544:, but states have enacted stricter laws to address how independent contractors should be defined. For example, a Massachusetts law states that companies can hire independent contractors only to perform work that is "outside the usual course of business of the employer," meaning workers working on the company's core business must be classified as employees. According to this statute, a software engineering firm cannot outsource work to a software engineering consultant, without hiring the consultant as an employee. The firm could, however, hire an independent contractor working as an electrician, interior decorator, or painter. This raises questions about the common practice of consulting, because a company would typically hire a
536:. The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) recommended that the Secretary of Labor have its Wage and Hour Division "focus on misclassification of employees as independent contractors during targeted investigations." The increased regulation is meant to ensure workers are treated fairly and that companies are not misclassifying workers as independent contractors to avoid paying appropriate employment taxes and contributions to workers' compensation and unemployment compensation.
356:
freedom and flexibility that freelancing offers, while male survey respondents indicated they freelance to follow or pursue personal passions. Freelancing also enables people to obtain higher levels of employment in isolated communities. The ability to pick and choose who the freelancer works with is another benefit. The freelancer interviews a potential client and they get to pick whether or not to work with that individual or company.
1987:
229:
5618:
5642:
376:. Websites, books, portals and organizations for freelancers often feature advice on getting and keeping a steady work stream. Beside the lack of job security, many freelancers also report the ongoing hassle of dealing with employers who don't pay on time and the possibility of long periods without work. Additionally, freelancers do not receive employment benefits such as a
5630:
529:
creative, managerial, scientific and technical occupations; they are not a homogeneous group and as such, they cannot be considered or investigated as a whole. They are generally characterised by a large portion of autonomy, a high labour productivity, knowledge intensive performance, social commitment and a large dose of entrepreneurship and specialisation.
567:. In that case, freelance writers sued publishers for copyright violations, though the case was eventually settled for the benefit of freelance writers whether or not they had registered their copyright with the Copyright Office. Copyright is rescinded only when a freelancer signs a contract specifying that they are "
404:
According to research conducted in 2005 by the
Professional Writers Association of Canada on Canadian journalists and editors, there is a wage gap between staff and freelance journalists. While the typical Canadian full-time freelancer is female, between 35 and 55, holding a college diploma and often
395:
Freelancers often earn less than their employed counterparts, although sometimes the opposite is true. While most freelancers have at least ten years of experience prior to working independently, experienced freelancers do not always earn an income equal to that of full-time employment. Feedback from
197:
method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, or upon completion. For more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes. One of the drawbacks of freelancing is that there
464:
are heavily reliant on the
Internet to provide economical access to remote workers, and frequently leverage technology to manage workflow to and from the employer. Much computer freelance work is being outsourced to developing countries outside the United States and Europe. International freelancers
326:
In 2016, the
Freelancers Union estimated that 35% of the workforce in the United States was self-employed (approximately 55 million). This workforce earned an estimated $ 1 trillion from freelancing in 2016—a significant share of the U.S. economy. In 2017, a study by MBO Partners estimated the total
524:
defines a self-employed person as someone: "pursuing a gainful activity for their own account, under the conditions laid down by national law". In the exercise of such an activity, the personal element is of special importance and such exercise always involves a large measure of independence in the
435:
is often cited as an attractive feature of freelancing, yet research suggests that it introduces new sets of constraints for the process of doing work, particularly for married women with families, who continue to bear the brunt of household chores and childcare despite increases in their paid work
560:
In the United States, where the federal constitution automatically grants ownership of the copyright only to the author, the contract agreement must explicitly use the language, that the product is "work for hire", and that the copyright is transferred to the client. Otherwise, only the freelancer
528:
The
European Forum of Independent Professionals defines freelancers as: "a highly-skilled subset of self-employed workers, without employers nor employees, offering specialised services of an intellectual and knowledge-based nature". Independent professionals work on a flexible basis in a range of
400:
tend to attract low-paying clients that, although demanding very high standards, pay ~$ 10 per hour or less. Low-cost suppliers frequently offer to work at rates as low as $ 1–$ 2 per hour. Because most projects require bidding, professionals will not bid because they refuse to work at such rates.
355:
Freelancers have a variety of reasons for freelancing, the perceived benefits differ by gender, industry, and lifestyle. For instance, the 2012 Freelance
Industry Report reported that men and women freelance for different reasons. Female survey respondents indicated that they prefer the scheduling
359:
Freelancing is also taken up by workers who have been laid-off, who cannot find full-time employment, or for those industries such as journalism which are relying increasingly on contingent labor rather than full-time staff. Freelancers also consist of students trying to make ends meet during the
539:
At the same time, this increased enforcement is affecting companies whose business models are based on using non-employee workers, as well as independent professionals who have chosen to work as independent contractors. For example, book publishing companies have traditionally outsourced certain
214:
The question of ownership of a work's copyright arises when its author produces it on behalf of a client. The matter is governed by copyright law, which varies by country. The default ownership lies with the client in some countries and with the freelancing author in others. The degree to which
540:
tasks like indexing and proofreading to individuals working as independent contractors. Self-employed accountants and attorneys have traditionally hired out their services to accounting and law firms needing assistance. The U.S. Internal
Revenue Service offers some guidance on what constitutes
472:
for freelancers and buyers. Service providers or sellers create a profile where they include a description of the services they offer, examples of their work, and, in some cases, information about their rates. Buyers register and complete a basic profile, and then post projects outlining their
500:
Many periodicals and newspapers offer the option of ghost signing, when a freelance writer signs with an editor but their name is not listed on the byline of their article(s). This allows the writer to receive benefits while still being classified as a freelancer, and independent of any set
346:
revealed that the majority of its North
American workers are women. Catherine McKercher's research on journalism as a profession has showcased that while media organizations are still male-dominated, the reverse is true for freelance journalists and editors, whose ranks are mainly women.
480:
Freelance marketplaces have globalized competition for some jobs, allowing workers in high- and low-income countries to compete with one another. According to a 2016 study by the McKinsey Global
Institute, 15% of independent workers used online marketplaces to find work.
