2622:
1145:
2634:
2706:
2574:
821:
298:
2670:
2610:
2694:
2646:
833:
85:
2682:
2658:
2598:
1187:
Alexander
Friedmann International Seminar is a periodical scientific event. The objective of the meeting is to promote contact between scientists working in the field of Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology, and related fields. The First Alexander Friedmann International Seminar on Gravitation and
1015:
Friedmann in 1922 introduced the idea of an expanding universe that contained moving matter. Correspondence with
Einstein suggests that Einstein was unwilling to accept the idea of an evolving Universe and worked instead to revise his equations to support the static, eternal Universe of Newton's
1160:
In 1911, he married
Ekaterina Dorofeeva, though he later divorced her. He married Natalia Malinina in 1923. They had a religious wedding ceremony, though both were far from religious. Together they had a son Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman (1925—1983), born after his father's death.
273:
1035:
In June 1925 Friedmann was given the job of the director of the Main
Geophysical Observatory in Leningrad. In July 1925 he participated in a record-setting balloon flight, reaching the elevation of 7,400 m (24,300 ft).
2277:
1095:
422:
173:
1506:
even had a religious wedding ceremony in the Crimea, though both were far from religious. "Just to make it stronger," Friedmann said to his wife (she told this to her sister Sofia).
1056:(Vol. 21, pp. 326–332), demonstrated that he had command of all three Friedmann models describing positive, zero and negative curvature respectively, a decade before
793:
2761:
2324:
2741:
863:
1449:
Daintith J. Dictionary Of
Scientists . Oxford University Press; 1999. Available from: eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 18, 2012.
2559:
2348:
2094:
2766:
2756:
2771:
1711:
1615:
2776:
2130:
2084:
2621:
1020:
showing that all the galaxies in the neighborhood recede at a rate proportional to their distance, formalizing an observation made earlier by
2746:
2268:
1084:
1752:
597:
1144:
965:) and the pianist Ludmila Ignatievna Voyachek (who was a daughter of the Czech composer Hynek Vojáček). Friedmann was baptized into the
2376:
2005:
2010:
1647:
1499:
1470:
1393:
981:
806:
215:
2330:
1385:
1379:
856:
229:
2043:
1192:
977:
439:
155:
2736:
2146:
801:
515:
2224:
2287:
2577:
2319:
2154:
931:
444:
367:
252:
42:
1007:, as an army aviator, an instructor, and eventually, under the revolutionary regime, as the head of an airplane factory.
2141:
1901:
1203:
by punning multilingually on "free man" and referring to liberalization and opening via the expansion of the universe.
2781:
2182:
1916:
1050:" ("On the possibility of a world with constant negative curvature of space") published by the German physics journal
849:
825:
372:
2751:
2588:
2469:
1911:
1864:
1491:
591:
571:
379:
324:
2499:
2125:
1806:
1052:
417:
958:
Alexander
Friedmann was born to the composer and ballet dancer Alexander Friedmann (who was a son of a baptized
2524:
2074:
1834:
1745:
1716:
586:
351:
35:
2253:
2175:
1199:
students were seen displaying
Friedmann's equation as if it were a protest slogan, which was understood as an
1795:
1786:
966:
554:
434:
2342:
2248:
2479:
2206:
1880:
1844:
1111:
1061:
1057:
2484:
2089:
2028:
1596:
759:
561:
503:
2633:
2731:
2726:
2389:
2315:
2159:
1761:
1666:
1562:
1336:
1300:
1291:
Friedman, A. (1924). "Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes".
1258:
1222:
1083:
theories. Friedmann's work supported both theories equally, so it was not until the detection of the
772:
744:
566:
1474:
2698:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2281:
2230:
2048:
2033:
1859:
1790:
1738:
1706:
1702:
1200:
1196:
1107:
1103:
1094:
of the
Einstein field equations that describes a homogeneous and isotropic universe was called the
1080:
1029:
947:
704:
634:
581:
537:
525:
429:
319:
168:
2353:
2686:
2674:
2638:
2529:
2429:
2211:
2192:
2186:
2137:
2079:
1988:
1906:
1824:
1801:
1769:
1578:
1352:
1327:
Friedmann, A. (1999). "On the
Possibility of a World with Constant Negative Curvature of Space".
1316:
1274:
1238:
1149:
1072:
1068:
1021:
943:
785:
724:
694:
659:
629:
576:
520:
289:
1087:
that the Steady State theory was abandoned in favor of the current favorite Big Bang paradigm.
