3820:. Many computational finance problems have a high degree of computational complexity and are slow to converge to a solution on classical computers. In particular, when it comes to option pricing, there is additional complexity resulting from the need to respond to quickly changing markets. For example, in order to take advantage of inaccurately priced stock options, the computation must complete before the next change in the almost continuously changing stock market. As a result, the finance community is always looking for ways to overcome the resulting performance issues that arise when pricing options. This has led to research that applies alternative computing techniques to finance. Most commonly used quantum financial models are quantum continuous model, quantum binomial model, multi-step quantum binomial model etc.
2314:
2080:
1888:
3989:: "The theory of finance is concerned with how individuals and firms allocate resources through time. In particular, it seeks to explain how solutions to the problems faced in allocating resources through time are facilitated by the existence of capital markets (which provide a means for individual economic agents to exchange resources to be available of different points In time) and of firms (which, by their production-investment decisions, provide a means for individuals to transform current resources physically into resources to be available in the future)."
1212:
1739:
1190:
1238:
1495:
1762:
58:
3428:
3995:: "Finance is concerned with the raising and administering of funds and with the relationships between private profit-seeking enterprise on the one hand and the groups which supply the funds on the other. These groups, which include investors and speculators — that is, capitalists or property owners — as well as those who advance short-term capital, place their money in the field of commerce and industry and in return expect a stream of income."
3672:
Researchers in experimental finance can study to what extent existing financial economics theory makes valid predictions and therefore prove them, as well as attempt to discover new principles on which such theory can be extended and be applied to future financial decisions. Research may proceed by conducting trading simulations or by establishing and studying the behavior of people in artificial, competitive, market-like settings.
1201:
2091:
930:
3737:
1280:). "Finance" thus studies the process of channeling money from savers and investors to entities that need it. Savers and investors have money available which could earn interest or dividends if put to productive use. Individuals, companies and governments must obtain money from some external source, such as loans or credit, when they lack sufficient funds to run their operations.
918:
2790:
2901:
1546:. Personal finance may also involve paying for a loan or other debt obligations. The main areas of personal finance are considered to be income, spending, saving, investing, and protection. The following steps, as outlined by the Financial Planning Standards Board, suggest that an individual will understand a potentially secure personal finance plan after:
3872:. The earliest historical evidence of finance is dated to around 3000 BCE. Banking originated in West Asia, where temples and palaces were used as safe places for the storage of valuables. Initially, the only valuable that could be deposited was grain, but cattle and precious materials were eventually included. During the same period, the Sumerian city of
1224:
4025:: "Finance is a profession that requires interdisciplinary training and can help the managers of companies make sound decisions about financing, investment, continuity and other issues that affect the inflows and outflows of money, and the risk of the company. It also helps people and institutions invest and plan money-related issues wisely."
1914:
3405:
3695:
of investors or managers affects financial decisions and markets and is relevant when making a decision that can impact either negatively or positively on one of their areas. With more in-depth research into behavioral finance, it is possible to bridge what actually happens in financial markets with
1775:
Public finance describes finance as related to sovereign states, sub-national entities, and related public entities or agencies. It generally encompasses a long-term strategic perspective regarding investment decisions that affect public entities. These long-term strategic periods typically encompass
3671:
aims to establish different market settings and environments to experimentally observe and provide a lens through which science can analyze agents' behavior and the resulting characteristics of trading flows, information diffusion, and aggregation, price setting mechanisms, and returns processes.
1363:
pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary earns the difference for arranging the loan. A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. The bank then lends these deposits to
2917:
1945:
As above, investors may be institutions, such as insurance companies, pension funds, corporations, charities, educational establishments, or private investors, either directly via investment contracts or, more commonly, via collective investment schemes like mutual funds,
4019:: "Finance may be defined as that administrative area or set of administrative functions in an organisation which relates with the arrangement of each debt and credit so that the organisation may have the means to carry out the objectives as satisfactorily as possible".
1287:
can lend or invest the excess, intending to earn a fair return. Correspondingly, an entity where income is less than expenditure can raise capital usually in one of two ways: (i) by borrowing in the form of a loan (private individuals), or by selling
3104:
1529:
Personal finance refers to the practice of budgeting to ensure enough funds are available to meet basic needs, while ensuring there is only a reasonable level of risk to lose said capital. Personal finance may involve paying for education, financing
4064:
Finance thus allows production and consumption in society to operate independently from each other. Without the use of financial allocation, production would have to happen at the same time and space as consumption. Through finance, distances in
2676:
2043:
will, in general, largely be a function of the asset mix selected, while the individual securities are less impactful. The specific approach or philosophy will also be significant, depending on the extent to which it is complementary with the
5338:
The 'Nieuwe Beurs' was built in 1531 because the 'Old Beurs' in
Hofstraat had become too small. It was the first stock exchange ever built specifically for that purpose and later became the example for all stock exchange buildings in the
3637:
The subject has a close relationship with financial economics, which, as outlined, is concerned with much of the underlying theory that is involved in financial mathematics: generally, financial mathematics will derive and extend the
1917:
A modern price-ticker. This infrastructure underpins contemporary exchanges, evidencing prices and related ticker symbols. The ticker symbol is represented by a unique set of characters used to identify the subject of the financial
3815:
pricing. Many of the problems facing the finance community have no known analytical solution. As a result, numerical methods and computer simulations for solving these problems have proliferated. This research area is known as
2912:, it remains "a mainstay of investing and finance". An "efficient" portfolio, i.e. combination of assets, has the best possible expected return for its level of risk (represented by the standard deviation of return).
2165:
in two ways. Firstly, firm exposure to market risk is a direct result of previous capital investments and funding decisions; while credit risk arises from the business's credit policy and is often addressed through
1168:
In the middle of the 20th century, finance emerged as a distinct academic discipline, separate from economics. The earliest doctoral programs in finance were established in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, finance is also
4196:
4527:
4785:
2769:, in turn, a major focus of finance-theory. As financial theory has roots in many disciplines, including mathematics, statistics, economics, physics, and psychology, it can be considered a mix of an
1478:
As outlined, finance comprises, broadly, the three areas of personal finance, corporate finance, and public finance. These, in turn, overlap and employ various activities and sub-disciplines—chiefly
2118:, in general, is the study of how to control risks and balance the possibility of gains; it is the process of measuring risk and then developing and implementing strategies to manage that risk.
3946:
The first exchange happened in
Belgium in 1531. Since then, popular exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange (founded in 1773) and the New York Stock Exchange (founded in 1793) were created.
3109:
3630:
probability), denoted by "Q"; while risk and portfolio management generally use physical (or actual or actuarial) probability, denoted by "P". These are interrelated through the above "
1718:
objectives; i.e. that it: (1) can service both maturing short-term debt repayments, and scheduled long-term debt payments, and (2) has sufficient cash flow for ongoing and upcoming
3986:
2861:
and performance; the latter, as above, are about optimizing the overall financial structure, including its impact on working capital. Key aspects of managerial finance thus include:
3400:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}C(S,t)&=N(d_{1})S-N(d_{2})Ke^{-r(T-t)}\\d_{1}&={\frac {1}{\sigma {\sqrt {T-t}}}}\left\\d_{2}&=d_{1}-\sigma {\sqrt {T-t}}\\\end{aligned}}}
1605:
of all firms rather than corporations alone, the concepts are applicable to the financial problems of all firms, and this area is then often referred to as "business finance".
4306:
4193:
4013:: "The term finance can be defined as the management of the flows of money through an organisation, whether it will be a corporation, school, or bank or government agency".
2440:
1161:. Ancient and medieval civilizations incorporated basic functions of finance, such as banking, trading and accounting, into their economies. In the late 19th century, the
2134:
exposure to these using financial instruments. The focus is particularly on credit and market risk, and in banks, through regulatory capital, includes operational risk.
