverse lung effects such as lung inflammation and

1458: 512:, which is alumino-borosilicate glass with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, mainly used for glass-reinforced plastics. Other types of glass used are A-glass ( 2058: 1185: 816:

adapted the method to produce its patented "Fiberglas" (one "s"). A suitable resin for combining the "Fiberglas" with a plastic was developed in 1936 by

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its axis. Therefore, if a collection of fibers can be arranged permanently in a preferred direction within a material, and if they can be prevented from

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Fiberglass is an immensely versatile material due to its lightweight, inherent strength, weather-resistant finish and variety of surface textures.

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Fiberglass will irritate the eyes, skin, and the respiratory system. Hence, symptoms can include itchy eyes, skin, nose, sore throat, hoarseness,

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Though most bullet-resistant armours are made using different textiles, fiberglass composites have been shown to be effective as ballistic armor.

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during construction. Much more reliable tanks are made using woven mat or filament wound fiber, with the fiber orientation at right angles to the

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in 2011. which reached the same conclusion as IARC that there is no evidence of increased risk from occupational exposure to glass wool fibers.

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is often used in protective equipment such as helmets. Many sports use fiberglass protective gear, such as goaltenders' and catchers' masks.

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fiberglass is safe to manufacture, install and use when recommended work practices are followed to reduce temporary mechanical irritation.

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Fiberglass & Composite Materials: An Enthusiast's Guide to High-Performance Non-Metallic Materials for Automotive Racing and Marine Use

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Fiberglass composite boats have been made since the early 1940s, and many sailing vessels made after 1950 were built using the fiberglass

416:(CSM) (made of randomly oriented small cut lengths of fiber all bonded together), woven fabrics, knit fabrics or unidirectional fabrics. 812:

directed a jet of compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibers. After Owens merged with the Corning company in 1935,

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symmetric use of the fibers in the design, a certain amount of internal stress is created; and if it becomes too great, cracks form.

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of resin and fiber. However, GFRPs can still show significant residual strength after experiencing high temperatures (200 °C).

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properties. It may also be used to conceal other equipment where no signal permeability is required, such as equipment cabinets and

779: 69: 2054: 1349: 828: 160: 2792: 2588: 1940: 1683: 1329: 1067: 1850:"Advancement in fiber reinforced polymer, metal alloys and multi-layered armour systems for ballistic applications – A review" 2166: 717: 372:), which are bundles of very small orifices (typically 5–25 micrometres in diameter for E-Glass, 9 micrometres for S-Glass). 85:

This article is about the type of composite material. For the thermal insulation material sometimes called fibreglass, see

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imposed in the sidewall by the contents. Such tanks tend to be used for chemical storage because the plastic liner (often

271:, directed a jet of compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibers. A patent for this method of producing 760: 2878: 2873: 2537: 2123: 1222: 1265:. The longer and thinner as well as the more durable (biopersistent) fibers were, the more potent they were in damage. 732: 2888: 2312: 1319: 1230: 1197: 1184:). In October 2001, all fiberglass wools commonly used for thermal and acoustical insulation were reclassified by the 1164:, and certain special-purpose glass wools not used as insulating materials remain classified as possible carcinogens ( 713: 537:

einforcement), and S-glass (alumino silicate glass without CaO but with high MgO content with high tensile strength).

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A suitable resin for combining the fiberglass with a plastic to produce a composite material was developed in 1936 by

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National Toxicology Program (September 2009). "Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Glass Wool Fibers".

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Fitzer, Erich; Kleinholz, Rudolf; Tiesler, Hartmut; et al. (15 April 2008). "Fibers, 5. Synthetic Inorganic".

1298: 1290: 1830: 820:. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is Cyanamid's of 1942. Peroxide curing systems were used by then. 739: 706: 340:. The manufacturing process for glass fibers suitable for reinforcement uses large furnaces to gradually melt the 316:

Glass reinforcements used for fiberglass are supplied in different physical forms: microspheres, chopped or woven

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in mammalian cells. There is also indirect, inflammation-driven genotoxicity through reactive oxygen species by

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ielectric constant), R-glass (alumino silicate glass without MgO and CaO with high mechanical requirements as

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Glass fibers have been produced for centuries, but the earliest patent was awarded to the Prussian inventor

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its axis. Although it might be assumed that the fiber is weak in compression, it is actually only the long