156:
freelancing, nearly half of freelancers do writing work, with 18% of freelancers listing writing as a primary skill, 10% editing/copy-editing, and 10% as copy-writing. 20% of freelancers listed their primary skills as design. Next on the list was translating (8%),
1848:
341:
Freelancing is a gendered form of work. The 2012 Freelance
Industry Report estimated that more than 71% of freelancers are women between the ages of 30 and 50. Surveys of other specific areas of freelancing have similar trends. Demographic research on
440:, raises concerns over how both physical isolation and continuous access enabled with networked digital media puts pressure on homeworkers to demonstrate their commitments through continual responses by email and to conceal their family or home life.
436:
time. For instance, three years of ethnographic research about teleworkers in
Australia conducted by Melissa Gregg, a Principal Engineer and Researcher in Residence for the Intel Science and Technology Center for Social Computing at
192:
Payment for freelance work also depends on industry, skills, experience and location. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, a piece rate, or on a per-project basis. Instead of a flat rate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a
5296:
612:
Only in modern times has the term morphed from a noun (a freelance) into an adjective (a freelance journalist), a verb (a journalist who freelances) and an adverb (they worked freelance), as well as into the noun "freelancer".
525:
accomplishment of the professional activities. This definition comes from Directive (2010/41/EU) on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity.
561:
will own the right to reproduce the work. Registration of copyright is not required for ownership of these rights; however, litigation against infringement may require registration, as documented in the class action lawsuit,
5311:
601:" (indicating that the lance is not sworn to any lord's services, not that the lance is available free of charge). It changed to a figurative noun around the 1860s and was recognized as a verb in 1903 by authorities in
188:
or writing, freelancers may work for free or do work "on spec" to build their reputations or a relationship with a publication. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients.
1844:
508:
Freelancers often must handle contracts, legal issues, accounting, marketing, and other business functions by themselves. If they do choose to pay for professional services, they can sometimes turn into significant
846:
876:
1935:
96:
to designate the tax and employment classes of this type of worker, the term "freelancing" is most common in culture and creative industries, and use of this term may indicate participation therein.
5282:
286:
A 2018 McKinsey study found that up to 162 million people in Europe and the United States engage in some form of independent work. It represents 20-30 percent of the entire working age population.
939:
1744:
1668:
405:
a graduate degree, she typically earns about $ 29,999 Canadian dollars before taxes. Meanwhile, a staff journalist of similar age and experience level working full-time at outlets such as the
1553:
421:-Communications Workers of America. Given the gendered stratification of journalism, with more women working as freelancers than men, this disparity in income can be interpreted as a form of
647:
1085:
319:
estimated that 1 in 3 workers in the United States was self-employed (approximately 42 million), with more than four million (43%) of those self-employed workers as members of the
323:, a stratum of work specifically associated with freelance industries, such as knowledge workers, technologists, professional writers, artists, entertainers, and media workers.
1015:
816:
429:
report showed no significant difference between the earnings of male and female freelancers, though part-time freelancers generally earned less than full-time freelancers.
180:
Depending on the industry, freelance work practices vary and have changed over time. In some industries such as consulting, freelancers may require clients to sign written
1905:
838:
239:
5289:
1045:
1111:
868:
1927:
711:
Hesmondhalgh, David; Baker, Sarah (2010). "'A very complicated version of freedom': Conditions and experiences of creative labour in three cultural industries".
5301:
782:
296:. At that time, there were approximately 10.3 million United States workers (7.4% of the workforce) employed as independent contractors of all sorts. In 2011,
1300:
571:," or if they are hired into employment. These rights are further specified in U.S. copyright law, Section 101 in the Copyright Act of 1976 (17 USC §101).
289:
The total number of freelancers in USA is inexact, as of 2013, the most recent governmental report on independent contractors was published in 2005 by the
1331:
4274:
1394:
931:
426:
1767:"Directive (2010/41/EU) on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity"
1421:
1736:
1676:
1545:
622:
5321:
3236:
1871:"Massachusetts General Laws. Chapter 149: Section 148B. Persons performing service not authorized under this chapter deemed employees; exception"
1770:
5331:
3231:
1822:
1523:
1077:
532:
In the U.S. in 2009, federal and state agencies began increasing their oversight of freelancers and other workers whom employers classify as
2021:
906:
1201:
Mendes, Kaitlynn; Kumarini Silva; Catherine McKercher; Yan Wub (24 August 2009). "Women, Labor, Media, and the Economy Kaitlynn Mendes".
338:
rose from 9.2% in 2001 to 10.7% in 2011. It has been estimated, however, that there are approximately 1.7 million freelancers in the UK.
5669:
2528:
1165:
452:
has opened up many freelance opportunities, expanded available markets, and has contributed to service sector growth in many economies.
1702:
5306:
4086:
1023:
5326:
3332:
1480:
1452:
808:
273:
5044:
3019:
1138:
965:
72:
and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by a company or a
2777:
1897:
563:
4314:
1874:
331:
76:
that resells freelance labor to clients; others work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work.
1052:
988:
5674:
5621:
3179:
2044:
1793:"Employee Misclassification: Improved Coordination, Outreach, and Targeting Could Better Ensure Detection and Prevention"
1353:
1107:
4428:
3249:
308:, a private research company, estimated that 26% (approx. 81 million) of the United States population was a part of the
4279:
4137:
3657:
3639:
3291:
1612:"Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods"
88:
989:"Contingent Workforce Management: The Next-Generation Guidebook to Managing the Modern Contingent Workforce Umbrella"
473:
requirements. Buyers will then bid for these projects on a fixed price or hourly basis. Many of these websites have
255:
1991:
1796:
775:
4344:
3259:
3024:
1503:
505:
violations in the UK). Ghost signing has little bearing on whether a writer is a freelancer or employee in the US.
293:
136:
31:
1293:"The Ultimate Freelancer's Guide: Everything You Need to Know About Getting Jobs, Getting Paid, and Getting Ahead"
5141:
4597:
4147:
4132:
4105:
3755:
3585:
1292:
607:
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semester. In interviews, and on blogs about freelancing, freelancers list choice and flexibility as a benefit.
