3242:
3207:
3174:
3111:
3141:
2253:
57:
2265:
2239:
2279:
2697:
3277:
65:
7257:
2678:
312:
7232:
7269:
324:
8116:
33:
6924:
45:
889:
512:
7244:
911:
97:
2624:
1250:
fullerene is not a global maximum for 80-atom boron clusters and hence can not be found in nature; the most stable configurations have complex. The same paper concluded that boron's energy landscape, unlike others, has many disordered low-energy structures, hence pure boron fullerenes are unlikely to
854:
infrared telescope in a cloud of cosmic dust surrounding a star 6500 light years away. Kroto commented: "This most exciting breakthrough provides convincing evidence that the buckyball has, as I long suspected, existed since time immemorial in the dark recesses of our galaxy." According to astronomer
3063:
To indicate the position of substituted or attached elements, the fullerene atoms are usually numbered in a spiral path, usually starting with the ring on one of the main axes. If the structure of the fullerene does not allow such numbering, another starting atom was chosen to still achieve a spiral
3016:
However, they found that the asymmetrical molecule could theoretically collapse to form nearly every known fullerene and metallofullerene. Minor perturbations involving the breaking of a few molecular bonds cause the cage to become highly symmetrical and stable. This insight supports the theory that
2116:
within the "isolated pentagon rule", which states that two pentagons in a fullerene should not share edges. "Mol.Symm." is the symmetry of the molecule, whereas "Cryst.Symm." is that of the crystalline framework in the solid state. Both are specified for the most experimentally abundant form(s). The
1239:). The number of six-member rings in this molecule is 20 and number of five-member rings is 12. There is an additional atom in the center of each six-member ring, bonded to each atom surrounding it. By employing a systematic global search algorithm, it was later found that the previously proposed
1120:
are cylindrical fullerenes. These tubes of carbon are usually only a few nanometres wide, but they can range from less than a micrometer to several millimeters in length. They often have closed ends, but can be open-ended as well. There are also cases in which the tube reduces in diameter before
3001:
Two theories have been proposed to describe the molecular mechanisms that make fullerenes. The older, “bottom-up” theory proposes that they are built atom-by-atom. The alternative “top-down” approach claims that fullerenes form when much larger structures break into constituent parts.
466:
Fullerenes had been predicted for some time, but only after their accidental synthesis in 1985 were they detected in nature and outer space. The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known allotropes of carbon, which had previously been limited to graphite,
6869:
Pesado-Gómez, Casandra; Serrano-García, Juan S.; Amaya-Flórez, Andrés; Pesado-Gómez, Gustavo; Soto-Contreras, Anell; Morales-Morales, David; Colorado-Peralta, Raúl (2024). "Fullerenes: Historical background, novel biological activities versus possible health risks".
2513:
electrons, free to delocalize. These should try to delocalize over the whole molecule. The quantum mechanics of such an arrangement should be like only one shell of the well-known quantum mechanical structure of a single atom, with a stable filled shell for
1092:
have heteroatoms substituting carbons in cage or tube-shaped structures. They were discovered in 1993 and greatly expand the overall fullerene class of compounds and can have dangling bonds on their surfaces. Notable examples include boron, nitrogen
2662:
causes the bond angles to decrease from about 120° in the sp orbitals to about 109.5° in the sp orbitals. This decrease in bond angles allows for the bonds to bend less when closing the sphere or tube, and thus, the molecule becomes more stable.
2228:
skeleton, consisting of its vertices and edges. The
Schlegel diagram is a projection of that skeleton onto one of the faces of the polyhedron, through a point just outside that face; so that all other vertices project inside that face.
871:
There are two major families of fullerenes, with fairly distinct properties and applications: the closed buckyballs and the open-ended cylindrical carbon nanotubes. However, hybrid structures exist between those two classes, such as
2609:
Under high pressure and temperature, buckyballs collapse to form various one-, two-, or three-dimensional carbon frameworks. Single-strand polymers are formed using the Atom
Transfer Radical Addition Polymerization (ATRAP) route.
581:
molecule was a subset of the shape of a football, and hypothesised that a full ball shape could also exist. Japanese scientific journals reported his idea, but neither it nor any translations of it reached Europe or the
Americas.