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was first applied for in 1933. Owens joined with the Corning company in 1935 and the method was adapted by

2305: 1574: 1314: 1246: 451: 379:(coated) with a chemical solution. The individual filaments are now bundled in large numbers to provide a 904:. Smaller tanks can be made with chopped strand mat cast over a thermoplastic inner tank which acts as a 121:. The fibers may be randomly arranged, flattened into a sheet called a chopped strand mat, or woven into 2641: 2449: 2167:"Man-made vitreous fibers and risk of respiratory system cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence" 1054: 940: 137: 823:

During World War II, fiberglass was developed as a replacement for the molded plywood used in aircraft

728: 2797: 2671: 2419: 2409: 369: 230:). Because glass fiber itself is sometimes referred to as "fiberglass", the composite is also called 2744: 2603: 2464: 1596: 2868: 2817: 2739: 2661: 2636: 2147: 1848:

Bhat, Aayush; Naveen, J.; Jawaid, M.; Norrrahim, M.N.F.; Rashedi, Ahmad; Khan, A. (November 2021).

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extend fiberglass's applications and the tensile strength possible with fiber-reinforced plastics.

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A-glass ("A" for "alkali-lime") or soda lime glass, crushed and ready to be remelted, as so-called

2055:"IARC Monographs Programme Re-evaluates Carcinogenic Risks from Airborne Man-Made Vitreous Fibres" 792: 2724: 2646: 2394: 2384: 2199: 1250: 1002:. As of 2022, boats continue to be made with fiberglass, though more advanced techniques such as 858: 490: 361: 250: 129: 2029: 2001: 1941:

White Paper, Topic: "Clean Air in the Manufacture of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Parts"

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One notable feature of fiberglass is that the resins used are subject to contraction during the

2837: 2802: 2772: 2729: 2666: 2651: 2563: 2454: 2191: 1973: 1888: 1662: 1602: 1553: 1526: 1404: 1398: 1377: 1262: 1157:, and lung carcinoma had been found with intrapleural or intratracheal instillations in rats. 933: 479: 447: 149: 1882: 43: 2593: 2583: 2578: 2348: 2183: 1861: 1723: 1654: 1631: 1371: 1027: 409: 325: 102: 1125:. Fiberglass insulation should never be left exposed in an occupied area, according to the 2787: 2782: 2631: 2527: 2499: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2434: 2404: 2165:

Lee, I-Min; Hennekens, Charles H.; Trichopoulos, Dimitrios; Buring, Julie E. (June 1995).

1986: 1324: 1254: 869: 865: 383:. The diameter of the filaments, and the number of filaments in the roving, determine its 300:

wings of an aircraft. The first car to have a fiberglass body was a 1946 prototype of the

256: 223: 192: 145: 2504: 2129:. North American Insulation Manufacturers Association ("NAIMA"). May 2012. Archived from 2062: 753: 2749: 2719: 2714: 1432:"Entry for US 232122 A (14-Sep-1880)". US Patent Publication. Retrieved 9 October 2013. 1213: 1048: 999: 809: 268: 176: 1079: 928: 2862: 2656: 2613: 2519: 2494: 2389: 2187: 1804: 1635: 1274: 1165: 1161: 1146: 1118: 985: 913: 905: 813: 276: 264: 153: 2203: 1779: 1423:

Mitchell, Steve (November 1999). "The birth of fiberglass boats". The Good Ole Boat.

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Slayter, Games (11 November 1933). "Method & Apparatus for Making Glass Wool".

1193: 1189: 1181: 1150: 916:) is resistant to a wide range of corrosive chemicals. Fiberglass is also used for 897: 545: 459: 301: 2228: 1909: 1658: 1520: 2847: 2812: 2532: 2414: 990: 917: 909: 695: 503: 349: 317: 260: 184: 122: 118: 90: 2124:"Insulation Facts #62 "Health and Safety Facts for Fiber Glass", Pub. No. N040" 1866: 1849: 1738:"Fiberglass – Types, Properties, and Applications | Phelps Industrial Products" 404:

These rovings are then either used directly in a composite application such as

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in compression, the material will be preferentially strong in that direction.