2539:
2409:
2371:
2363:
1964:
1921:
1657:
Frenkel', V.Ya. (1988). "Aleksandr
Aleksandrovich Fridman (Friedmann): a biographical essay".
1643:
1531:
1495:
1466:
1389:
1091:
754:
272:
1722:
2650:
2602:
2504:
2444:
2434:
2381:
2358:
1936:
1674:
1570:
1344:
1308:
1266:
1230:
1181:
1153:
970:
923:
890:
837:
649:
639:
624:
475:
344:
224:
109:
2519:
2494:
2419:
2414:
2297:
2258:
2220:
2164:
2038:
1974:
1004:
764:
699:
684:
669:
654:
644:
508:
2302:
1017:
405:
1670:
1566:
1340:
1304:
1262:
1226:
2710:
2626:
2544:
2216:
2200:
2196:
2099:
2069:
1926:
1829:
988:
749:
709:
247:
113:
31:
2720:
2614:
2534:
2514:
2509:
2424:
2292:
2120:
2064:
1896:
1849:
1582:
1550:
1356:
1320:
1278:
1242:
1165:
1133:
1118:
939:
734:
719:
619:
1678:
2705:
2662:
2554:
2474:
2439:
1969:
1931:
1639:
1632:
1440:(9):93. Available from: MasterFILE Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 18, 2012.
1423:(9):93. Available from: MasterFILE Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 18, 2012.
1129:
739:
714:
689:
674:
530:
242:
135:
30:
This article is about the Russian cosmologist. For the Russian astrophysicist, see
1597:"Why Are Students Holding up This Physics Equation During China's COVID Protests?"
1692:
2338:
2307:
1854:
1486:
Eduard A. Tropp; Viktor Ya. Frenkel; Artur D. Chernin (2006). "The final year".
1284:
1122:
1000:
487:
480:
201:
84:
1696:– Biography written by Eduard A. Tropp, Viktor Ya. Frenkel and Artur D. Chernin
1551:"Report on Lunar Nomenclature by The Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU"
2549:
2115:
1959:
1954:
1348:
1270:
729:
46:
1535:
1114:, who worked on the problem in the 1920s and 30s independently of Friedmann.
1946:
1047:Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes
962:
935:
679:
131:
17:
1168:. He had allegedly contracted the bacteria on return from his honeymoon in
2489:
1839:
1076:
1025:
412:
314:
307:
1574:
1519:
1312:
1234:
205:
54:
297:
2169:
1473:, September 2011 (for a partial and legal excerpt of the book, see:
1169:
959:
934:
June 4] 1888 – September 16, 1925) was a Russian and Soviet
1188:
Cosmology devoted to the centenary of his birth took place in 1988.
2657:
1283:
The original Russian manuscript of this paper is preserved in the
1143:
1117:
In addition to general relativity, Friedmann's interests included
2150:
1734:
1381:
Mathematical Physics: A Modern Introduction to Its Foundations
987:
From his school days, Friedmann found a lifelong companion in
902:
1730:
1172:, when he ate an unwashed pear bought at a railway station.
1694:
Alexander A Friedmann: The Man who Made the Universe Expand
1488:
Alexander A Friedmann: The Man who Made the Universe Expand
946:, governed by a set of equations he developed known as the
911:
27:
Russian and Soviet physicist and mathematician (1888–1925)
1614:
Poluboyarinova-Kochina, P. Ya. (January–February 1964).
1520:"Александр Александрович Фридман (Биографический очерк)"
1164:
Friedmann died on September 16, 1925, from misdiagnosed
1136:, and Lev Vasilievich Keller were among his students.
2586:
1213:
Friedman, A. (1922). "Über die Krümmung des Raumes".
914:
896:
905:
899:
2402:
2267:
2239:
2108:
2057:
2019:
1998:
1987:
1945:
1889:
1873:
1815:
1779:
1768:
908:
893:
265:
235:
223:
211:
197:
182:
161:
151:
143:
120:
91:
66:
1631:
1287:, together with some letters and unpublished work.
1249:Friedman, A. (1999). "On the curvature of space".
1634:Stephen Hawking: Quest For A Theory of Everything
1032:independently formulated an evolving Universe.
942:. He originated the pioneering theory that the
991:, who was also a distinguished mathematician.
