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automatically. Furthermore, as companies, universities, and marketers wanted to sell computers to laypeople with little technical knowledge, greater automation became necessary to allow a lay-user to easily run programs for practical purposes. This gave rise to a kind of software that a user would not consciously run, and it led to software that a lay user wouldn't even know about.
750:
firmware is a major threat to system security: "Your biggest mistake is to assume that the NSA is the only institution abusing this position of trust – in fact, it's reasonable to assume that all firmware is a cesspool of insecurity, courtesy of incompetence of the highest degree from
245:
A computer's firmware may be manually updated by a user via a small utility program. In contrast, firmware in mass storage devices (hard-disk drives, optical disc drives, flash memory storage e.g. solid state drive) is less frequently updated, even when flash memory (rather than ROM, EEPROM) storage
794:
microcontroller can be reprogrammed to spoof various other device types to take control of a computer, exfiltrate data, or spy on the user. Other security researchers have worked further on how to exploit the principles behind BadUSB, releasing at the same time the source code of hacking tools that
626:
upgradable, it is often done via a program from the provider, and will often allow the old firmware to be saved before upgrading so it can be reverted to if the process fails, or if the newer version performs worse. Free software replacements for vendor flashing tools have been developed, such as
625:
module present in an electronic device, with new data. This can be done to upgrade a device or to change the provider of a service associated with the function of the device, such as changing from one mobile phone service provider to another or installing a new operating system. If firmware is
173:
As originally used, firmware contrasted with hardware (the CPU itself) and software (normal instructions executing on a CPU). It was not composed of CPU machine instructions, but of lower-level microcode involved in the implementation of machine instructions. It existed on the boundary between
875:
169:
As computers began to increase in complexity, it became clear that various programs needed to first be initiated and run to provide a consistent environment necessary for running more complex programs at the user's discretion. This required programming the computer to run those programs
751:
manufacturers, and competence of the highest degree from a very wide range of such agencies". As a potential solution to this problem, he has called for declarative firmware, which would describe "hardware linkage and dependencies" and "should not include
119:. Changing a device's firmware stored in ROM requires physically replacing the memory chip – although some chips are not designed to be removed after manufacture. Programmable firmware memory can be reprogrammed via a procedure sometimes called flashing.
718:
Researchers from the
Kaspersky Lab categorized the undertakings by Equation Group as the most advanced hacking operation ever uncovered, also documenting around 500 infections caused by the Equation Group in at least 42 countries.
710:
that allows data to be stored on the drive in locations that will not be erased even if the drive is formatted or wiped. Although the
Kaspersky Lab report did not explicitly claim that this group is part of the United States
1079:
241:
in a working computer. However, unlike most modern operating systems, firmware rarely has a well-evolved automatic mechanism of updating itself to fix any functionality issues detected after shipping the unit.
58:. For a relatively simple device, firmware may perform all control, monitoring and data manipulation functionality. For a more complex device, firmware may provide relatively low-level control as well as
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477:(TCUs). The driver can also get in-dash information while driving in this manner, such as real-time fuel economy and tire pressure readings. Local dealers can update most vehicle firmware.
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Sometimes, third parties develop an unofficial new or modified ("aftermarket") version of firmware to provide new features or to unlock hidden functionality; this is referred to as
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1032:
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Firmware hacks usually take advantage of the firmware update facility on many devices to install or run themselves. Some, however, must resort to
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have employed an on-board computer and various sensors to detect mechanical problems. As of 2010, modern vehicles also employ computer-controlled
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article, as an intermediary term between "hardware" and "software". Opler projected that fourth-generation computer systems would have a
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projects for various devices, which often unlock general-purpose computing functionality in previously limited devices (e.g., running
19:
1024:
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have internally-stored firmware; some devices may also permit field upgrading of their firmware. For modern simpler devices, such as
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Most computer peripherals are themselves special-purpose computers. Devices such as printers, scanners, webcams, and
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746:'s best friend" and calling firmware "a trojan horse of monumental proportions". He has asserted that low-quality,
715:(NSA), evidence obtained from the code of various Equation Group software suggests that they are part of the NSA.
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1072:"Breaking: Kaspersky Exposes NSA's Worldwide, Backdoor Hacking of Virtually All Hard-Drive Firmware"
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1953:
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449:). Other features that may change with firmware updates include the GUI or even the battery life.