3460:
In 2013, a comprehensive review on the toxicity of fullerene was published reviewing work beginning in the early 1990s to present and concluded that very little evidence gathered since the discovery of fullerenes indicate that
608:
structure and made a model of it. Unfortunately, the evidence for that new form of carbon was very weak at the time, so the proposal was met with skepticism, and was never published. It was acknowledged only in 1999.
4078:
Bochvar, D.A.; Galpern, E.G. (1973). "О гипотетических системах: карбододекаэдре, s-икосаэдре и карбо-s-икосаэдре" [On hypothetical systems: carbon dodecahedron, S-icosahedron and carbon-S-icosahedron].
2144:
crystals are grown from toluene solution they have a monoclinic symmetry. The crystal structure contains toluene molecules packed between the spheres of the fullerene. However, evaporation of the solvent from
6598:
Zhang, J.; Bowles, F. L.; Bearden, D. W.; et al. (2013). "A missing link in the transformation from asymmetric to symmetric metallofullerene cages implies a top-down fullerene formation mechanism".
375:
whose molecules consist of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecules may have hollow
3173:
2616:
is a coined term frequently used to describe material produced by high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) processing of fullerite. Such treatment converts fullerite into a nanocrystalline form of
3276:
766:
which he popularized; which, if they were extended to a full sphere, would also have the icosahedral symmetry group. The "ene" ending was chosen to indicate that the carbons are
503:
IUPAC defines fullerenes as "polyhedral closed cages made up entirely of n three-coordinate carbon atoms and having 12 pentagonal and (n/2-10) hexagonal faces, where n ≥ 20."
5970:
Luann, B.; Poreda, Robert J.; Hunt, Andrew G.; et al. (2007). "Impact Event at the
Permian-Triassic Boundary: Evidence from Extraterrestrial Noble Gases in Fullerenes".
2308:
A closed fullerene with sphere-like shell must have at least some cycles that are pentagons or heptagons. More precisely, if all the faces have 5 or 6 sides, it follows from
3241:
941:
Buckminsterfullerene is the smallest fullerene molecule containing pentagonal and hexagonal rings in which no two pentagons share an edge (which can be destabilizing, as in
3206:
1074:, buckminsterfullerene, has no pair of adjacent pentagons (the smallest such fullerene). To further illustrate the growth, there are 214,127,713 non-isomorphic fullerenes
6060:
Hiorns, R.C.; Cloutet, Eric; Ibarboure, Emmanuel; et al. (2010). "Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor
Multiblock Copolymers Incorporating Fullerene Backbone Repeat Units".
658:, collaborating with T. Venkatesan, directed studies blasting graphite with lasers, producing carbon clusters of atoms, which would be later identified as "fullerenes."
6857:
3366:
Fullerene production generally starts by producing fullerene-rich soot. The original (and still current) method was to send a large electric current between two nearby
8346:
7705:
4817:
3005:
In 2013 researchers discovered that asymmetrical fullerenes formed from larger structures settle into stable fullerenes. The synthesized substance was a particular
624:
and calculated its electronic structure. The paper was published in 1973, but the scientific community did not give much importance to this theoretical prediction.
2212:(that is, the carbon atoms and the bonds between them, ignoring their positions and distances) of a closed-shell fullerene with a simple sphere-like mean surface (
7306:
6856:
G. Lalwani and B. Sitharaman, Multifunctional fullerene and metallofullerene based nanobiomaterials, NanoLIFE 08/2013; 3:1342003. DOI: 10.1142/S1793984413420038
8154:
3110:
4081:
2929:
Fullerenes are normally electrical insulators, but when crystallized with alkali metals, the resultant compound can be conducting or even superconducting.
4268:
1345:
number when known. Fullerenes with fewer than 60 carbon atoms have been called "lower fullerenes", and those with more than 70 atoms "higher fullerenes".
770:, being connected to only three other atoms instead of the normal four. The shortened name "fullerene" eventually came to be applied to the whole family.
3451:
2491:
Researchers have been able to increase the reactivity of fullerenes by attaching active groups to their surfaces. Buckminsterfullerene does not exhibit "
133:
1106:
3140:
6988:
2352:
Since each carbon atom is connected to only three neighbors, instead of the usual four, it is customary to describe those bonds as being a mixture of
1231:
symmetric structure was vibrationally unstable and the resulting cage would undergo a spontaneous symmetry break, yielding a puckered cage with rare T
1047:
123:
5935:
2457:
5223:
De, S.; Willand, A.; Amsler, M.; et al. (2011). "Energy
Landscape of Fullerene Materials: A Comparison of Boron to Boron Nitride and Carbon".