1938:
Investment management is the professional asset management of various securities—typically shares and bonds, but also other assets, such as real estate, commodities and
4511:
4022:
4813:
848:
4335:
4782:
4896:
5075:
4809:
3896:(1792–1750 BCE) included laws governing banking operations. The Babylonians were accustomed to charging interest at the rate of 20 percent per year. By 1200 BCE,
877:
4277:
3892:
respectively, meant "to give birth". In these cultures, interest indicated a valuable increase, and seemed to consider it from the lender's point of view. The
3549:, in terms of practice, the field is referred to as quantitative finance and / or mathematical finance, and comprises primarily the three areas discussed. The
1395:, which allow their trade thereafter, as well as the various service providers which manage the performance or risk of these investments. These latter include
5082:. In Baker, H. Kent, and Nofsinger, John R., eds. Behavioral finance: investors, corporations, and markets. Vol. 6. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. pp. 113-131.
5003:
5159:
3443:
5737:
838:
803:
4494:
3998:
3075:). Here, theory and methods are developed for the decisioning about funding, dividends, and capital structure discussed above. A recent development is
960:
5023:
4471:
616:
3911:
around 687 BCE and, by 640 BCE, the
Lydians had started to use coin money more widely and opened permanent retail shops. Shortly after, cities in
2992:
and corporate finance; the first being the perspective of providers of capital, i.e. investors, and the second of users of capital; respectively:
1593:
Corporate finance deals with the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, the sources of funding and the
4981:
4001:: "Finance is the application of economic principles to decision-making that involves the allocation of money under conditions of uncertainty."
2996:
Asset pricing theory develops the models used in determining the risk-appropriate discount rate, and in pricing derivatives; and includes the
6260:
5927:
5746:
5659:
5623:
5587:
5559:
5465:
5118:
4739:
4712:
4610:
4367:
2683:
5359:
5300:
3907:
The use of coins as a means of representing money began in the years between 700 and 500 BCE. Herodotus mentions the use of crude coins in
3631:
3013:
2778:
1597:
of corporations, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. While corporate finance is in principle different from
5271:
4246:
4850:
629:
5193:
5087:
5060:
5039:
4767:
4583:
4558:
4432:
788:
4935:
3696:
analysis based on financial theory. Behavioral finance has grown over the last few decades to become an integral aspect of finance.
3420:, it has underpinned the development of derivatives-theory, and financial mathematics more generally, since its introduction in 1973.
2345:
As a specialized practice area, quantitative finance comprises primarily three sub-disciplines; the underlying theory and techniques
1899:
5791:
5531:
5505:
5436:
4958:
4521:
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4641:
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4125:
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2746:
2699:
510:
6160:
4759:
3849:
3717:
3485:
2333:
2213:
2079:
1848:
4616:
4098:
3955:
2103:
1856:
6200:
5847:
4912:
3992:
3762:
3562:
3439:
3068:
2687:
2199:
1588:
270:
180:
4802:
3072:
2920:
4327:
4172:
1887:
6230:
3566:
2966:
1325:
1196:
issued by The
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Bonds are a form of borrowing used by corporations to finance their operations.
953:
922:
166:
4893:
3597:
2313:
1747:
1110:
assesses the viability, stability, and profitability of an action or entity. Some fields are multidisciplinary, such as
5072:
1751:
1268:
As outlined, the financial system consists of the flows of capital that take place between individuals and households (
3863:
3720:, which uses mathematical and statistical methodology to understand behavioral biases in conjunction with valuation.
3605:
3029:
3021:
1863:
projects: a private sector corporate provides the financing up-front, and then draws profits from taxpayers or users.
1211:
3747:
5000:
4273:
3506:, defended in 1900, is considered to be the first scholarly work in this area. The field is largely focused on the
2985:
is the branch of financial economics that uses econometric techniques to parameterize the relationships suggested.)
2888:
more broadly, emphasizing alignment with the company's overall strategic objectives; and similarly incorporates the
1375:, for example. Stocks are usually sold by corporations to investors so as to raise required capital in the form of "
6135:
5912:
3080:
2362:
2179:
1699:
732:
446:
136:
5131:
3766:
3751:
2240:
as below. Credit risk is inherent in the business of banking, but additionally, these institutions are exposed to
1738:
5897:
5242:
3527:
3064:
2381:
2259:
2209:
2119:
2110:
2084:
1962:
1907:
1876:
1459:
1095:
793:
678:
456:
230:
1625:
3758:
3511:
3471:
2241:
2064:
1189:
1005:
946:
482:
21:
4491:
3447:
3409:
3033:
1237:
2395:"Quants" are also responsible for building and deploying the investment strategies at the quantitative funds
1391:
and facilitate the listing of the securities, typically shares and bonds. Additionally, they facilitate the
5518:
The Little Book of Common Sense
Investing: The Only Way to Guarantee Your Fair Share of Stock Market Returns
3857:
3585:
3431:
3025:
2766:
2707:
2317:
2295:
1781:
1263:
1162:
1009:
125:
115:
2388:, both as regards this hedging, and as regards economic capital as well as compliance with regulations and
6110:
5812:
5020:
4636:
Board of
Governors of Federal Reserve System of the United States. Mission of the Federal Reserve System.
4468:
4051:
3435:
3049:
2982:
2954:
2923:, a foundational element of finance theory, introduced in 1958; it forms the basis for modern thinking on
2412:
2279:
2167:
2040:
1981:
1939:
1818:
1755:
1553:
Understanding the effects of tax policies, subsidies, or penalties on the management of personal finances;
1439:
1336:
1306:
1227:
1001:
284:
195:
2857:: the former allow management to better understand, and hence act on, financial information relating to
6105:
6090:
6027:
5987:
5977:
5917:
5877:
5784:
5760:
5497:
5457:
4204:
3837:
3817:
3643:
3601:
3531:
3479:
3459:
3084:
2850:
2354:
2338:
Quantitative finance—also referred to as "mathematical finance"—includes those finance activities where
2302:
1947:
1923:
1868:
1834:
1719:
1467:
1443:
1419:
1123:
1099:
624:
235:
2804:
curricula); various scenarios are considered, and their discounted cash flows are probability weighted.
2818:
of a company, and the financial dimension of managerial decision-making more broadly. It provides the
6170:
6125:
6045:
6039:
6012:
5992:
5937:
5932:
5852:
5641:
4978:
3681:
3668:
3663:
3623:
3619:
3574:
3451:
3037:
2932:
2671:{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{n}{\frac {FCFF_{t}}{(1+WACC_{t})^{t}}}+{\frac {\left}{(1+WACC_{n})^{n}}}}
2237:
2183:
1987:
1844:
1723:
1602:
1582:
1483:
1451:
1147:
1127:
1111:
1103:
1036:
820:
737:
441:
366:
300:
252:
95:
6235:
6205:
6185:
6095:
6055:
5982:
5972:
5967:
5615:
4037:
3803:
Quantum finance is an interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods developed by
3495:
3417:
3076:
3045:
2944:
2758:
2750:
2734:
2723:
2416:
2263:
2203:
2068:
2045:
2033:
1991:
1840:
1645:: the use of "excess" funds—these are to be reinvested in the business or returned to shareholders.
1524:
1506:
1463:
1435:
1392:
1139:
1119:
977:
897:
887:
607:
564:
516:
461:
275:
5743:
2757:
today, based on the risk and uncertainty of future outcomes while appropriately incorporating the
1494:
6220:
6215:
6100:
6075:
6022:
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2400:
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2358:
2339:
2291:
2248:
2229:
2195:
2187:
2013:
1997:
1933:
1788:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1598:
1447:
1423:
1412:
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892:
742:
697:
646:
487:
376:
110:
5351:
5292:
4004:
1761:
1364:
borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity.