5488:
5229:
4396:
4289:
4157:
2014:
1323:
290:
1386:
1417:
992:
417:
newspapers, earned at least $ 63,500 Canadian dollars that year, the top scale rate negotiated by the union,
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4961:
4192:
4076:
3696:
3580:
3106:
2138:
657:
301:
5592:
5572:
5483:
5478:
4517:
4443:
3949:
3944:
3689:
3219:
2503:
2498:
1961:
533:
510:
343:
81:
5633:
1272:
McKercher, Catherine (September 2009). "Writing on the Margins: Precarity and the Freelance Journalist".
5428:
5343:
5077:
4954:
4673:
4651:
4602:
4152:
3910:
3774:
3296:
3242:
3214:
2548:
2371:
2185:
667:
652:
552:
to address business-specific needs that are not "outside the usual course of business of the employer."
545:
389:
215:
either moral or economic ownership of a work for hire may be modified contractually varies by country.
1766:
1575:
Yoganarasimhan, Hema (1 November 2013). "The Value of Reputation in an Online Freelance Marketplace".
5503:
4935:
4791:
4504:
3999:
3893:
3509:
3266:
3209:
3204:
2585:
2348:
2031:
637:
453:
309:
112:
3796:
5645:
5587:
5562:
5445:
5219:
5176:
5136:
5102:
4836:
4803:
4661:
4475:
4455:
4187:
4015:
3994:
3750:
3482:
2905:
2007:
1818:
521:
517:
418:
194:
5540:
5535:
5348:
5181:
4708:
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3045:
2809:
2665:
2610:
2605:
2299:
1218:
627:
477:
sections that affect the reputation of freelancers who list there, and which may be manipulated.
457:
899:
388:, which can be a serious hardship for freelancers residing in countries such as the US without
5408:
5224:
5198:
5186:
5171:
5082:
4930:
4757:
4656:
4587:
4269:
4264:
4204:
4197:
4162:
3925:
3740:
3648:
3396:
3349:
3226:
3086:
3076:
3041:
3031:
2999:
2942:
2937:
2840:
2128:
2086:
1710:
1649:
1631:
1592:
1519:
1458:
1448:
632:
369:
316:
172:
will comprise 40% (approx.) of the workforce at the projected growth rate from the same time.
73:
1176:
5510:
5438:
5433:
5001:
4979:
4939:
4915:
4879:
4851:
4831:
4779:
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4564:
4359:
4142:
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4098:
3979:
3864:
3781:
3723:
3502:
3359:
3354:
3318:
3157:
2900:
2885:
2862:
2835:
2406:
2378:
2202:
2173:
2106:
1639:
1623:
1584:
1509:
1249:
1210:
728:
720:
584:
413:
385:
297:
92:
5567:
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5146:
5009:
4864:
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4764:
4752:
4731:
4607:
4592:
4374:
4369:
4209:
4120:
4004:
3989:
3984:
3765:
3679:
3460:
3303:
3283:
2989:
2742:
2533:
2466:
2242:
2190:
2153:
1476:
1390:
662:
541:
373:
251:
199:
158:
69:
206:
platforms to protect themselves or work with local clients that can be held accountable.
164:
In 2018, freelancing was projected to grow to $ 20–$ 30 billion in the next 5–7 years in
869:"This Survey of 21,000 Freelancers From 170 Countries Shows What Having No Boss Is Like"
5545:
5468:
5234:
5119:
5097:
4884:
4871:
4814:
4747:
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4339:
4093:
4065:
4030:
3971:
3529:
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3374:
3369:
3322:
3271:
3165:
3081:
2857:
2796:
2670:
2523:
2518:
2461:
2436:
2353:
2222:
2113:
2101:
2071:
1644:
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696:
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422:
407:
397:
320:
305:
203:
120:
1986:
1134:
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5582:
5092:
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4727:
4537:
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4051:
4035:
3903:
3889:
3770:
3733:
3664:
3596:
3590:
3575:
3470:
3455:
3363:
3014:
2867:
2850:
2830:
2804:
2645:
2590:
2426:
2212:
2096:
1698:
1546:""Sharing economy" shams: Deception at the core of the Internet's hottest businesses"
1222:
961:
568:
461:
169:
153:
304:, estimated that number of freelancers had grown by one million. While in 2012, the
5525:
5460:
5413:
5109:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4974:
4969:
4634:
4492:
4219:
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4044:
4040:
4008:
3898:
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3791:
3716:
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3601:
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3450:
3405:
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3101:
3065:
3060:
3036:
2952:
2845:
2722:
2543:
2383:
2338:
2328:
2294:
2195:
128:
1870:
900:"Authors, Attribution, and Integrity: Examining Moral Rights in the United States"
501:
organization. In some countries this can lead to taxation issues (e.g., so-called
724:
465:
use their skills in English to enable greater pay and flexibility in their work.
330:
The total number of freelancers in UK is also inexact; however, figures from the
5577:
5557:
5530:
5356:
5114:
5014:
4712:
4701:
4696:
4644:
4522:
4512:
4381:
4081:
3837:
3806:
3801:
3760:
3669:
3445:
3420:
3415:
3384:
3141:
3096:
3004:
2984:
2717:
2640:
2600:
2488:
2343:
2232:
2217:
2207:
2163:
2143:
2063:
1161:
474:
469:
432:
335:
124:
1254:
1237:
5450:
5420:
5403:
5381:
5191:
5124:
5061:
5056:
4769:
4717:
4542:
4465:
4364:
4259:
3937:
3847:
3832:
3815:
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3568:
3487:
3337:
3071:
2967:
2947:
2878:
2712:
2685:
2471:
2362:
2358:
2333:
2247:
2148:
2091:
1360:
1214:
691:
549:
401:
This has the effect of reducing the overall quality of the services provided.
381:
185:
132:
116:
99:
Fields, professions, and industries where freelancing is predominant include:
1714:
1635:
1627:
1596:
1462:
513:. Working hours can extend beyond the standard working day and working week.
