1278:, that can either produce or sink reactive power but would not affect the real power. The purposes for that application are to improve the power factor of the system or adjust the grid voltage. Typically, the flywheels used in this field are similar in structure and installation as the synchronous motor (but it is called synchronous compensator or synchronous condenser in this context). There are also some other kinds of compensator using flywheels, like the single phase induction machine. But the basic ideas here are the same, the flywheels are controlled to spin exactly at the frequency which you want to compensate. For a synchronous compensator, you also need to keep the voltage of rotor and stator in phase, which is the same as keeping the magnetic field of rotor and the total magnetic field in phase (in the
27:
1174:
failure, a superflywheel does not explode or burst into large shards like a regular flywheel, but instead splits into layers. The separated layers then slow a superflywheel down by sliding against the inner walls of the enclosure, thus preventing any further destruction. Although the exact value of energy density of a superflywheel would depend on the material used, it could theoretically be as high as 1200 Wh (4.4 MJ) per kg of mass for graphene superflywheels. The first superflywheel was patented in 1964 by the Soviet-Russian scientist
1204:
1859:
205:
1194:
In this context, using lead for a flywheel in a child's toy is not efficient; however, the flywheel velocity never approaches its burst velocity because the limit in this case is the pulling-power of the child. In other applications, such as an automobile, the flywheel operates at a specified angular
1239:
A flywheel may also be used to supply intermittent pulses of energy at power levels that exceed the abilities of its energy source. This is achieved by accumulating energy in the flywheel over a period of time, at a rate that is compatible with the energy source, and then releasing energy at a much
1190:
The efficiency of a flywheel is determined by the maximum amount of energy it can store per unit weight. As the flywheel's rotational speed or angular velocity is increased, the stored energy increases; however, the stresses also increase. If the hoop stress surpass the tensile strength of the
1173:
consists of a solid core (hub) and multiple thin layers of high-strength flexible materials (such as special steels, carbon fiber composites, glass fiber, or graphene) wound around it. Compared to conventional flywheels, superflywheels can store more energy and are safer to operate. In case of
1186:
Flywheels are made from many different materials; the application determines the choice of material. Small flywheels made of lead are found in children's toys. Cast iron flywheels are used in old steam engines. Flywheels used in car engines are made of cast or nodular iron, steel or aluminum.
80:
with respect to the mechanical velocity (angular, or otherwise) of the system. More precisely, a flywheel's stored energy will donate a surge in power output upon a drop in power input and will conversely absorb any excess power input (system-generated power) in the form of rotational energy.
891:. Calculation of the flywheel's moment of inertia can be more easily analysed by applying various simplifications. One method is to assume the spokes, shaft and hub have zero moments of inertia, and the flywheel's moment of inertia is from the rim alone. Another is to
121:
1371:
531:
1840:
671:
1062:
eliminates the annulus holes, shaft or hub. It has higher energy density than conventional design but requires a specialized magnetic bearing and control system. The specific energy of a flywheel is determined
1717:
1215:
Flywheels are often used to provide continuous power output in systems where the energy source is not continuous. For example, a flywheel is used to smooth the fast angular velocity fluctuations of the
967:
1053:
1429:
Ibn Bassal (AD 1038–75) of Al
Andalus (Andalusia) pioneered the use of a flywheel mechanism in the noria and saqiya to smooth out the delivery of power from the driving device to the driven machine
1104:
1563:
Li, Xiaojun; Palazzolo, Alan (2018-05-07). "Multi-Input–Multi-Output
Control of a Utility-Scale, Shaftless Energy Storage Flywheel With a Five-Degrees-of-Freedom Combination Magnetic Bearing".
1367:
126:
125:
122:
127:
576:
1232:. In unstressed and inexpensive cases, to save on cost, the bulk of the mass of the flywheel is toward the rim of the wheel. Pushing the mass away from the axis of rotation heightens
262:
585:
An electric motor-powered flywheel is common in practice. The output power of the electric motor is approximately equal to the output power of the flywheel. It can be calculated by
1195:
velocity and is constrained by the space it must fit in, so the goal is to maximize the stored energy per unit volume. The material selection therefore depends on the application.