1746:
1075:would come to form the standard for both the
857:
8:
1045:
969:as an infant, and lived much of his life in
34:. For the Polish Orthodox Jewish rabbi, see
1995:
1776:
1753:
1739:
1731:
1457:
1455:
1096:Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
864:
850:
464:
338:
296:
280:
174:Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
83:
63:
1518:Френкель, Виктор Яковлевич (1988-07-01).
1623:Soviet Physics Uspekhi (English Edition)
2593:
1712:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1370:
1024:. Unaware of Friedmann's work, in 1927
495:
467:
359:
288:
1724:How Do We Know the Age of the Universe
2762:Pennsylvania State University faculty
1085:cosmic microwave background radiation
7:
1044:Friedmann's 1924 papers, including "
1016:time. In 1929 Hubble published the
2742:20th-century Russian mathematicians
2325:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation
2278:Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker
976:Friedmann obtained his degree from
1329:General Relativity and Gravitation
1251:General Relativity and Gravitation
980:in 1910, and became a lecturer at
928:Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Фри́дман
592:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
25:
2095:Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation
1018:redshift vs distance relationship
982:Saint Petersburg Mining Institute
877:Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann
807:Timeline of cosmological theories
572:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
216:Petrograd Polytechnical Institute
96:Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann
2767:Russian people of Jewish descent
2757:Scientists from Saint Petersburg
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2573:
2572:
889:
831:
820:
819:
271:
2772:Russian people of Czech descent
1679:10.1070/PU1988v031n07ABEH003574
1386:Springer Science+Business Media
1193:2022 COVID-19 protests in China
978:St. Petersburg State University
587:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
440:Future of an expanding universe
156:St. Petersburg State University
1902:Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc)
1465:, Cambridge University Press,
802:History of the Big Bang theory
598:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
2777:Recipients of the Lenin Prize
794:Discovery of cosmic microwave
445:Ultimate fate of the universe
253:Pelageya Polubarinova-Kochina
43:Eastern Slavic naming customs
2747:Russian relativity theorists
219:Main Geophysical Observatory
1917:Relativistic Doppler effect
1463:A Voyage Through Turbulence
562:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
2798:
2388:In computational physics:
1912:Relativity of simultaneity
1492:Cambridge University Press
1325:. English translation in:
1247:. English translation in:
1064:published their analysis.
325:Chronology of the universe
41:In this name that follows
40:
29:
2570:
2225:Lense–Thirring precession
1807:Doubly special relativity
927:
418:Expansion of the universe
270:
261:
190:
82:
73:
2085:Post-Newtonian formalism
2075:Einstein field equations
2011:Mathematical formulation
1835:Hyperbolic orthogonality
1717:University of St Andrews
1630:Ferguson, Kitty (1991).
1432:Pyenson L. Book review.
1415:Pyenson L. Book review.
582:Planck space observatory
368:Gravitational wave (GWB)
74:
36:Alexander Zusia Friedman
1796:Galilean transformation
1787:Principle of relativity
1378:Hassani, Sadri (2013).
1349:10.1023/A:1026755309811
1271:10.1023/A:1026751225741
1140:Personal life and death
967:Russian Orthodox Church
435:Inhomogeneous cosmology
1881:Lorentz transformation
1659:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
1549:Menzel, D. H. (1971).
1524:Успехи физических наук
1293:Zeitschrift für Physik
1215:Zeitschrift für Physik
1157:
1112:Arthur Geoffrey Walker
1053:Zeitschrift für Physik
1046:
2737:Soviet mathematicians
2349:Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou
2090:Raychaudhuri equation
2029:Equivalence principle
1726:– Mary Lynn Germadnik
1707:"Alexander Friedmann"
1555:Space Science Reviews
1207:Selected publications
1201:evasion of censorship
1148:Friedmann's Grave at
1147:
944:universe is expanding
526:Large-scale structure
504:Shape of the universe
2390:Numerical relativity
2231:pulsar timing arrays
1703:Robertson, Edmund F.
1184:is named after him.
999:Friedmann fought in
930:; June 16 [
838:Astronomy portal
796:background radiation
773:List of cosmologists
2282:Friedmann equations
2176:Hulse–Taylor binary
2138:Gravitational waves
2034:Riemannian geometry
1860:Proper acceleration
1845:Maxwell's equations
1791:Galilean relativity
1701:O'Connor, John J.;
1671:1988SvPhU..31..645F
1616:"Aleksandr Fridman"
1599:. 28 November 2022.