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The New Science of Strong Materials: Or Why You Don't Fall Through the Floor

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Lightweight Ballistic Composites: Military and Law-Enforcement Applications

2286: 2195: 2827: 2598: 2374: 2369: 1491:, Wellington, New Zealand, Volume CXXVIII, Issue 31, 5 August 1939, p. 28 1142: 844: 797: 467: 365: 292: 288: 164: 1653:. Vol. 2. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 2547: 2297: 2113:

46-Z California Regulatory Notice Register, P.1878 (November 18, 2011).

1154: 1138: 1113: 720: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 509: 180: 126: 2623: 2429: 2084: 862: 851: 824: 817: 554: 541: 380: 341: 284: 1923: 89:. For the glass fiber itself, also sometimes called fiberglass, see 2259:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Fibrous glass dust" 2227:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (September 2004).

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Composites for construction: structural design with FRP materials

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Hobart, Tasmania (27 May 1946). "Car of the future in plastics".

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are considered not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans (

1168:). The more commonly used glass fibre wools including insulation 446:

An individual structural glass fiber is both stiff and strong in

836: 2301: 1831:"Boat Building Basics: Fiberglass, Resin, Composites And Cores" 835:). Its first main civilian application was for the building of 1278: 1188:(IARC) as "not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans" ( 689: 15: 1575:"The Fundamentals: Repairing Fiberglass And Ensuring Bonding" 516:

lkali-lime glass with little or no boron oxide), E-CR-glass (

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Genetic and toxic effects are exerted through production of

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until a liquid forms. It is then extruded through bushings (

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The most common types of glass fiber used in fiberglass is

1285:(“particulates not otherwise regulated”) are regulated by 900:

can be made of fiberglass with capacities up to about 300

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Türschmann, V.; Jakschik, C.; Rother, H.-J. (March 2011)

387:, typically expressed in one of two measurement systems: 1212:(OEHHA) published a November, 2011 modification to its 39: 2229:"Toxicological Profile for Synthethic Vitreous Fibers" 644:

Polyester and Continuous Rovings Laminate 70% E-glass

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Polyester and Chopped Strand Mat Laminate 30% E-glass

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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Polyester and Satin Weave Cloth Laminate 55% E-glass

50:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 2758: 2690: 2622: 2556: 2518: 2362: 2336: 287:. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is 2175:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1924:"What is GRP? | Glass Reinforced Plastic 101" 336:The process of manufacturing fiberglass is called 616:Polyester and Woven Rovings Laminate 45% E-glass 163:, it is stronger than many metals by weight, non- 1403:(2 ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 310. 1227:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1210:Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment 1910:"An Introduction to Vacuum Bagging Composites" 1651:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2768:Conservation and restoration of glass objects 2313: 1935: 1933: 1287:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 8: 1966:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1854:Journal of Materials Research and Technology 1514: 1512: 893:Several large fiberglass tanks at an airport 1718: 1716: 1204:all biosoluble glass wool used in home and 1186:International Agency for Research on Cancer 1149:have occurred, and increased incidences of 2320: 2306: 2298: 2049: 2047: 2045: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1487:"Notable Progress – the use of plastics", 843:Advanced manufacturing techniques such as 304:, but the model did not enter production. 1865: 1400:Fundamentals of high-performance concrete 780:Learn how and when to remove this message 438:in the matrix causing localized failure. 82:Type of plastic reinforced by glass fibre 70:Learn how and when to remove this message 1764:The historical development of polyesters 570: 2024: 2022: 1362: 1141:(breathing difficulty) and cough. Peak 1982: 1971: 1459:"50 years of reinforced plastic boats" 1289:(OSHA); OSHA has set the legal limit ( 1006:are used in the construction process. 202:Other common names for fiberglass are 31:contains content that is written like 1277:emissions have been regulated by the 567:Table of some common fiberglass types 7: 1707:"Guide to Glass Reinforced Plastics" 1249:, nuclear abnormalities, mutations, 718:adding citations to reliable sources 948:Oil and gas artificial lift systems 1245:, which can damage DNA, and cause 1133:Symptoms and signs, health effects 544:(silicon dioxide), when cooled as 482:used for manufacturing the shell. 14: 1709:. East Coast Fibreglass Supplies. 1352:reinforcement with carbon fibers. 1200:(NTP) removed from its Report on 1062:Fiberglass spray lay-up operation 588:Polyester resin (Not reinforced) 253:(1845–1914) in the U.S. in 1880. 2285: 2188:10.1097/00043764-199506000-00016 1829:Rudow, Lenny (8 February 2022). 1682:Savage, Sam (15 November 2010). 1636:10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.07.034 1350:Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers 1043:Fiberglass hand lay-up operation 694: 20: 2838:Radioactive waste vitrification 2793:Glass fiber reinforced concrete 2000:Hannon, Florence (2001-03-18). 1546:Bhatnagar, Ashok (2016-04-19). 1373:Design with reinforced plastics 1330:Glass fiber reinforced concrete 1068:fiberglass spray lay-up process 986:Boat building § Fiberglass 857:Fiberglass is also used in the 705:needs additional citations for 583:Compressive strength MPa (ksi) 228:Glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff 159:Cheaper and more flexible than 1778:Today, Industry (2018-10-11). 1465:. Elsevier Ltd. Archived from 429:in-plane material properties. 212:glass-fiber reinforced plastic 1: 2705:Chemically strengthened glass 2061:. 24 Oct 2001. Archived from 1943:. GRP Technique & Service 1659:10.1002/14356007.a11_001.pub2 232:fiberglass-reinforced plastic 2538:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals 2085:"13th Report on Carcinogens" 2002:"How safe is your basement?" 1457:Marsh, George (8 Oct 2006). 1223:National Academy of Sciences 872:permeability and low signal 191:, roofing, pipes, cladding, 2089:National Toxicology Program 2038:. U.S. Department of Labor. 1805:"Birth of Fiberglass Boats" 1573:Reese Gibson (2017-04-26). 1320:Fiberglass sheet laminating 1269:Regulation, exposure limits 1231:National Toxicology Program 1229:("ATSDR") in 2004, and the 1198:National Toxicology Program 932:A fiberglass dome house in 199:, and external door skins. 2905: 1867:10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.150 1595:Bank, Lawrence C. (2006). 1299:recommended exposure limit 1291:permissible exposure limit 1046: 983: 580:Tensile strength MPa (ksi) 501: 84: 2884:Fibre-reinforced polymers 2569:Chemical vapor deposition 2490:Ultra low expansion glass 2380:Borophosphosilicate glass 1887:. Penguin. pp. 86–. 1726:. Carbon Fiber Tube Shop. 1601:. John Wiley & Sons. 1525:. Penguin Books Limited. 1370:Mayer, Rayner M. (1993). 1127:American Lung Association 994:Kayaks made of fiberglass 375:These filaments are then 173:electromagnetic radiation 2808:Glass-reinforced plastic 2470:Sodium hexametaphosphate 2292:Glass-reinforced plastic 1803:Mitchell, Steve (1999). 1780:"Top Uses of Fiberglass" 1397:Nawy, Edward G. (2001). 671:S-Glass Epoxy composite 658:E-Glass Epoxy composite 204:glass-reinforced plastic 134:thermoset polymer matrix 115:fiber-reinforced plastic 2700:Anti-reflective coating 2574:Glass batch calculation 2455:Photochromic lens glass 1761:McIntyre, J.E. (2003). 1552:. Woodhead Publishing. 1376:. Springer. p. 7. 