805:
1910:
1837:
378:
1791:
Weissbach, R. S.; Karady, G.G.; Farmer, R. G. (April 2001). "A combined uninterruptible power supply and dynamic voltage compensator using a flywheel energy storage system".
76:. As with other types of accumulators, a flywheel inherently smooths sufficiently small deviations in the power output of a system, thereby effectively playing the role of a
124:
1144:
865:
753:
1164:
825:
729:
698:
408:
1166:
the density. While a typical flywheel has a shape factor of 0.3, the shaftless flywheel has a shape factor close to 0.6, out of a theoretical limit of about 1.
1124:
987:
845:
338:
286:
413:
318:
100:, etc. Flywheels are typically made of steel and rotate on conventional bearings; these are generally limited to a maximum revolution rate of a few thousand
969:. For example, if the moments of inertia of hub, spokes and shaft are deemed negligible, and the rim's thickness is very small compared to its mean radius (
895:
moments of inertia of spokes, hub and shaft may be estimated as a percentage of the flywheel's moment of inertia, with the majority from the rim, so that
1301:
755:
is the angle between two voltages. Increasing amounts of rotation energy can be stored in the flywheel until the rotor shatters. This happens when the
1879:
1903:
1383:, "Breakthrough in Ricardo Kinergy ‘second generation’ high-speed flywheel technology"; Press release date: 22 August 2011. retrieved 2012-07-03
578:. The flywheel material with the highest specific tensile strength will yield the highest energy storage per unit mass. This is one reason why
2478:
1838:
https://pserc.wisc.edu/documents/general_information/presentations/presentations_by_pserc_university_members/heydt_synchronous_mach_sep03.pdf
1770:
1697:
1670:
1345:
1827:
1491:
588:
123:
1896:
1268:
296:
applied on a spinning object (i.e. the higher the moment of inertia, the slower it will accelerate when a given torque is applied). The
2417:
1422:
1251:
Flywheels can be used to control direction and oppose unwanted motions. Flywheels in this context have a wide range of applications:
161:. The use of the flywheel as a general mechanical device to equalize the speed of rotation is, according to the American medievalist
61:
revolving about some fixed axis) then the stored (rotational) energy is directly associated with the square of its rotational speed.
1615:
1514:
Flywheel Rotor And
Containment Technology Development, FY83. Livermore, Calif: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1983. pp. 1–2
1463:
898:
1187:
Flywheels made from high-strength steel or composites have been proposed for use in vehicle energy storage and braking systems.
1687:
2095:
992:
1191:
material, the flywheel will break apart. Thus, the tensile strength limits the amount of energy that a flywheel can store.
2392:
1066:
1976:
26:
1220:
in a reciprocating engine. In this case, a crankshaft flywheel stores energy when torque is exerted on it by a firing
1739:
1919:
1321:
582:
is a material of interest. For a given design the stored energy is proportional to the hoop stress and the volume.
1630:
72:. Once suitably abstracted, this shared principle of energy storage is described in the generalized concept of an
2528:
2442:
2387:
2339:
2247:
760:
20:
2523:
2364:
2073:
1279:
1224:
and then returns that energy to the piston to compress a fresh charge of air and fuel. Another example is the
547:
92:, delivering energy at higher rates than the source, controlling the orientation of a mechanical system using
57:. In particular, assuming the flywheel's moment of inertia is constant (i.e., a flywheel with fixed mass and
2298:
1275:
227:
89:
770:
2120:
1357:; "Flywheels move from steam age technology to Formula 1"; Jon Stewart | 1 July 2012, retrieved 2012-07-03
2237:
2078:
1059:
177:
58:
1863:
343:
2232:
2004:
1526:"A Utility Scale Flywheel Energy Storage System with a Shaftless, Hubless, High Strength Steel Rotor"
1291:
892:
880:
170:
85:
73:
33:'s 1802 steam locomotive, which used a flywheel to evenly distribute the power of its single cylinder
64:
Since a flywheel serves to store mechanical energy for later use, it is natural to consider it as a
2382:
2280:
2010:
1175:
1170:
1341:
2567:
2303:
2100:
1820:
1545:
1306:
1233:
142:
30:
1480:
292:
of the flywheel about its axis of symmetry. The moment of inertia is a measure of resistance to
1240:
higher rate over a relatively short time when it is needed. For example, flywheels are used in
2105:
2045:
1996:
1808:
1766:
1693:
1666:
1611:
1580:
1459:
1418:
1316:
1245:
1208:
541:
297:
289:
217:
193:
146:
132:
50:
46:
1129:
850:
738:
2397:
2354:
2313:
2262:
2227:
2148:
2135:
1800:
1603:
1572:
1537:
868:
701:
265:
105:
54:
42:
1149:
810:
707:
676:
2508:
2219:
2068:
2025:
1844:
77:
1524:
Li, Xiaojun; Anvari, Bahar; Palazzolo, Alan; Wang, Zhiyang; Toliyat, Hamid (2018-08-14).
