3831:. Many computational finance problems have a high degree of computational complexity and are slow to converge to a solution on classical computers. In particular, when it comes to option pricing, there is additional complexity resulting from the need to respond to quickly changing markets. For example, in order to take advantage of inaccurately priced stock options, the computation must complete before the next change in the almost continuously changing stock market. As a result, the finance community is always looking for ways to overcome the resulting performance issues that arise when pricing options. This has led to research that applies alternative computing techniques to finance. Most commonly used quantum financial models are quantum continuous model, quantum binomial model, multi-step quantum binomial model etc.
2325:
2091:
1899:
4000:: "The theory of finance is concerned with how individuals and firms allocate resources through time. In particular, it seeks to explain how solutions to the problems faced in allocating resources through time are facilitated by the existence of capital markets (which provide a means for individual economic agents to exchange resources to be available of different points In time) and of firms (which, by their production-investment decisions, provide a means for individuals to transform current resources physically into resources to be available in the future)."
1223:
1750:
1201:
1249:
1506:
1773:
69:
3439:
4006:: "Finance is concerned with the raising and administering of funds and with the relationships between private profit-seeking enterprise on the one hand and the groups which supply the funds on the other. These groups, which include investors and speculators — that is, capitalists or property owners — as well as those who advance short-term capital, place their money in the field of commerce and industry and in return expect a stream of income."
3683:
Researchers in experimental finance can study to what extent existing financial economics theory makes valid predictions and therefore prove them, as well as attempt to discover new principles on which such theory can be extended and be applied to future financial decisions. Research may proceed by conducting trading simulations or by establishing and studying the behavior of people in artificial, competitive, market-like settings.
1212:
2102:
941:
3748:
1291:). "Finance" thus studies the process of channeling money from savers and investors to entities that need it. Savers and investors have money available which could earn interest or dividends if put to productive use. Individuals, companies and governments must obtain money from some external source, such as loans or credit, when they lack sufficient funds to run their operations.
929:
2801:
2912:
1557:. Personal finance may also involve paying for a loan or other debt obligations. The main areas of personal finance are considered to be income, spending, saving, investing, and protection. The following steps, as outlined by the Financial Planning Standards Board, suggest that an individual will understand a potentially secure personal finance plan after:
3883:. The earliest historical evidence of finance is dated to around 3000 BCE. Banking originated in West Asia, where temples and palaces were used as safe places for the storage of valuables. Initially, the only valuable that could be deposited was grain, but cattle and precious materials were eventually included. During the same period, the Sumerian city of
1235:
4036:: "Finance is a profession that requires interdisciplinary training and can help the managers of companies make sound decisions about financing, investment, continuity and other issues that affect the inflows and outflows of money, and the risk of the company. It also helps people and institutions invest and plan money-related issues wisely."
1925:
3416:
3706:
of investors or managers affects financial decisions and markets and is relevant when making a decision that can impact either negatively or positively on one of their areas. With more in-depth research into behavioral finance, it is possible to bridge what actually happens in financial markets with
1786:
Public finance describes finance as related to sovereign states, sub-national entities, and related public entities or agencies. It generally encompasses a long-term strategic perspective regarding investment decisions that affect public entities. These long-term strategic periods typically encompass
3682:
aims to establish different market settings and environments to experimentally observe and provide a lens through which science can analyze agents' behavior and the resulting characteristics of trading flows, information diffusion, and aggregation, price setting mechanisms, and returns processes.
1374:
pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary earns the difference for arranging the loan. A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. The bank then lends these deposits to
2928:
1956:
As above, investors may be institutions, such as insurance companies, pension funds, corporations, charities, educational establishments, or private investors, either directly via investment contracts or, more commonly, via collective investment schemes like mutual funds,
4030:: "Finance may be defined as that administrative area or set of administrative functions in an organisation which relates with the arrangement of each debt and credit so that the organisation may have the means to carry out the objectives as satisfactorily as possible".
1298:
can lend or invest the excess, intending to earn a fair return. Correspondingly, an entity where income is less than expenditure can raise capital usually in one of two ways: (i) by borrowing in the form of a loan (private individuals), or by selling
3115:
1540:
Personal finance refers to the practice of budgeting to ensure enough funds are available to meet basic needs, while ensuring there is only a reasonable level of risk to lose said capital. Personal finance may involve paying for education, financing
4075:
Finance thus allows production and consumption in society to operate independently from each other. Without the use of financial allocation, production would have to happen at the same time and space as consumption. Through finance, distances in
2687:
2054:
will, in general, largely be a function of the asset mix selected, while the individual securities are less impactful. The specific approach or philosophy will also be significant, depending on the extent to which it is complementary with the
5349:
The 'Nieuwe Beurs' was built in 1531 because the 'Old Beurs' in
Hofstraat had become too small. It was the first stock exchange ever built specifically for that purpose and later became the example for all stock exchange buildings in the
3648:
The subject has a close relationship with financial economics, which, as outlined, is concerned with much of the underlying theory that is involved in financial mathematics: generally, financial mathematics will derive and extend the
1928:
A modern price-ticker. This infrastructure underpins contemporary exchanges, evidencing prices and related ticker symbols. The ticker symbol is represented by a unique set of characters used to identify the subject of the financial
3826:
pricing. Many of the problems facing the finance community have no known analytical solution. As a result, numerical methods and computer simulations for solving these problems have proliferated. This research area is known as
2923:, it remains "a mainstay of investing and finance". An "efficient" portfolio, i.e. combination of assets, has the best possible expected return for its level of risk (represented by the standard deviation of return).
2176:
in two ways. Firstly, firm exposure to market risk is a direct result of previous capital investments and funding decisions; while credit risk arises from the business's credit policy and is often addressed through
1179:
In the middle of the 20th century, finance emerged as a distinct academic discipline, separate from economics. The earliest doctoral programs in finance were established in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, finance is also
4207:
4538:
4796:
2780:, in turn, a major focus of finance-theory. As financial theory has roots in many disciplines, including mathematics, statistics, economics, physics, and psychology, it can be considered a mix of an
1489:
As outlined, finance comprises, broadly, the three areas of personal finance, corporate finance, and public finance. These, in turn, overlap and employ various activities and sub-disciplines—chiefly
2129:, in general, is the study of how to control risks and balance the possibility of gains; it is the process of measuring risk and then developing and implementing strategies to manage that risk.
3957:
The first exchange happened in
Belgium in 1531. Since then, popular exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange (founded in 1773) and the New York Stock Exchange (founded in 1793) were created.
3120:
3641:
probability), denoted by "Q"; while risk and portfolio management generally use physical (or actual or actuarial) probability, denoted by "P". These are interrelated through the above "
1729:
objectives; i.e. that it: (1) can service both maturing short-term debt repayments, and scheduled long-term debt payments, and (2) has sufficient cash flow for ongoing and upcoming
3997:
2872:
and performance; the latter, as above, are about optimizing the overall financial structure, including its impact on working capital. Key aspects of managerial finance thus include:
3411:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}C(S,t)&=N(d_{1})S-N(d_{2})Ke^{-r(T-t)}\\d_{1}&={\frac {1}{\sigma {\sqrt {T-t}}}}\left\\d_{2}&=d_{1}-\sigma {\sqrt {T-t}}\\\end{aligned}}}
1616:
of all firms rather than corporations alone, the concepts are applicable to the financial problems of all firms, and this area is then often referred to as "business finance".
4317:
4204:
4024:: "The term finance can be defined as the management of the flows of money through an organisation, whether it will be a corporation, school, or bank or government agency".
2451:
1172:. Ancient and medieval civilizations incorporated basic functions of finance, such as banking, trading and accounting, into their economies. In the late 19th century, the
2145:
exposure to these using financial instruments. The focus is particularly on credit and market risk, and in banks, through regulatory capital, includes operational risk.
