341:
20:
537:, the framebuffer uses half of its memory to display the current frame. While that memory is being displayed, the other half of memory is filled with data for the next frame. Once the secondary buffer is filled, the framebuffer is instructed to display the secondary buffer instead. The primary buffer becomes the secondary buffer, and the secondary buffer becomes the primary. This switch is often done after the
146:
609:
to the framebuffer. The framebuffer's signal is then produced in combination with built-in video overlay devices (usually used to produce the mouse cursor without modifying the framebuffer's data) and any final special effects that are produced by modifying the output signal. An example of such final
516:
distribution to provide a method for running X without a graphical framebuffer. The Linux framebuffer device was developed to abstract the physical method for accessing the underlying framebuffer into a guaranteed memory map that is easy for programs to access. This increases portability, as programs
371:
could be driven beyond its capabilities. In some cases, this resulted in hardware damage to the display. More commonly, it simply produced garbled and unusable output. Modern CRT monitors fix this problem through the introduction of protection circuitry. When the display mode is changed, the monitor
427:
In some designs it was also possible to write data to the lookup table (or switch between existing palettes) on the run, allowing dividing the picture into horizontal bars with their own palette and thus render an image that had a far wider palette. For example, viewing an outdoor shot photograph,
384:
Framebuffers have traditionally supported a wide variety of color modes. Due to the expense of memory, most early framebuffers used 1-bit (2 colors per pixel), 2-bit (4 colors), 4-bit (16 colors) or 8-bit (256 colors) color depths. The problem with such small color depths is that a full range of
245:
in 1972. Shoup was able to use the SuperPaint framebuffer to create an early digital video-capture system. By synchronizing the output signal to the input signal, Shoup was able to overwrite each pixel of data as it shifted in. Shoup also experimented with modifying the output signal using color
363:
machines and operating systems, such conveniences were usually eschewed in favor of directly manipulating the hardware settings. This manipulation was far more flexible in that any resolution, color depth and refresh rate was attainable – limited only by the memory available to the framebuffer.
428:
the picture could be divided into four bars, the top one with emphasis on sky tones, the next with foliage tones, the next with skin and clothing tones, and the bottom one with ground colors. This required each palette to have overlapping colors, but carefully done, allowed great flexibility.
323:
all released framebuffers for their workstation computers in this period. These framebuffers were usually of a much higher quality than could be found in most home computers, and were regularly used in television, printing, computer modeling and 3D graphics. Framebuffers were also used by
372:
attempts to obtain a signal lock on the new refresh frequency. If the monitor is unable to obtain a signal lock, or if the signal is outside the range of its design limitations, the monitor will ignore the framebuffer signal and possibly present the user with an error message.
287:
The rapid improvement of integrated-circuit technology made it possible for many of the home computers of the late 1970s to contain low-color-depth framebuffers. Today, nearly all computers with graphical capabilities utilize a framebuffer for generating the video signal.
375:
LCD monitors tend to contain similar protection circuitry, but for different reasons. Since the LCD must digitally sample the display signal (thereby emulating an electron beam), any signal that is out of range cannot be physically displayed on the monitor.
491:
The CPU sends image updates to the video card. The video processor on the card forms a picture of the screen image and stores it in the frame buffer as a large bitmap in RAM. The bitmap in RAM is used by the card to continually refresh the screen image.
704:
displays, where a buffer holds codes for characters, not individual pixels. The video display device performs the same raster scan as with a framebuffer, but generates the pixels of each character in the buffer as it directs the beam.
246:
tables. These color tables allowed the SuperPaint system to produce a wide variety of colors outside the range of the limited 8-bit data it contained. This scheme would later become commonplace in computer framebuffers.
681:
renders a broadcast signal. The color information for each point thus displayed on the screen is pulled directly from the framebuffer during the scan, creating a set of discrete picture elements, i.e. pixels.
393:
to the framebuffer. Each color stored in framebuffer memory acts as a color index. The lookup table serves as a palette with a limited number of different colors meanwhile the rest is used as an index table.