526:{\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}m({r_{\mathrm {external} }}^{2}+{r_{\mathrm {internal} }}^{2})}
383:
2374:
2344:
2199:
1966:
1607:
1414:
1311:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1225:
1203:
1109:
972:
830:
764:
323:
271:
213:
97:
65:
2561:
2546:
2437:
2430:
2407:
2252:
2184:
2179:
2143:
2060:
2000:
1961:
1951:
1525:
189:
1869:
1368:"Breakthrough in Ricardo Kinergy 'second generation' high-speed flywheel technology"
536:
For a given flywheel design, the kinetic energy is proportional to the ratio of the
2163:
2158:
2125:
2030:
2020:
1956:
1940:
1713:
1549:
1241:
579:
303:
185:
104:. High energy density flywheels can be made of carbon fiber composites and employ
1660:
149:, as well as circular sharpening stones in antiquity. In the early 11th century,
2541:
2425:
2242:
2194:
2153:
2110:
2040:
884:
756:
537:
2513:
2473:
2452:
2447:
2349:
2334:
2257:
2189:
2115:
2055:
1986:
1217:
181:
162:
150:
1888:
1812:
1584:
1541:
2468:
2209:
2204:
1991:
1971:
1689:
Proceedings of the 2020 USCToMM Symposium on
Mechanical Systems and Robotics
1252:
173:(ca. 1070–1125) who records applying the device in several of his machines.
139:
93:
69:
1858:
1411:
Wind energy engineering: a handbook for onshore and offshore wind turbines
989:), the radius of rotation of the rim is equal to its mean radius and thus
2491:
2487:
2359:
2090:
1981:
1765:(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 142–146.
1731:
1662:
Kinetic Energy
Storage: Theory and Practice of Advanced Flywheel Systems
1440:
Lynn White, Jr., "Medieval
Engineering and the Sociology of Knowledge",
2518:
2402:
1638:
1229:
158:
1804:
1576:
666:{\textstyle (V_{i})(V_{t})\left({\frac {\sin(\delta )}{X_{S}}}\right)}
221:
2329:
2308:
2085:
2035:
1296:
1221:
732:
293:
1598:
Genta, G. (1985), "Application of flywheel energy storage systems",
410:, and for a thick-walled empty cylinder with constant density it is
108:, enabling them to revolve at speeds up to 60,000 RPM (1
1202:
888:
203:
154:
119:
25:
2483:
1456:
Iron, Steam & Money: The Making of the
Industrial Revolution
204:
1892:
1930:
1883:
1274:
Flywheels may also be used as an electric compensator, like a
109:
101:
84:
Common uses of a flywheel include smoothing a power output in
49:, a form of kinetic energy proportional to the product of its
962:{\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {rim} }=KI_{\mathrm {flywheel} }}
1399:, Vol. 5, No. 2. (Spring, 1964), Review, pp. 224–233 (233)
1342:"Flywheels move from steam age technology to Formula 1"
1048:{\textstyle I_{\mathrm {rim} }=M_{\mathrm {rim} }R^{2}}
380:, for a thin-walled empty cylinder it is approximately
1069:
995:
591:
550:
416:
386:
346:
306:
230:
196:
to transform reciprocating motion into rotary motion.