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support firmware upgrades. Some companies use firmware updates to add new playable file formats (
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to run, because the manufacturer has attempted to lock the hardware to stop it from running
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557: – an open-source firewall/router distribution based on the Linux kernel
551: – an open-source firewall/router distribution based on the Linux kernel
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could be customized, with different firmware loaded for different instruction sets.
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firmware would be loaded. Many software functions would be moved to microcode, and
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1112:
592: – an open-source NAS operating system based on the Linux kernel
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937:"Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts. Module 3: System Software"
806:
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Controlling sound and video attributes, as well as the channel list, in modern
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2193:
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1048:"How "omnipotent" hackers tied to NSA hid for 14 years—and were found at last"
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802:
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to denote any computer program that is tightly linked to hardware, including
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950:
Mielewczik, Michael (2000). "Firmware-Update. Mehr Speed und
Sicherheit".
237:
In some respects, the various firmware components are as important as the
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2200:
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1999:
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firmware as a security risk, saying that "firmware on your device is the
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upgrade capability for adding new features and patching security issues.
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44:
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586: – an open-source NAS operating system based on FreeBSD
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involves the overwriting of existing firmware or data, contained in
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1992:
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Firmware is found in a wide range of computing devices including
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1317:"The Unpatchable Malware That Infects USBs Is Now on the Loose"
998:
743:
706:
firmware modifications for various drive models, containing a
396:
795:
can be used to modify the behavior of different USB devices.
27:
or Flash memory, which makes use of an I/O protocol such as
698:
discovered that a group of developers it refers to as the "
1276:"BadUSB Malware Released — Infect millions of USB Drives"
770:. One such smartphone injection was demonstrated on the
563: – an embedded firewall distribution of
1239:
Karsten Nohl; Sascha Krißler; Jakob Lell (2014-08-07).
1025:"Equation Group: The Crown Creator of Cyber-Espionage"
762:
Custom firmware hacks have also focused on injecting
265:, the trend is integrate the firmware memory to its
2604:
2559:
2506:
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1936:
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158:(a small specialized high-speed memory) into which
1182:"Why the Security of USB Is Fundamentally Broken"
344:-based computers from Apple, and computers from
1093:"Shuttleworth Calls for Declarative Firmware".
1282:. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014
759:so that the code can be checked and verified.
2249:
1358:
1153:"Hacker plants back door in Symbian firmware"
178:. Over time, popular usage extended the word
8:
2256:
2242:
2234:
1974:
1960:
1746:
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1365:
1351:
1343:
605:(FPGA) code may be referred to as firmware
542:firewall/router distribution based on the
963:
961:
387:(Run-Time Abstraction Services), used in
1241:"BadUSB – On accessories that turn evil"
1211:"BadUSB - On Accessories that Turn Evil"
1082:from the original on February 25, 2015.
975:from the original on September 27, 2011
867:
276:Examples of computer firmware include:
1293:
1035:from the original on December 2, 2015.
485:Other firmware applications include:
174:hardware and software; thus the name
107:(ROM) or programmable memory such as
96:inside each of these larger systems.
7:
1119:from the original on March 15, 2015.
1097:. No. 162. May 2014. p. 9.
782:. A USB device firmware hack called
766:into devices such as smartphones or
65:to higher-level software such as an
1327:from the original on 7 October 2014
489:In home and personal-use products:
194:, or the control systems on simple
1113:"ACPI, firmware and your security"
313:and optical disc recorder firmware
23:Firmware is commonly stored in an
14:
1131:"MalCon 2010 Technical Briefings"
528:router distribution based on the
1434:
1060:from the original on 2016-04-24.
805:
790:conference, demonstrating how a
2579:Light-weight Linux distribution
2407:Hacking of consumer electronics
1257:from the original on 2016-10-19
1221:from the original on 2014-08-08
1192:from the original on 2014-08-03
492:Timing and control systems for
1445:
913:Opler, Ascher (January 1967).
652:as a firmware replacement for
429:Home and personal-use products
1:
2072:Preboot Execution Environment
1677:Run-Time Abstraction Services
730:, the founder of the company
603:Field-Programmable Gate Array
2667:List of open-source hardware
1531:MultiProcessor Specification
1159:. 2010-12-08. Archived from
1046:Dan Goodin (February 2015).