836:
440:
directly to the CPU memory space, this is not the only method by which they may be accessed. Framebuffers have varied widely in the methods used to access memory. Some of the most common are:
1936:
1289:
253:
released the first commercial framebuffer, the
Picture System, costing about $ 15,000. It was capable of producing resolutions of up to 512 by 512 pixels in 8-bit
956:
840:
407:
1405:
109:
The information in the buffer typically consists of color values for every pixel to be shown on the display. Color values are commonly stored in 1-bit
1786:
1341:
1615:
484:
Video cards always have a certain amount of RAM. A small portion of this RAM is where the bitmap of image data is "buffered" for display. The term
1931:
1319:
417:
352:
under which the framebuffer can operate. These modes reconfigure the hardware to output different resolutions, color depths, memory layouts and
1282:
689:
that were common prior to the advent of raster graphics (and, consequently, to the concept of a framebuffer). With a vector display, only the
261:
would later create the first 24-bit color system using three of the Evans & Sutherland framebuffers. Each framebuffer was connected to an
1368:
589:
systems. While retaining these 2D capabilities, most modern accelerators focus on producing 3D imagery in real time. A common design uses a
1567:
1092:
157:
Computer researchers had long discussed the theoretical advantages of a framebuffer, but were unable to produce a machine with sufficient
578:. Common graphics drawing commands (many of them geometric) are sent to the graphics accelerator in their raw form. The accelerator then
129:
is sometimes used to retain information about pixel transparency. The total amount of memory required for the framebuffer depends on the
1057:
1192:
204:
1540:
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1562:
1275:
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814:
329:
196:. Later on, the Bell Labs system was expanded to display an image with a color depth of three bits on a standard color TV monitor.
1232:
1574:
1496:
1215:
258:
1257:
500:
Many systems attempt to emulate the function of a framebuffer device, often for reasons of compatibility. The two most common
276:
produced the first commercial full-color broadcast framebuffer, the
Quantel DFS 3000. It was first used in TV coverage of the
529:
A frame buffer may be designed with enough memory to store two frames worth of video data. In a technique known generally as
181:
697:
of the output display is then commanded to move from vertex to vertex, tracing a line across the area between these points.
922:
316:
657:. As of 2015 the market for graphics accelerators for x86-based systems is dominated by Nvidia (acquired 3dfx in 2002),
1770:
1535:
630:
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cards. These cards add a slight blur to output signal that makes aliasing of the rasterized graphics much less obvious.
1116:
2006:
1985:
1902:
650:
538:
463:
238:
2016:
1839:
1324:
642:
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computers, created in the 1980s, featured special design attention to graphics performance and included a unique
257:, and became a boon for graphics researchers who did not have the resources to build their own framebuffer. The
2021:
2011:
1951:
1645:
1298:
602:
601:
which interfaces with the graphics driver to translate received commands to instructions for the accelerator's
565:
570:
As the demand for better graphics increased, hardware manufacturers created a way to decrease the amount of
212:
406:
284:
inset of the
Olympic flaming torch while the rest of the picture featured the runner entering the stadium.
265:
color output (one for red, one for green and one for blue), with a
Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11/04
1760:
467:
277:
174:
980:
D. Ophir; S. Rankowitz; B. J. Shepherd; R. J. Spinrad (June 1968), "BRAD: The
Brookhave Raster Display",
1946:
1907:
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729:
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250:
233:
system with framebuffers capable of holding a standard video image. This led to the development of the
1914:
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With a framebuffer, the electron beam (if the display technology uses one) is commanded to perform a
634:
219:
193:
40:
1973:
1919:
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300:
114:
397:
Here is a typical indexed 256-color image and its own palette (shown as a rectangle of swatches):
1963:
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903:
719:
281:
208:
130:
63:
contain framebuffer circuitry in their cores. This circuitry converts an in-memory bitmap into a
1160:
173:
memory and displayed on a second CRT. Other research labs were exploring these techniques with
1956:
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1630:
1518:
1096:
895:
810:
690:
505:
437:
340:
1086:
1068:
605:(GPU). The GPU uses those instructions to compute the rasterized results and the results are
1968:
1941:
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1025:
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934:
885:
877:
654:
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308:
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83:
19:
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the results of the command to the framebuffer. This method frees the CPU to do other work.
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734:
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312:
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used by a computer application for the representation of the content to be shown on the
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368:
230:
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2000:
1801:
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1441:
1420:
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386:
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48:
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110:
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are not required to deal with systems that have disjointed memory maps or require
804:
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1978:
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1471:
1410:
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674:
646:
615:
185:
134:
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56:
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At one time there were many manufacturers of graphics accelerators, including:
16:
Portion of random-access memory containing a bitmap that drives a video display
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60:
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71:
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Framebuffers used in personal and home computing often had sets of defined
1030:
1013:
990:
1844:
1329:
881:
606:
598:
866:"The random-access image: Memory and the history of the computer screen"
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1466:
1451:
1415:
1346:
273:
226:
927:
Proceedings of the IEE - Part III: Radio and
Communication Engineering
180:
A color scanned display was implemented in the late 1960s, called the
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1511:
1506:
1436:
1390:
1373:
1351:
638:
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44:
145:
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where half the old frame and half the new frame is shown together.