1567:1971SSRv...12..136M
1341:1999GReGr..31.2001F
1305:1924ZPhy...21..326F
1263:1999GReGr..31.1991F
1227:1922ZPhy...10..377F
1197:Tsinghua University
1108:Howard P. Robertson
1102:, after Friedmann,
948:Friedmann equations
538:Structure formation
430:Friedmann equations
320:Age of the universe
284:Part of a series on
169:Friedmann equations
68:Alexander Friedmann
2782:Russian scientists
2331:Reissner–Nordström
2249:Brans–Dicke theory
2080:Linearized gravity
1907:Length contraction
1825:Frame of reference
1802:Special relativity
1575:10.1007/BF00171763
1419:. September 1994;
1313:10.1007/BF01328280
1235:10.1007/BF01332580
1158:
1150:Smolensky Cemetery
1073:general relativity
1022:Carl Wilhelm Wirtz
577:Dark Energy Survey
521:Large quasar group
290:Physical cosmology
124:September 16, 1925
2752:Soviet physicists
2584:
2583:
2398:
2397:
2377:Ozsváth–Schücking
1983:
1982:
1965:Minkowski diagram
1922:Thomas precession
1865:Relativistic mass
1461:Davidson et al.,
1436:. September 1994;
1335:(12): 2001–2008.
1285:Ehrenfest archive
1257:(12): 1991–2000.
874:
873:
545:
544:
387:
386:
279:
278:
236:Doctoral students
192:Scientific career
76:Александр Фридман
16:(Redirected from
2789:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2576:
2575:
2359:van Stockum dust
2131:Two-body problem
2049:Mach's principle
1996:
1937:Terrell rotation
1777:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1719:
1682:
1653:
1637:
1626:
1620:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1483:
1477:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1375:
1360:
1324:
1282:
1246:
1180:The Moon crater
1154:Saint-Petersburg
1104:Georges Lemaître
1049:
1030:Georges Lemaître
971:Saint Petersburg
929:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
866:
859:
852:
836:
835:
834:
823:
822:
516:Galaxy formation
476:Lambda-CDM model
465:
457:Components
339:
300:
281:
275:
230:Vladimir Steklov
225:Doctoral advisor
186:Natalia Malinina
127:
110:Saint Petersburg
105:
103:
87:
77:
64:
21:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2566:
2394:
2298:BKL singularity
2288:Lemaître–Tolman
2263:
2259:Quantum gravity
2241:
2235:
2221:geodetic effect
2195:(together with
2165:LISA Pathfinder
2104:
2053:
2039:Penrose diagram
2021:
2015:
1990:
1979:
1975:Minkowski space
1941:
1885:
1869:
1817:
1811:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1700:
1689:
1656:
1650:
1629:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1494:. p. 209.
1485:
1484:
1480:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1326:
1290:
1248:
1212:
1209:
1178:
1142:
1042:
1013:
1005:Imperial Russia
997:
956:
892:
888:
870:
832:
830:
812:
811:
798:
795:
788:
786:Subject history
778:
777:
769:
614:
606:
605:
602:
599:
557:
547:
546:
509:Galaxy filament
462:
450:
449:
401:
396:Expansion
389:
388:
373:Microwave (CMB)
352:Nucleosynthesis
336:
257:
218:
178:
152:Alma mater
139:
129:
125:
116:
107:
101:
99:
98:
97:
78:
75:
69:
62:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Choquet-Bruhat
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2337:Axisymmetric:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2276:Cosmological:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2217:frame-dragging
2214:
2209:
2204:
2201:Einstein rings
2197:Einstein cross
2190:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2100:Ernst equation
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:BSSN formalism
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Ladder paradox
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:Speed of light
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1698:
1688:
1687:External links
1685:
1684:
1683:
1665:(7): 645–665.
1654:
1648:
1627:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1588:
1561:(2): 136–186.
1541:
1530:(7): 481–516.
1526:(in Russian).
1510:
1500:
1478:
1451:
1442:
1425:
1408:
1394:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1299:(1): 326–332.
1288:
1221:(1): 377–386.
