488:
720:. They supported the Confederacy during the war, supplying some warriors in the West, as they were promised their own state if the Confederacy won. After the end of the war, the U.S. required these tribes to make new peace treaties, and to emancipate their African slaves. They were required to offer full citizenship in their tribes to those freedmen who wanted to stay with the tribes. Numerous families had intermarried by that time or had other personal ties. If freedmen left the tribes, they would become U.S. citizens.
99:
1653:
1013:, providence restored the "glory and the unity" of the Islamic faith by sending the Mamluks: "loyal helpers, who were brought from the House of War to the House of Islam under the rule of slavery, which hides in itself a divine blessing." His expression of the idea that slavery, considered to be a degrading social condition to be avoided at all costs, might contain "a divine blessing", was the most articulate expression of
1665:
300:
742:(by that time this term referred to descendants of the original group). In addition to arguing that the post-Civil War treaties gave them citizenship, the freedmen have argued that the Dawes Rolls were often inaccurate, recording as freedmen even those individuals who had partial Cherokee ancestry and were considered Cherokee by blood. The
1025:'s reflections on the subject some five hundred years later. The great philosopher observed that, in many instances, it is the slave who ultimately gains the independent consciousness and power to become the actual master of his or her owner. The Mamluk/Ghulam Phenomenon is a good historical example of this paradox.
1145:, aloof and almost totally isolated from the native population, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, and their ranks had to be replenished in each generation through fresh imports of slaves from abroad. Only those who had grown up outside Muslim territory and who entered as slaves in the service either of the
763:
between 1788 and 1868. Also, many came from the United
Kingdom and Europe voluntarily, planning to settle in Australia, some as pastors and missionaries, others seeking to make a living by trade or farming. When convicts finished their sentence, they were freed and referred to as "freedmen" or "freed
750:
have similarly struggled with their respective tribes over the terms of citizenship in contemporary times. The tribes have wanted to limit those who can benefit from tribal citizenship, in an era in which gaming casinos are yielding considerable revenues for members. The majority of members of the
1282:
Levanoni, Amalia (2010). "PART II: EGYPT AND SYRIA (ELEVENTH CENTURY UNTIL THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST) – The Mamlūks in Egypt and Syria: the
Turkish Mamlūk sultanate (648–784/1250–1382) and the Circassian Mamlūk sultanate (784–923/1382–1517)". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.).
1512:. As in many military establishments to this day the authorities sought to instil an esprit de corps and a sense of duty among the young men. The Mamluks would have to live separately from the local populations in their garrisons, which included the Citadel and
751:
tribes have voted to limit membership. Descendants of freedmen, however, maintain that their rights to citizenship granted under the post-Civil War treaties should be restored. In 2017, the
Cherokee freedmen were granted citizenship again in the tribe.
764:
men". However, many of these who were freed wanted to claim the label "free men". But those who had come freely to
Australia wanted to reserve the label "free men" exclusively for themselves, distinguishing themselves above those who had been "freed".
658:, which assigned agents throughout the former Confederate states. The Bureau also founded schools to educate freedmen, both adults and children; helped freedmen negotiate labor contracts; and tried to minimize violence against freedmen. The era of
221:. In addition, Claudius passed legislation concerning slaves, including a law stating that sick slaves abandoned by their owners became freedmen if they recovered. The emperor was criticized for using freedmen in the Imperial Courts.