1200:
57:
2151:
relates to losses arising from movements in market variables such as prices and exchange rates;
6150:
6007:
5952:
5882:
5867:
5827:
5665:
5655:
5651:
5629:
5619:
5593:
5583:
5569:
5555:
5551:
5527:
5523:
5501:
5483:
5471:
5461:
5432:
5263:
5189:
5151:
5114:
5083:
5056:
5035:
4966:
4763:
4735:
4708:
4687:
4683:
4606:
4579:
4554:
4517:
4396:
4363:
4218:
4144:
3893:
3845:
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3519:
3515:
3001:
2924:
2885:
2854:
2797:
2408:
2366:
2287:
2275:
2162:
2142:
2056:
2052:
2025:
2009:
1970:
1929:
1795:
1711:
1652:
1648:
1636:
1632:
1594:
1578:
1520:
1502:
1498:
1404:
1316:
1277:
1204:
1178:
1143:
1025:
798:
674:
569:
436:
431:
426:
400:
361:
185:
85:
5382:"Research Guides: Wall Street and the Stock Exchanges: Historical Resources: Stock Exchanges"
4847:
3868:
The origin of finance can be traced to the beginning of state formation and trade during the
1984:
is the process of selecting the best portfolio given the client's objectives and constraints.
6286:
6145:
6115:
6085:
6080:
6060:
6032:
5997:
5922:
5832:
5777:
5717:
5693:
5143:
4667:
4487:
4388:
4230:
4134:
4010:
3912:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3647:
3627:
3499:
3455:
3041:
3017:
2974:
2754:
2404:
2321:
2283:
2225:
2174:. Secondly, both disciplines share the goal of enhancing or at least preserving, the firm's
2154:
2123:
2060:
2021:
2005:
1974:
1958:
1680:
1621:
1613:
1514:
1427:
1376:
1368:
1293:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1216:
1154:
1091:
1087:
1064:
1060:
1021:
1017:
870:
663:
637:
555:
548:
531:
477:
451:
338:
320:
305:
225:
216:
120:
105:
67:
41:
5132:"Do investors exhibit behavioral biases in investment decision making? A systematic review"
4424:
6250:
6245:
6165:
6070:
6050:
5962:
5957:
5887:
5872:
5750:
5727:
5697:
5489:
5414:
5106:
5079:
5027:
5007:
4985:
4962:
4939:
4932:
4900:
4854:
4789:
4645:
4498:
4475:
4269:
4200:
4176:
3804:
3798:
3535:
3503:
3052:
to incorporate phenomena where their assumptions do not hold, or to more general settings.
3005:
2978:
2909:
2835:
2814:
Managerial finance is the branch of finance that deals with the financial aspects of the
2801:
2703:
2420:
2267:
2131:
2115:
2017:
1872:
1864:
1826:
1802:
1684:
1656:
1642:
1384:
1352:
1348:
1297:
1052:
853:
778:
769:
727:
692:
684:
492:
381:
295:
76:
4955:
4637:
3650:
that deals with problems of practical interest in finance, and especially emphasizes the
3558:
1969:, and among individual securities within each asset class—as appropriate to the client's
3427:
3083:—and thus various elements of asset pricing—into these decisions, employing for example
6240:
6225:
6190:
6175:
6155:
6017:
6002:
5842:
5817:
5541:
5493:
5422:
5381:
5184:
Beyond greed and fear: Understanding behavioral finance and the psychology of investing
5099:
3928:
3880:
supported trade by lending as well as the use of interest. In
Sumerian, "interest" was
2695:
2298:
2216:
managing, and as necessary hedging, the various positions held by the institution—both
2175:
2127:
2099:
1860:
1852:
1830:
1806:
1770:
1743:
1676:
1431:
1344:
1289:
1273:
1193:
1080:
1048:
1029:
760:
598:
290:
260:
175:
142:
2157:
relates to failures in internal processes, people, and systems, or to external events.
6280:
6265:
5907:
5892:
5857:
5579:
5516:
5511:
5428:
5182:
4917:
4679:
4464:
4410:
4242:
4156:
3936:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3570:
2989:
2962:
2858:
2793:
2762:
2245:
2095:
1973:, in turn, a function of risk profile, investment goals, and investment horizon (see
1966:
1822:
1408:
1400:
1311:
1115:
827:
783:
559:
521:
501:
386:
347:
100:
28:
3712:
Studies of experimental asset markets and the use of models to forecast experiments.
2789:
2236:. The calculations here are mathematically sophisticated, and within the domain of
6140:
6065:
5687:
5683:
5605:
5486:: What the Rich Teach Their Kids About Money That the Poor and Middle Class Do Not!
4867:
4600:
4090:
3812:
3808:
2252:
2221:
2217:
2090:
1810:
1559:
Developing a savings plan or financing for large purchases (auto, education, home);
1531:
1396:
1301:
1241:
934:
752:
722:
582:
280:
157:
130:
3703:
Empirical studies that demonstrate significant deviations from classical theories;
2900:
2796:, a more sophisticated valuation-approach, sometimes applied to corporate finance
5723:
5703:
5645:
5609:
5573:
5545:
5451:
4729:
4702:
4357:
1219:
floor c 1960, before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens
6255:
6195:
6180:
6130:
6120:
5822:
5418:
4169:
3884:, which translates to "calf". In Greece and Egypt, the words used for interest,
3877:
3736:
3413:
2730:
2258:
Additional to diversification, the fundamental feature of risk mitigation here,
2148:
2138:
1903:
1891:
1694:
Financial managers—i.e. as distinct from corporate financiers—focus more on the
1535:
1372:
1356:
993:
342:
207:
152:
147:
90:
5321:
4392:
3611:
in both of these areas, and particularly for portfolio problems, quants employ
1837:
as well as strong influences on monetary and credit conditions in the economy.
5902:
5447:
5147:
3869:
3858:
Global financial system § History of international financial architecture
3691:
3009:
2889:
2839:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2719:
1543:
1479:
1158:
1135:
1072:
577:
416:
352:
5756:
5155:
4148:
4139:
4120:
4007:: "Finance may be defined as the position of money at the time it is wanted".
1562:
Planning a secure financial future in an environment of economic instability;
1550:
Purchasing insurance to ensure protection against unforeseen personal events;
4234:
4066:
3940:
3060:
2950:
2726:
2389:
2271:
2233:
2029:
1703:
1675:, as above, in that the capital raised will generically comprise debt, i.e.
1539:
1076:
997:
882:
843:
526:
315:
310:
5769:
4659:
2973:. It thus centers on pricing, decision making, and risk management in the
2377:
in support of the initial trade, and its subsequent hedging and management.
1942:—in order to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of investors.
4016:
3811:. Finance theory is heavily based on financial instrument pricing such as
1898:
917:
5837:
4671:
2171:
1131:
1086:
Due to its wide scope, a broad range of subfields exists within finance.
1040:
985:
330:
190:
5713:
3935:
reforms in 342 BCE, though the provision went largely unenforced. Under
3807:
and economists in order to solve problems in finance. It is a branch of
3434:
are widely applied in mathematical finance; here used in calculating an
2373:
the various structured products and solutions mentioned—and encompasses
1651:: deciding on the mix of funding to be used—here attempting to find the
1223:
3924:
2774:
2191:
1727:
1284:
5733:
5234:
3927:, started minting their own coins between 595 and 570 BCE. During the
1851:
on a non-commercial basis; these projects would otherwise not be able
3920:
3916:
3897:
1707:
1556:
Understanding the effects of credit on individual financial standing;
1360:
1332:
1174:
202:
4383:
Snowdon, Michael, ed. (2019), "Financial
Planning Standards Board",
2718:
Financial theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of
1913:
1639:
is crucial, as judgements about asset values can be "make or break".