5552:
5498:
5398:
5376:
5361:
5163:
4894:
4786:
4722:
4619:
4532:
4487:
4423:
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3544:
3539:
3534:
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3131:
3111:
2994:
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2650:
2625:
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2451:
2366:
2252:
2227:
642:
602:
594:
437:
1653:
1588:
839:"With freelancing on the rise, India's gig economy is going strong: report"
1514:
5493:
5203:
5131:
4819:
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4527:
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4239:
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3055:
2979:
2727:
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2655:
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2441:
2311:
2286:
2274:
1792:
1078:"Cyclical and Structural Forces Behind the Growing Independent Workforce"
449:
181:
152:
According to the 2012 Freelance Industry Report compiled primarily about
17:
327:
number of self-employed Americans aged 21 and above to be 40.9 million.
5388:
5371:
5151:
5019:
4949:
4925:
4824:
4460:
4386:
4021:
3961:
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2972:
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2732:
2707:
2700:
2690:
2630:
2563:
2558:
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2318:
2081:
2076:
1898:"It Took 17 Years: Freelancers Receive $ 9 Million in Copyright Suit"
932:"Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy | McKinsey"
485:
108:
1166:"Who are the Turkers? Worker Demographics in Amazon Mechanical Turk"
520:
does not define "freelancers" in any legislative text. However, the
1999:
1957:
1238:"Educational Pathways to Remote Employment in Isolated Communities"
5393:
5366:
4920:
4691:
4554:
4418:
4326:
4229:
3932:
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2178:
2168:
2133:
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2930:
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2237:
2118:
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768:
766:
764:
762:
502:
489:
5257:
5042:
4312:
2775:
2042:
2003:
1610:
Graham, Mark; Hjorth, Isis; Lehdonvirta, Vili (16 March 2017).
4234:
3553:
3475:
3184:
2323:
2158:
222:
1845:"Massachusetts Independent Contractor/Misclassification Law"
1359:. Professional Writers Association of Canada. Archived from
1737:"People are outraged over this Fiverr subway advertisement"
238:
deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a
1669:"Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy"
1502:
Haidar, Julieta; Keune, Maarten, eds. (23 November 2021),
1795:. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 10 August 2009.
1267:
1265:
648:
Misclassification of employees as independent contractors
312:, a category of casual labor that includes freelancing.
1505:
Work and Labour Relations in Global Platform Capitalism
247:
1703:"The Gig Economy Celebrates Working Yourself to Death"
1819:"Independent Contractor (Self-Employed) or Employee?"
198:
is no guaranteed payment, and the work can be highly
135:
that some cultural theorists consider central to the
1108:"UK consulting market grows 7 per cent to 6 billion"
5459:
5342:
5268:
5212:
5162:
5055:
4905:
4845:
4802:
4672:
4563:
4503:
4407:
4325:
4173:
4064:
3970:
3627:
3395:
3195:
2795:
2788:
2578:
2399:
2285:
2062:
2055:
202:. In order to ensure payment, many freelancers use
1479:. Central Intelligence Agency. 20 September 2007.
905:. United States Copyright Office. pp. 15–16.
1236:Denkenberger, D.; Way, J.; Pearce, J. M. (2015).
1616:Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research
131:, film and video production, and other forms of
30:"Freelance" redirects here. For other uses, see
1847:. The Attorney General of Massachusetts. 2008.
1821:. U.S. Internal Revenue Service. 15 June 2009.
27:Self-employed worker with no committed employer
492:, have been criticized as exploiting workers.
68:, are terms commonly used for a person who is
2015:
236:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
964:. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 29 July 2005.
1354:"2005 Canadian Professional Writers Survey"
1324:"Safety Nets for Freelancers (Opinionator)"
5265:
5254:
5052:
5039:
4322:
4309:
2792:
2785:
2772:
2059:
2052:
2039:
2022:
2008:
2000:
1016:"Geography of America's Freelance Economy"
427:Professional Writers Association of Canada
396:members suggests that web portals such as
1643:
1513:
1253:
732:
274:Learn how and when to remove this message
623:Career-oriented social networking market
683:
1873:. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
1747:from the original on 11 November 2017
1556:from the original on 11 November 2017
1114:from the original on 22 December 2015
898:Register of Copyrights (April 2019).
7:
5629:
1964:from the original on 6 December 2012
1938:from the original on 7 November 2018
1928:"Copyrights and Works Made for Hire"
1908:from the original on 7 November 2018
1877:from the original on 19 October 2009
1851:from the original on 22 October 2009
1825:from the original on 2 November 2009
1397:from the original on 8 February 2022
1322:Bornstein, David (6 December 2011).
1141:from the original on 1 February 2014
1088:from the original on 17 October 2017
809:"The State of the Freelance Economy"
788:from the original on 10 October 2016
746:
744:
1799:from the original on 8 October 2009
1773:from the original on 24 August 2015
1303:from the original on 11 August 2020
879:from the original on 26 August 2018
1483:from the original on 18 March 2021
912:from the original on 23 April 2019
25:
1334:from the original on 1 April 2013
962:"Independent contractors in 2005"
942:from the original on 3 April 2019
468:Freelance marketplaces provide a
368:Freelancing, like other forms of
5640:
5628:
5617:
5616:
1985:
1958:"Search results for 'freelance'"
1896:Peiser, Jaclyn (30 April 2018).
1424:from the original on 18 May 2013
995:from the original on 3 July 2023
849:from the original on 13 May 2019
819:from the original on 13 May 2013
776:"Freelance Industry Report 2012"
444:Internet and online marketplaces
227:
5641:
3176:Outdoors & sports equipment
968:from the original on 7 May 2009
807:Gregg, Tim (14 February 2013).
593:(1820) to describe a "medieval
564:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
1960:. Chambers Harrap dictionary.
1133:Bell, Anna (22 January 2014).
1046:"Freelancing in America: 2016"
1022:. The Atlantic. Archived from
484:These marketplaces, including
332:Office for National Statistics
1:
3180:Personal protective equipment
1990:The dictionary definition of
1387:"Division of Household Labor"
1160:Ross, Joel; Andrew Zaldivar;
168:, and the freelancers in the
725:10.1016/j.poetic.2009.10.001
384:, paid holidays, bonuses or
334:show that the proportion of
161:(5.5%), and marketing (4%).