8331:
6953:
Interactive 3D models of cyclohexane, benzene, graphene, graphite, chiral & non-chiral nanotubes, and C60 Buckyballs – WeCanFigureThisOut.org.
6025:
3026:
1141:(as it is cylindrical and "planar" — that is, it has no "exposed" atoms that can be easily displaced). One proposed use of carbon nanotubes is in
354:
3060:)fullerene. The name of the point group should be retained in any derivative of said fullerene, even if that symmetry is lost by the derivation.
972:
of the type made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons, with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge.
7970:
4723:
128:
3539:
It was recommended to assess the pharmacology of every new fullerene- or metallofullerene-based complex individually as a different compound.
8374:
6742:
6678:
6565:
5659:
5463:
4560:
3395:
8186:
7018:
5486:
Sun, Marc C. Nicklaus; Rui-hua, Xie (2005). "Structure, Stability, and NMR Properties of Lower
Fullerenes C38−C50 and Azafullerene C44N6".
3561:
suggested the possibility of making giant hollow carbon molecules by distorting a plane hexagonal net with the addition of impurity atoms.
593:
5529:
Thilgen, Carlo; Herrmann, Andreas; Diederich, François (14 November 1997). "The
Covalent Chemistry of Higher Fullerenes: C70 and Beyond".
4766:
990:" and are shorter (1.401 Å) than the 6:5 bonds (1.458 Å, between a hexagon and a pentagon). The weighted average bond length is 1.44 Å.
8059:
7698:
4454:
3434:
Functionalized fullerenes have been researched extensively for several potential biomedical applications including high-performance MRI
713:
of the product, discrete peaks appeared corresponding to molecules with the exact mass of sixty or seventy or more carbon atoms, namely
5016:
3401:
These processes yield a mixture of various fullerenes and other forms of carbon. The fullerenes are then extracted from the soot using
7818:
7299:
4100:
Iijima, S (1980). "Direct observation of the tetrahedral bonding in graphitized carbon black by high resolution electron microscopy".
3722:
3455:
1086:, 15,655,672 of which have no adjacent pentagons. Optimized structures of many fullerene isomers are published and listed on the web.
171:
3591:
7108:
4641:
Hedberg, Kenneth; Hedberg, Lise; Bethune, Donald S.; Brown, C. A.; Dorn, H. C.; Johnson, Robert D.; De Vries, M. (18 October 1991).
4485:
3606:
2658:
at 6,6-double bonds, which reduces angle strain by changing sp-hybridized carbons into sp-hybridized ones. The change in hybridized
2264:
1161:
Buckyballs and carbon nanotubes have been used as building blocks for a great variety of derivatives and larger structures, such as
1149:. Another highly speculative proposed use in the field of space technologies is to produce high-tensile carbon cables required by a
3551:. Fullerenes appeared in fiction well before scientists took serious interest in them. In a humorously speculative 1966 column for
483:. They have been the subject of intense research, both for their chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in
6237:
4795:
8147:
7930:
5556:
Margadonna, Serena; Brown, Craig M.; Dennis, T. John S.; et al. (July 1998). "Crystal
Structure of the Higher Fullerene C".
2993:-symmetric, and have been successfully resolved. Research efforts are ongoing to develop specific sensors for their enantiomers.
2469:
2376:
1146:
8341:
6453:
6412:
5024:
4715:
2646:
Fullerenes are stable, but not totally unreactive. The sp-hybridized carbon atoms, which are at their energy minimum in planar
245:
8316:
7691:
7042:
6338:
Semenov, K. N.; Charykov, N. A.; Keskinov, V. A.; et al. (2010). "Solubility of Light
Fullerenes in Organic Solvents".
3992:
2205:
are often used to clarify the 3D structure of closed-shell fullerenes, as 2D projections are often not ideal in this sense.