1861:
1743:
1728:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1088:
Computer
Architecture For Interactive Display Of Segmented Imagery
662:
447:
Port commands to set each pixel, range of pixels or palette entry.
339:
289:
144:
52:
18:
923:"A storage system for use with binary-digital computing machines"
450:
Mapping a memory range smaller than the framebuffer memory, then
1733:
1723:
1501:
700:
Likewise, framebuffers differ from the technology used in early
509:
360:
325:
215:
1271:
574:
time required to fill the framebuffer. This is commonly called
488:
is thus often used interchangeably when referring to this RAM.
1142:"History of the New York Institute of Technology Graphics Lab"
658:
586:
585:
Early accelerators focused on improving the performance of 2D
571:
332:, which were also of a higher quality than on home computers.
320:
299:
Framebuffers also became popular in high-end workstations and
262:
1233:"Digital Paint Systems: An Anecdotal and Historical Overview"
1161:
http://tldp.org/HOWTO/XFree86-Video-Timings-HOWTO/overd.html
385:
colors cannot be produced. The solution to this problem was
1258:
Interview with NYIT researcher discussing the 24-bit system
229:
memory, made it practical to create, for the first time, a
169:, later the Williams-Kilburn tube, to store 1024 bits on a
1238:. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. Archived from
1091:. Computer Architectures for Spatially Distributed Data.
806:.NET Framework Solutions: In Search of the Lost Win32 API
548:
Page flipping has become a standard technique used by PC
192:
implemented a scanned display with a frame buffer, using
444:
Mapping the entire framebuffer to a given memory range.
367:
An unfortunate side-effect of this method was that the
98:
for short. Screen buffers should be distinguished from
188:
and a television monitor. In 1969, A. Michael Noll of
1220:
A Critical
History of Computer Graphics and Animation
1163:
XFree86 Video
Timings HOWTO: Overdriving Your Monitor
1885:
1827:
1779:
1659:
1598:
1484:
1429:
1312:
1305:
1058:"SuperPaint: An Early Frame Buffer Graphics System"
1051:
1049:
161:at an economically practicable cost. In 1947, the
837:"Smart Computing Dictionary Entry - video buffer"
470:or have restrictions on how it can be updated.
436:While framebuffers are commonly accessed via a
296:framebuffer capable of displaying 4096 colors.
984:, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 415–416,
957:"Kilburn 1947 Report Cover Notes (Digital 60)"
765:"What is frame buffer? A Webopedia Definition"
508:device (fbdev) and the X Virtual Framebuffer (
1283:
67:that can be displayed on a computer monitor.
8:
1193:"Digital Paint Systems: Historical Overview"
746:to eliminate the need for framebuffer memory
1222:. The Ohio State University. Archived from
921:Williams, F. C.; Kilburn, T. (March 1949).
693:of the graphics primitives are stored. The
685:Framebuffers differ significantly from the
401:
86:. The screen buffer may also be called the
1309:
1290:
1276:
1268:
1263:History of Sun Microsystems' Framebuffers
1174:"An illustrated Guide to the Video Cards"
1029:
989:
889:
859:
857:
756:
199:In the early 1970s, the development of
269:controlling the three devices as one.
1093:Springer Science & Business Media
51:containing data representing all the
47:that drives a video display. It is a
7:
458:The framebuffer organization may be
184:RAster Display (BRAD), which used a
1616:Input–output memory management unit
1014:"Scanned-Display Computer Graphics"
1065:Annals of the History of Computing
177:achieving a 4096 display in 1950.
14:
133:of the output signal, and on the
661:(who acquired ATI in 2006), and
415:
405:
259:New York Institute of Technology
1191:Alvy Ray Smith (May 30, 1997).
1012:Noll, A. Michael (March 1971).
1085:Goldwasser, S.M. (June 1983).
1:
961:curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk
117:, 8-bit palettized, 16-bit
2038:
864:Gaboury, J. (2018-03-01).
559:
539:vertical blanking interval
477:
1018:Communications of the ACM
982:Communications of the ACM
891:21.11116/0000-0001-FA73-4
512:). Xvfb was added to the
466:. The framebuffer may be
205:metal–oxide–semiconductor
153:Williams tube CRT in 1951
1646:Video display controller
1299:Graphics processing unit
1124:, Evans & Sutherland
610:special effects was the
603:graphics processing unit
566:Graphics processing unit
533:or more specifically as
272:In 1975, the UK company
102:. To this end, the term
1231:Alvy Ray Smith (2001).