1949:
Investment management is the professional asset management of various securities—typically shares and bonds, but also other assets, such as real estate, commodities and
4522:
4033:
4824:
859:
4346:
4793:
4907:
5086:
4820:
3907:(1792–1750 BCE) included laws governing banking operations. The Babylonians were accustomed to charging interest at the rate of 20 percent per year. By 1200 BCE,
888:
4288:
3903:
respectively, meant "to give birth". In these cultures, interest indicated a valuable increase, and seemed to consider it from the lender's point of view. The
3560:, in terms of practice, the field is referred to as quantitative finance and / or mathematical finance, and comprises primarily the three areas discussed. The
1406:, which allow their trade thereafter, as well as the various service providers which manage the performance or risk of these investments. These latter include
5093:. In Baker, H. Kent, and Nofsinger, John R., eds. Behavioral finance: investors, corporations, and markets. Vol. 6. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. pp. 113-131.
5014:
5170:
3454:
5748:
849:
814:
4505:
4009:
3086:). Here, theory and methods are developed for the decisioning about funding, dividends, and capital structure discussed above. A recent development is
971:
5034:
4482:
627:
3922:
around 687 BCE and, by 640 BCE, the
Lydians had started to use coin money more widely and opened permanent retail shops. Shortly after, cities in
3003:
and corporate finance; the first being the perspective of providers of capital, i.e. investors, and the second of users of capital; respectively:
1604:
Corporate finance deals with the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, the sources of funding and the
4992:
4012:: "Finance is the application of economic principles to decision-making that involves the allocation of money under conditions of uncertainty."
3007:
Asset pricing theory develops the models used in determining the risk-appropriate discount rate, and in pricing derivatives; and includes the
6271:
5938:
5757:
5670:
5634:
5598:
5570:
5476:
5129:
4750:
4723:
4621:
4378:
2694:
5370:
5311:
3918:
The use of coins as a means of representing money began in the years between 700 and 500 BCE. Herodotus mentions the use of crude coins in
3642:
3024:
2789:
1608:
of corporations, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. While corporate finance is in principle different from
5282:
4257:
4861:
640:
5204:
5098:
5071:
5050:
4778:
4594:
4569:
4443:
799:
4946:
3707:
analysis based on financial theory. Behavioral finance has grown over the last few decades to become an integral aspect of finance.
3431:, it has underpinned the development of derivatives-theory, and financial mathematics more generally, since its introduction in 1973.
2356:
As a specialized practice area, quantitative finance comprises primarily three sub-disciplines; the underlying theory and techniques
1910:
5802:
5542:
5516:
5447:
4969:
4532:
4411:
3795:
4652:
5400:
5113:
4309:
4136:
2947:
2757:
2710:
521:
6171:
4770:
3860:
3728:
3496:
2344:
2224:
2090:
1859:
4627:
4109:
3966:
2114:
1867:
6211:
5858:
4923:
4003:
3773:
3573:
3450:
3079:
2698:
2210:
1599:
281:
191:
4813:
3083:
2931:
4338:
4183:
1898:
6241:
3577:
2977:
1336:
1207:
issued by The
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Bonds are a form of borrowing used by corporations to finance their operations.
964:
933:
177:
4904:
3608:
2324:
1758:
1121:
assesses the viability, stability, and profitability of an action or entity. Some fields are multidisciplinary, such as
5083:
1762:
1279:
As outlined, the financial system consists of the flows of capital that take place between individuals and households (
3874:
3731:, which uses mathematical and statistical methodology to understand behavioral biases in conjunction with valuation.
3616:
3040:
3032:
1874:
projects: a private sector corporate provides the financing up-front, and then draws profits from taxpayers or users.
1222:
3758:
5011:
4284:
3517:, defended in 1900, is considered to be the first scholarly work in this area. The field is largely focused on the
2996:
is the branch of financial economics that uses econometric techniques to parameterize the relationships suggested.)
2899:
more broadly, emphasizing alignment with the company's overall strategic objectives; and similarly incorporates the
1386:, for example. Stocks are usually sold by corporations to investors so as to raise required capital in the form of "
6146:
5923:
3091:
2373:
2190:
1710:
743:
457:
147:
5142:
3777:
3762:
2251:
as below. Credit risk is inherent in the business of banking, but additionally, these institutions are exposed to
1749:
5908:
5253:
3538:
3075:
2392:
2270:
2220:
2130:
2121:
2095:
1973:
1918:
1887:
1470:
1106:
804:
689:
467:
241:
1636:
3769:
3522:
3482:
2252:
2075:
1200:
1016:
957:
493:
32:
4502:
3458:
3420:
3044:
1248:
2406:"Quants" are also responsible for building and deploying the investment strategies at the quantitative funds
1402:
and facilitate the listing of the securities, typically shares and bonds. Additionally, they facilitate the
5529:
The Little Book of Common Sense
Investing: The Only Way to Guarantee Your Fair Share of Stock Market Returns
3868:
3596:
3442:
3036:
2777:
2718:
2328:
2306:
1792:
1274:
1173:
1020:
136:
126:
2399:, both as regards this hedging, and as regards economic capital as well as compliance with regulations and
6121:
5823:
5031:
4647:
Board of
Governors of Federal Reserve System of the United States. Mission of the Federal Reserve System.
4479:
4062:
3446:
3060:
2993:
2965:
2934:, a foundational element of finance theory, introduced in 1958; it forms the basis for modern thinking on
2423:
2290:
2178:
2051:
1992:
1950:
1829:
1766:
1564:
Understanding the effects of tax policies, subsidies, or penalties on the management of personal finances;
1450:
1347:
1317:
1238:
1012:
295:
206:
2868:: the former allow management to better understand, and hence act on, financial information relating to
6116:
6101:
6038:
5998:
5988:
5928:
5888:
5795:
5771:
5508:
5468:
4215:
3848:
3828:
3654:
3612:
3542:
3490:
3470:
3095:
2861:
2365:
2349:
Quantitative finance—also referred to as "mathematical finance"—includes those finance activities where
2313:
1958:
1934:
1879:
1845:
1730:
1478:
1454:
1430:
1134:
1110:
635:
246:
2815:
curricula); various scenarios are considered, and their discounted cash flows are probability weighted.
2829:
of a company, and the financial dimension of managerial decision-making more broadly. It provides the
6181:
6136:
6056:
6050:
6023:
6003:
5948:
5943:
5863:
5652:
4989:
3692:
3679:
3674:
3634:
3630:
3585:
3462:
3048:
2943:
2682:{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{n}{\frac {FCFF_{t}}{(1+WACC_{t})^{t}}}+{\frac {\left}{(1+WACC_{n})^{n}}}}
2248:
2194:
1998:
1855:
1734:
1613:
1593:
1494:
1462:
1158:
1138:
1122:
1114:
1047:
831:
748:
452:
377:
311:
263:
106:
6246:
6216:
6196:
6106:
6066:
5993:
5983:
5978:
5626:
4048:
3814:
Quantum finance is an interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods developed by
3506:
3428:
3087:
3056:
2955:
2769:
2761:
2745:
2734:
2427:
2274:
2214:
2079:
2056:
2044:
2002:
1851:
1656:: the use of "excess" funds—these are to be reinvested in the business or returned to shareholders.
1535:
1517:
1474:
1446:
1403:
1150:
1130:
988:
908:
898:
618:
575:
527:
472:
286:
5754:
2768:
today, based on the risk and uncertainty of future outcomes while appropriately incorporating the
1505:
6231:
6226:
6111:
6086:
6033:
5958:
5873:
4686:
4417:
4249:
4163:
3971:
3844:
3697:
3650:
3623:
3561:
3534:
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3500:
3474:
3067:
3008:
2981:
2939:
2916:
2854:
2842:
2820:
2702:
2411:
2385:
2381:
2369:
2350:
2302:
2259:
2240:
2206:
2198:
2024:
2008:
1944:
1799:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1609:
1458:
1434:
1423:
1399:
1266:
1181:
1118:
1024:
921:
903:
753:
708:
657:
498:
387:
121:
5362:
5303:
4015:
1772:
1375:
borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity.