184:
contributed to the development of the flywheel in the
1391:
1389:
1152:
1132:
1112:
1099:{\textstyle {\frac {E}{M}}=K{\frac {\sigma }{\rho }}}
975:
901:
853:
833:
813:
773:
741:
710:
679:
326:
300:
can be calculated for cylindrical shapes using mass (
274:
41:
is a mechanical device that uses the conservation of
1565:
Journal of
Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control
2501:
2461:
2416:
2373:
2322:
2289:
2271:
2218:
2172:
2134:
2054:
1939:
1880:Flywheel-based microgrid stabilisation technology.
1158:
1138:
1118:
1098:
1047:
981:
961:
859:
839:
819:
799:
747:
723:
692:
665:
570:
525:
402:
372:
332:
312:
280:
256:
1686:Egorova, Olga; Barbashov, Nikolay (2020-04-20).
1267:), stabilizing magnetically-levitated objects (
131:A flywheel with variable inertia, conceived by
16:Mechanical device for storing rotational energy
138:The principle of the flywheel is found in the
1904:
540:to the material density and to the mass. The
8:
1631:"Technology | KEST | Kinetic Energy Storage"
1444:, Vol. 44, No. 1. (Feb., 1975), pp. 1–21 (6)
1530:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
1911:
1897:
1889:
1302:Diesel rotary uninterruptible power supply
1395:Lynn White, Jr., "Theophilus Redivivus",
1151:
1131:
1111:
1086:
1070:
1068:
1039:
1022:
1021:
1001:
1000:
994:
974:
931:
930:
907:
906:
900:
852:
832:
812:
791:
781:
772:
740:
715:
709:
684:
678:
651:
628:
615:
599:
590:
571:{\textstyle {\frac {\sigma _{t}}{\rho }}}
557:
551:
549:
514:
485:
484:
479:
469:
440:
439:
434:
417:
415:
394:
385:
364:
347:
345:
325:
305:
273:
248:
231:
229:
1977:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1763:Materials Selection in Mechanical Design
1732:"Flywheels: Iron vs. Steel vs. Aluminum"
169:(On various arts) of the German artisan
1333:
257:{\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2}}
1715:, "Маховик", issued 1964-05-15
1692:. Springer Nature. pp. 117–118.
800:{\displaystyle \rho r^{2}\omega ^{2}}
7:
1742:from the original on 10 October 2016
1146:the material's tensile strength and
1793:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
1269:Spin-stabilized magnetic levitation
847:is the radius of the cylinder, and
1608:10.1016/b978-0-408-01396-3.50007-2
1029:
1026:
1023:
1008:
1005:
1002:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
914:
911:
908:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
14:
373:{\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}mr^{2}}
153:pioneered the use of flywheel in
1857:
1833:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1263:), keeping a toy spin spinning (
827:is the density of the cylinder,
544:of a flywheel can be defined as
192:used a flywheel combined with a
2079:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1497:from the original on 2012-01-05
1374:from the original on 2012-07-05
1348:from the original on 2012-07-03
1481:"Tutorial – Moment of Inertia"
643:
637:
621:
608:
605:
592:
520:
430:
340:). For a solid cylinder it is
1:
1458:. Random House. p. 131.
1442:The Pacific Historical Review
1228:which powers devices such as
1211:tractor with exposed flywheel
759:within the rotor exceeds the
1874:Interesting Thing of the Day
1602:, Elsevier, pp. 27–46,
1409:Letcher, Trevor M. (2017).
1259:, satellite stabilization (
220:) stored by the flywheel's
2586:
1920:Internal combustion engine
1821:"Synchronous Generators I"
1322:List of moments of inertia
18:
2537:
2388:Diesel particulate filter
2340:Idle air control actuator
2281:Engine control unit (ECU)
1926:
1665:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
761:ultimate tensile strength
542:specific tensile strength
21:Flywheel (disambiguation)
2453:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2365:Throttle position sensor
2074:Overhead camshaft layout
1659:Genta, G. (2014-04-24).