1486:. Furthermore, the Turks and Circassians had a ferocious reputation as warriors. The slaves were either purchased or abducted as boys, around the age of 13, and brought to the cities, most notably to Cairo and its
1349:
to serve as soldiers in their armies. Mamlūk units formed an integral part of Muslim armies from the third/ninth century, and Mamlūk involvement in government became an increasingly familiar occurrence in the
569:. Many brought slaves with them. Their numbers strengthened the French-speaking community of enslaved African peoples, as well as the free people of color. Other refugees from Saint-Domingue settled in
327:
from the 7th to the 20th centuries, peaking in the 18th and 19th centuries. This term, which covers the Arab-Muslim slave trade, is symmetrical with the term "Western slave trade", which refers to the
1134:
or drawn to it from all parts of the Muslim world by its wealth and prestige. Under their rule, Egypt passed through a period of prosperity and brilliance unparalleled since the days of the
629:
610:
516:
633:
1153:
were eligible for membership and careers within their closed military caste. The offspring of
Mamluks were free-born Muslims and hence excluded from the system: they became the
1450:. It is hard to discern the precise ethnic background of the Mamluks, given that they came from a number of ethnically mixed regions, but most are thought to have been
1579:
662:
was an attempt to establish new governments in the former
Confederacy and to bring freedmen into society as voting citizens. Northern church bodies, such as the
678:; they protected freedmen in voting polls and public facilities from violence and intimidation by white Southerners, which were common throughout the region.
1402:
who were naturalised to serve and fight for ruling Arab dynasties, are revered as some of the greatest warriors the world has ever known. Although the word
734:
In the late 20th century, the
Cherokee Nation voted for restrictions on membership to only those descendants of people listed as "Cherokee by blood" on the
1385:
232:, are thought to have been freedmen. A freedman who became rich and influential might still be looked down on by the traditional aristocracy as a vulgar
1601:"Cherokee Nation Attorney General Todd Hembree issues statement on Freedmen ruling, August 31, 2017 (Accessible in PDF format as of September 8, 2017"
670:, sent teachers to the South to assist in educating freedmen and their children, and eventually established several colleges for higher education.
1419:
1399:
1330:
966:
Freamon, Bernard K. (2019). "The "Mamluk/Ghulam
Phenomenon" – Slave Sultans, Soldiers, Eunuchs, and Concubines". In Freamon, Bernard K. (ed.).
809:
286:
1312:
1258:
991:
470:
336:
474:
1157:, the "sons of respectable people", who either fulfilled scribal and administrative functions or served as commanders of the non-Mamluk
602:
919:
460:
439:("sons of respectable people"), who either fulfilled scribal and administrative functions or served as commanders of the non-Mamluk
1600:
625:
693:
663:
1131:
648:
618:
550:, many free people of color, who were originally part of the revolution, fled the island as refugees after being attacked by
203:
limited their participation by law. Any future children of a freedman would be born free, with full rights of citizenship.
1022:
739:
729:
594:
290:
1643:
924:
504:
500:
371:
1130:, their capital, Cairo, the seat of the Sunni caliph and a magnet for scholars, artists, and craftsmen uprooted by the
705:
38:
1543:
1482:
of Arab rulers. As outsiders, they had no local loyalties, and would thus fight for whoever owned them, not unlike
1296:
1242:
880:
814:
804:
697:
598:
487:
794:
641:
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106:
1406:
translates as "one who is owned", the Mamluk soldiers proved otherwise, gaining a powerful military standing in
1415:
1411:
1358:
1014:
614:
280:
199:. During the early Empire, however, freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy, so much so that
192:
46:
1377:
435:
were regarded as Muslim freedmen, and hence excluded from the Arab-Muslim slave trade; they were known as the
1463:
937:
405:
93:
1564:
Cherokee Nation v. Raymond Nash, et al. and
Marilyn Vann, et al. and Ryan Zinke, Secretary of the Interior
1527:
1127:
1018:
789:
713:
383:
316:
89:
50:
1285:
The New
Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries
1115:
760:
527:) were generally referred to as "free Negroes" or "free Blacks". In addition, there was a population of
1561:
1657:
1430:
in the ninth century. The tradition was continued by the dynasties that followed them, including the
799:
655:
464:
413:
382:. For centuries, Arab-Muslim slave traders took and transported an estimated 10 to 15 million native
340:
1669:
1414:. They would also go on to hold political power for several centuries during a period known as the
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367:
351:
276:
225:
98:
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997:
717:
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659:
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535:
508:
347:
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when the Mamlūk establishment gained military and political domination during the reign of the
1227:"Part Two: Creolisation and Slavery – The Early Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade from Western Africa"
632:
made "All persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the United States. The
1685:
1491:
1423:
1308:
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1254:
1226:
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987:
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occupation soldiers were stationed throughout the South via military districts enacted by the
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574:
528:
114:
1503:
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979:
975:
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1021:. Ibn Khaldun's general observation about the paradoxical nature of slavery brings to mind
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and would be put through a rigorous military training regime that focused particularly on
1362:
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1123:
774:
709:
651:
637:
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Some freedmen enjoyed enormous success and became quite wealthy. The brothers who owned
1607:
1451:
1327:
784:
747:
621:
539:
409:
375:
77:
968:
Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures
761:
convicted people from the United Kingdom were sentenced to be transported to Australia
640:. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments are known as the "Civil War Amendments" or the "
534:
In addition, there were sizable communities of free peoples of African descent in the
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42:
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To help freedmen transition from slavery to freedom, including a free labor market,
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1442:). For centuries, the rulers of the Arab world recruited men from the lands of the
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73:
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argued that in the midst of the decadence that became the hallmark of the later
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gave voting rights to all adult males; only adult males had the franchise among
559:
520:
332:
218:
134:
69:
1544:"After Denying Care to African Natives, Indian Health Service Reverses Policy"
1210:
983:
606:
543:
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enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership, but active political freedom
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1114:, remained for the next two hundred years the most formidable power of the
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that had stayed in the Union. African slavery elsewhere was abolished by
563:
400:
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261:
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31:
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17:
1427:
1231:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
1198:
1174:
1103:
1081:
432:
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229:
200:
65:
1438:(it was the Fatimids who built the foundations of what is now Islamic
1580:"Judge Rules That Cherokee Freedmen Have Right To Tribal Citizenship"
1459:
1194:
1170:
1166:
1146:
1053:
971:
929:
304:
160:) in relation to his former master, who was called his or her patron
1065:
1042:
Stowasser, Karl (1984). "Manners and Customs at the Mamluk Court".
1439:
1268:
1206:
1111:
1095:
492:
486:
298:
118:
97:
76:(granted freedom as part of a larger group), or self-purchase. A
1150:
129:, "hand" (in the sense of holding or possessing something), and
845:
554:, particularly in the north of the island. Some went first to
491:
Freedman with an old horn used to call slaves photographed in
370:, and were imported by the Arab-Muslim slave traders into the
102:
519:. African slaves freed before the war (usually by individual
68:, usually by legal means. Historically, slaves were freed by
601:—to be permanently free. It did not end slavery in the four
303:
Arab-Muslim slave traders and their African captives in the
1323:
literally means 'owned' or 'slave', and was used for the
1161:
troops. Some two thousand slaves were imported annually:
1094:
The Mamluk slave warriors, with an empire extending from
738:
of the early 20th century, a decision that excluded most
503:, the terms "freedmen" and "freedwomen" refer chiefly to
1498:. A code of behaviour not too dissimilar to that of the
628:, though this did not guarantee them voting rights. The
145:, including the right to vote. A slave who had acquired
346:
The slaves of the Eastern slave trade came mainly from
1641:
1378:"Warrior kings: A look at the history of the Mamluks"
1633:
Convict words: Language in early colonial Australia.
228:, one of the biggest and most magnificent houses in
716:that held enslaved Africans before and during the
597:—states in rebellion and not under the control of
213:set a precedent whereby freedmen could be used as
1420:long history of slave soldiers in the Middle East
1418:. Before the Mamluks rose to power, there was a
1384:. Oxford Business Group. 2012. pp. 332–334.
1357:. The road to absolute rule lay open before them
1542:Walker, Mark; Cameron, Chris (October 8, 2021).
1037:
1035:
1033:
864:. University of Michigan. pp. 23 & 209.
80:is a person who escaped enslavement by fleeing.
1480:were recruited forcibly to reinforce the armies
1422:, with many recruited into Arab armies by the
920:"Indian Ocean and Middle Eastern Slave Trades"
904:. American Philological Society. p. 564.