1211:
68:
2162:
relates to losses arising from movements in market variables such as prices and exchange rates;
6161:
6018:
5963:
5893:
5878:
5838:
5676:
5666:
5662:
5640:
5630:
5604:
5594:
5580:
5566:
5562:
5538:
5534:
5512:
5494:
5482:
5472:
5443:
5274:
5200:
5162:
5125:
5094:
5067:
5046:
4977:
4774:
4746:
4719:
4698:
4694:
4617:
4590:
4565:
4528:
4407:
4374:
4229:
4155:
3904:
3856:
3662:
3550:
3530:
3526:
3012:
2935:
2896:
2865:
2808:
2419:
2377:
2298:
2286:
2173:
2153:
2067:
2063:
2036:
2020:
1981:
1940:
1806:
1722:
1663:
1659:
1647:
1643:
1605:
1589:
1531:
1513:
1509:
1415:
1327:
1288:
1215:
1189:
1154:
1036:
809:
685:
580:
447:
442:
437:
411:
372:
196:
96:
5393:"Research Guides: Wall Street and the Stock Exchanges: Historical Resources: Stock Exchanges"
4858:
3879:
The origin of finance can be traced to the beginning of state formation and trade during the
1995:
is the process of selecting the best portfolio given the client's objectives and constraints.
6297:
6156:
6126:
6096:
6091:
6071:
6043:
6008:
5933:
5843:
5788:
5728:
5704:
5154:
4678:
4498:
4399:
4241:
4145:
4021:
3923:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3658:
3638:
3510:
3466:
3052:
3028:
2985:
2765:
2415:
2332:
2294:
2236:
2185:. Secondly, both disciplines share the goal of enhancing or at least preserving, the firm's
2165:
2134:
2071:
2032:
2016:
1985:
1969:
1691:
1632:
1624:
1525:
1438:
1387:
1379:
1304:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1227:
1165:
1102:
1098:
1075:
1071:
1032:
1028:
881:
674:
648:
566:
559:
542:
488:
462:
349:
331:
316:
236:
227:
131:
116:
78:
52:
5143:"Do investors exhibit behavioral biases in investment decision making? A systematic review"
4435:
6261:
6256:
6176:
6081:
6061:
5973:
5968:
5898:
5883:
5761:
5738:
5708:
5500:
5425:
5117:
5090:
5038:
5018:
4996:
4973:
4950:
4943:
4911:
4865:
4800:
4656:
4509:
4486:
4280:
4211:
4187:
3815:
3809:
3546:
3514:
3063:
to incorporate phenomena where their assumptions do not hold, or to more general settings.
3016:
2989:
2920:
2846:
2825:
Managerial finance is the branch of finance that deals with the financial aspects of the
2812:
2714:
2431:
2278:
2142:
2126:
2028:
1883:
1875:
1837:
1813:
1695:
1667:
1653:
1395:
1363:
1359:
1308:
1063:
864:
789:
780:
738:
703:
695:
503:
392:
306:
87:
4966:
4648:
3661:
that deals with problems of practical interest in finance, and especially emphasizes the
3569:
1980:, and among individual securities within each asset class—as appropriate to the client's
3438:
3094:—and thus various elements of asset pricing—into these decisions, employing for example
6251:
6236:
6201:
6186:
6166:
6028:
6013:
5853:
5828:
5552:
5504:
5433:
5392:
5195:
Beyond greed and fear: Understanding behavioral finance and the psychology of investing
5110:
3939:
3891:
supported trade by lending as well as the use of interest. In
Sumerian, "interest" was
2706:
2309:
2227:
managing, and as necessary hedging, the various positions held by the institution—both
2186:
2138:
2110:
1871:
1863:
1841:
1817:
1781:
1754:
1687:
1442:
1355:
1300:
1284:
1204:
1091:
1059:
1040:
771:
609:
301:
271:
186:
153:
2168:
relates to failures in internal processes, people, and systems, or to external events.
6291:
6276:
5918:
5903:
5868:
5590:
5527:
5522:
5439:
5193:
4928:
4690:
4475:
4421:
4253:
4167:
3947:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3581:
3000:
2973:
2869:
2804:
2773:
2256:
2106:
1984:, in turn, a function of risk profile, investment goals, and investment horizon (see
1977:
1833:
1419:
1411:
1322:
1126:
838:
794:
570:
532:
512:
397:
358:
111:
39:
3723:
Studies of experimental asset markets and the use of models to forecast experiments.
2800:
2247:. The calculations here are mathematically sophisticated, and within the domain of
6151:
6076:
5698:
5694:
5616:
5497:: What the Rich Teach Their Kids About Money That the Poor and Middle Class Do Not!
4878:
4611:
4101:
3823:
3819:
2263:
2232:
2228:
2101:
1821:
1570:
Developing a savings plan or financing for large purchases (auto, education, home);
1542:
1407:
1312:
1252:
945:
763:
733:
593:
291:
168:
141:
3714:
Empirical studies that demonstrate significant deviations from classical theories;
2911:
2807:, a more sophisticated valuation-approach, sometimes applied to corporate finance
5734:
5714:
5656:
5620:
5584:
5556:
5462:
4740:
4713:
4368:
1230:
floor c 1960, before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens
6266:
6206:
6191:
6141:
6131:
5833:
5429:
4180:
3895:, which translates to "calf". In Greece and Egypt, the words used for interest,
3888:
3747:
3424:
2741:
2269:
Additional to diversification, the fundamental feature of risk mitigation here,
2159:
2149:
1914:
1902:
1705:
Financial managers—i.e. as distinct from corporate financiers—focus more on the
1546:
1383:
1367:
1004:
353:
218:
163:
158:
101:
5332:
4403:
3622:
in both of these areas, and particularly for portfolio problems, quants employ
1848:
as well as strong influences on monetary and credit conditions in the economy.
5913:
5458:
5158:
3880:
3869:
Global financial system § History of international financial architecture
3702:
3020:
2900:
2850:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2730:
1554:
1490:
1169:
1146:
1083:
588:
427:
363:
5767:
5166:
4159:
4150:
4131:
4018:: "Finance may be defined as the position of money at the time it is wanted".
1573:
Planning a secure financial future in an environment of economic instability;
1561:
Purchasing insurance to ensure protection against unforeseen personal events;
4245:
4077:
3951:
3071:
2961:
2737:
2400:
2282:
2244:
2040:
1714:
1686:, as above, in that the capital raised will generically comprise debt, i.e.
1550:
1087:
1008:
893:
854:
537:
326:
321:
5780:
4670:
2984:. It thus centers on pricing, decision making, and risk management in the
2388:
in support of the initial trade, and its subsequent hedging and management.
1953:—in order to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of investors.
4027:
3822:. Finance theory is heavily based on financial instrument pricing such as
1909:
928:
5848:
4682:
2182:
1142:
1097:
Due to its wide scope, a broad range of subfields exists within finance.
1051:
996:
341:
201:
17:
5724:
3946:
reforms in 342 BCE, though the provision went largely unenforced. Under
3818:
and economists in order to solve problems in finance. It is a branch of
3445:
are widely applied in mathematical finance; here used in calculating an
2384:
the various structured products and solutions mentioned—and encompasses
1662:: deciding on the mix of funding to be used—here attempting to find the
1234:
3935:
2785:
2202:
1738:
1295:
5744:
5245:
3938:, started minting their own coins between 595 and 570 BCE. During the
1862:
on a non-commercial basis; these projects would otherwise not be able
3931:
3927:
3908:
1718:
1567:
Understanding the effects of credit on individual financial standing;
1371:
1343:
1185:
213:
4394:
Snowdon, Michael, ed. (2019), "Financial
Planning Standards Board",
2729:
Financial theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of
1924:
1650:
is crucial, as judgements about asset values can be "make or break".
3950:, a ceiling on interest rates of 12% was set, and much later under
3015:
applied in asset management. The analysis essentially explores how
2273:
various hedging techniques as appropriate, these may relate to the
6221:
3919:
3912:
3437:
2969:
2926:
2910:
2799:
2753:
2336:
2323:
2297:
to measure and then offset sensitivities. In parallel, managers —
2266:
risk teams provide risk "services" (or "solutions") to customers.