1508:, Edward Elgar Publishing,
1477:"The World Factbook: India"
1418:"Of Housework and Husbands"
1175:: 2863–2872. Archived from
250:, discuss the issue on the
5691:
5670:Employment classifications
1255:10.12924/johs2015.11010034
583:is commonly attributed to
294:Bureau of Labor Statistics
137:cognitive-cultural economy
32:Freelance (disambiguation)
29:
5611:
5264:
5253:
5051:
5038:
4321:
4308:
2784:
2771:
2051:
2038:
1673:McKinsey Global Institute
1447:. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
1242:Journal of Human Security
1215:10.1080/14680770903068332
1164:; Bill Tomlinson (2010).
697:Dictionary.com Unabridged
608:Oxford English Dictionary
5489:Mergers and acquisitions
5230:Research and development
3595:Chemical & hormonal
3250:Communications equipment
1628:10.1177/1024258916687250
291:U.S. Department of Labor
4280:Painting and decorating
3304:Medical imaging systems
3237:Parts & peripherals
1443:Gregg, Melissa (2011).
1420:. Sociological Images.
843:The Hindu Business Line
751:Scholz, Trebor (2012).
658:Recruitment advertising
534:independent contractors
302:George Mason University
5593:State-owned enterprise
5573:Nonprofit organization
5484:Horizontal integration
3297:Scientific instruments
3260:Network infrastructure
1589:10.1287/mksc.2013.0809
1274:Feminist Media Studies
1203:Feminist Media Studies
1135:"Guide To Freelancers"
548:firm or self-employed
511:out-of-pocket expenses
344:Amazon Mechanical Turk
82:independent contractor
4936:Private investigation
1515:10.4337/9781802205138
668:Stringer (journalism)
653:Outline of consulting
546:management consulting
390:universal health care
5675:Temporary employment
5504:Vertical integration
3510:Speciality chemicals
3350:Electrical equipment
3267:Consumer electronics
638:Freelancing in India
454:Offshore outsourcing
310:contingent workforce
256:create a new article
248:improve this article
113:computer programming
5588:Sole proprietorship
5563:Joint-stock company
4837:Veterinary medicine
4662:Property management
4456:Passenger transport
3483:Commodity chemicals
3309:Optical instruments
3277:Video game consoles
3170:Musical instruments
3011:Media reproduction
1932:www.americanbar.org
1082:Small Business Labs
875:. 27 October 2017.
522:European Commission
518:European Commission
419:The Newspaper Guild
195:value-based pricing
143:Freelance practices
85:would be used in a
44:(sometimes spelled
5536:Putting-out system
5045:Information sector
4966:Personal services
4573:Financial services
4045:offshore platforms
3894:advanced materials
3875:Ready-mix concrete
3328:Laser construction
3288:Clocks and watches
3122:Injection moulding
3093:Other fabrication
3046:household hardware
1902:The New York Times
1385:Fang, Fang (ed.).
1058:on 23 October 2017
1026:on 22 October 2013
1014:Florida, Richard.
991:. Aberdeen Group.
845:. 9 January 2018.
628:Employment website
597:warrior" or "free-
458:online outsourcing
300:, an economist at
5657:
5656:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5434:Natural resources
5279:Production-based
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5187:Vocational school
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4265:Electrical wiring
4251:Specialty trades
4205:Civil engineering
4060:
4059:
3734:Vulcanized rubber
3530:Cleaning products
3370:Electric lighting
3087:Surface finishing
3077:Powder metallurgy
3032:Metal fabrication
2778:Industrial sector
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2666:Rare-earth metals
2574:
2573:
1701:(22 March 2017).
1577:Marketing Science
1552:. 14 March 2014.
1525:978-1-80220-513-8
1110:. 10 March 2015.
633:Freelancers Union
317:Freelancers Union
284:
283:
276:
258:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
5682:
5644:
5643:
5632:
5631:
5620:
5619:
5516:Enforced breakup
5511:Decentralization
5439:Physical capital
5266:
5255:
5053:
5040:
4916:Customer service
4832:Residential care
4780:Public relations
4588:Financial advice
4565:Asset management
4360:Department store
4323:
4310:
4290:Site preparation
4138:Telecom networks
4106:Waste management
4082:Gas distribution
3766:Synthetic fibers
3493:Industrial gases
3232:Computer systems
3166:Medical supplies
2793:
2786:
2773:
2203:Animal husbandry
2174:Medicinal plants
2060:
2053:
2040:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2001:
1989:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1769:. 15 July 2010.
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1679:on 27 April 2018
1675:. Archived from
1667:Manyika, James.
1664:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1517:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1170:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1084:. 13 June 2017.
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1051:. Archived from
1050:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
936:www.mckinsey.com
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
911:
904:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
787:
780:
772:
757:
756:
748:
739:
738:
736:
708:
702:
701:
688:
585:Sir Walter Scott
569:working for hire
414:Montreal Gazette
386:health insurance
298:Jeffrey Eisenach
279:
272:
268:
265:
259:
231:
230:
223:
95:
74:temporary agency
65:freelance worker
21:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5599:
5568:Nationalization
5455:
5425:Primary inputs
5346:
5338:
5271:
5270:Classification
5260:
5241:
5208:
5158:
5142:Social networks
5059:
5047:
5026:
5010:Business travel
4912:Administrative
4901:
4885:Amusement parks
4849:
4841:
4815:Dentist offices
4798:
4668:
4635:Pension funding
4608:Risk management
4593:Holding company
4559:
4499:
4411:
4403:
4375:Specialty store
4370:Online shopping
4317:
4296:
4169:
4056:
3966:
3623:
3581:Pharmaceuticals
3525:Aroma compounds
3461:Petroleum jelly
3391:
3380:Home appliances
3375:Electric motors
3323:spotting scopes
3284:Instrumentation
3197:
3191:
3173:Office supplies
2780:
2759:
2743:Dimension stone
2677:Other minerals
2622:Mining of ores
2570:
2395:
2281:
2228:Other livestock
2114:Permanent crops
2047:
2034:
2028:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1455:
1445:Work's intimacy
1442:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1391:SAGE Publishing
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1366:on 16 July 2007
1363:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1297:thesimpledollar
1291:Dollar, Staff.