3939:, a ceiling on interest rates of 12% was set, and much later under
3004:
applied in asset management. The analysis essentially explores how
2262:
various hedging techniques as appropriate, these may relate to the
6210:
3908:
3901:
3426:
2958:
2915:
2899:
2788:
2742:
2325:
2312:
2286:
to measure and then offset sensitivities. In parallel, managers —
2255:
risk teams provide risk "services" (or "solutions") to customers.
2089:
2078:
1912:
1897:
1886:
1737:
1617:
1493:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1210:
1199:
1188:
1056:
1035:
In these financial systems, assets are bought, sold, or traded as
989:
981:
421:
371:
5051:
See for example III.A.3, in Carol
Alexander, ed. (January 2005).
2145:
that may arise from a borrower failing to make required payments;
5669:
5633:
5597:
5547:
The Essays of Warren
Buffett: Lessons for Investors and Managers
5475:
4578:(1st ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 53–54.
4180:
3873:
3706:
Models of how psychology affects and impacts trading and prices;
2908:", a prototypical concept in portfolio optimization. Introduced
1951:
1776:
five or more years. Public finance is primarily concerned with:
1340:
1068:
1044:
747:
714:
325:
265:
5773:
4658:
Han, Yufeng; Liu, Yang; Zhou, Guofu; Zhu, Yingzi (2021-05-21).
2083:
Crowds gathering outside the New York Stock Exchange after the
5753:(Governance and Social Development Resource Centre, gsdrc.org)
4834:
See the discussion re finance theory by Fama and Miller under
4219:"Monetized time-space: derivatives – money's 'new imaginary'?"
3730:
3592:(applying the "greeks"); the underlying mathematics comprises
3467:
2916:
2770:
658:
2282:, while for derivative portfolios and positions, traders use
1296:, also called stock or shares (which may take various forms:
5098:
Glaser, Markus and Weber, Martin and Noeth, Markus. (2004).
4731:
Financial Risk Management: Models, History, and Institutions
4553:(1st ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 23.
1902:"The excitement before the bubble burst"—viewing prices via
1422:, is referred to as "wholesale finance". Institutions here
996:. As a subject of study, it is related to but distinct from
27:"Financial" redirects here. For the Georgian newspaper, see
1383:
described above. The financial intermediaries here are the
4192:
Anthony P. Carnevale, Ban Cheah, Andrew R. Hanson (2015).
2686:
widely applied in business and finance, since articulated
2301:, thereby minimizing and preempting any underperformance
1635:: selecting which projects to invest in—here, accurately
1450:, and these institutions are then the major employers of
1083:
are always present in any financial action and entities.
4299:"Introducing the Financial System | Boundless Economics"
2849:
The tools addressed and developed relate in the main to
2834:. Academics working in this area are typically based in
2000:
is about forecasting future asset prices with past data.
2048:. Risk management here is discussed immediately below.
16:
Academic discipline studying businesses and investments
5611:
The Alchemy of Finance: Reading the Mind of the Market
3095:
2777:, and there are ongoing related efforts to organize a
2765:
of these future values, "discounting", must be at the
2431:
5647:
Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits and Other Writings
3107:
2749:
over "space and time"; i.e., it is about performing
2443:
2342:
is required, and thus overlaps several of the above.
1568:
Preparing for retirement or other long term expenses.
1310:—financial institutions such as investment banks and
5427:. Warren E. Buffett (collaborator) (2003 ed.).
5001:
Research Area: Financial Mathematics and Engineering
4576:
Strategic Finance for Criminal Justice Organizations
4551:
Strategic Finance for Criminal Justice Organizations
4069:
between production and consumption are then posible.
2186:. Here, businesses devote much time and effort to
1833:, are strong players in public finance. They act as
4574:Doss, Daniel; Sumrall, William; Jones, Don (2012).
4549:Doss, Daniel; Sumrall, William; Jones, Don (2012).
3040:. At more advanced levels—and often in response to
2741:is concerned with the investment and deployment of
5515:
5181:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4660:"Technical Analysis in the Stock Market: A Review"
3943:it was lowered even further to between 4% and 8%.
3399:
2670:
2212:and other wholesale institutions, risk management
1079:to maximize value and minimize loss. In practice,
976:refers to monetary resources and to the study and
5188:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. ix.
3569:; see aside boxed discussion re the prototypical
2380:Quantitative finance also significantly overlaps
2224:—and on calculating and monitoring the resultant
1153:The early history of finance parallels the early
1016:. Based on the scope of financial activities in
5130:Zahera, Syed Aliya; Bansal, Rohit (2018-05-08).
5032:Financial Derivative and Energy Market Valuation
5010:, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4387:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 709–735,
2063:) instead of human judgment. The actual trading
4640:Accessed: 2010-01-16. (Archived by WebCite at
3716:A strand of behavioral finance has been dubbed
1283:In general, an entity whose income exceeds its
4810:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
3850:Quantitative analysis (finance) § History
3490:Financial modeling § Quantitative finance
3008:would apply risk and return to the problem of
2353:Quantitative finance is often synonymous with
1871:, address the financial strategies, resources
1608:Typically, "corporate finance" relates to the
1418:Inter-institutional trade and investment, and
1304:). The owners of both bonds and stock may be
5785:
4756:The AMA Handbook of Financial Risk Management
2977:, and produces many of the commonly employed
954:
8:
4783:Quantitative Risk Management: VaR and Others
4701:Peter F. Christoffersen (22 November 2011).
3699:Behavioral finance includes such topics as:
2988:The discipline has two main areas of focus:
2953:that studies the interrelation of financial
1687:. Re risk management within corporates, see
1367:Investing typically entails the purchase of
1207:dated 1913 issued by the Radium Hill Company
5738:Financial Literacy and Education Commission
5453:Security Analysis: The Classic 1934 Edition
5293:"History of Usury Prohibition - IslamiCity"
3765:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3059:, by contrast, considers investment under "
1843:, which is related, concerns investment in
1698:elements of profitability, cash flow, and "
1426:, with related trading, to include bespoke
839:International Financial Reporting Standards
804:Separation of investment and retail banking
5792:
5778:
5770:
4979:"The History of the Black-Scholes Formula"
2396:
2390:the Basel capital / liquidity requirements
2346:
2039:In a well-diversified portfolio, achieved
1455:
961:
947:
832:
765:
603:
405:
72:
36:
5136:Qualitative Research in Financial Markets
5071:Bloomfield, Robert and Anderson, Alyssa.
4950:
4948:
4138:
3785:Learn how and when to remove this message
3546:
3380:
3368:
3351:
3307:
3301:
3273:
3242:
3233:
3220:
3188:
3172:
3147:
3108:
3106:
2892:of planning, directing, and controlling.
2659:
2649:
2604:
2585:
2555:
2539:
2533:
2521:
2511:
2481:
2465:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2357:. This area generally underpins a bank's
1994:and evaluating the individual securities.
1957:At the heart of investment management is
1612:objective of maximizing the value of the
1565:Pursuing a checking or a savings account;
5552:John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Limited
5111:Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making
5053:The Professional Risk Managers' Handbook
4996:
4994:
4777:
4775:
2698:are discounted to the present using the
1760:
1371:, either individual securities or via a
4599:Kioko, Sharon; Marlowe, Justin (2016).