6481:
2238:
855:
Letizia Stanghellini, "It’s possible that buckyballs from outer space provided seeds for life on Earth." In 2019, ionized C
8120:
8086:
7292:
7189:
6981:
6257:
4980:
3645:
265:
113:
8412:
612:
In 1973, independently from Henson, D. A. Bochvar and E. G. Galpern made a quantum-chemical analysis of the stability of
8368:
7065:
5336:
3940:
2628:
205:
138:
6807:"Functionalized fullerenes mediate photodynamic killing of cancer cells: type I versus type II photochemical mechanism"
8407:
8140:
7161:
4335:
Reilly, P. T. A.; Gieray, R. A.; Whitten, W. B.; Ramsey, J. M. (2000). "Fullerene Evolution in Flame-Generated Soot".
2252:
969:
440:
347:
986:
The buckminsterfullerene molecule has two bond lengths. The 6:6 ring bonds (between two hexagons) can be considered "
5583:
Manolopoulos, David E.; Fowler, Patrick W. (1991). "Structural proposals for endohedral metal-fullerene complexes".
8091:
8027:
7672:
4426:
4060:
2613:
828:
6758:
Hu, Zhen; Zhang, Chunhua; Huang, Yudong; et al. (2012). "Photodynamic anticancer activities of water-soluble
690:
8304:
8074:
8034:
7248:
7176:
7028:
7023:
7013:
7005:
2453:
1856:
1660:
1342:
1122:
904:
220:
118:
3029:, to name a fullerene, one must cite the number of member atoms for the rings which comprise the fullerene, its
8438:
8229:
7865:
7850:
7828:
7438:
7199:
7143:
7128:
7038:
6974:
6585:
5167:
5073:
4978:
Mitchel, D.R.; Brown, R. Malcolm Jr. (2001). "The Synthesis of Megatubes: New Dimensions in Carbon Materials".
4278:
3402:
774:
298:
250:
1121:
closing off. Their unique molecular structure results in extraordinary macroscopic properties, including high
6643:
831:. Thanks to their efforts, by 1990 it was relatively easy to produce gram-sized samples of fullerene powder.
8178:
8039:
8012:
7236:
7184:
7133:
7120:
5284:
Zhai, Hua-Jin; Ya-Fan Zhao; Wei-Li Li; et al. (13 July 2014). "Observation of an all-boron fullerene".
5122:
2278:
2225:
1126:
851:
240:
56:
8049:
8044:
8017:
7498:
6939:
6124:
4605:
2740:
2655:
2461:
2209:
1283:
976:
860:
832:
820:
340:
6694:
Arikawa, Mineyuki (2006). "Fullerenes—an attractive nano carbon material and its production technology".
8288:
7975:
7838:
7714:
7325:
5165:
Gopakumar, G.; Nguyen, M.T.; Ceulemans, A. (2008). "The boron buckyball has an unexpected Th symmetry".
2912:
2531:
2398:
2388:
2302:
965:
767:
255:
6095:
Blank, V.; Popov, M.; Pivovarov, G.; et al. (1998). "Ultrahard and superhard phases of fullerite
8361:
8299:
8294:
8194:
8022:
7985:
7965:
7629:
7624:
7376:
7315:
7060:
6608:
6510:
6202:
6116:
6069:
5981:
5875:
5820:
5592:
5495:
5410:
5293:
5242:
5186:
5131:
5082:
5033:
4936:
4883:
4826:
4597:
4504:
4383:
4301:
4189:
4109:
4033:
3852:
3677:
3439:
3391:
3034:
3030:
2924:
2908:
2672:
2496:
2438:
2309:
2162:
1918:
1697:
1299:
1291:
1134:
936:
873:
682:
444:
420:
372:
293:
215:
176:
156:
6129:
4610:
4246:
824:
8433:
8201:
8079:
8054:
7925:
7882:
7760:
7755:
7735:
7207:
7096:
6956:
4689:
4643:"Bond Lengths in Free Molecules of Buckminsterfullerene, C 60, from Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction"
2885:
2756:
2755:
of carbon that can be dissolved in common solvents at room temperature. Among the best solvents is
2641:
2158:
1341:
Below is a table of main closed carbon fullerenes synthesized and characterized so far, with their
1307:
1188:
1105:
651:
384:
260:
225:
166:
2535:
8271:
8163:
8096:
7798:
7413:
7395:
7138:
6534:
6218:
6005:
5899:
5844:
5770:
5266:
5232:
5202:
5176:
4960:
4907:
4748:
4522:
4494:
4407:
4317:
4205:
3920:
3806:
3701:
3666:
Buseck, P.R.; Tsipursky, S.J.; Hettich, R. (1992). "Fullerenes from the Geological Environment".