1345:Sheet moulding compound 1247:chromosomal aberrations 1243:reactive oxygen species 974:liquified petroleum gas 261:accidentally discovered 1315:Bulk moulding compound 1088: 995: 936: 894: 801: 321: 227: 138:thermosetting polymers 113:) is a common type of 2833:Prince Rupert's drops 2682:Transparent materials 2642:Gradient-index optics 2450:Phosphosilicate glass 1742:www.phelpsgaskets.com 1444:U.S. patent 2,133,235 1082: 993: 931: 892: 795: 315: 259:of glass strands was 136:—most often based on 52:neutral point of view 2798:Glass ionomer cement 2672:Photosensitive glass 2599:Liquidus temperature 2420:Fluorosilicate glass 2294:at Wikimedia Commons 2030:"Fibrous Glass Dust" 1881:Forbes Aird (1996). 1624:Composite Structures 1519:Gordon, J E (1991). 1075:Pultrusion operation 1018:Construction methods 714:improve this article 111:Commonwealth English 2879:Composite materials 2874:American inventions 2818:Glass-to-metal seal 2740:Self-cleaning glass 2662:Optical lens design 2152:European Commission 2065:on 19 December 2013 1340:Ignace Dubus-Bonnel 1259:cell transformation 1206:building insulation 1004:vacuum bag moulding 44:promotional content 2889:Glass applications 2803:Glass microspheres 2725:Hydrogen darkening 2647:Hydrogen darkening 2395:Chalcogenide glass 2385:Borosilicate glass 2006:Seacoastonline.com 1463:reinforcedplastics 1297:(NIOSH) has set a 1263:inflammatory cells 1251:gene amplification 1089: 996: 937: 895: 859:telecommunications 827:(fiberglass being 802: 800:made of fiberglass 491:curing (chemistry) 420:Chopped strand mat 414:chopped strand mat 322: 291:'s resin of 1942. 267:, a researcher at 251:Hermann Hammesfahr 46:and inappropriate 2856: 2855: 2773:Glass-coated wire 2745:sol–gel technique 2730:Insulated glazing 2667:Photochromic lens 2652:Optical amplifier 2604:sol–gel technique 2290:Media related to 2238:. pp. 5, 18. 2057:(Press release). 1981:Missing or empty 1894:978-1-55788-239-4 1724:"Tube Properties" 1608:978-0-471-68126-7 1532:978-0-14-192770-1 1410:978-0-471-38555-4 1383:978-0-85072-294-9 1283:respirable fibers 934:Davis, California 790: 789: 782: 764: 683: 682: 326:tensile strengths 171:, transparent to 150:vinyl ester resin 80: 79: 72: 2896: 2594:Ion implantation 2349:Glass transition 2322: 2315: 2308: 2299: 2289: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2269: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2233: 2224: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2171: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2128: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2051: 2040: 2039: 2026: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1969: 1961: 1944: 1937: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1912:. Nextcraft.com. 1905: 1899: 1898: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1688: 1687: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1516: 1507: 1506: 1498: 1492: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1469:on 15 March 2014 1454: 1448: 1446: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1367: 1273:In the US, fine 1028:Filament winding 1023:Filament winding 785: 778: 774: 771: 765: 763: 722: 698: 690: 577:Specific gravity 571: 410:filament winding 193:orthopedic casts 103:American English 75: 68: 64: 61: 55: 33:an advertisement 24: 23: 16: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2788:Glass electrode 2783:Glass databases 2760: 2754: 2692: 2686: 2618: 2552: 2528:Bioactive glass 2514: 2500:Vitreous enamel 2485:Thoriated glass 2480:Tellurite glass 2465:Soda–lime glass 2435:Gold ruby glass 2405:Cranberry glass 2358: 2332: 2326: 2282: 2277: 2276: 2267: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2053: 2052: 2043: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2010: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1980: 1970: 1963: 1962: 1947: 1938: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1744: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1705: 1704: 1691: 1686:. redOrbit.com. 1681: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1325:G-10 (material) 1311: 1271: 1255:proto-oncogenes 1239: 1237:Pathophysiology 1135: 1109: 1102: 1083:Diagram of the 1077: 1064: 1051: 1045: 1025: 1020: 1012: 988: 982: 969: 958:Young's modulus 950: 926: 887: 786: 775: 769: 766: 723: 721: 711: 699: 688: 569: 506: 500: 444: 435: 422: 334: 310: 257:Mass production 247: 241: 146:polyester resin 94: 83: 76: 65: 59: 56: 37: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2750:Tempered glass 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2720:DNA microarray 2717: 2715:Dealkalization 2712: 2707: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2589:Glass modeling 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2540: 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1098: 1076: 1073: 1063: 1060: 1049:Lay-up process 1047:Main article: 1044: 1041: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1008: 1000:lay-up process 984:Main article: 981: 978: 968: 965: 949: 946: 925: 924:House building 922: 886: 883: 810:Owens-Illinois 788: 787: 702: 700: 693: 687: 684: 681: 680: 678: 675: 672: 668: 667: 665: 662: 659: 655: 654: 651: 648: 645: 641: 640: 637: 634: 631: 627: 626: 623: 620: 617: 613: 612: 609: 606: 603: 599: 598: 595: 592: 589: 585: 584: 581: 578: 575: 568: 565: 502:Main article: 499: 496: 443: 440: 434: 431: 421: 418: 402: 401: 395: 333: 330: 309: 306: 269:Owens-Illinois 246: 243: 177:swimming pools 81: 78: 77: 60:September 2024 48:external links 28: 26: 19: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2901: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 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