4081:
3972:
3900:shells were used as a form of money in
3530:to pricing and hedging a wide range of
1765:CBO: 2023 US Federal Budget Infographic
768:
645:
606:
500:
469:
408:
215:
165:
75:
48:
4602:Financial Strategy for Public Managers
4385:Financial Planning Competency Handbook
4194:"The Economic Value of College Majors"
3526:. Relatedly, the techniques developed
3494:Financial mathematics is the field of
3012:under uncertainty, producing the key "
2823:
2057:computer-based mathematical techniques
1505:counsels the client on an appropriate
6261:Valuation using discounted cash flows
5362:from the original on 2 September 2022
4704:Elements of Financial Risk Management
4530:from the original on 11 November 2021
4513:The Fundamental Principles of Finance
3983:as crafted by the authors indicated:
3613:sophisticated optimization techniques
3553:and techniques are, correspondingly:
3518:—while other important areas include
3446:. These are used for settings beyond
2949:Financial economics is the branch of
2102:to withdraw their savings during the
1990:is the approach typically applied in
1628:. This entails three primary areas:
1359:. The lender receives interest, the
1130:. These fields are the foundation of
1020:, the discipline can be divided into
7:
4217:Allen, Michael; Price, John (2000).
3763:adding citations to reliable sources
3632:Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
3618:Mathematically, these separate into
3454:, even in those settings, banks use
3014:Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
2884:The discussion, however, extends to
2779:list of unsolved problems in finance
2385:
2359:customer-driven derivatives business
2178:, and in this context overlaps also
2004:Overlaid is the portfolio manager's
1688:
4781:See generally, Roy E. DeMeo (N.D.)
4728:Allan M. Malz (13 September 2011).
4492:Corporate Finance: First Principles
3709:Forecasting based on these methods;
3438:. Other common pricing-methods are
1102:aim to maximize value and minimize
5392:from the original on 4 August 2022
4249:from the original on 20 March 2022
2865:Financial planning and forecasting
2340:a sophisticated mathematical model
1343:, or via the purchase of notes or
878:Private equity and venture capital
789:Bank for International Settlements
14:
4857:Farlex Financial Dictionary. 2012
4356:Publishing, Speedy (2015-05-25).
4119:Gippel, Jennifer K (2012-11-07).
3979:The following are definitions of
3524:quantitative portfolio management
3504:Louis Bachelier's doctoral thesis
3016:". Here, the twin assumptions of
2880:Financial analysis and reporting.
2403:more generally, in areas such as
1292:; (ii) by a corporation selling
923:Business and Economics portal
5522:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
4969:(Stanford University manuscript)
4819:from the original on 2019-03-05.
4803:"Careers in Applied Mathematics"
4126:Australian Journal of Management
3846:Corporate finance § History
3735:
2700:weighted average cost of capital
2274:are often (instead) managed via
1849:(quasi) governmental institution
1626:balancing risk and profitability
1314:—or private individuals, called
928:
916:
511:Base erosion and profit shifting
56:
6161:Quantitative behavioral finance
5303:from the original on 2023-04-09
5274:from the original on 2021-05-13
5245:from the original on 2021-06-15
5223:. United States: Penguin Books.
5162:from the original on 2022-04-08
4894:Using Decision Trees in Finance
4760:American Management Association
4619:from the original on 2022-06-15
4435:from the original on 2000-08-18
4338:from the original on 2020-07-31
4328:"What is the financial system?"
4309:from the original on 2020-07-28
4280:from the original on 2020-06-02
4101:from the original on 2020-12-19
3931:, interest was outlawed by the
3854:Financial crisis § History
3842:Financial centre § History
3718:quantitative behavioral finance
3486:Quantitative analysis (finance)
2334:Quantitative analysis (finance)
1728:Financial planning and analysis
6201:Strategic financial management
5848:Bull (stock market speculator)
5724:Financial management resources
5030:, from Michael Mastro (2013).
3575:the various numeric techniques
3567:partial differential equations
3335:
3323:
3207:
3195:
3178:
3165:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3115:
2767:risk-appropriate discount rate
2656:
2627:
2616:
2569:
2518:
2489:
2260:investment managers will apply
2122:is the practice of protecting
1710:), ensuring that the firm can
1589:Strategic financial management
271:Collateralised debt obligation
181:Bull (stock market speculator)
1:
6231:Sustainable Development Goals
5694:Hypertextual Finance Glossary
5650:. Wiley Investment Classics.
5207:growth of behavioral finance.
4359:Finance (Speedy Study Guides)
3416:. Although lately its use is
2826:, concerning itself with the
2702:for the discount factor. For
2161:Financial risk management is
1420:fund-management at this scale
1335:is often indirect, through a
1326:Financial market participants
1290:government or corporate bonds
617:Final consumption expenditure
4055:, began publication in 1946.
4049:The first academic journal,
3069:"theory of investment value"
2399:; they are also involved in
2163:related to corporate finance
2094:Customers queuing outside a
1894:listed in a Korean newspaper
1542:, investing, and saving for
1000:, which is the study of the
5714:Corporate finance resources
5544:; Cunningham, L.A. (2009).
4516:. Google Books: Routledge.
4510:Irons, Robert (July 2019).
3864:Category:History of finance
3646:is the branch of (applied)
3622:: derivatives pricing uses
3474:and capital considerations.
1817:Central banks, such as the
1752:requesting additional funds
1458:). In these institutions,
1424:extend the products offered
1177:-focused undergraduate and
6303:
5913:Enterprise risk management
5734:Personal finance resources
5268:World History Encyclopedia
4835:
4393:10.1002/9781119642497.ch80
4121:"A revolution in finance?"
3956:2007–2008 financial crisis
3861:
3827:
3796:
3679:
3661:
3483:
3477:
3462:models to incorporate the
3077:to incorporate uncertainty
2965:and shares, as opposed to
2942:
2874:Working capital management
2807:
2706:investors use the related
2331:
2182:, typically the domain of
2180:enterprise risk management
2108:
2104:2007–2008 financial crisis
1927:
1921:
1857:public–private partnership
1784:of a public sector entity;
1768:
1700:working capital management
1586:
1576:
1518:
1512:
1389:find the initial investors
1355:, or mutual bonds) in the
1253:
1247:
1067:, etc. Assets can also be
849:Professional certification
447:Enterprise risk management
231:Offshore financial centres
18:
5898:Diversification (finance)
5808:
5757:Risk management resources
5575:The Millionaire Next Door
5148:10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028
5034:, John Wiley & Sons.
4734:. John Wiley & Sons.
4362:. Speedy Publishing LLC.
4303:courses.lumenlearning.com
3559:ItĂ´'s stochastic calculus
3410:The Black–Scholes formula
3073:Modigliani–Miller theorem
3065:Fisher separation theorem
2969:economic variables, i.e.
2921:Modigliani–Miller theorem
2382:financial risk management
2244:. Banks typically employ
2120:Financial risk management
2111:Financial risk management
2085:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1963:diversifying the exposure
1908:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1877:climate change mitigation
794:Financial Stability Board
5744:Public finance resources
5424:The Intelligent Investor
4892:A. Pinkasovitch (2021).
4140:10.1177/0312896212461034
3624:risk-neutral probability
3590:"sensitivities" analysis
3470:adjustments accommodate
3057:corporate finance theory
2838:finance departments, in
2375:modeling and programming
2242:counterparty credit risk
2069:sophisticated algorithms
1714:carry out its financial
1379:", as distinct from the
1142:can be tested using the
483:Mergers and acquisitions
22:Finance (disambiguation)
5180:Shefrin, Hersh (2002).
5113:, Blackwell Publishers
4235:10.1080/030851400360497
4040:bridges the two fields.
3551:main mathematical tools
3510:—with much emphasis on
3508:modeling of derivatives
3026:modern portfolio theory
2890:managerial perspectives
2708:dividend discount model
1940:alternative investments
1847:projects provided by a
1655:re debt-commitments vs
1501:consultation—here, the
1482:, risk management, and
1448:inherently mathematical
1415:(private individuals).