1542:10.1109/TIE.2017.2772205
1454:Osbourne, Roger (2013).
1280:rotating frame reference
1236:for a given total mass.
208:A mass-produced flywheel
1992:Core plug (freeze plug)
1761:Ashby, Michael (2011).
1276:synchronous compensator
1139:{\displaystyle \sigma }
860:{\displaystyle \omega }
763:of the rotor material.
748:{\displaystyle \delta }
188:, and his contemporary
1600:Kinetic Energy Storage
1397:Technology and Culture
1212:
1160:
1140:
1120:
1100:
1049:
983:
963:
861:
841:
821:
801:
749:
725:
694:
667:
572:
527:
404:
374:
334:
314:
282:
258:
216:(or more specifically
209:
135:
53:and the square of its
34:
1255:for instrumentation,
1206:
1161:
1159:{\displaystyle \rho }
1141:
1126:is the shape factor,
1121:
1101:
1050:
984:
964:
862:
842:
822:
820:{\displaystyle \rho }
802:
767:can be calculated by
750:
726:
724:{\displaystyle V_{t}}
695:
693:{\displaystyle V_{i}}
668:
573:
528:
405:
375:
335:
315:
283:
259:
224:can be calculated by
207:
178:Industrial Revolution
167:De diversibus artibus
130:
86:reciprocating engines
59:second moment of area
29:
2233:Compression ignition
1866:at Wikimedia Commons
1417:. pp. 127–143.
1292:Accumulator (energy)
1150:
1130:
1110:
1067:
993:
973:
899:
851:
831:
811:
771:
739:
708:
677:
589:
548:
414:
384:
344:
324:
304:
272:
228:
171:Theophilus Presbyter
70:electrical capacitor
19:For other uses, see
2383:Catalytic converter
1736:Fidanza Performance
403:{\textstyle mr^{2}}
2509:Knocking / pinging
2101:Combustion chamber
1870:Flywheel batteries
1843:2017-08-30 at the
1307:Dual-mass flywheel
1234:rotational inertia
1213:
1156:
1136:
1116:
1096:
1060:shaftless flywheel
1045:
979:
959:
857:
837:
817:
797:
745:
721:
700:is the voltage of
690:
663:
568:
523:
400:
370:
330:
310:
278:
254:
210:
165:, recorded in the
136:
35:
2555:
2554:
2524:Stratified charge
2291:Electrical system
2273:Engine management
2106:Compression ratio
2046:Starter ring gear
1945:rotating assembly
1862:Media related to
1805:10.1109/61.915493
1772:978-0-08-095223-9
1699:978-3-030-43929-3
1672:978-1-4831-0159-0
1577:10.1115/1.4039857
1317:Flywheel training
1246:riveting machines
1119:{\displaystyle K}
1094:
1078:
982:{\displaystyle R}
871:of the cylinder.
840:{\displaystyle r}
657:
566:
425:
355:
333:{\displaystyle r}
298:moment of inertia
290:moment of inertia
281:{\displaystyle I}
239:
218:rotational energy
133:Leonardo da Vinci
128:
106:magnetic bearings
51:moment of inertia
47:rotational energy
2575:
2398:Exhaust manifold
2263:Spark plug wires
2149:Boost controller
2136:Forced induction
1913:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1861:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1816:
1777:
1776:
1758:
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1728:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1637:. Archived from
1627:
1621:
1620:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1536:(8): 6667–6675.