2986:
2465:
2394:
2368:
1184:
804:
discharges in the atmosphere. In 1992, fullerenes were found in a family of mineraloids known as
759:
428:
195:
4925:
Sano, N.; Wang, H.; Chhowalla, M.; et al. (2001). "Synthesis of carbon 'onions' in water".
4872:
Ugarte, D. (1992). "Curling and closure of graphitic networks under electron-beam irradiation".
983:(nm). The nucleus to nucleus diameter of a buckminsterfullerene molecule is about 0.71 nm.
586:
6023:
Johansson, M.P.; Jusélius, J.; Sundholm, D. (2005). "Sphere Currents of Buckminsterfullerene".
5401:
Cui, Li-Feng; Xin Huang; Lei-Ming Wang; et al. (1 August 2006). "Pb122-: Plumbaspherene".
2696:
2344:/2−10 hexagons. Similar constraints exist if the fullerene has heptagonal (seven-atom) cycles.
1357:
1183:
After the discovery of C60, many fullerenes have been synthesized (or studied theoretically by
8382:
8265:
7897:
7793:
7775:
7273:
6836:
6787:
6738:
6722:
6703:
6674:
6624:
6561:
6553:
6526:
6042:
5997:
5972:
5952:
5891:
5836:
5787:
5723:
5655:
5649:
5511:
5459:
5453:
5434:
5426:
5383:
5375:
5317:
5309:
5258:
5147:
4997:
4952:
4899:
4854:
4740:
4670:
4662:
4623:
4556:
4552:
4399:
4352:
3878:
3798:
3781:
3693:
3668:
3558:
2779:
2442:
2393:
Additional atoms, ions, clusters, or small molecules can be trapped inside fullerenes to form
1270:
was prepared in 2014. This complex has two hexagonal faces and four heptagonal faces with in D
1236:
710:
484:
391:
328:
235:
6668:
5747:
5358:
Cui, Li-Feng; Xin Huang; Lei-Ming Wang; et al. (1 July 2006). "Sn122-: Stannaspherene".
3477:
is not only dose- and time-dependent, but also depends on a number of other factors such as:
8389:
8351:
8064:
7980:
7940:
7652:
7582:
7488:
7217:
6879:
6826:
6818:
6779:
6730:
6616:
6518:
6501:
6462:
6421:
6347:
6320:
6266:
6210:
6173:
6134:
6077:
6034:
5989:
5944:
5933:: An improbable, egg-shaped endohedral fullerene that violates the isolated pentagon rule".
5883:
5828:
5762:
5715:
5630:
5600:
5565:
5538:
5503:
5418:
5367:
5301:
5250:
5194:
5139:
5090:
5041:
4989:
4944:
4927:
4891:
4874:
4844:
4834:
4732:
4693:
4654:
4615:
4512:
4391:
4344:
4309:
4197:
4180:
4117:
4041:
4024:
4001:
3949:
3912:
3897:
3868:
3860:
3790:
3685:
3586:
3379:
3332:
3006:
2748:
2543:
2492:
2476:
2417:, which violates the isolated pentagon rule. Evidence for a meteor impact at the end of the
2217:
2202:
1138:
1117:
790:
452:
4642:
3730:
2546:
modelling, which showed the existence of strong diamagnetic sphere currents in the cation.
8394:
7915:
7860:
7803:
7788:
7537:
7493:
7459:
7401:
7166:
7153:
7091:
6193:
5864:"Spectral change of simulated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy from graphene to fullerene"
4799:
3826:
3548:
3346:. If an atom is fully deleted and missing valences saturated with hydrogen atoms, it is a
2542:
would satisfy this rule, and should be aromatic. This has been shown to be the case using
2480:
2372:
1321:
Icosahedral or distorted-icosahedral fullerene-like complexes have also been prepared for
1110:
1089:
753:
702:
698:
472:
104:
3841:"Self-Assembled Wiggling Nano-Structures and the Principle of Maximum Entropy Production"
3017:
fullerenes can be formed from graphene when the appropriate molecular bonds are severed.