1387:. The investment banks
1307:institutional investors
1264:Circular flow of income
1163:global financial system
6111:Investment performance
5813:Alternative investment
5572:; Danko, W.D. (1998).
5324:[Trade fair].
5073:"Experimental finance"
5055:. PRMIA Publications.
4052:The Journal of Finance
3475:
3401:
2983:Financial econometrics
2940:
2913:
2828:managerial application
2805:
2672:
2464:
2413:high-frequency trading
2401:quantitative investing
2329:
2196:performance monitoring
2106:
2087:
2065:is typically automated
2041:investment performance
1982:Portfolio optimization
1919:
1910:
1895:
1859:is primarily used for
1835:lenders of last resort
1819:Federal Reserve System
1766:
1758:
1622:return to shareholders
1510:
1411:, typically servicing
1337:financial intermediary
1245:
1234:
1228:Chicago Board of Trade
1220:
1215:NYSE's stock exchange
1208:
1197:
285:certificate of deposit
6106:Investment management
6091:International finance
5918:Environmental finance
5878:Computational finance
5761:Global Risk Institute
5642:Fisher, Philip Arthur
5614:. A Touchstone book.
5498:Warner Business Books
5458:McGraw-Hill Education
5356:London Stock Exchange
4956:"Financial Economics"
4954:For an overview, see
4800:See discussion here:
4754:John Hampton (2011).
4205:Georgetown University
3838:History of investment
3828:Further information:
3818:computational finance
3644:Computational finance
3620:two analytic branches
3602:volatility clustering
3580:for risk management,
3520:insurance mathematics
3480:Financial mathematics
3460:stochastic volatility
3430:
3402:
3092:Financial mathematics
3085:real options analysis
3050:"neoclassical" models
2919:
2903:
2851:managerial accounting
2792:
2684:DCF valuation formula
2673:
2444:
2355:financial engineering
2349:in the next section:
2316:
2093:
2082:
1948:exchange-traded funds
1924:Investment management
1916:
1906:, shortly before the
1901:
1890:
1883:Investment management
1869:Environmental finance
1782:required expenditures
1764:
1741:
1712:safely and profitably
1587:Further information:
1519:Further information:
1497:
1444:financial engineering
1440:specialized financing
1240:
1226:
1214:
1203:
1192:
1124:financial engineering
1100:investment management
1037:financial instruments
236:Conduit and sink OFCs
6171:Risk-return spectrum
6126:Mathematical finance
6046:Fundamental analysis
6040:Financial technology
5938:Experimental finance
5933:Exchange traded fund
5616:Simon & Schuster
5264:"Herodotus on Lydia"
5100:"Behavioral Finance"
4913:"Managerial Finance"
4672:10.2139/ssrn.3850494
4605:. Rebus Foundation.
3993:Guthmann and Dougall
3759:improve this section
3682:Behavioral economics
3669:Experimental finance
3664:Experimental finance
3658:Experimental finance
3516:credit risk modeling
3105:
2939:(k0) stays constant.
2820:theoretical underpin
2798:"project" valuations
2441:
2407:formulation, and in
2361:—delivering bespoke
2320:, the world's first
2318:DĹŤjima Rice Exchange
2309:Quantitative finance
2303:vs their "benchmark"
2268:to individual stocks
2264:portfolio as a whole
2238:quantitative finance
2184:strategic management
1988:Fundamental analysis
1845:economic development
1724:Financial management
1720:operational expenses
1603:financial management
1601:, which studies the
1583:Financial management
1484:quantitative finance
1393:securities exchanges
1185:The financial system
1148:experimental finance
1128:financial technology
1112:mathematical finance
462:Financial statements
442:Credit rating agency
367:Repurchase agreement
20:For other uses, see
6236:Sustainable finance
6206:Statistical finance
6186:Statistical finance
6096:Investment advisory
6056:Greater fool theory
5448:Dodd, David LeFevre
5386:Library of Congress
5235:"babylon-coins.com"
5221:The Ascent of Money
4223:Economy and Society
4038:financial economics
3640:mathematical models
3496:applied mathematics
3450:by Black-Scholes.
3412:for the value of a
2945:Financial economics
2896:Financial economics
2800:(and a standard in
2761:. Determining the
2759:time value of money
2735:applied mathematics
2690:. Here, to get the
2417:algorithmic trading
2222:long term exposures
2204:treasury management
2034:investment strategy
1841:Development finance
1653:optimal capital mix
1525:Investment advisory
1507:investment strategy
1436:structured products
1276:), and businesses (
1140:theories in finance
1120:financial economics
898:Accounting scandals
888:Stock market bubble
608:Government spending
565:Employment contract
517:Corporate tax haven
276:Credit default swap
6221:Structured product
6216:Structured finance
6101:Investment banking
6076:History of banking
5863:Capital management
5749:2023-06-02 at the
5684:Finance Definition
5570:Stanley, Thomas J.
5446:Graham, Benjamin;
5297:www.islamicity.org
5105:2023-02-09 at the
5078:2016-03-04 at the
5026:2021-11-13 at the
5021:"Financial Models"
5019:For a survey, see
5006:2022-05-16 at the
4988:, priceonomics.com
4984:2021-11-26 at the
4961:2004-06-04 at the
4942:, investopedia.com
4938:2021-11-26 at the
4931:W. Kenton (2021).
4899:2021-12-10 at the
4853:2019-12-22 at the
4788:2021-11-12 at the
4707:. Academic Press.
4644:2010-01-14 at the
4638:Federalreserve.gov
4497:2016-10-17 at the
4474:2023-02-23 at the
4425:"Personal Finance"
4274:"Financial system"
4199:2022-11-08 at the
4175:2023-01-31 at the
4036:The discipline of
3961:Outline of finance
3834:History of banking
3824:History of finance
3805:quantum physicists
3687:Behavioral finance
3676:Behavioral finance
3476:
3464:volatility surface
3397:
3395:
3006:rational investors
2971:goods and services
2941:
2914:
2906:efficient frontier
2844:management science
2832:finance techniques
2810:Managerial finance
2806:
2785:Managerial finance
2668:
2330:
2276:cash flow matching
2230:regulatory capital
2107:
2088:
1998:Technical analysis
1934:Passive management
1920:
1911:
1896:
1867:, and the related
1787:Source(s) of that
1780:Identification of
1767:
1759:
1746:, speaking on the
1673:securities trading
1669:investment banking
1599:managerial finance
1511:
1470:play major roles.
1464:regulatory capital
1256:Financial services
1246:
1235:
1221:
1209:
1198:
1108:Financial analysis
1014:goods and services
893:Stock market crash
743:Investment banking
733:Fractional-reserve
698:Warrant of payment
647:Government revenue
570:Financial planning
488:Structured finance
6274:
6273:
6151:Position of trust
5883:Corporate finance
5868:Capital structure
5828:Asset (economics)
5800:General areas of
5661:978-0-471-11927-2
5625:978-0-671-66238-7
5589:978-0-671-01520-6
5561:978-0-470-82441-2
5512:Bogle, John Bogle
5484:Rich Dad Poor Dad
5467:978-0-070-24496-2
5239:babylon-coins.com
5219:Fergusson, Nial.
5119:978-1-405-10746-4
5109:, pp. 527–546 in
4967:William F. Sharpe
4933:"Harry Markowitz"
4741:978-1-118-02291-7
4714:978-0-12-374448-7
4666:. Rochester, NY.