2100:
2089:
1923:
1908:
1897:
1748:
1628:
1504:
1247:
1241:
1233:
1221:
1210:
1199:
1067:
1046:
In these financial systems, assets are bought, sold, or traded as
1000:
992:
432:
382:
5062:
See for example III.A.3, in Carol
Alexander, ed. (January 2005).
2156:
that may arise from a borrower failing to make required payments;
5680:
5644:
5608:
5558:
The Essays of Warren
Buffett: Lessons for Investors and Managers
5486:
4589:(1st ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 53–54.
4191:
3884:
3717:
Models of how psychology affects and impacts trading and prices;
2919:", a prototypical concept in portfolio optimization. Introduced
1962:
1787:
five or more years. Public finance is primarily concerned with:
1351:
1079:
1055:
758:
725:
336:
276:
5784:
4669:
Han, Yufeng; Liu, Yang; Zhou, Guofu; Zhu, Yingzi (2021-05-21).
2094:
Crowds gathering outside the New York Stock Exchange after the
5764:(Governance and Social Development Resource Centre, gsdrc.org)
4845:
See the discussion re finance theory by Fama and Miller under
4230:"Monetized time-space: derivatives – money's 'new imaginary'?"
3741:
3603:(applying the "greeks"); the underlying mathematics comprises
3478:
2927:
2781:
669:
2293:, while for derivative portfolios and positions, traders use
1307:, also called stock or shares (which may take various forms:
5109:
Glaser, Markus and Weber, Martin and Noeth, Markus. (2004).
4742:
Financial Risk Management: Models, History, and Institutions
4564:(1st ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 23.
1913:"The excitement before the bubble burst"—viewing prices via
1433:, is referred to as "wholesale finance". Institutions here
1007:. As a subject of study, it is related to but distinct from
38:"Financial" redirects here. For the Georgian newspaper, see
1394:
described above. The financial intermediaries here are the
4203:
Anthony P. Carnevale, Ban Cheah, Andrew R. Hanson (2015).
2697:
widely applied in business and finance, since articulated
2312:, thereby minimizing and preempting any underperformance
1646:: selecting which projects to invest in—here, accurately
1461:, and these institutions are then the major employers of
1094:
are always present in any financial action and entities.
4310:"Introducing the Financial System | Boundless Economics"
2860:
The tools addressed and developed relate in the main to
2845:. Academics working in this area are typically based in
2011:
is about forecasting future asset prices with past data.
2059:. Risk management here is discussed immediately below.
27:
Academic discipline studying businesses and investments
5622:
The Alchemy of Finance: Reading the Mind of the Market
3106:
2788:, and there are ongoing related efforts to organize a
2776:
of these future values, "discounting", must be at the
2442:
5658:
Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits and Other Writings
3118:
2760:
over "space and time"; i.e., it is about performing
2454:
2353:
is required, and thus overlaps several of the above.
1579:
Preparing for retirement or other long term expenses.
1321:—financial institutions such as investment banks and
5438:. Warren E. Buffett (collaborator) (2003 ed.).
5012:
Research Area: Financial Mathematics and Engineering
4587:
Strategic Finance for Criminal Justice Organizations
4562:
Strategic Finance for Criminal Justice Organizations
4080:
between production and consumption are then posible.
2197:. Here, businesses devote much time and effort to
1844:, are strong players in public finance. They act as
4585:Doss, Daniel; Sumrall, William; Jones, Don (2012).
4560:Doss, Daniel; Sumrall, William; Jones, Don (2012).
3051:. At more advanced levels—and often in response to
2752:is concerned with the investment and deployment of
5526:
5192:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4671:"Technical Analysis in the Stock Market: A Review"
3954:it was lowered even further to between 4% and 8%.
3410:
2681:
2223:and other wholesale institutions, risk management
1090:to maximize value and minimize loss. In practice,
987:refers to monetary resources and to the study and
5199:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. ix.
3580:; see aside boxed discussion re the prototypical
2391:Quantitative finance also significantly overlaps
2235:—and on calculating and monitoring the resultant
1164:The early history of finance parallels the early
1027:. Based on the scope of financial activities in
5141:Zahera, Syed Aliya; Bansal, Rohit (2018-05-08).
5043:Financial Derivative and Energy Market Valuation
5021:, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4398:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 709–735,
2074:) instead of human judgment. The actual trading
4651:Accessed: 2010-01-16. (Archived by WebCite at
3727:A strand of behavioral finance has been dubbed
1294:In general, an entity whose income exceeds its
4821:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
3861:Quantitative analysis (finance) § History
3501:Financial modeling § Quantitative finance
3019:would apply risk and return to the problem of
2364:Quantitative finance is often synonymous with
1882:, address the financial strategies, resources
1619:Typically, "corporate finance" relates to the
1429:Inter-institutional trade and investment, and
1315:). The owners of both bonds and stock may be
5796:
4767:The AMA Handbook of Financial Risk Management
2988:, and produces many of the commonly employed
965:
8:
4794:Quantitative Risk Management: VaR and Others
4712:Peter F. Christoffersen (22 November 2011).
3710:Behavioral finance includes such topics as:
2999:The discipline has two main areas of focus:
2964:that studies the interrelation of financial
1698:. Re risk management within corporates, see
1378:Investing typically entails the purchase of
1218:dated 1913 issued by the Radium Hill Company
5749:Financial Literacy and Education Commission
5464:Security Analysis: The Classic 1934 Edition
5304:"History of Usury Prohibition - IslamiCity"
3776:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3070:, by contrast, considers investment under "
1854:, which is related, concerns investment in
1709:elements of profitability, cash flow, and "
1437:, with related trading, to include bespoke
850:International Financial Reporting Standards
815:Separation of investment and retail banking
5803:
5789:
5781:
4990:"The History of the Black-Scholes Formula"
2407:
2401:the Basel capital / liquidity requirements
2357:
2050:In a well-diversified portfolio, achieved
1466:
972:
958:
843:
776:
614:
416:
83:
47:
5147:Qualitative Research in Financial Markets
5082:Bloomfield, Robert and Anderson, Alyssa.
4961:
4959:
4149:
3796:Learn how and when to remove this message
3557:
3391:
3379:
3362:
3318:
3312:
3284:
3253:
3244:
3231:
3199:
3183:
3158:
3119:
3117:
2903:of planning, directing, and controlling.
2670:
2660:
2615:
2596:
2566:
2550:
2544:
2532:
2522:
2492:
2476:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2368:. This area generally underpins a bank's
2005:and evaluating the individual securities.
1968:At the heart of investment management is
1623:objective of maximizing the value of the
1576:Pursuing a checking or a savings account;
5563:John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Limited
5122:Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making
5064:The Professional Risk Managers' Handbook
5007:
5005:
4788:
4786:
2709:are discounted to the present using the
1771:
1382:, either individual securities or via a
4610:Kioko, Sharon; Marlowe, Justin (2016).
4092:
3983:
3911:shells were used as a form of money in
3541:to pricing and hedging a wide range of
1776:CBO: 2023 US Federal Budget Infographic
779:
656:
617:
511:
480:
419:
226:
176:
86:
59:
4613:Financial Strategy for Public Managers
4396:Financial Planning Competency Handbook
4205:"The Economic Value of College Majors"
3537:. Relatedly, the techniques developed
3505:Financial mathematics is the field of
3023:under uncertainty, producing the key "
2834:
2068:computer-based mathematical techniques
1516:counsels the client on an appropriate
6272:Valuation using discounted cash flows
5373:from the original on 2 September 2022
4715:Elements of Financial Risk Management
4541:from the original on 11 November 2021
4524:The Fundamental Principles of Finance
3994:as crafted by the authors indicated:
3624:sophisticated optimization techniques
3564:and techniques are, correspondingly:
3529:—while other important areas include
3457:. These are used for settings beyond
2960:Financial economics is the branch of
2113:to withdraw their savings during the
2001:is the approach typically applied in
1639:. This entails three primary areas:
1370:. The lender receives interest, the
1141:. These fields are the foundation of
1031:, the discipline can be divided into
7:
4228:Allen, Michael; Price, John (2000).