1290:
1289:
1285:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1182:on 10 June 2013
1179:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
960:
959:
955:
945:
943:
930:
929:
925:
915:
913:
909:
902:
897:
896:
892:
882:
880:
867:
866:
862:
852:
850:
837:
836:
832:
822:
820:
806:
805:
801:
791:
789:
785:
778:
774:
773:
760:
750:
749:
742:
710:
709:
705:
690:
689:
685:
681:
663:Self-employment
619:
587:(1771–1832) in
577:
558:
542:self-employment
498:
446:
374:precarious work
366:
353:
280:
269:
263:
260:
245:
232:
228:
221:
212:
178:
159:web development
150:
145:
86:
79:While the term
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5688:
5686:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5662:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5638:
5626:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5546:Temporary work
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5469:Centralization
5465:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5353:
5351:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5285:
5276:
5274:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5235:Basic research
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5179:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5066:
5064:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4856:
4854:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4767:
4765:Legal services
4762:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4736:system testing
4725:
4720:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4678:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Money transfer
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4471:Passenger rail
4468:
4463:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4439:Moving company
4436:
4431:
4426:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4345:Consumer goods
4342:
4340:Car dealership
4331:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4315:Service sector
4313:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4038:
4033:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3976:
3974:
3972:Heavy industry
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3911:Metal refining
3908:
3907:
3906:
3904:Synthetic gems
3901:
3896:
3887:
3881:Other mineral
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3771:Thermoplastics
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3737:
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3629:
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3624:
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3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3597:contraceptives
3593:
3591:Blood products
3588:
3578:
3576:Fine chemicals
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
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3500:
3495:
3490:
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3458:
3456:Petrochemicals
3453:
3448:
3443:
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3428:
3423:
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3257:
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3239:
3234:
3224:
3223:
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3220:Semiconductors
3217:
3215:Circuit boards
3212:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
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3187:
3182:
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3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3082:Prefabrication
3079:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Cassette tapes
3009:
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2987:
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2898:
2893:
2883:
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2876:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2851:Vegetable oils
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2824:Dairy products
2822:
2817:
2812:
2801:
2799:
2797:Light industry
2790:
2782:
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2419:
2414:
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2379:Wild mushrooms
2376:
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2374:
2369:
2356:
2354:Natural rubber
2351:
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2336:
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2321:
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2245:
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2199:
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2183:
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2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Tropical fruit
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2072:Arable farming
2068:
2066:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2045:Natural sector
2043:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1981:
1980:External links
1978:
1976:
1975:
1949:
1919:
1888:
1862:
1836:
1810:
1784:
1758:
1727:
1707:The New Yorker
1699:Tolentino, Jia
1690:
1659:
1622:(2): 135–162.
1602:
1583:(6): 860–891.
1567:
1537:
1524:
1494:
1468:
1453:
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1377:
1345:
1328:New York Times
1314:
1283:
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1209:(3): 369–378.
1193:
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1125:
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1037:
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860:
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700:(Online). n.d.
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673:Temporary work
670:
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645:
640:
635:
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625:
618:
615:
576:
573:
557:
554:
497:
494:
445:
442:
423:gender pay gap
408:Ottawa Citizen
398:Freelancer.com
365:
362:
352:
349:
336:remote workers
321:creative class
306:Aberdeen Group
282:
281:
242:of the subject
240:worldwide view
235:
233:
226:
220:
217:
211:
208:
204:online payment
177:
174:
149:
146:
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121:graphic design
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5583:Privatization
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5380:
5378:
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5360:
5359:
5358:
5357:Externalities
5355:
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5345:
5341:
5333:
5330:
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5318:Market-based
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5112:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:Audio-visual
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4848:
4847:Entertainment
4844:
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4603:Payment cards
4601:
4599:
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4594:
4591:
4589:
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4574:
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4538:Food delivery
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4518:Drink service
4516:
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4412:& Storage
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4390:
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4355:Grocery store
4353:
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4350:General store
4348:
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4338:
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4063:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:Rail vehicles
4034:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4009:wind turbines
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Machine tools
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
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3978:
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3917:
3914:
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3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:Carbon fibers
3888:
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3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
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3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Illegal drugs
3605:
3603:
3602:Generic drugs
3600:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3577:
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3557:
3555:
3551:
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3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Agrochemicals
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3503:Pure elements
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Synthetic oil
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
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3358:
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3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Lens grinding
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
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3307:
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3268:
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3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Mobile phones
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3243:storage media
3240:
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3198:& optical
3194:
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3052:
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3026:
3025:Optical discs
3023:
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3018:
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3010:
3006:
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2868:Bottled water
2866:
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2860:
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1996:at Wiktionary
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496:Legal aspects
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459:
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315:In 2013, the
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154:North America
148:Types of work
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70:self-employed
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5526:Homesteading
5520:
5479:Conglomerate
5461:Organization
5414:Raw material
5409:Intermediate
5288:
5287:
5110:Broadcasting
5015:Cruise lines
4985:Maid service
4975:Dry cleaning
4946:Maintenance
4709:Architecture
4674:Professional
4493:Self storage
4397:Distribution
4175:Construction
4020:Other heavy
3945:Formed metal
3899:Mineral wool
3821:Safety glass
3792:Fused quartz
3787:Borosilicate
3451:Paraffin wax
3406:oil refining
3385:Transformers
3151:Other goods
3137:Stonemasonry
3117:Glassblowing
3102:Blow molding
3061:Locksmithing
3037:Boilermaking
2586:Fossil fuels
2384:Fungiculture
2339:Gutta-percha
2329:Frankincense
2324:Tree tapping
2295:Silviculture
2275:Fur trapping
2186:Horticulture
2134:Stone fruits
1992:
1966:. Retrieved
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1901:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1740:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1706:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:the original
1672:
1662:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1529:, retrieved
1504:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1471:
1444:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1416:Wade, Lisa.
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1296:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1248:(1): 34–44.
1245:
1241:
1231:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1172:
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1081:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1053:the original
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:the original
1020:FEB 25, 2013
1019:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
982:
970:. Retrieved
956:
944:. Retrieved
935:
926:
914:. Retrieved
893:
881:. Retrieved
872:
863:
851:. Retrieved
842:
833:
821:. Retrieved
812:
802:
790:. Retrieved
755:. Routledge.