1208:
1205:
1177:
1174:
1141:
1138:
1041:
1038:
1012:
1009:
996:
993:
989:Jacob Tamarkin
955:
952:
879:(also spelled
872:
871:
869:
868:
861:
854:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:
828:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
799:
792:
789:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
596:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
558:
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
542:
541:
540:
528:
523:
518:
506:
498:
497:
493:
492:
491:
490:
478:
470:
469:
463:
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
420:
415:
402:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
384:
383:
382:
380:Neutrino (CNB)
370:
362:
361:
357:
356:
355:
354:
337:
335:Early universe
334:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
322:
317:
302:
301:
293:
292:
286:
285:
277:
276:
268:
267:
263:
262:
259:
258:
256:
255:
250:
248:Nikolai Kochin
245:
239:
237:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
213:
209:
208:
199:
195:
194:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
171:
165:
163:
162:Known for
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
138:, Soviet Union
130:
128:(aged 37)
122:
118:
117:
114:Russian Empire
108:
95:
93:
89:
88:
80:
79:
71:
70:
67:
32:Alexei Fridman
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2794:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2590:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Chandrasekhar
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Schwarzschild
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:Schwarzschild
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Shapiro delay
2210:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:collaboration
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Event horizon
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:ADM formalism
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Biquaternions
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Time dilation
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Proper length
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1649:0-553-29895-X
1645:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:9780521025881
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:9780521149310
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:Physics Today
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:Physics Today
1412:
1409:
1397:
1395:9783319011950
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1166:typhoid fever
1162:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1134:Vladimir Fock
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:hydrodynamics
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:This dynamic
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:Professorship
1010:
1008:
1006:
1003:on behalf of
1002:
994:
992:
990:
985:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
961:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
940:mathematician
937:
933:
925:
919:
886:
882:
878:
867:
862:
860:
855:
853:
848:
847:
845:
844:
839:
829:
827:
818:
817:
816:
815:
808:
805:
803:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
782:
781:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
610:
609:
601:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
556:
551:
550:
539:
536:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
499:
494:
489:
486:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
466:
460:
454:
453:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
407:
404:
403:
399:
393:
392:
381:
378:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
358:
353:
350:
346:
343:
342:
341:
340:
332:
331:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
299:
295:
294:
291:
287:
283:
282:
274:
269:
264:
260:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
238:
234:
231:
228:
226:
222:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:June 16, 1888
94:
90:
86:
81:
72:
65:
60:
56:
53: and the
52:
51:Alexandrovich
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2699:Solar System
2560:
2449:
2254:Kaluza–Klein
2006:Introduction
1932:Twin paradox
1723:
1710:
1693:
1662:
1658:
1640:Bantam Books
1638:. New York:
1633:
1622:
1608:Bibliography
1591:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1505:
1487:
1481:
1462:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1380:
1373:
1332:
1328:
1296:
1292:
1254:
1250:
1218:
1214:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1163:
1159:
1130:George Gamow
1127:
1116:
1099:
1090:The classic
1089:
1081:Steady State
1069:cosmological
1066:
1051:
1043:
1034:
1014:
998:
986:
975:
957:
884:
880:
876:
875:
664:
600:Probe (WMAP)
534:
531:Reionization
512:
484:
458:
426:
409:
406:Hubble's law
397:
376:
348:
311:
243:George Gamow
212:Institutions
191:
136:Russian SFSR
126:(1925-09-16)
58:
50:
18:Friedmannian
2732:1925 deaths
2727:1888 births
2687:Outer space
2675:Spaceflight
2639:Mathematics
2343:Kerr–Newman
2314:Spherical:
2183:Other tests
2126:Singularity
2058:Formulation
2020:Fundamental
1874:Formulation
1855:Proper time
1816:Fundamental
1191:During the
1128:Physicists
1123:meteorology
1028:astronomer
1001:World War I
995:World War I
555:Experiments
488:Dark matter
481:Dark energy
423:FLRW metric
360:Backgrounds
202:Mathematics
144:Nationality
55:family name
2721:Categories
2495:Zel'dovich
2403:Scientists
2382:Alcubierre
2189:of Mercury
2187:precession
2116:Black hole
1999:Background
1991:relativity
1960:World line
1955:Light cone
1780:Background
1772:relativity
1762:Relativity
1625:: 467–472.