3774:adding citations to reliable sources
3643:Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
3629:Mathematically, these separate into
3465:, even in those settings, banks use
3025:Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
2895:The discussion, however, extends to
2790:list of unsolved problems in finance
2396:
2370:customer-driven derivatives business
2189:, and in this context overlaps also
2015:Overlaid is the portfolio manager's
1699:
4792:See generally, Roy E. DeMeo (N.D.)
4739:Allan M. Malz (13 September 2011).
4503:Corporate Finance: First Principles
3720:Forecasting based on these methods;
3449:. Other common pricing-methods are
1113:aim to maximize value and minimize
5403:from the original on 4 August 2022
4260:from the original on 20 March 2022
2876:Financial planning and forecasting
2351:a sophisticated mathematical model
1354:, or via the purchase of notes or
889:Private equity and venture capital
800:Bank for International Settlements
25:
4868:Farlex Financial Dictionary. 2012
4367:Publishing, Speedy (2015-05-25).
4130:Gippel, Jennifer K (2012-11-07).
3990:The following are definitions of
3535:quantitative portfolio management
3515:Louis Bachelier's doctoral thesis
3027:". Here, the twin assumptions of
2891:Financial analysis and reporting.
2414:more generally, in areas such as
1303:; (ii) by a corporation selling
934:Business and Economics portal
5533:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
4980:(Stanford University manuscript)
4830:from the original on 2019-03-05.
4814:"Careers in Applied Mathematics"
4137:Australian Journal of Management
3857:Corporate finance § History
3746:
2711:weighted average cost of capital
2285:are often (instead) managed via
1860:(quasi) governmental institution
1637:balancing risk and profitability
1325:—or private individuals, called
939:
927:
522:Base erosion and profit shifting
67:
6172:Quantitative behavioral finance
5314:from the original on 2023-04-09
5285:from the original on 2021-05-13
5256:from the original on 2021-06-15
5234:. United States: Penguin Books.
5173:from the original on 2022-04-08
4905:Using Decision Trees in Finance
4771:American Management Association
4630:from the original on 2022-06-15
4446:from the original on 2000-08-18
4349:from the original on 2020-07-31
4339:"What is the financial system?"
4320:from the original on 2020-07-28
4291:from the original on 2020-06-02
4112:from the original on 2020-12-19
3942:, interest was outlawed by the
3865:Financial crisis § History
3853:Financial centre § History
3729:quantitative behavioral finance
3497:Quantitative analysis (finance)
2345:Quantitative analysis (finance)
1739:Financial planning and analysis
6212:Strategic financial management
5859:Bull (stock market speculator)
5735:Financial management resources
5041:, from Michael Mastro (2013).
3586:the various numeric techniques
3578:partial differential equations
3346:
3334:
3218:
3206:
3189:
3176:
3164:
3151:
3138:
3126:
2778:risk-appropriate discount rate
2667:
2638:
2627:
2580:
2529:
2500:
2271:investment managers will apply
2133:is the practice of protecting
1721:), ensuring that the firm can
1600:Strategic financial management
282:Collateralised debt obligation
192:Bull (stock market speculator)
1:
6242:Sustainable Development Goals
5705:Hypertextual Finance Glossary
5661:. Wiley Investment Classics.
5218:growth of behavioral finance.
4370:Finance (Speedy Study Guides)
3427:. Although lately its use is
2837:, concerning itself with the
2713:for the discount factor. For
2172:Financial risk management is
1431:fund-management at this scale
1346:is often indirect, through a
1337:Financial market participants
1301:government or corporate bonds
628:Final consumption expenditure
4066:, began publication in 1946.
4060:The first academic journal,
3080:"theory of investment value"
2410:; they are also involved in
2174:related to corporate finance
2105:Customers queuing outside a
1905:listed in a Korean newspaper
1553:, investing, and saving for
1011:, which is the study of the
5725:Corporate finance resources
5555:; Cunningham, L.A. (2009).
4527:. Google Books: Routledge.
4521:Irons, Robert (July 2019).
3875:Category:History of finance
3657:is the branch of (applied)
3633:: derivatives pricing uses
3485:and capital considerations.
1828:Central banks, such as the
1763:requesting additional funds
1469:). In these institutions,
1435:extend the products offered
1188:-focused undergraduate and
6314:
5924:Enterprise risk management
5745:Personal finance resources
5279:World History Encyclopedia
4846:
4404:10.1002/9781119642497.ch80
4132:"A revolution in finance?"
3967:2007–2008 financial crisis
3872:
3838:
3807:
3690:
3672:
3494:
3488:
3473:models to incorporate the
3088:to incorporate uncertainty
2976:and shares, as opposed to
2953:
2885:Working capital management
2818:
2717:investors use the related
2342:
2193:, typically the domain of
2191:enterprise risk management
2119:
2115:2007–2008 financial crisis
1938:
1932:
1868:public–private partnership
1795:of a public sector entity;
1779:
1711:working capital management
1597:
1587:
1529:
1523:
1400:find the initial investors
1366:, or mutual bonds) in the
1264:
1258:
1078:, etc. Assets can also be
860:Professional certification
458:Enterprise risk management
242:Offshore financial centres
29:
5909:Diversification (finance)
5819:
5768:Risk management resources
5586:The Millionaire Next Door
5159:10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028
5045:, John Wiley & Sons.
4745:. John Wiley & Sons.
4373:. Speedy Publishing LLC.
4314:courses.lumenlearning.com
3570:ItĂ´'s stochastic calculus
3421:The Black–Scholes formula
3084:Modigliani–Miller theorem
3076:Fisher separation theorem
2980:economic variables, i.e.
2932:Modigliani–Miller theorem
2393:financial risk management
2255:. Banks typically employ
2131:Financial risk management
2122:Financial risk management
2096:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1974:diversifying the exposure
1919:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1888:climate change mitigation
805:Financial Stability Board
5755:Public finance resources
5435:The Intelligent Investor
4903:A. Pinkasovitch (2021).
4151:10.1177/0312896212461034
3635:risk-neutral probability
3601:"sensitivities" analysis
3481:adjustments accommodate
3068:corporate finance theory
2849:finance departments, in
2386:modeling and programming
2253:counterparty credit risk
2080:sophisticated algorithms
1725:carry out its financial
1390:", as distinct from the
1153:can be tested using the
494:Mergers and acquisitions
33:Finance (disambiguation)
5191:Shefrin, Hersh (2002).
5124:, Blackwell Publishers
4246:10.1080/030851400360497
4051:bridges the two fields.
3562:main mathematical tools
3521:—with much emphasis on
3519:modeling of derivatives
3037:modern portfolio theory
2901:managerial perspectives
2719:dividend discount model
1951:alternative investments
1858:projects provided by a
1666:re debt-commitments vs
1512:consultation—here, the
1493:, risk management, and
1459:inherently mathematical
1426:(private individuals).
1398:. The investment banks
1318:institutional investors
1275:Circular flow of income
1174:global financial system
6122:Investment performance
5824:Alternative investment
5583:; Danko, W.D. (1998).
5335:[Trade fair].
5084:"Experimental finance"
5066:. PRMIA Publications.
4063:The Journal of Finance
3486:
3412:
2994:Financial econometrics
2951:
2924:
2839:managerial application
2816:
2683:
2475:
2424:high-frequency trading
2412:quantitative investing
2340:
2207:performance monitoring
2117:
2098:
2076:is typically automated
2052:investment performance
1993:Portfolio optimization
1930:
1921:
1906:
1870:is primarily used for
1846:lenders of last resort
1830:Federal Reserve System
1777:
1769:
1633:return to shareholders
1521:
1422:, typically servicing
1348:financial intermediary
1256:
1245:
1239:Chicago Board of Trade
1231:
1226:NYSE's stock exchange
1219:
1208:
296:certificate of deposit
6117:Investment management
6102:International finance
5929:Environmental finance
5889:Computational finance
5772:Global Risk Institute
5653:Fisher, Philip Arthur
5625:. A Touchstone book.
5509:Warner Business Books
5469:McGraw-Hill Education
5367:London Stock Exchange
4967:"Financial Economics"
4965:For an overview, see
4811:See discussion here:
4765:John Hampton (2011).