915:"Fourth-Generation Software"
738:distribution, has described
473:(ABS) and computer-operated
291:-compliant firmware used on
2102:Remote Initial Program Load
1699:Common Firmware Environment
420:Updating the firmware of a
403:Common Firmware Environment
269:, and opposed to separated
196:consumer electronic devices
142:Ascher Opler used the term
16:Low-level computer software
2711:
2584:Real-time operating system
1691:Hybrid firmware bootloader
1432:
851:Real-time operating system
637:
524: – a 100%
475:transmission control units
246:is used for the firmware.
2657:
2569:Linux on embedded systems
1740:Comparison of bootloaders
1300:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
846:Proprietary device driver
471:anti-lock braking systems
433:Consumer appliances like
353:, used in computers from
2574:Linux for mobile devices
954:(in German). 1/2000: 68.
713:National Security Agency
682:Most firmware hacks are
126:firmware include fixing
2422:PlayStation 3 Jailbreak
1628:Phoenix SecureCore UEFI
2412:Homebrew (video games)
995:"HTC Developer Center"
755:". Firmware should be
654:portable media players
538: – an
443:portable music players
425:
332:-based computers from
234:
156:writable control store
99:Firmware is stored in
32:
2606:Programming languages
2344:Single-board computer
2284:Board support package
1078:. February 17, 2015.
1031:. February 16, 2015.
786:was presented at the
455:firmware over the air
419:
295:systems, Intel-based
222:
138:History and etymology
22:
2672:Open-source robotics
2662:Lightweight browsers
2385:Proprietary firmware
2294:Consumer electronics
1947:EFI system partition
1913:GUID Partition Table
1863:Windows Boot Manager
1733:Bootloader unlocking
1545:Legacy Plug and Play
1469:Open-source firmware
1462:Proprietary firmware
876:"W25X20CL Datasheet"
734:, which created the
596:Proprietary firmware
570:Proprietary firmware
299:, and many newer PCs
284:firmware used on PCs
192:computer peripherals
90:computer peripherals
60:hardware abstraction
2402:Defective by Design
2309:Embedded hypervisor
1954:BIOS boot partition
1927:Apple Partition Map
1758:Acronis OS Selector
1598:American Megatrends
969:"Flashing Firmware"
900:"What is firmware?"
366:line of computers (
122:Common reasons for
101:non-volatile memory
92:and in many of the
2470:Software libraries
2215:Power-on self-test
1920:Master boot record
1111:(March 17, 2014).
1109:Shuttleworth, Mark
902:. 23 January 2013.
813:Electronics portal
788:Black Hat USA 2014
690:HDD firmware hacks
426:
375:auto-configuration
370:, hardware init +
338:Oracle Corporation
311:optical disc drive
235:
74:personal computers
33:
2680:
2679:
2619:Assembly language
2561:Operating systems
2541:Stand-alone shell
2508:Programming tools
2427:Rooting (Android)
2319:Embedded software
2304:Embedded database
2231:
2230:
2057:
2056:
1905:Partition layouts
1900:
1899:
1884:Plop Boot Manager
1686:
1685:
1315:Greenberg, Andy.
1005:on April 26, 2011
826:Computer hardware
780:hacker convention
728:Mark Shuttleworth
694:The Moscow-based
656:. There are many
465:Since 1996, most
307:solid-state drive
2700:
2417:iOS jailbreaking
2334:Memory footprint
2265:Embedded systems
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2224:
2217:
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2196:
2189:
2187:Execute in place
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2016:
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1635:TianoCore EDK II
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1280:The Hacking Post
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1137:. Archived from
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1068:
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1043:
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1021:
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1001:. Archived from
991:
985:
984:
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980:
971:. Tech-Faq.com.
965:
956:
955:
947:
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940:
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926:
910:
904:
903:
896:
890:
889:
887:
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872:
815:
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809:
702:" has developed
648:. An example is
634:Firmware hacking
494:washing machines
377:of peripherals,
355:Silicon Graphics
334:Sun Microsystems
251:USB flash drives
239:operating system
190:on smartphones,
164:instruction sets
105:read-only memory
67:operating system
53:computing device
2710:
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2441:
2392:Closed platform
2380:Custom firmware
2360:
2339:Microcontroller
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2199:
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2012:
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1750:Implementations
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1576:Implementations
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1476:Custom firmware
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869:
864:
836:Custom firmware
811:
804:
801:
792:USB flash drive
753:executable code
725:
704:hard disk drive
692:
677:unlicensed code
646:custom firmware
642:
640:Custom firmware
636:
612:
483:
463:
439:digital cameras
435:gaming consoles
431:
410:systems-on-chip
395:computers from
303:Hard disk drive
267:microcontroller
263:USB sound cards
217:
212:
204:remote controls
200:microwave ovens
140:
82:home appliances
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
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2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:Almquist shell
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Embedded GLIBC
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2437:Vendor lock-in
2434:
2429:
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1202:
1188:. 2014-07-31.