4612:978-1-927472-59-0
4463:Pamela Drake and
4369:978-1-68185-667-4
3999:Drake and Fabozzi
3894:Code of Hammurabi
3795:
3794:
3787:
3652:numerical methods
3628:arbitrage-pricing
3557:for derivatives,
3500:financial markets
3425:
3424:
3391:
3316:
3281:
3256:
3253:
3022:market efficiency
3002:investment theory
2975:financial markets
2935:) increases, the
2925:capital structure
2886:business strategy
2871:Capital structure
2868:Capital budgeting
2855:corporate finance
2822:for the practice
2716:
2715:
2694:, its forecasted
2692:value of the firm
2666:
2620:
2528:
2409:automated trading
2324:, established in
2218:trading positions
2143:default on a debt
2055:is managed using
2053:quantitative fund
1971:investment policy
1930:Active management
1796:budgeting process
1649:Capital structure
1637:determining value
1633:Capital budgeting
1595:capital structure
1579:Corporate finance
1573:Corporate finance
1538:and cars, buying
1521:Financial planner
1503:financial advisor
1499:Wealth management
1322:retail investors.
1317:private investors
1278:corporate finance
1205:Share certificate
1144:scientific method
1138:. In some cases,
1018:financial systems
971:
970:
861:
860:
811:
810:
799:Deposit insurance
705:
704:
539:
538:
437:Corporate finance
432:Capital structure
427:Capital budgeting
362:Performance bonds
243:
242:
226:Financial centres
186:Financial planner
86:Asset (economics)
6294:
6146:Personal finance
6136:Over-the-counter
6116:Investor profile
6086:Impact investing
6081:History of money
6061:Growth investing
5923:Equity (finance)
5833:Asset allocation
5794:
5787:
5780:
5771:
5718:Aswath Damodaran
5704:Finance Glossary
5673:
5637:
5601:
5565:
5537:
5521:
5479:
5442:
5415:Graham, Benjamin
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5202:
5187:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5127:
5121:
5096:
5090:
5069:
5063:
5049:
5043:
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5011:
4998:
4989:
4976:
4970:
4952:
4943:
4929:
4923:
4922:
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4903:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4864:
4858:
4845:
4839:
4832:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4807:
4798:
4792:
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4770:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4655:
4649:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4507:
4501:
4488:Aswath Damodaran
4484:
4478:
4469:What Is Finance?
4461:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4214:
4208:
4190:
4184:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4142:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4086:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4034:
4028:
4017:Howard and Upton
3977:
3913:Classical Greece
3830:History of money
3790:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3739:
3731:
3689:studies how the
3648:computer science
3418:considered naive
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3356:
3355:
3342:
3338:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3177:
3176:
3152:
3151:
3096:
3042:financial crises
3038:option valuation
2979:financial models
2755:asset allocation
2711:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2596:
2595:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2432:
2428:Financial theory
2405:trading strategy
2322:futures exchange
2226:economic capital
2168:credit insurance
2155:Operational risk
2061:machine learning
2006:investment style
1975:Investor profile
1959:asset allocation
1853:to get financing
1789:entity's revenue
1665:creates the link
1515:Personal finance
1490:Personal finance
1474:Areas of finance
1413:retail investors
1385:investment banks
1377:equity financing
1353:government bonds
1272:), governments (
1270:personal finance
1260:financial market
1250:Financial system
1155:history of money
963:
956:
949:
935:Money portal
933:
932:
931:
921:
920:
871:Economic history
833:
766:
664:Deficit spending
638:Transfer payment
604:
532:Transfer pricing
478:Leveraged buyout
452:Enterprise value
406:
321:Letter of credit
306:Futures contract
139:
137:Over-the-counter
126:Foreign exchange
73:
60:
37:
34:
25:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6251:Too big to fail
6246:Systematic risk
6166:Quantum finance
6071:Hedge (finance)
6051:Government bond
5888:Cost of capital
5873:Climate finance
5804:
5798:
5767:
5751:Wayback Machine
5728:James Van Horne
5698:Campbell Harvey
5680:
5662:
5640:
5626:
5604:
5590:
5568:
5562:
5540:
5534:
5510:
5490:Robert Kiyosaki
5468:
5445:
5439:
5431:. front cover.
5421:(2003-07-08) .
5413:
5410:
5408:Further reading
5405:
5395:
5393:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5365:
5363:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5331:
5329:
5320:
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5315:
5306:
5304:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5277:
5275:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5248:
5246:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5165:
5163:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5107:Wayback Machine
5097:
5093:
5080:Wayback Machine
5070:
5066:
5050:
5046:
5028:Wayback Machine
5018:
5014:
5008:Wayback Machine
4999:
4992:
4986:Wayback Machine
4977:
4973:
4963:Wayback Machine
4953:
4946:
4940:Wayback Machine
4930:
4926:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4901:Wayback Machine
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4855:Wayback Machine
4846:
4842:
4833:
4824:
4816:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4790:Wayback Machine
4780:
4773:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4646:Wayback Machine
4635:
4631:
4622:
4620:
4613:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4524:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4499:Wayback Machine
4485:
4481:
4476:Wayback Machine
4462:
4447:
4438:
4436:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4403:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4341:
4339:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4312:
4310:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4283:
4281:
4270:Bank of Finland
4268:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4201:Wayback Machine
4191:
4187:
4177:Wayback Machine
4168:
4164:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4059:
4048:
4044:
4035:
4031:
4023:Pablo Fernandez
4011:John J. Hampton
3987:Fama and Miller
3978:
3974:
3969:
3952:
3866:
3860:
3826:
3801:
3799:Quantum finance
3791:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3756:
3740:
3729:
3727:Quantum finance
3723:
3684:
3678:
3666:
3660:
3498:concerned with
3492:
3482:
3448:those envisaged
3421:
3394:
3393:
3364:
3357:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3303:
3294:
3290:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3238:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3184:
3168:
3143:
3130:
3103:
3102:
3094:
2947:
2898:
2877:Risk management
2836:business school
2830:of the various
2824:described above
2812:
2802:business school
2787:
2704:share valuation
2696:free cash flows
2682:
2680:
2655:
2645:
2626:
2600:
2581:
2568:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2517:
2507:
2488:
2477:
2467:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2421:program trading
2384:in banking, as
2336:
2311:
2272:Bond portfolios
2141:is the risk of
2128:financial risks
2124:corporate value
2116:Risk management
2113:
2077:
2075:Risk management
2059:(increasingly,
1936:
1926:
1885:
1873:and instruments
1865:Climate finance
1827:Bank of England
1807:municipal bonds
1773:
1736:
1716:and operational
1677:corporate bonds
1657:cost of capital
1643:Dividend policy
1614:entity's assets
1591:
1585:
1577:Main articles:
1575:
1527:
1517:
1492:
1476:
1460:risk management
1405:wealth managers
1349:corporate bonds
1298:preferred stock
1266:
1252:
1244:, Houston, 2009
1187:
967:
929:
927:
915:
903:
902:
873:
863:
862:
854:Fund governance
830:
813:
812:
779:Banking license
770:Bank regulation
757:
728:Deposit account
717:
707:
706:
693:Non-tax revenue
689:
668:
634:
601:
591:
590:
587:
551:
541:
540:
493:Venture capital
457:Risk management
403:
393:
392:
391:
382:Syndicated loan
358:
255:
245:
244:
135:
70:
35:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6300:
6298:
6290:
6289:
6279:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6241:Swap (finance)
6238:
6233:
6228:
6226:Sustainability
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6191:Stock exchange
6188:
6183:
6178:
6176:Social finance
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6156:Public finance
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5843:Bond (finance)
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5818:Angel investor
5815:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5754:
5741:
5740:, mymoney.gov)
5731:
5721:
5711:
5701:
5691:
5679:
5678:External links
5676:
5675:
5674:
5660:
5638:
5624:
5602:
5588:
5566:
5560:
5538:
5532:
5508:
5494:Sharon Lechter
5480:
5466:
5443:
5437:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5373:
5343:
5322:"Handelsbeurs"
5313:
5284:
5255:
5226:
5211:
5195:978-0195304213
5194:
5172:
5142:(2): 210–251.