4216:Georgetown University
3849:History of investment
3839:Further information:
3829:computational finance
3655:Computational finance
3631:two analytic branches
3613:volatility clustering
3591:for risk management,
3531:insurance mathematics
3491:Financial mathematics
3471:stochastic volatility
3441:
3413:
3103:Financial mathematics
3096:real options analysis
3061:"neoclassical" models
2930:
2914:
2862:managerial accounting
2803:
2695:DCF valuation formula
2684:
2455:
2366:financial engineering
2360:in the next section:
2327:
2104:
2093:
1959:exchange-traded funds
1935:Investment management
1927:
1917:, shortly before the
1912:
1901:
1894:Investment management
1880:Environmental finance
1793:required expenditures
1775:
1752:
1723:safely and profitably
1598:Further information:
1530:Further information:
1508:
1455:financial engineering
1451:specialized financing
1251:
1237:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1135:financial engineering
1111:investment management
1048:financial instruments
247:Conduit and sink OFCs
6182:Risk-return spectrum
6137:Mathematical finance
6057:Fundamental analysis
6051:Financial technology
5949:Experimental finance
5944:Exchange traded fund
5627:Simon & Schuster
5275:"Herodotus on Lydia"
5111:"Behavioral Finance"
4924:"Managerial Finance"
4683:10.2139/ssrn.3850494
4616:. Rebus Foundation.
4004:Guthmann and Dougall
3770:improve this section
3693:Behavioral economics
3680:Experimental finance
3675:Experimental finance
3669:Experimental finance
3527:credit risk modeling
3116:
2950:(k0) stays constant.
2831:theoretical underpin
2809:"project" valuations
2452:
2418:formulation, and in
2372:—delivering bespoke
2331:, the world's first
2329:DĹŤjima Rice Exchange
2320:Quantitative finance
2314:vs their "benchmark"
2279:to individual stocks
2275:portfolio as a whole
2249:quantitative finance
2195:strategic management
1999:Fundamental analysis
1856:economic development
1735:Financial management
1731:operational expenses
1614:financial management
1612:, which studies the
1594:Financial management
1495:quantitative finance
1404:securities exchanges
1196:The financial system
1159:experimental finance
1139:financial technology
1123:mathematical finance
473:Financial statements
453:Credit rating agency
378:Repurchase agreement
31:For other uses, see
6247:Sustainable finance
6217:Statistical finance
6197:Statistical finance
6107:Investment advisory
6067:Greater fool theory
5459:Dodd, David LeFevre
5397:Library of Congress
5246:"babylon-coins.com"
5232:The Ascent of Money
4234:Economy and Society
4049:financial economics
3651:mathematical models
3507:applied mathematics
3461:by Black-Scholes.
3423:for the value of a
2956:Financial economics
2907:Financial economics
2811:(and a standard in
2772:. Determining the
2770:time value of money
2746:applied mathematics
2701:. Here, to get the
2428:algorithmic trading
2233:long term exposures
2215:treasury management
2045:investment strategy
1852:Development finance
1664:optimal capital mix
1536:Investment advisory
1518:investment strategy
1447:structured products
1287:), and businesses (
1151:theories in finance
1131:financial economics
909:Accounting scandals
899:Stock market bubble
619:Government spending
576:Employment contract
528:Corporate tax haven
287:Credit default swap
6232:Structured product
6227:Structured finance
6112:Investment banking
6087:History of banking
5874:Capital management
5760:2023-06-02 at the
5695:Finance Definition
5581:Stanley, Thomas J.
5457:Graham, Benjamin;
5308:www.islamicity.org
5116:2023-02-09 at the
5089:2016-03-04 at the
5037:2021-11-13 at the
5032:"Financial Models"
5030:For a survey, see
5017:2022-05-16 at the
4999:, priceonomics.com
4995:2021-11-26 at the
4972:2004-06-04 at the
4953:, investopedia.com
4949:2021-11-26 at the
4942:W. Kenton (2021).
4910:2021-12-10 at the
4864:2019-12-22 at the
4799:2021-11-12 at the
4718:. Academic Press.
4655:2010-01-14 at the
4649:Federalreserve.gov
4508:2016-10-17 at the
4485:2023-02-23 at the
4436:"Personal Finance"
4285:"Financial system"
4210:2022-11-08 at the
4186:2023-01-31 at the
4047:The discipline of
3972:Outline of finance
3845:History of banking
3835:History of finance
3816:quantum physicists
3698:Behavioral finance
3687:Behavioral finance
3487:
3475:volatility surface
3408:
3406:
3017:rational investors
2982:goods and services
2952:
2925:
2917:efficient frontier
2855:management science
2843:finance techniques
2821:Managerial finance
2817:
2796:Managerial finance
2679:
2341:
2287:cash flow matching
2241:regulatory capital
2118:
2099:
2009:Technical analysis
1945:Passive management
1931:
1922:
1907:
1878:, and the related
1798:Source(s) of that
1791:Identification of
1778:
1770:
1757:, speaking on the
1684:securities trading
1680:investment banking
1610:managerial finance
1522:
1481:play major roles.
1475:regulatory capital
1267:Financial services
1257:
1246:
1232:
1220:
1209:
1119:Financial analysis
1025:goods and services
904:Stock market crash
754:Investment banking
744:Fractional-reserve
709:Warrant of payment
658:Government revenue
581:Financial planning
499:Structured finance
6285:
6284:
6162:Position of trust
5894:Corporate finance
5879:Capital structure
5839:Asset (economics)
5811:General areas of
5672:978-0-471-11927-2
5636:978-0-671-66238-7
5600:978-0-671-01520-6
5572:978-0-470-82441-2
5523:Bogle, John Bogle
5495:Rich Dad Poor Dad
5478:978-0-070-24496-2
5250:babylon-coins.com
5230:Fergusson, Nial.
5130:978-1-405-10746-4
5120:, pp. 527–546 in
4978:William F. Sharpe
4944:"Harry Markowitz"
4752:978-1-118-02291-7
4725:978-0-12-374448-7
4677:. Rochester, NY.
4623:978-1-927472-59-0
4474:Pamela Drake and
4380:978-1-68185-667-4
4010:Drake and Fabozzi
3905:Code of Hammurabi
3806:
3805:
3798:
3663:numerical methods
3639:arbitrage-pricing
3568:for derivatives,
3511:financial markets
3436:
3435:
3402:
3327:
3292:
3267:
3264:
3033:market efficiency
3013:investment theory
2986:financial markets
2946:) increases, the
2936:capital structure
2897:business strategy
2882:Capital structure
2879:Capital budgeting
2866:corporate finance
2833:for the practice
2727:
2726:
2705:, its forecasted
2703:value of the firm
2677:
2631:
2539:
2420:automated trading
2335:, established in
2229:trading positions
2154:default on a debt
2066:is managed using
2064:quantitative fund
1982:investment policy
1941:Active management
1807:budgeting process
1660:Capital structure
1648:determining value
1644:Capital budgeting
1606:capital structure
1590:Corporate finance
1584:Corporate finance
1549:and cars, buying
1532:Financial planner
1514:financial advisor
1510:Wealth management
1333:retail investors.
1328:private investors
1289:corporate finance
1216:Share certificate
1155:scientific method
1149:. In some cases,
1029:financial systems
982:
981:
872:
871:
822:
821:
810:Deposit insurance
716:
715:
550:
549:
448:Corporate finance
443:Capital structure
438:Capital budgeting
373:Performance bonds
254:
253:
237:Financial centres
197:Financial planner
97:Asset (economics)
16:(Redirected from
6305:
6157:Personal finance
6147:Over-the-counter
6127:Investor profile
6097:Impact investing
6092:History of money
6072:Growth investing
5934:Equity (finance)
5844:Asset allocation
5805:
5798:
5791:
5782:
5729:Aswath Damodaran
5715:Finance Glossary
5684:
5648:
5612:
5576:
5548:
5532:
5490:
5453:
5426:Graham, Benjamin
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5242:
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5235:
5227:
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5220:
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5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5138:
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5101:
5080:
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5060:
5054:
5028:
5022:
5009:
5000:
4987:
4981:
4963:
4954:
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4763:
4757:
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4736:
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4729:
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4702:
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4660:
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4639:
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4635:
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4600:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4518:
4512:
4499:Aswath Damodaran
4495:
4489:
4480:What Is Finance?