1215:
structure, with each atom forming 5 or 6 bonds, was predicted to be more stable than the
6929:
6822:
6612:
6514:
6206:
6120:
6073:
5985:
5879:
5824:
5596:
5499:
5414:
5297:
5246:
5190:
5135:
5086:
5037:
4940:
4887:
4830:
4601:
4508:
4387:
4305:
4193:
4113:
4037:
3856:
3755:
Cami, J; Bernard-Salas, J.; Peeters, E.; Malek, S. E. (2 September 2010). "Detection of
3681:
1010:, but fullerenes with 72, 76, 84 and even up to 100 carbon atoms are commonly obtained.
64:
8309:
8217:
8069:
7935:
7877:
7855:
7634:
7443:
7407:
7261:
7055:
6997:
6950:
6831:
6806:
6734:
6274:
4849:
4812:
4792:
4545:
4431:
4273:
3987:
3873:
3840:
3627:
3576:
3435:
3406:
3383:
2677:
2659:
2434:
1150:
816:
686:
590:
492:
316:
230:
6138:
5120:
Fullerene: An Ab Initio Prediction of Geometry, Stability, and Electronic Structure".
5094:
5059:
Li, Y.; Huang, Y.; Du, Shixuan; Liu, Ruozhuang (2001). "Structures and stabilities of
4576:
Qiao, Rui; Roberts, Aaron P.; Mount, Andrew S.; et al. (2007). "Translocation of
4045:
945:). It is also most common in terms of natural occurrence, as it can often be found in
8427:
8247:
8101:
7870:
7823:
7745:
7667:
7521:
7420:
7386:
7075:
6899:
6222:
5848:
5621:
Diederich, Francois; Whetten, Robert L. (1992). "Beyond C60: The higher fullerenes".
5604:
4526:
4455:"The Hubble Space Telescope Has Just Found Solid Evidence of Interstellar Buckyballs"
4135:
4121:
4019:
3581:
3553:
2736:
2593:
2519:
2360:
2298:
2213:
2176:
1142:
763:
655:
283:
274:
210:
161:
88:
6214:
6191:
Bezmel'nitsyn, V.N.; Eletskii, A.V.; Okun', M.V. (1998). "Fullerenes in solutions".
6009:
5903:
5774:
5748:"Nomenclature for the C60-Ih and C70-D5h(6) Fullerenes (IUPAC Recommendations 2002)"
5270:
5206:
4752:
4222:
3924:
3810:
796:
After their discovery, minute quantities of fullerenes were found to be produced in
8235:
8223:
8005:
7920:
7833:
7657:
7256:
7212:
7103:
7050:
6538:
5254:
4964:
4911:
4411:
4321:
4209:
3938:
Schultz, H.P. (1965). "Topological Organic Chemistry. Polyhedranes and Prismanes".
3705:
3474:
3375:
2294:
2290:
1333:; some of these complexes are spacious enough to hold most transition metal atoms.
1267:
1094:
1014:
835:
remains a challenge to chemists and to a large extent determines fullerene prices.
678:
644:
628:
311:
186:
5807:
Diana, Nooramalina; Yamada, Yasuhiro; Gohda, Syun; et al. (1 February 2021).
5143:
1165:
Nested buckyballs ("carbon nano-onions" or "buckyonions") proposed for lubricants;
6299:
Sivaraman, N.; Dhamodaran, R.; Kaliappan, I.; et al. (1994). "Solubility of
5198:
4658:
3689:
2832:, both pure and solvated, can be grown from benzene solution. Crystallization of
2472:
spectra. Results of such calculations can be compared with experimental results.
8259:
8000:
7995:
7887:
7765:
7750:
7740:
7619:
7598:
7341:
3649:
3596:
2651:
2357:
2353:
1371:
1028:. There are no fullerenes with 22 vertices. The number of different fullerenes C
987:
877:
694:
647:, where it formed the core of a particle with the structure of a "bucky onion".
578:
516:
488:
200:
5832:
4517:
4480:
4370:
Krätschmer, W.; Lamb, Lowell D.; Fostiropoulos, K.; Huffman, Donald R. (1990).