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1451:
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1406:
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1393:
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1137:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1013:
1012:
1011:
988:
986:
985:
980:
968:
966:
965:
960:
958:
957:
956:
919:
918:
917:
869:angular velocity
866:
864:
863:
858:
846:
844:
843:
838:
826:
824:
823:
818:
806:
804:
803:
798:
796:
795:
786:
785:
754:
752:
751:
746:
730:
728:
727:
722:
720:
719:
699:
697:
696:
691:
689:
688:
672:
670:
669:
664:
662:
658:
656:
655:
646:
629:
620:
619:
604:
603:
577:
575:
574:
569:
567:
562:
561:
552:
532:
530:
529:
524:
519:
518:
513:
512:
511:
510:
474:
473:
468:
467:
466:
465:
426:
418:
409:
407:
406:
401:
399:
398:
379:
377:
376:
371:
369:
368:
356:
348:
339:
337:
336:
331:
319:
317:
316:
311:
287:
285:
284:
279:
266:angular velocity
263:
261:
260:
255:
253:
252:
240:
232:
129:
55:rotational speed
43:angular momentum
2585:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2533:
2529:Top dead centre
2497:
2457:
2412:
2369:
2318:
2292:
2285:
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1852:External links
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1799:(2): 265–270.
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1312:Fidget spinner
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1265:friction motor
1261:reaction wheel
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313:{\textstyle m}
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2438:Electric fan
2238:Coil-on-plug
2164:Turbocharger
2159:Supercharger
2031:Main bearing
2021:Firing order
2015:
2011:Displacement
1957:Block heater
1941:Engine block
1929:Part of the
1928:
1873:
1796:
1792:
1762:
1756:
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1735:
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1708:
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1639:the original
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1199:Applications
1193:
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580:carbon fiber
535:
211:
186:steam engine
175:
166:
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63:
38:
36:
2462:Lubrication
2426:Air cooling
2243:Distributor
2195:Fuel filter
2173:Fuel system
2154:Intercooler
2121:Timing belt
2111:Head gasket
2041:Piston ring
1635:KEST Energy
1479:Dunn, D.J.
1106:, in which
757:hoop stress
538:hoop stress
264:. ω is the
74:accumulator
2514:Power band
2474:Oil filter
2448:Thermostat
2393:EGT sensor
2355:MAF sensor
2350:MAP sensor
2335:Air filter
2299:Alternator
2258:Spark plug
2190:Carburetor
2116:Rocker arm
2056:Valvetrain
1987:Crankshaft
1931:Automobile
1645:2020-07-29
1501:2011-12-01
1378:2012-07-03
1352:2012-07-03
1328:References
1253:gyroscopes
1218:crankshaft
182:James Watt
163:Lynn White
151:Ibn Bassal
31:Trevithick
2568:Flywheels
2248:Glow plug
2210:Fuel tank
2205:Fuel pump
1972:Crankcase
1864:Flywheels
1813:0885-8977
1746:6 October
1585:0022-0434
1182:Materials
1154:ρ
1134:σ
1092:ρ
1089:σ
855:ω
815:ρ
789:ω
775:ρ
743:δ
704:winding,
641:δ
635:
564:ρ
555:σ
246:ω
140:Neolithic
94:gyroscope
45:to store
2562:Category
2547:Category
2492:Dry sump
2488:Wet sump
2479:Oil pump
2443:Radiator
2360:Throttle
2220:Ignition
2091:Camshaft
2016:Flywheel
1997:Cylinder
1982:Crankpin
1841:Archived
1828:Archived
1740:Archived
1492:Archived
1372:Archived
1346:Archived
1286:See also
1230:toy cars
807:, where
673:, where
145:and the
39:flywheel
2519:Redline
2403:Muffler
2304:Battery
2228:Magneto
1550:4557504
1209:Landini
867:is the
288:is the
200:Physics
176:In the
159:saqiyah
143:spindle
116:History
2542:Portal
2330:Airbox
2309:Dynamo
2036:Piston
2026:Stroke
2005:layout
1933:series
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1222:piston
889:spokes
883:has a
875:Design
733:stator
294:torque
268:, and
2502:Other
2126:Valve
2096:Chest
1831:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1546:S2CID
1495:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
702:rotor
222:rotor
194:crank
155:noria
2484:Sump
2001:bank
1962:Bore
1809:ISSN
1767:ISBN
1748:2016
1694:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1581:ISSN
1460:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1244:and
893:lump
212:The
157:and
96:and
2469:Oil
2058:and
1943:and
1884:ABB
1872:on
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