4472:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4364:
4358:
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4355:
4354:
4335:
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4328:
4326:
4325:
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4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4225:
4219:
4201:
4195:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4153:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4097:
4081:
4073:
4067:
4058:
4052:
4045:
4039:
4028:Howard and Upton
3988:
3924:Classical Greece
3841:History of money
3801:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3750:
3742:
3700:studies how the
3659:computer science
3429:considered naive
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3367:
3366:
3353:
3349:
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3329:
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3313:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3222:
3221:
3188:
3187:
3163:
3162:
3107:
3053:financial crises
3049:option valuation
2990:financial models
2766:asset allocation
2722:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2636:
2632:
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2607:
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2578:
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2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2443:
2439:Financial theory
2416:trading strategy
2333:futures exchange
2237:economic capital
2179:credit insurance
2166:Operational risk
2072:machine learning
2017:investment style
1986:Investor profile
1970:asset allocation
1864:to get financing
1800:entity's revenue
1676:creates the link
1526:Personal finance
1501:Personal finance
1485:Areas of finance
1424:retail investors
1396:investment banks
1388:equity financing
1364:government bonds
1283:), governments (
1281:personal finance
1271:financial market
1261:Financial system
1166:history of money
974:
967:
960:
946:Money portal
944:
943:
942:
932:
931:
882:Economic history
844:
777:
675:Deficit spending
649:Transfer payment
615:
543:Transfer pricing
489:Leveraged buyout
463:Enterprise value
417:
332:Letter of credit
317:Futures contract
150:
148:Over-the-counter
137:Foreign exchange
84:
71:
48:
45:
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21:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6262:Too big to fail
6257:Systematic risk
6177:Quantum finance
6082:Hedge (finance)
6062:Government bond
5899:Cost of capital
5884:Climate finance
5815:
5809:
5778:
5762:Wayback Machine
5739:James Van Horne
5709:Campbell Harvey
5691:
5673:
5651:
5637:
5615:
5601:
5579:
5573:
5551:
5545:
5521:
5501:Robert Kiyosaki
5479:
5456:
5450:
5442:. front cover.
5432:(2003-07-08) .
5424:
5421:
5419:Further reading
5416:
5406:
5404:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5376:
5374:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5342:
5340:
5331:
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5317:
5315:
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5301:
5297:
5288:
5286:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5257:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5176:
5174:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5118:Wayback Machine
5108:
5104:
5091:Wayback Machine
5081:
5077:
5061:
5057:
5039:Wayback Machine
5029:
5025:
5019:Wayback Machine
5010:
5003:
4997:Wayback Machine
4988:
4984:
4974:Wayback Machine
4964:
4957:
4951:Wayback Machine
4941:
4937:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4912:Wayback Machine
4902:
4898:
4888:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4866:Wayback Machine
4857:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4827:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4801:Wayback Machine
4791:
4784:
4764:
4760:
4753:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4657:Wayback Machine
4646:
4642:
4633:
4631:
4624:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4535:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4510:Wayback Machine
4496:
4492:
4487:Wayback Machine
4473:
4458:
4449:
4447:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4414:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4352:
4350:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4323:
4321:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4294:
4292:
4281:Bank of Finland
4279:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4212:Wayback Machine
4202:
4198:
4188:Wayback Machine
4179:
4175:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4070:
4059:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4034:Pablo Fernandez
4022:John J. Hampton
3998:Fama and Miller
3989:
3985:
3980:
3963:
3877:
3871:
3837:
3812:
3810:Quantum finance
3802:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3767:
3751:
3740:
3738:Quantum finance
3734:
3695:
3689:
3677:
3671:
3509:concerned with
3503:
3493:
3459:those envisaged
3432:
3405:
3404:
3375:
3368:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3314:
3305:
3301:
3280:
3273:
3269:
3249:
3237:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3195:
3179:
3154:
3141:
3114:
3113:
3105:
2958:
2909:
2888:Risk management
2847:business school
2841:of the various
2835:described above
2823:
2813:business school
2798:
2715:share valuation
2707:free cash flows
2693:
2691:
2666:
2656:
2637:
2611:
2592:
2579:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2528:
2518:
2499:
2488:
2478:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2432:program trading
2395:in banking, as
2347:
2322:
2283:Bond portfolios
2152:is the risk of
2139:financial risks
2135:corporate value
2127:Risk management
2124:
2088:
2086:Risk management
2070:(increasingly,
1947:
1937:
1896:
1884:and instruments
1876:Climate finance
1838:Bank of England
1818:municipal bonds
1784:
1747:
1727:and operational
1688:corporate bonds
1668:cost of capital
1654:Dividend policy
1625:entity's assets
1602:
1596:
1588:Main articles:
1586:
1538:
1528:
1503:
1487:
1471:risk management
1416:wealth managers
1360:corporate bonds
1309:preferred stock
1277:
1263:
1255:, Houston, 2009
1198:
978:
940:
938:
926:
914:
913:
884:
874:
873:
865:Fund governance
841:
824:
823:
790:Banking license
781:Bank regulation
768:
739:Deposit account
728:
718:
717:
704:Non-tax revenue
700:
679:
645:
612:
602:
601:
598:
562:
552:
551:
504:Venture capital
468:Risk management
414:
404:
403:
402:
393:Syndicated loan
369:
266:
256:
255:
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81:
46:
37:
30:
28:
23:
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6309:
6301:
6300:
6290:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6252:Swap (finance)
6249:
6244:
6239:
6237:Sustainability
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6202:Stock exchange
6199:
6194:
6189:
6187:Social finance
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6167:Public finance
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
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6099:
6094:
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6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
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6047:
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6036:
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6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
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5926:
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5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5854:Bond (finance)
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5829:Angel investor
5826:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5776:
5775:
5765:
5752:
5751:, mymoney.gov)
5742:
5732:
5722:
5712:
5702:
5690:
5689:External links
5687:
5686:
5685:
5671:
5649:
5635:
5613:
5599:
5577:
5571:
5549:
5543:
5519:
5505:Sharon Lechter
5491:
5477:
5454:
5448:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5384:
5354:
5333:"Handelsbeurs"
5324:
5295:
5266:
5237:
5222:
5206:978-0195304213
5205:
5183:
5153:(2): 210–251.
5133:
5102:
5099:978-0470499115
5075:
5072:978-0976609704
5055:
5051:978-1118487716
5023:
5001:
4982:
4955:
4935:
4915:
4896:
4885:. May 23, 2023
4870:
4851:
4833:
4804:
4782:
4779:978-0814417447
4758:
4751:
4731:
4724:
4704:
4661:
4640:
4622:
4602:
4596:978-1439892237
4595:
4577:
4571:978-1439892237
4570:
4552:
4533:
4513:
4490:
4456:
4434:Kenton, Will.
4426:
4412:
4386:
4379:
4359:
4330:
4301:
4271:
4240:(2): 264–284.
4220:
4196:
4194:Subject Guide.
4173:
4144:(1): 125–146.
4122:
4091:
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3969:
3962:
3959:
3940:Roman Republic
3836:
3833:
3808:Main article:
3804:
3803:
3754:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3691:Main article:
3688:
3685:
3673:Main article:
3670:
3667:
3665:applied here.