1216:"Hardware advancements"
1095:. pp. 75–94 (81).
344:A Sun cgsix framebuffer
222:) chips with at least 1
125:formats. An additional
1761:Shared graphics memory
1214:Wayne Carlson (2003).
1200:Microsoft Tech Memo 14
1067:. IEEE. Archived from
1056:Richard Shoup (2001).
939:10.1049/pi-3.1949.0018
809:. Wiley. p. 160.
614:technique used by the
468:all points addressable
345:
303:throughout the 1980s.
278:1976 Montreal Olympics
251:Evans & Sutherland
175:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
171:cathode-ray tube (CRT)
154:
24:
1947:Hardware acceleration
1651:Video processing unit
1031:10.1145/362566.362567
991:10.1145/363347.363385
730:Tile-based video game
612:spatial anti-aliasing
576:graphics acceleration
556:Graphics accelerators
504:framebuffers are the
474:RAM on the video card
343:
148:
22:
1872:Performance per watt
1641:Texture mapping unit
1590:Unified shader model
1209:on February 7, 2012.
882:10.1162/GREY_a_00233
803:Mueller, J. (2002).
496:Virtual framebuffers
301:arcade system boards
220:random-access memory
211:chips, particularly
194:magnetic-core memory
113:(monochrome), 4-bit
41:random-access memory
1814:Integrated graphics
92:regeneration buffer
43:(RAM) containing a
23:Sun TGX Framebuffer
1964:Parallel computing
1840:Display resolution
1621:Render output unit
1611:Geometry processor
945:on April 26, 2019.
783:"Frame Buffer FAQ"
720:Scanline rendering
346:
282:picture-in-picture
209:integrated-circuit
155:
149:Memory pattern on
39:) is a portion of
25:
2007:Computer graphics
1994:
1993:
1809:External graphics
1792:Discrete graphics
1756:Memory controller
1519:Graphics pipeline
1480:
1479:
506:Linux framebuffer
423:
422:
328:for its high-end
137:or palette size.
104:off-screen buffer
2029:
2017:Image processing
1969:Vector processor
1952:Image processing
1942:Graphics library
1877:Transistor count
1819:System on a chip
1751:Memory bandwidth
1631:Stream processor
1310:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1227:
1210:
1208:
1202:. Archived from
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1182:
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1132:
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1002:
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953:
947:
946:
941:. Archived from
918:
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911:
893:
861:
852:
851:
849:
848:
839:. Archived from
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
779:
773:
772:
761:
655:Silicon Graphics
623:3dfx Interactive
591:graphics library
550:game programmers
531:double buffering
419:
409:
402:
359:In the world of
309:Sun Microsystems
225:
165:computer used a
84:computer display
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
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2028:
2027:
2026:
2022:User interfaces
2012:Computer memory
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
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1594:
1585:Tiled rendering
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1396:InfiniteReality
1301:
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1178:karbosguide.com
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735:Tiled rendering
711:
687:vector displays
671:
568:
558:
527:
514:X Window System
498:
482:
476:
434:
382:
338:
294:Hold-And-Modify
223:
163:Manchester Baby
143:
80:computer memory
35:, or sometimes
17:
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11:
5:
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1766:Texture memory
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1492:Compute kernel
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1252:External links
1250:
1248:
1247:
1245:on 2012-02-05.
1228:
1226:on 2012-03-14.
1211:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1165:
1153:
1133:
1118:Picture System
1108:
1101:
1077:
1074:on 2004-06-12.
1045:
1024:(3): 145–150.
1004:
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740:Tektronix 4050
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557:
554:
543:screen tearing
526:
523:
519:bank switching
497:
494:
475:
472:
456:
455:
452:bank switching
448:
445:
438:memory mapping
433:
430:
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424:
421:
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413:
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381:
378:
369:display device
337:
334:
280:to generate a
231:digital memory
142:
139:
106:is also used.
55:in a complete
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
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389:which adds a
388:
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380:Color palette
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336:Display modes
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49:memory buffer
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1974:Video coding
1671:
1575:Tessellation
1485:Architecture
1240:the original
1224:the original
1219:
1204:the original
1199:
1177:
1168:
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:, retrieved
1117:
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1069:the original
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981:
975:
964:. Retrieved
960:
951:
943:the original
930:
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869:
845:. Retrieved
841:the original
831:
820:. Retrieved
805:
798:
786:. Retrieved
777:
771:. June 1998.