567:invaded Spanish territories in Western Europe
311:The term "Eastern slave trade" refers to the
109:and two women, probably his wife and daughter
8:
913:
911:
562:in 1808 and 1809 after being expelled when
970:. Studies in Global Slavery. Vol. 8.
624:, gave the formerly enslaved peoples full
175:, though later Latin texts used the terms
1398:The Mamluks, who descended from non-Arab
593:of 1863 declared all enslaved peoples in
121:. The act of freeing a slave was called
1648:
832:
611:13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
609:action or with the ratification of the
517:13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
64:is a person who has been released from
1388:from the original on 25 September 2020
862:The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic
287:History of slavery in the Muslim world
252:, is a caricature of such a freedman.
1506:was also inculcated and was known as
471:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
337:European colonization of the Americas
267:Arab-Muslim and North African slavery
171:As a social class, freed slaves were
7:
1365:, al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb (r. 637–47/1240–9).
918:La Rue, George M. (17 August 2023).
901:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law
475:Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves
443:troops, serving the ruling Arab and
195:, nor could they achieve legitimate
1635:Oxford University Press, USA, 2002.
810:Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island
412:peoples, from coastal areas of the
117:in allowing freed slaves to become
72:(granted freedom by their owners),
1382:The Report – Egypt 2012: The Guide
25:
507:emancipated during and after the
461:Abolitionism in the United States
1663:
1651:
1492:they would be converted to Islam
1149:himself or of one of the Mamluk
626:citizenship in the United States
558:, from where they immigrated to
137:, a slave who had belonged to a
877:The Freedman in the Roman World
664:American Missionary Association
30:For people named Freedman, see
946:10.1093/OBO/9780199846733-0051
133:, the act of releasing. After
1:
1631:pp. 89-95. Laugesen, Amanda.
1305:10.1017/CHOL9780521839570.010
730:Cherokee freedmen controversy
546:. Due to the violence of the
291:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
1251:10.1017/CBO9781139016407.011
925:Oxford Bibliographies Online
860:Millar, Fergus (1998–2002).
501:history of the United States
372:Middle East and North Africa
1132:Mongol upheaval in the East
706:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
107:Tiberius Claudius Chryseros
39:Freeman (Thirteen Colonies)
1702:
1297:Cambridge University Press
1243:Cambridge University Press
1052:(The Art of the Mamluks).
1015:Muslim thinking on slavery
881:Cambridge University Press
875:Mouritsen, Henrik (2011).
727:
685:
617:, passed over the veto of
468:
458:
386:to slavery throughout the
284:
270:
259:
187:were not entitled to hold
87:
36:
29:
1416:Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
984:10.1163/9789004398795_006
642:Reconstruction Amendments
591:Emancipation Proclamation
536:French Caribbean colonies
513:Emancipation Proclamation
479:Emancipation Proclamation
378:, and the islands of the
339:, and which includes the
1566:ruling, August 30, 2017"
1408:various Muslim societies
682:Native American freedmen
615:Civil Rights Act of 1866
333:Western coasts of Africa
281:Indian Ocean slave trade
47:Freeman (disambiguation)
37:Not to be confused with
938:Oxford University Press
815:Freedman's Savings Bank
805:Freedmen's Bureau bills
94:Slavery in ancient Rome
1529:Constitution Annotated
1363:Ayyūbid ruler of Egypt
894:Berger, Adolf (1953).
841:"Slaves & Freemen"
795:Freedmen's Aid Society
714:Native American tribes
613:in December 1865. The
496:
317:early Muslim conquests
308:
110:
90:Ancient Roman freedmen
51:Freed (disambiguation)
1116:Eastern Mediterranean
505:former African slaves
490:
469:Further information:
302:
285:Further information:
242:, a character in the
101:
1613:on November 16, 2018
1299:. pp. 237–284.
1245:. pp. 177–207.
1225:Green, Toby (2012).
978:. pp. 219–244.