752:
716:
712:
706:
695:
686:
606:
605:such as the
588:
580:
578:
562:
559:
538:
531:
527:
515:
507:
499:
483:
479:
467:
447:
431:
412:
406:
403:
394:
370:casual labor
367:
358:
354:
340:
329:
325:
314:
288:
285:
270:
261:
237:
219:Demographics
213:
191:
179:
176:Compensation
163:
151:
129:illustrating
98:
80:
78:
64:
63:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
45:
40:
39:
38:
36:
5578:Partnership
5558:Cooperative
5531:Outsourcing
5521:Freelancing
5399:Commodities
5103:Video games
5078:Periodicals
4955:Landscaping
4890:Fairgrounds
4792:Advertising
4713:engineering
4697:Bookkeeping
4652:Real estate
4645:Reinsurance
4543:Restaurants
4513:Foodservice
4505:Hospitality
4488:Warehousing
4476:Ridesharing
4466:Car rentals
4198:Residential
4133:Remediation
4016:Automobiles
3838:Earthenware
3807:Glass fiber
3802:Float glass
3612:Supplements
3586:Antibiotics
3488:Fertilizers
3446:Mineral oil
3421:Diesel fuel
3404:Coal &
3364:fiber optic
3338:Microscopes
3292:GPS devices
3272:Televisions
3205:Electronics
3196:Electrical
3142:Woodworking
3097:3D printing
3056:Gunsmithing
3020:Phonographs
3005:Typesetting
2985:Bookbinding
2948:Dressmaking
2943:Accessories
2875:Soft drinks
2810:Animal feed
2601:Natural gas
2489:Aquaculture
2472:Sea urchins
2344:Maple syrup
2218:Fur farming
2208:Beef cattle
2144:Viticulture
2092:Fiber crops
2064:Agriculture
1968:21 December
1751:10 November
1735:AOL Staff.
1720:10 November
1560:10 November
1307:25 November
1162:Lilly Irani
1118:21 December
1062:6 September
972:21 December
734:10072/44740
719:(1): 4–20.
692:"freelance"
475:user review
470:marketplace
433:Remote work
184:. While in
125:translating
5664:Categories
5451:Technology
5421:Innovation
5382:Well-being
5192:University
5125:Television
5062:Mass media
5057:Publishing
4895:Nightclubs
4804:Healthcare
4775:Consulting
4770:Management
4718:Inspection
4702:Tax advice
4682:Accounting
4613:Securities
4429:Intermodal
4365:Mail order
4260:Demolition
4193:Industrial
4188:Commercial
4111:Collection
3962:Cast metal
3848:Refractory
3816:fiberglass
3812:Glass wool
3775:thermosets
3751:Engineered
3680:Engineered
3675:Sawmilling
3569:Toiletries
3540:Explosives
3360:Electrical
3343:Telescopes
3210:Components
2968:Shoemaking
2686:Phosphorus
2579:Geological
2529:Microalgae
2372:Pine resin
2359:Palm sugar
2334:Gum arabic
2248:Beekeeping
2087:Vegetables
2032:industries
1993:freelancer
1942:6 November
1912:6 November
1881:21 October
1855:21 October
1829:21 October
1803:21 October
1777:9 February
1683:6 November
1531:9 November
1401:8 February
1145:20 January
1092:16 October
987:Dwyer, C.
946:23 October
916:28 January
679:References
581:freelancer
550:consultant
382:sick leave
200:precarious
186:journalism
133:piece work
117:web design
87:different
59:freelancer
53:free lance
47:free-lance
5553:Ownership
5499:Monopsony
5377:Pollution
5362:Community
5272:standards
5177:Secondary
5164:Education
5147:Streaming
4820:Hospitals
4811:Medicine
4787:Marketing
4723:Surveying
4687:Assurance
4657:Brokerage
4620:Insurance
4548:Teahouses
4533:Fast food
4424:Air cargo
4409:Transport
4392:Brokerage
4382:Wholesale
4270:Elevators
4255:Cabinetry
4183:Buildings
4163:Telephone
4158:Satellite
4126:Recycling
4121:Hazardous
4087:Renewable
4066:Utilities
4027:Aerospace
3995:Hydraulic
3985:Conveyors
3980:Machinery
3885:Abrasives
3843:Porcelain
3797:Soda-lime
3756:Specialty
3746:Commodity
3707:Cardboard
3690:Composite
3628:Materials
3545:Fireworks
3535:Cosmetics
3515:Adhesives
3397:Chemicals
3355:Batteries
3227:Computers
3162:Jewellery
3148:Furniture
3132:Sintering
3112:Extrusion
3066:Machining
3042:Builders'
2995:Engraving
2990:Embossing
2973:Tailoring
2958:Hatmaking
2858:Beverages
2841:Preserved
2738:Limestone
2708:Quarrying
2681:Gemstones
2651:Palladium
2616:Tar sands
2611:Petroleum
2606:Oil shale
2452:Swordfish
2412:Anchovies
2253:Cochineal
1715:0028-792X
1636:1024-2589
1597:0732-2399
1463:669262653
1223:216644322
883:31 August
853:31 August
643:Mercenary
603:etymology
595:mercenary
579:The term
575:Etymology
438:UC Irvine
372:, can be
364:Drawbacks
264:July 2024
252:talk page
210:Copyright
182:contracts
41:Freelance
18:Freelance
5623:Category
5494:Monopoly
5446:Services
5225:Language
5220:Creative
5204:Tutoring
5182:Tertiary
5152:Websites
5132:Internet
5083:Software
5069:Written
4990:Pet care
4950:Janitors
4940:security
4931:Staffing
4860:Gambling
4753:Interior
4734:, &
4728:Physical
4640:Property
4528:Catering
4461:Airlines
4449:Trucking
4285:Plumbing
4240:Dredging
4215:Railways
4148:Internet
4143:Cable TV
4077:Electric
4022:vehicles
3921:Aluminum
3828:Ceramics
3741:Plastics
3654:Currying