5122:
5091:
5088:978-0470499115
5064:
5061:978-0976609704
5044:
5040:978-1118487716
5012:
4990:
4971:
4944:
4924:
4904:
4885:
4874:. May 23, 2023
4859:
4840:
4822:
4793:
4771:
4768:978-0814417447
4747:
4740:
4720:
4713:
4693:
4650:
4629:
4611:
4591:
4585:978-1439892237
4584:
4566:
4560:978-1439892237
4559:
4541:
4522:
4502:
4479:
4445:
4423:Kenton, Will.
4415:
4401:
4375:
4368:
4348:
4319:
4290:
4260:
4229:(2): 264–284.
4209:
4185:
4183:Subject Guide.
4162:
4133:(1): 125–146.
4111:
4080:
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3990:
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3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3948:
3929:Roman Republic
3825:
3822:
3797:Main article:
3793:
3792:
3743:
3741:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3680:Main article:
3677:
3674:
3662:Main article:
3659:
3656:
3654:applied here.
3616:
3615:
3609:
3594:mixture models
3586:stress testing
3578:
3512:interest rate-
3478:Main article:
3423:
3422:
3408:
3407:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3379:
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3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3053:
3032:), and to the
2963:interest rates
2943:Main article:
2897:
2894:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2808:Main article:
2794:Decision trees
2786:
2783:
2737:. Abstractly,
2714:
2713:
2679:
2678:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
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2607:
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2599:
2594:
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2451:
2447:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2393:
2378:
2332:Main article:
2310:
2307:
2299:tracking error
2176:economic value
2159:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2109:Main article:
2100:United Kingdom
2098:branch in the
2076:
2073:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1985:
1922:Main article:
1884:
1881:
1861:infrastructure
1831:United Kingdom
1815:
1814:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1771:Public finance
1769:Main article:
1748:Federal Budget
1744:George W. Bush
1735:
1734:Public finance
1732:
1661:
1660:
1646:
1640:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1513:Main article:
1491:
1488:
1475:
1472:
1381:debt financing
1274:public finance
1248:Main article:
1186:
1183:
1179:master's level
1171:widely studied
1030:public finance
969:
968:
966:
965:
958:
951:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
925:
913:
905:
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808:
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791:
786:
781:
773:
772:
764:
763:
761:Lists of banks
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
718:
713:
712:
709:
708:
703:
702:
701:
700:
695:
690:
688:
687:
682:
671:
669:
667:
666:
661:
655:
650:
649:
643:
642:
641:
640:
635:
633:
632:
630:Redistribution
627:
621:
619:
611:
610:
602:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
586:
585:
580:
574:
572:
567:
562:
552:
547:
546:
543:
542:
537:
536:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
505:
504:
498:
497:
496:
495:
490:
485:
480:
472:
471:
467:
466:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
411:
410:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
357:
356:
350:
345:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
278:
273:
268:
263:
257:
256:
251:
250:
247:
246:
241:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
220:
219:
213:
212:
211:
210:
205:
200:
199:
198:
188:
183:
178:
176:Angel investor
170:
169:
163:
162:
161:
160:
155:
150:
145:
143:Private equity
140:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
80:
79:
71:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6299:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6267:
6266:Watered stock
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5908:Eco-investing
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:Disinvestment
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5858:Capital asset
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5606:Soros, George
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5581:
5580:Gallery Books
5577:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5533:9780470102107
5529:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5506:0-446-67745-0
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5438:0-06-055566-1
5434:
5430:
5429:HarperCollins
5426:
5425:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5352:"Our History"
5347:
5344:
5340:
5327:
5326:Visit Antwerp
5323:
5317:
5314:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5197:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5176:
5173:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4918:ScienceDirect
4914:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4724:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4542:
4529:
4525:
4523:9781000024357
4519:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4465:Frank Fabozzi
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4402:9781119642497
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4352:
4349:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4112:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4089:Hayes, Adam.
4085:
4082:
4076:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:Julius Caesar
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3789:
3786:
3778:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3744:This section
3742:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:value at risk
3579:
3576:
3572:
3571:Black-Scholes
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3542:-securities.
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3319:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:Black–Scholes
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:asset pricing
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:profitability
2856:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:present value
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2660:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2622:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2522:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:OTC-contracts
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:are discussed
2343:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:"Risk Groups"
2247:
2246:Middle office
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:Northern Rock
2092:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:asset classes
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:United States
1821:banks in the
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:debt issuance
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:, credit and
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:listed shares
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:, while also
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:durable goods
1526:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:, as well as
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:stock brokers
1406:
1402:
1401:pension funds
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:pension funds
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1146:, covered by
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:financial law
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
964:
959:
957:
952:
950:
945:
944:
942:
941:
936:
926:
924:
919:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
906:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
872:
867:
866:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
834:
829:
828:Financial law
826:
822:
817:
816:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:Basel Accords
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:
771:
767:
762:
759:
758:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
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385:
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6141:Pension fund
6066:Growth stock
5988:institutions
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5853:Asset growth
5801:
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5688:Investopedia
5646:
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5385:
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4872:Investopedia
4871:
4862:
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4836:§ Notes
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4755:
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4429:Investopedia
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4095:Investopedia
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4084:
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4045:
4032:
3980:
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3809:econophysics
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3772:
3757:Please help
3745:
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3715:
3698:
3690:
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3642:suggested.
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2172:provisioning
2160:
2114:
2050:
2046:market cycle
2038:
2003:
1965:among these
1956:
1944:
1937:
1918:transaction.
1892:Share prices
1839:
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1811:public works
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1231:Corn Futures
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753:Money supply
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583:Student loan
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470:Transactions
281:Time deposit
167:Participants
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6256:Toxic asset
6196:Stockbroker
6181:Speculation
6131:Mutual fund
6121:Market risk
6028:social work
5978:engineering
5823:Super angel
5706:(Vernimmen
5542:Buffett, W.
5419:Jason Zweig
5396:2 September
5366:2 September
5332:2 September
4664:SSRN Papers
3933:Lex Genucia
3878:Mesopotamia
3577:now applied
3528:are applied
3452:Post crisis
3414:call option
3081:contingency
3044:—the study
3036:theory for
3018:rationality
2747:liabilities
2731:accountancy
2724:(financial)
2188:forecasting
2149:Market risk
2139:Credit risk
2130:, often by
1904:ticker tape
1663:The latter
1536:real estate
1480:investments
1373:mutual fund
1357:bond market
1285:expenditure
1242:Oil traders
1159:prehistoric
1157:, which is
1010:consumption
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291:Credit line
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5903:Divestment
5328:(in Dutch)
5307:2023-04-09
5278:2021-05-13
5249:2021-05-13
5166:2022-04-08
4623:2022-07-05
4439:2020-01-20
4342:2020-05-18
4313:2020-05-18
4284:2020-05-18
4267:See e.g.,
4105:2022-08-03
4077:References
4005:F.W. Paish
3915:, such as
3870:Bronze Age
3862:See also:
3692:psychology
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2998:portfolio-
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1136:accounting
1104:volatility
1041:currencies
1039:, such as
1002:production
978:discipline
821:Regulation
625:Operations
578:Retirement
417:Accounting
301:Derivative
208:Speculator
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6042:(Fintech)
5983:inclusion
5973:economics
5968:deepening
5943:Financial
5156:1755-4179
4868:"Finance"
4848:"Finance"
4680:235195430
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4243:145739812
4170:"Finance"
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4091:"Finance"
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3061:certainty
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316:Insurance
311:Indemnity
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6281:Category
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5838:Bad debt
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