465:Atlantic slave trade
414:Mediterranean Region
341:Atlantic slave trade
1138:. They ruled as a
1128:Islam's holy places
1019:early days of Islam
790:Freedman's Hospital
676:Reconstruction Acts
368:Indian subcontinent
352:Northwestern Africa
277:Barbary slave trade
226:House of the Vettii
113:Rome differed from
1548:The New York Times
718:American Civil War
668:Free Will Baptists
556:Spanish-ruled Cuba
548:Haitian Revolution
509:American Civil War
497:
396:enslaved Europeans
348:Sub-Saharan Africa
335:that supplied the
315:that supplied the
309:
295:Turkish Abductions
111:
1582:. npr. 2017-08-31
1464:from the Caucasus
1337:, purchased from
1314:978-1-139-05615-1
1260:978-1-107-01436-7
1011:Abbasid Caliphate
993:978-90-04-36481-3
800:Freedmen's Bureau
740:Cherokee Freedmen
724:Cherokee freedmen
712:were among those
656:Freedmen's Bureau
529:African Americans
447:dynasties in the
431:The offspring of
193:state priesthoods
183:interchangeably.
153:("freed person",
119:plebeian citizens
115:Greek city-states
105:for the freedman
16:(Redirected from
1693:
1668:
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1666:
1656:
1655:
1654:
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1606:. Archived from
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1576:
1570:
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1552:
1551:
1539:
1533:
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1519:
1518:
1516:, also in Cairo.
1504:Code of Chivalry
1500:European knights
1395:
1393:
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1367:
1343:Eurasian steppes
1319:The Arabic term
1279:
1273:
1272:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1058:Brill Publishers
1039:
1028:
1027:
976:Brill Publishers
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957:
956:
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952:
915:
906:
905:
891:
885:
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872:
866:
865:
857:
851:
850:
837:
780:Choctaw freedmen
744:Choctaw freedmen
702:Chickasaw Nation
688:Choctaw freedmen
542:(now Haiti) and
426:Eurasian steppes
360:Slavic countries
329:triangular trade
313:Arab slave trade
273:Arab slave trade
21:
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1700:
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1695:
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1560:
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1540:
1536:
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1478:). The Mamluks
1466:(predominantly
1410:, particularly
1391:
1389:
1376:
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1371:
1315:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1261:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1126:, guardians of
1124:Sunni orthodoxy
1122:– champions of
1066:10.2307/1523052
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965:
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820:Freedmen's town
775:Black Seminoles
770:
757:
732:
726:
694:Cherokee Nation
690:
684:
652:Abraham Lincoln
638:White Americans
595:the Confederacy
587:
485:
467:
459:Main articles:
457:
356:Southern Europe
319:throughout the
307:, 19th century.
297:
283:
271:Main articles:
269:
264:
258:
197:senatorial rank
149:was known as a
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88:Main articles:
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1424:Abbasid rulers
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785:Creek Freedmen
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748:Creek freedmen
728:Main article:
725:
722:
698:Choctaw Nation
686:Main article:
683:
680:
660:Reconstruction
649:U.S. President
634:15th Amendment
630:14th Amendment
622:Andrew Johnson
619:U.S. President
586:
583:
540:Saint-Domingue
456:
453:
404:), as well as
376:Horn of Africa
268:
265:
260:Main article:
257:
254:
215:civil servants
85:
82:
78:fugitive slave
26:
24:
14:
13:
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1658:United States
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1347:Muslim rulers
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1335:Pagan origins
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217:in the Roman
216:
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43:The Freed Man
40:
33:
19:
1670:Roman Empire
1632:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1595:
1584:. Retrieved
1574:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1537:
1528:
1523:
1514:Rhoda Island
1507:
1496:horsemanship
1448:Central Asia
1403:
1397:
1390:. Retrieved
1381:
1372:
1339:Central Asia
1320:
1318:
1284:
1277:
1230:
1220:
1158:
1155:awlād al-nās
1154:
1120:Indian Ocean
1093:
1049:
1043:
1005:
967:
961:
949:. Retrieved
923:
902:
898:
895:
889:
876:
870:
861:
855:
844:
835:
758:
733:
710:Creek Nation
691:
654:created the
646:
588:
585:Emancipation
552:slave rebels
533:
521:manumissions
498:
449:Muslim world
440:
437:awlād al-nās
436:
430:
422:Central Asia
399:
394:. They also
392:Muslim world
380:Indian Ocean
345:
325:Muslim world
310:
243:
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223:
205:
184:
180:
176:
172:
170:
161:
157:
150:
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130:
126:
122:
112:
103:Cinerary urn
84:Ancient Rome
74:emancipation
61:
57:
55:
27:Former slave
1484:mercenaries
1470:, but also
1355:Middle East
1183:Circassians
1171:Uzbec Turks
1143:aristocracy
1108:Arabian Sea
1007:Ibn Khaldun
736:Dawes Rolls
560:New Orleans
531:born free.