1365:References
954:Early life
635:Copernicus
613:Scientists
468:Components
102:1888-06-16
47:patronymic
2651:Astronomy
2603:Biography
2465:Robertson
2450:Friedmann
2445:Eddington
2435:de Sitter
2269:Solutions
2147:detectors
2142:astronomy
2109:Phenomena
2044:Geodesics
1947:Spacetime
1890:Phenomena
1583:122125855
1536:0042-1294
1357:123512351
1321:120551579
1279:122950995
1243:125190902
1071:model of
1058:Robertson
963:cantonist
936:physicist
765:Zeldovich
665:Friedmann
640:de Sitter
567:BOOMERanG
496:Structure
461:Structure
345:Inflation
266:Signature
132:Leningrad
59:Friedmann
2578:Category
2455:Lemaître
2420:Einstein
2410:Poincaré
2370:Others:
2354:Taub–NUT
2320:interior
2242:theories
2240:Advanced
2207:redshift
2022:concepts
1840:Rapidity
1818:concepts
1092:solution
1077:Big Bang
881:Friedman
826:Category
745:Suntzeff
705:Lemaître
655:Einstein
620:Aaronson
413:Redshift
315:Universe
308:Big Bang
2711:Science
2627:Physics
2589:Portals
2520:Hawking
2515:Penrose
2500:Novikov
2480:Wheeler
2425:Hilbert
2415:Lorentz
2372:pp-wave
2193:lensing
1989:General
1770:Special
1667:Bibcode
1563:Bibcode
1401:May 22,
1337:Bibcode
1301:Bibcode
1259:Bibcode
1223:Bibcode
1182:Fridman
1026:Belgian
924:Russian
885:Fridman
750:Sunyaev
735:Schmidt
725:Penzias
720:Penrose
695:Huygens
685:Hawking
670:Galileo
206:physics
147:Russian
2615:Russia
2561:others
2550:Thorne
2540:Misner
2525:Taylor
2510:Geroch
2505:Ehlers
2475:Zwicky
2293:Kasner
1646:
1581:
1534:
1498:
1469:
1392:
1355:
1319:
1277:
1241:
1176:Legacy
1170:Crimea
1062:Walker
960:Jewish
824:
760:Wilson
755:Tolman
715:Newton
710:Mather
700:Kepler
690:Hubble
650:Ehlers
630:Alpher
625:Alfvén
533:
511:
483:
425:
408:
400:Future
375:
347:
310:
198:Fields
183:Spouse
45:, the
2663:Stars
2555:Weiss
2535:Bondi
2530:Hulse
2460:Milne
2364:discs
2308:Milne
2303:Gödel
2160:Virgo
1619:(PDF)
1579:S2CID
1353:S2CID
1317:S2CID
1275:S2CID
1239:S2CID
1098:, or
740:Smoot
730:Rubin
675:Gamow
660:Ellis
645:Dicke
2490:Kerr
2440:Weyl
2339:Kerr
2199:and
2153:and
2151:LIGO
1644:ISBN
1532:ISSN
1496:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1403:2021
1390:ISBN
1121:and
1110:and
1100:FLRW
1079:and
1060:and
1040:Work
938:and
932:O.S.
680:Guth
204:and
121:Died
92:Born
2545:Yau
2170:GEO
1675:doi
1571:doi
1528:155
1345:doi
1309:doi
1267:doi
1231:doi
883:or
57:is
49:is
2723::
2219:/
2185::
2140::
1715:,
1709:,
1705:,
1673:.
1663:31
1661:.
1642:.
1621:.
1577:.
1569:.
1559:12
1557:.
1553:.
1522:.
1504:.
1490:.
1454:^
1438:47
1421:47
1388:.
1384:.
1351:.
1343:.
1333:31
1331:.
1315:.
1307:.
1297:21
1295:.
1273:.
1265:.
1255:31
1253:.
1237:.
1229:.
1219:10
1217:.
1195:,
1152:,
1132:,
1125:.
1106:,
984:.
973:.
950:.
926::
922:;
903:iː
887:;
134:,
112:,
2591::
2345:)
2341:(
2327:)
2318:(
2284:)
2280:(
2227:)
2223:(
2203:)
2172:)
2149:(
1798:)
1789:(
1754:e
1747:t
1740:v
1681:.
1677::
1669::
1652:.
1585:.
1573::
1565::
1538:.
1476:)
1405:.
1359:.
1347::
1339::
1323:.
1311::
1303::
1281:.
1269::
1261::
1245:.
1233::
1225::
1156:.
918:/
915:n
912:ə
909:m
906:d
900:r
897:f
894:ˈ
891:/
865:e
858:t
851:v
535:·
513:·
485:·
459:·
427:·
410:·
398:·
377:·
349:·
312:·
104:)
100:(
61:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