3627:
3626:
3620:
3605:mixture models
3597:stress testing
3589:
3523:interest rate-
3489:Main article:
3434:
3433:
3419:
3418:
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3398:
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3390:
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3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3064:
3043:), and to the
2974:interest rates
2954:Main article:
2908:
2905:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2819:Main article:
2805:Decision trees
2797:
2794:
2748:. Abstractly,
2725:
2724:
2690:
2689:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
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2599:
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2462:
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2446:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2404:
2389:
2343:Main article:
2321:
2318:
2310:tracking error
2187:economic value
2170:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2120:Main article:
2111:United Kingdom
2109:branch in the
2087:
2084:
2013:
2012:
2006:
1996:
1933:Main article:
1895:
1892:
1872:infrastructure
1842:United Kingdom
1826:
1825:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1782:Public finance
1780:Main article:
1759:Federal Budget
1755:George W. Bush
1746:
1745:Public finance
1743:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1524:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1483:
1392:debt financing
1285:public finance
1259:Main article:
1197:
1194:
1190:master's level
1182:widely studied
1041:public finance
980:
979:
977:
976:
969:
962:
954:
951:
950:
949:
948:
936:
924:
916:
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820:
819:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
784:
783:
775:
774:
772:Lists of banks
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
730:
729:
724:
723:
720:
719:
714:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
699:
698:
693:
682:
680:
678:
677:
672:
666:
661:
660:
654:
653:
652:
651:
646:
644:
643:
641:Redistribution
638:
632:
630:
622:
621:
613:
608:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
597:
596:
591:
585:
583:
578:
573:
563:
558:
557:
554:
553:
548:
547:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
516:
515:
509:
508:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
483:
482:
478:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
422:
421:
415:
410:
409:
406:
405:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
368:
367:
361:
356:
346:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
289:
284:
279:
274:
268:
267:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
231:
230:
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
210:
209:
199:
194:
189:
187:Angel investor
181:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
154:Private equity
151:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
91:
90:
82:
77:
76:
73:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6310:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6278:
6277:Watered stock
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5919:Eco-investing
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5904:Disinvestment
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5869:Capital asset
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5806:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5617:Soros, George
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5592:
5591:Gallery Books
5588:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5544:9780470102107
5540:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:0-446-67745-0
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5449:0-06-055566-1
5445:
5441:
5440:HarperCollins
5437:
5436:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5363:"Our History"
5358:
5355:
5351:
5338:
5337:Visit Antwerp
5334:
5328:
5325:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5208:
5202:
5197:
5196:
5187:
5184:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4929:ScienceDirect
4925:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4606:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4540:
4536:
4534:9781000024357
4530:
4526:
4525:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4476:Frank Fabozzi
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4413:9781119642497
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4363:
4360:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4100:Hayes, Adam.
4096:
4093:
4087:
4079:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:Julius Caesar
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3800:
3797:
3789:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3755:This section
3753:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:value at risk
3590:
3587:
3583:
3582:Black-Scholes
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3553:-securities.
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3045:Black–Scholes
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:asset pricing
2997:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:profitability
2867:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:present value
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2671:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2633:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2533:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:OTC-contracts
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:are discussed
2354:
2352:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:"Risk Groups"
2258:
2257:Middle office
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:Northern Rock
2103:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:asset classes
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:United States
1832:banks in the
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:debt issuance
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:, credit and
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:listed shares
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:, while also
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:durable goods
1537:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:, as well as
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:stock brokers
1417:
1413:
1412:pension funds
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1323:pension funds
1320:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1157:, covered by
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:financial law
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
975:
970:
968:
963:
961:
956:
955:
953:
952:
947:
937:
935:
930:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
917:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
883:
878:
877:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
845:
840:
839:Financial law
837:
833:
828:
827:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:Basel Accords
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
785:
782:
778:
773:
770:
769:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
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398:Synthetic CDO
396:
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207:institutional
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188:
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6152:Pension fund
6077:Growth stock
5999:institutions
5953:
5864:Asset growth
5812:
5777:
5718:
5699:Investopedia
5657:
5621:
5585:
5557:
5528:
5493:
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5434:
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5396:
5387:
5375:. Retrieved
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5336:
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5316:. Retrieved
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4883:Investopedia
4882:
4873:
4854:
4847:§ Notes
4807:
4766:
4761:
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4440:Investopedia
4439:
4429:
4395:
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4322:. Retrieved
4313:
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4262:. Retrieved
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4125:
4114:. Retrieved
4106:Investopedia
4105:
4095:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4043:
3991:
3986:
3956:
3943:
3917:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3878:
3824:stock option
3820:econophysics
3813:
3792:
3783:
3768:Please help
3756:
3733:
3726:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3678:
3653:suggested.
3647:
3628:
3555:
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3504:
3483:counterparty
3057:then extends
2998:
2959:
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2749:
2728:
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2355:
2348:
2307:will monitor
2295:"the Greeks"
2291:immunization
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2264:front office
2219:
2183:provisioning
2171:
2125:
2061:
2057:market cycle
2049:
2014:
1976:among these
1967:
1955:
1948:
1929:transaction.
1903:Share prices
1850:
1827:
1822:public works
1785:
1726:
1706:
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1408:mutual funds
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1313:common stock
1293:
1278:
1244:market, 1993
1242:Corn Futures
1178:
1176:was formed.
1163:
1096:
1045:
1017:distribution
984:
983:
835:
764:Money supply
749:Full-reserve
734:Central bank
594:Student loan
569: /
481:Transactions
292:Time deposit
178:Participants
107:Asset growth
60:
40:
6267:Toxic asset
6207:Stockbroker
6192:Speculation
6142:Mutual fund
6132:Market risk
6039:social work
5989:engineering
5834:Super angel
5717:(Vernimmen
5553:Buffett, W.
5430:Jason Zweig
5407:2 September
5377:2 September
5343:2 September
4675:SSRN Papers
3944:Lex Genucia
3889:Mesopotamia
3588:now applied
3539:are applied
3463:Post crisis
3425:call option
3092:contingency
3055:—the study
3047:theory for
3029:rationality
2758:liabilities
2742:accountancy
2735:(financial)
2199:forecasting
2160:Market risk
2150:Credit risk
2141:, often by
1915:ticker tape
1674:The latter
1547:real estate
1491:investments
1384:mutual fund
1368:bond market
1296:expenditure
1253:Oil traders
1170:prehistoric
1168:, which is
1021:consumption
1005:liabilities
302:Credit line
264:Instruments
159:Real estate
122:Derivatives
6024:regulation
6004:management
5914:Divestment
5339:(in Dutch)
5318:2023-04-09
5289:2021-05-13
5260:2021-05-13
5177:2022-04-08
4634:2022-07-05
4450:2020-01-20
4353:2020-05-18
4324:2020-05-18
4295:2020-05-18
4278:See e.g.,
4116:2022-08-03
4088:References
4016:F.W. Paish
3926:, such as
3881:Bronze Age
3873:See also:
3703:psychology
3574:simulation
3547:government
3495:See also:
3451:simulation
3021:investment
3009:portfolio-
2968:, such as
2938:. Even if
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2019:—broadly,
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1479:compliance
1350:such as a
1265:See also:
1192:programs.
1147:accounting
1115:volatility
1052:currencies
1050:, such as
1013:production
989:discipline
832:Regulation
636:Operations
589:Retirement
428:Accounting
312:Derivative
219:Speculator
51:Part of a
6053:(Fintech)
5994:inclusion
5984:economics
5979:deepening
5954:Financial
5167:1755-4179
4879:"Finance"
4859:"Finance"
4691:235195430
4422:242623141
4254:145739812
4181:"Finance"
4168:154759424
4160:0312-8962
4102:"Finance"
4078:timespace
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3786:June 2023
3757:does not
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3259:−
3251:σ
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3072:certainty
2966:variables
2962:economics
2762:valuation
2738:economics
2609:−
2457:∑
2408:mentioned
2397:mentioned
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2245:Basel III
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2203:analytics
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2037:small cap
1988:). Here:
1824:projects.
1761:in 2007,
1715:inventory
1621:long term
1551:insurance
1037:corporate
1009:economics
894:Recession
855:ISO 31000
538:Tax haven
412:Corporate
327:Insurance
322:Indemnity
228:Locations
117:Commodity
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6292:Category
6034:services
5959:analysis
5849:Bad debt
5758:Archived
5681:95051449
5655:(1996).
5645:87004745
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5609:98046515
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5511:, 2000.
5487:34023635
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5401:Archived
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4506:Archived
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4444:Archived
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4318:Archived
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997:currency
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5964:analyst
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4889:July 1,
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3992:finance
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