3644:deliming
3617:Vaccines
3559:Perfumes
3498:Pigments
3441:Kerosene
3436:Jet fuel
3431:Gasoline
3426:Fuel oil
3158:Bicycles
3072:smithing
2980:Printing
2938:Clothing
2906:Spinning
2886:Textiles
2836:Prepared
2656:Platinum
2626:Aluminum
2554:Scallops
2467:Lobsters
2442:Mackerel
2422:Sardines
2389:Truffles
2365:, &
2312:Firewood
2287:Forestry
2097:Oilseeds
1962:Archived
1936:Archived
1906:Archived
1875:Archived
1849:Archived
1823:Archived
1797:Archived
1771:Archived
1745:Archived
1654:28781494
1554:Archived
1487:25 March
1481:Archived
1422:Archived
1395:Archived
1332:Archived
1301:Archived
1139:Archived
1112:Archived
1086:Archived
993:Archived
966:Archived
940:Archived
907:Archived
877:Archived
847:Archived
817:Archived
783:Archived
617:See also
450:Internet
351:Benefits
246:You may
89:register
5647:Outline
5635:Commons
5389:Funding
5372:Culture
5349:outputs
5259:Related
5199:Testing
5172:Primary
5137:Hosting
5020:Tourism
5006:Travel
5002:Poverty
4980:Funeral
4962:Repairs
4926:Renting
4921:Leasing
4880:Arcades
4876:Venues
4852:leisure
4825:Nursing
4758:Product
4748:Fashion
4732:product
4578:Banking
4387:Auction
4245:Harbors
4225:Tunnels
4210:Bridges
4116:Dumping
4052:Weapons
3870:Plaster
3761:Pellets
3649:Tanning
3635:Leather
3466:Propane
3411:Bitumen
3314:Cameras
3154:Baggage
3127:Pottery
3107:Drawing
3051:Cutlery
2916:Carpets
2911:Weaving
2891:Carding
2820:Canning
2748:Granite
2671:Uranium
2661:Lithium
2534:Seaweed
2519:Oysters
2514:Mussels
2509:Abalone
2504:Tilapia
2499:Catfish
2482:Whaling
2437:Pollock
2432:Haddock
2417:Herring
2407:Fishing
2400:Aquatic
2307:Logging
2270:Hunting
2258:Shellac
2243:Poultry
2191:Flowers
2124:Berries
2107:Tobacco
2082:Legumes
2077:Cereals
1741:AOL.com
1645:5518998
873:Inc.com
813:DeskMag
713:Poetics
590:Ivanhoe
378:pension
105:writing
93:English
5474:Cartel
5347:&
5344:Inputs
5283:ANZSIC
5060:&
4970:Beauty
4938:&
4865:Online
4850:&
4743:Design
4711:&
4625:Health
4583:Credit
4555:Hotels
4335:Retail
4230:Canals
4153:Mobile
4099:Sewage
4073:Power
4043:&
4029:&
4007:&
3955:Forged
3950:Rolled
3933:Alloys
3926:Copper
3892:&
3865:Mortar
3860:Cement
3814:&
3773:&
3724:Rubber
3717:Tissue
3702:Sizing
3685:Lumber
3670:Drying
3658:oiling
3656:&
3642:&
3640:Liming
3552:&
3550:Paints
3366:cables
3362:&
3321:&
3241:Blank
3070:Other
3044:&
3000:Secure
2963:Sewing
2926:Linens
2901:Prints
2896:Dyeing
2872:Liquor
2846:Sweets
2815:Baking
2753:Marble
2733:Gypsum
2713:Gravel
2701:Sulfur
2691:Potash
2646:Silver
2631:Copper
2564:Shrimp
2559:Salmon
2524:Pearls
2349:Mastic
2319:Rattan
2300:Bamboo
2223:Horses
2179:Spices
2169:Olives
2154:Coffee
2129:Citrus
2056:Biotic
2030:Major
1713:
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1642:
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1370:17 May
1338:17 May
1221:
1186:17 May
1173:CHI EA
1030:17 May
999:17 May
823:17 May
792:17 May
486:Fiverr
425:. The
109:acting
5429:Labor
5404:Final
5394:Goods
5367:Crime
5312:UKSIC
5302:NAICS
5213:Other
5120:Radio
5098:Music
5073:Books
4906:Other
4872:Sport
4692:Audit
4523:Cafés
4481:Taxis
4419:Cargo
4327:Sales
4220:Roads
4094:Water
4041:Ships
4031:space
4005:Power
3990:Heavy
3938:Steel
3833:Brick
3782:Glass
3729:Tires
3697:Paper
2827:Flour
2723:Chalk
2544:Clams
2540:Both
2477:Squid
2462:Crabs
2447:Shark
2363:syrup
2196:Seeds
2149:Cocoa
2102:Sugar
1550:Salon
1364:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
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1180:(PDF)
1169:(PDF)
1056:(PDF)
1049:(PDF)
910:(PDF)
903:(PDF)
786:(PDF)
779:(PDF)
599:lance
254:, or
166:India
101:music
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5332:TRBC
5322:GICS
5297:NACE
5290:ISIC
5115:News
5093:Film
4630:Life
4444:Rail
4434:Mail
4275:HVAC
4235:Dams
3916:Iron
3853:Tile
3712:Pulp
3665:Wood
3564:Soap
3554:inks
3416:Coke
3185:Toys
2953:Furs
2931:Rope
2921:Lace
2879:Wine
2863:Beer
2831:Meat
2805:Food
2728:Clay
2718:Sand
2696:Salt
2641:Gold
2636:Iron
2596:Peat
2591:Coal
2494:Carp
2457:Tuna
2367:wine
2263:Silk
2238:Wool
2164:Nuts
1970:2012
1944:2018
1914:2018
1883:2009
1857:2009
1831:2009
1805:2009
1779:2015
1753:2017
1722:2017
1711:ISSN
1685:2017
1650:PMID
1632:ISSN
1593:ISSN
1562:2017
1533:2023
1520:ISBN
1489:2008
1459:OCLC
1449:ISBN
1430:2013
1403:2022
1372:2013
1340:2013
1309:2019
1188:2013
1147:2014
1120:2015
1094:2017
1064:2017
1032:2013
1001:2013
974:2012
948:2020
918:2022
885:2018
855:2018
825:2013
794:2013
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490:Lyft
488:and
460:and
448:The
127:and
5327:ICB
5307:SIC
4995:Sex
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3319:Gun
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