523:, often in
256:Scandinavia
219:bureaucracy
135:manumission
70:manumission
1586:2017-09-01
1468:Circassian
1269:2011015312
1211:Hungarians
1017:since the
951:6 February
897:libertinus
827:References
571:Charleston
544:Guadeloupe
538:, such as
483:Free Negro
424:, and the
398:(known as
366:, and the
240:Trimalchio
143:(libertas)
123:manumissio
62:freedwoman
1617:March 26,
1509:Furusiyya
1289:Cambridge
1235:Cambridge
1203:Albanians
1191:Armenians
1187:Georgians
1136:Ptolemies
1100:Euphrates
1090:191377149
1074:0732-2992
1060:: 13–20.
1002:191690007
755:Australia
672:U.S. Army
599:the Union
406:Caucasian
250:Petronius
245:Satyricon
185:Libertini
181:libertini
1686:Freedmen
1680:Category
1476:Georgian
1472:Armenian
1454:(mainly
1444:Caucasus
1436:Ayyubids
1432:Fatimids
1412:in Egypt
1386:Archived
1359:in Egypt
1352:medieval
1341:and the
1293:New York
1239:New York
1140:military
1118:and the
1110:and the
1045:Muqarnas
934:New York
768:See also
666:and the
579:New York
575:Savannah
564:Napoleon
515:and the
401:Saqaliba
384:Africans
364:Caucasus
262:Leysingi
208:Claudian
177:libertus
164:patronus
155:feminine
151:libertus
147:libertas
58:freedman
32:Friedman
18:Freedmen
1644:Portals
1490:. Here
1488:Citadel
1456:Kipchak
1428:Baghdad
1392:1 March
1328:Turkish
1199:Bulgars
1175:Mongols
1163:Qipchaq
1106:to the
1104:Cilicia
1102:, from
1098:to the
1082:1523052
511:by the
499:In the
445:Ottoman
433:Mamluks
418:Balkans
331:on the
230:Pompeii
201:Hadrian
173:liberti
158:liberta
125:, from
66:slavery
1452:Turkic
1404:mamluk
1400:slaves
1331:slaves
1321:mamlūk
1311:
1267:
1257:
1195:Greeks
1167:Azeris
1147:sultan
1088:
1080:
1072:
1054:Leiden
1000:
990:
972:Leiden
930:Oxford
708:, and
577:, and
495:, 1939
481:, and
416:, the
410:Turkic
374:, the
362:, the
305:Sahara
293:, and
279:, and
131:missio
1611:(PDF)
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1440:Cairo
1325:White
1207:Serbs
1179:Avars
1159:ḥalqa
1151:emirs
1112:Sudan
1096:Libya
1086:S2CID
1078:JSTOR
1023:Hegel
998:S2CID
759:Many
607:state
525:wills
493:Texas
441:ḥalqa
127:manus
49:, or
1619:2019
1474:and
1458:and
1446:and
1434:and
1394:2021
1309:ISBN
1291:and
1265:LCCN
1255:ISBN
1237:and
1070:ISSN
988:ISBN
953:2024
932:and
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692:The
589:The
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321:Arab
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1345:by
1333:of
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