768:
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744:storage tube
699:
684:
677:, the way a
672:
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486:frame buffer
485:
483:
480:Video memory
460:packed pixel
457:
435:
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391:lookup table
383:
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354:refresh rate
349:
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267:minicomputer
248:
213:high-density
198:
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100:video memory
96:regen buffer
95:
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88:video buffer
87:
75:
69:
65:video signal
36:
33:frame buffer
32:
28:
26:
1957:Compression
1828:Performance
1780:Form factor
1672:Framebuffer
1636:Tensor unit
1626:Shader unit
1558:Ray-tracing
1497:Fabrication
1472:Intel 2700G
1406:3dfx Voodoo
1401:NEC µPD7220
933:(40): 81–.
675:raster scan
669:Comparisons
647:S3 Graphics
616:3dfx Voodoo
607:bit blitted
186:drum memory
135:color depth
121:and 24-bit
61:video cards
57:video frame
29:framebuffer
2001:Categories
1867:Frame rate
1835:Clock rate
1797:Clustering
1599:Components
1379:Radeon Pro
1147:2007-08-31
1128:2017-12-31
966:2019-04-26
847:2015-04-21
822:2015-04-21
751:References
725:Swap chain
679:television
580:rasterizes
562:Video card
560:See also:
478:See also:
243:Xerox PARC
237:system by
235:SuperPaint
201:MOS memory
182:Brookhaven
131:resolution
123:true color
119:high color
115:palettized
37:framestore
1898:Scrolling
1802:Switching
1457:VideoCore
900:1526-3819
870:Grey Room
715:Bit plane
702:text mode
541:to avoid
356:timings.
255:grayscale
249:In 1974,
218:(dynamic
190:Bell Labs
72:computing
59:. Modern
1845:Fillrate
1524:Geometry
1384:Instinct
1000:11160780
908:57565564
709:See also
691:vertices
631:Hercules
599:Direct3D
593:such as
207:memory)
1925:Texture
1855:Texel/s
1850:Pixel/s
1787:IP core
1739:HBM-PIM
1606:Blitter
1580:T&L
1551:Shading
1467:Imageon
1462:Vivante
1452:PowerVR
1416:Glaze3D
1347:GeForce
1313:Desktop
1040:2210619
742:used a
635:Trident
502:virtual
412:
274:Quantel
141:History
1903:Sprite
1862:FLOP/s
1660:Memory
1529:Vertex
1512:MOSFET
1507:FinFET
1437:Adreno
1430:Mobile
1391:Matrox
1374:Radeon
1352:Quadro
1342:Nvidia
1099:
1038:
998:
906:
898:
813:
788:14 May
643:Radius
639:Nvidia
595:OpenGL
464:planar
224:
159:memory
111:binary
90:, the
53:pixels
45:bitmap
1979:Codec
1937:GPGPU
1744:HBM3E
1729:HBM2E
1712:GDDR7
1707:GDDR6
1702:GDDR5
1697:GDDR4
1692:GDDR3
1687:GDDR2
1677:SGRAM
1362:Tegra
1357:Tesla
1320:Intel
1243:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
1207:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
1122:(PDF)
1072:(PDF)
1061:(PDF)
1036:S2CID
996:S2CID
904:S2CID
663:Intel
350:modes
290:Amiga
94:, or
1986:VLIW
1932:ASIC
1908:Tile
1886:Misc
1771:VRAM
1734:HBM3
1724:HBM2
1682:GDDR
1568:SIMT
1563:SIMD
1502:CMOS
1447:Mali
1097:ISBN
896:ISSN
811:ISBN
790:2014
653:and
564:and
510:Xvfb
361:Unix
326:Sega
319:and
216:DRAM
151:SWAC
74:, a
1719:HBM
1667:DMA
1541:MAC
1369:AMD
1335:Arc
1306:GPU
1026:doi
986:doi
935:doi
886:hdl
878:doi
659:AMD
651:SiS
637:;
629:;
627:ATI
597:or
587:GUI
572:CPU
462:or
321:IBM
317:DEC
305:SGI
263:RGB
241:at
70:In
2003::
1920:GI
1915:3D
1893:2D
1411:S3
1330:Xe
1325:GT
1218:.
1198:.
1176:.
1063:.
1048:^
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1022:14
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315:,
313:HP
311:,
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227:kb
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203:(
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