1173:
1163:on 21 May 2013
1144:
1141:on 2011-07-04.
1122:
1100:
1095:Linux Magazine
1085:
1063:
1038:
1016:
986:
957:
942:
928:
905:
891:
866:
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848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
816:
800:
797:
724:
723:Security risks
721:
700:Equation Group
691:
688:
638:Main article:
635:
632:
611:
608:
607:
606:
600:
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587:
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558:
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496:
482:
481:Other examples
479:
462:
459:
430:
427:
414:
413:
399:
382:
362:, used in the
357:
348:
323:
314:
300:
285:
227:firmware on a
216:
213:
211:
208:
139:
136:
47:that provides
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2706:
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2665:
2663:
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2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Embedded Java
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
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2558:
2552:
2551:Yocto Project
2549:
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2534:
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2274:
2272:General terms
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2015:
2011:
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1786:BootX (Linux)
1783:
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1779:BootX (Apple)
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1517:Open Firmware
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1029:Kaspersky Lab
1026:
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749:
748:closed source
745:
741:
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733:
729:
722:
720:
716:
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709:
705:
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697:
696:Kaspersky Lab
689:
687:
685:
684:free software
680:
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526:free software
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373:
372:Plug and Play
369:
365:
361:
358:
356:
352:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:Open Firmware
324:
322:
321:graphics card
318:
315:
312:
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304:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
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268:
264:
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256:
255:USB keyboards
252:
247:
243:
240:
233:
230:
226:
221:
214:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:boot firmware
185:
181:
177:
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152:
147:
146:
137:
135:
133:
129:
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110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
94:digital chips
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
2634:Embedded C++
2536:OpenEmbedded
2447:Boot loaders
2374:
2368:and controls
2365:
2349:Raspberry Pi
2119:ROM variants
2063:Network boot
2041:Raspberry Pi
1807:systemd-boot
1373:
1329:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1284:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1259:. Retrieved
1247:
1234:
1223:. Retrieved
1215:BlackHat.com
1214:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1185:
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1161:the original
1157:H-online.com
1156:
1147:
1139:the original
1134:
1125:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1066:
1053:Ars Technica
1051:
1041:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:the original
989:
977:. Retrieved
951:
945:
931:
922:
918:
908:
894:
883:. Retrieved
870:
761:
736:Ubuntu Linux
726:
717:
708:trojan horse
693:
681:
670:
643:
623:flash memory
614:
613:
544:Linux kernel
484:
464:
432:
275:
248:
244:
236:
210:Applications
179:
175:
172:
168:
149:
143:
141:
121:
98:
71:
40:
34:
2649:MicroPython
2589:Windows IoT
2397:Crippleware
2314:Embedded OS
2173:ROM hacking
2109:Wake-on-LAN
1772:BootManager
1724:Bootloaders
925:(1): 22–24.
768:USB devices
757:open-source
740:proprietary
540:open-source
530:Linux-libre
500:televisions
467:automobiles
461:Automobiles
451:Smartphones
422:Fuji Instax
232:motherboard
130:and adding
51:control of
2629:Embedded C
2289:Bootloader
2208:Instant-on
2194:Devicetree
2034:Bus Pirate
1938:Partitions
1706:Das U-Boot
1591:Award BIOS
1508:Video BIOS
1486:Interfaces
1261:2014-08-23
1225:2014-08-06
1196:2014-08-04
1167:2013-06-14
1135:Malcon.org
919:Datamation
885:2024-08-30
862:References
821:Bootloader
772:Symbian OS
405:(CFE) for
328:, used in
317:Video BIOS
259:USB mouses
151:Datamation
148:in a 1967
2526:Buildroot
2180:ROM image
1971:Utilities
1828:OpeniBoot
1670:Kickstart
1663:LinuxBoot
1656:Libreboot
1621:InsydeH2O
1612:AMI Aptio
1552:AlphaBIOS
1385:Processes
1331:7 October
1286:7 October
1248:srlabs.de
1186:Wired.com
1076:Daily Kos
952:PC Praxis
856:ROM image
841:Microcode
732:Canonical
590:Openfiler
580:systems:
516:firewalls
360:Kickstart
215:Computers
160:microcode
103:– either
49:low-level
37:computing
2693:Firmware
2687:Category
2483:dietlibc
2375:Firmware
2366:Firmware
2222:EDL mode
2201:Fastboot
2166:Boot ROM
2026:Hardware
2014:Heimdall
2000:UEFITool
1986:flashrom
1978:Software
1856:SYSLINUX
1793:GNU GRUB
1649:Coreboot
1642:OpenBIOS
1446:firmware
1444:Booting
1374:Firmware
1325:Archived
1296:cite web
1252:Archived
1219:Archived
1190:Archived
1117:Archived
1080:Archived
1058:Archived
1033:Archived
973:Archived
939:. Lumen.
831:Coreboot
799:See also
673:exploits
658:homebrew
628:Flashrom
615:Flashing
610:Flashing
584:NAS4Free
561:m0n0wall
522:LibreCMC
512:switches
407:Broadcom
393:System p
389:System i
198:such as
186:on PCs,
180:firmware
176:firmware
145:firmware
132:features
124:changing
86:vehicles
63:services
56:hardware
45:software
41:firmware
2644:MISRA C
2531:BusyBox
2521:BitBake
2460:Barebox
2158:Related
2095:NetBoot
1835:RedBoot
1814:loadlin
1765:Barebox
1605:AMIBIOS
1584:SeaBIOS
1423:Android
1393:Windows
1378:booting
1009:July 8,
979:July 8,
880:Winbond
764:malware
650:Rockbox
565:FreeBSD
555:OpenWrt
508:routers
453:have a
381:, etc.)
342:PowerPC
293:Itanium
229:Baby AT
2594:Win CE
2546:Toybox
2478:uClibc
2455:U-Boot
2148:EEPROM
2048:ft2232
1961:/boot/
1877:Yaboot
1842:rEFInd
784:BadUSB
776:MalCon
619:EEPROM
536:IPFire
532:kernel
514:, and
447:codecs
424:camera
412:(SoCs)
379:kernel
346:Genesi
289:(U)EFI
273:chip.
271:EEPROM
113:EEPROM
78:phones
25:EEPROM
2141:EPROM
1993:fwupd
1849:rEFIt
1821:NTLDR
1800:iBoot
1454:Types
1416:Linux
1321:WIRED
1255:(PDF)
1244:(PDF)
666:iPods
549:fli4l
364:Amiga
330:SPARC
319:of a
117:flash
115:, or
109:EPROM
2624:CAPL
2498:musl
2493:lwIP
2432:UEFI
2324:FPGA
2279:ASIC
2134:PROM
2086:iPXE
2079:gPXE
2007:Odin
1891:MILO
1870:xOSL
1713:ARCS
1524:ACPI
1501:BIOS
1494:UEFI
1376:and
1333:2014
1302:link
1288:2014
1011:2011
981:2011
778:, a
662:Doom
441:and
401:The
391:and
385:RTAS
368:POST
351:ARCS
336:and
297:Macs
287:The
282:BIOS
280:The
261:and
225:BIOS
223:ROM
184:BIOS
128:bugs
2614:Ada
2356:SoC
2329:IoT
2127:ROM
1566:SFI
1559:SRM
1538:APM
999:HTC
774:at
744:NSA
668:).
664:on
621:or
578:NAS
576:In
506:In
397:IBM
43:is
35:In
29:SPI
2689::
1407:NT
1400:9x
1323:.
1319:.
1298:}}
1294:{{
1278:.
1250:.
1246:.
1217:.
1213:.
1184:.
1155:.
1133:.
1115:.
1074:.
1056:.
1050:.
1027:.
997:.
960:^
923:13
921:.
917:.
878:.
686:.
679:.
630:.
518::
510:,
437:,
340:,
309:,
305:,
257:,
206:.
202:,
134:.
111:,
88:,
84:,
80:,
76:,
69:.
39:,
2257:e
2250:t
2243:v
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
1335:.
1304:)
1290:.
1264:.
1228:.
1199:.
1170:.
1013:.
983:.
888:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