3532:
functional groups used to water-solubilize these nanoparticles (e.g.: OH, COOH)
2711:
in extra virgin olive oil, showing the characteristic purple color of pristine
1187:
methods) in which some or all the carbon atoms are replaced by other elements.
705:, discovered fullerenes in the sooty residue created by vaporising carbon in a
8253:
8241:
7960:
7845:
7268:
6883:
6783:
6324:
6177:
5887:
4736:
4005:
3601:
3571:
3324:
2766:
Solutions of pure buckminsterfullerene have a deep purple color. Solutions of
2221:
1315:
562:
323:
6961:
6707:
5895:
5840:
5808:
5719:
5682:
Kawada, H.; Fujii, Y.; Nakao, H.; et al. (1995). "Structural aspects of
5430:
5379:
5344:
5313:
4666:
4403:
4356:
2844:
from benzene solution below 30 °C (when solubility is maximum) yields a
1203:
atoms, instead of the usual carbon, was predicted and described in 2007. The
8336:
7990:
7553:
6236:
Ruoff, R.S.; Tse, Doris S.; Malhotra, Ripudaman; Lorents, Donald C. (1993).
5993:
5863:
5766:
4839:
3916:
3794:
3409:. One can obtain milligram quantities of fullerenes with 80 atoms or more. C
3387:
3371:
3319:
In IUPAC's nomenclature, fully saturated analogues of fullerenes are called
2845:
2752:
2449:
2422:
1322:
1130:
980:
942:
888:
801:
756:
511:
380:
6840:
6791:
6628:
6530:
6046:
6038:
6001:
5956:
5862:
Kim, Jungpil; Yamada, Yasuhiro; Kawai, Miki; et al. (1 October 2015).
5542:
5515:
5438:
5387:
5321:
5262:
5151:
5001:
4956:
4903:
4858:
4744:
4674:
4627:
3882:
3802:
3697:
3104:
axis goes through a pentagon surrounded by hexagons rather than pentagons.
1314:. These materials were found to be stable up to at least 350 tons/cm (34.3
1282:
Inorganic (carbon-free) fullerene-type structures have been built with the
910:
44:
5727:
5015:
Shvartsburg, A.A.; Hudgins, R. R.; Gutierrez, Rafael; et al. (1999).
4371:
3013:
atoms inside the cage. The process produced approximately 100 micrograms.
789:, and the list was much expanded in the following years. Carbon nanotubes
32:
17:
8326:
8321:
7907:
7892:
7813:
7662:
7503:
7366:
7360:
3367:
2647:
839:
805:
480:
288:
7683:
6270:
5634:
4811:
Pushparaj, V.L.; Shaijumon, Manikoth M.; Kumar, A.; et al. (2007).
4791:
Harris, D.J. "Discovery of Nitroballs: Research in Fullerene Chemistry"
4064:
3953:
1171:
Linked "ball-and-chain" dimers (two buckyballs linked by a carbon chain)
737:. The team identified their structure as the now familiar "buckyballs".
7783:
7614:
7335:
7284:
6620:
5305:
3382:
that then cools into sooty residue. Alternatively, soot is produced by
3010:
3009:
consisting of 84 carbon atoms with two additional carbon atoms and two
2849:
2732:
2728:
2617:
2510:
2418:
809:
468:
390:
Fullerenes with a closed mesh topology are informally denoted by their
6466:
6425:
6351:
6081:
5948:
5569:
5507:
5422:
5371:
5045:
4993:
4619:
4348:
3864:
1036: = 12, 13, 14, ..., roughly in proportion to
815:
The production techniques were improved by many scientists, including
8132:
4948:
4895:
4395:
4313:
4201:
3727:
Interactive Nano-Visualization in Science & Engineering Education
2620:
which has been reported to exhibit remarkable mechanical properties.
2539:
2113:
785:
Kroto and the Rice team already discovered other fullerenes besides C
706:
413:
376:
6770:
derivatives and their biological consequences in a HeLa cell line".
3394:. Combustion of benzene is the most efficient process, developed at
3037:, and the total number of atoms. For example, buckminsterfullerene C
903:
with isosurface of ground state electron density as calculated with
96:
4499:
3350:. When bonds are removed (both sigma and pi), the compound becomes
2623:
2157:
transforms it into a face-centered cubic form. Both monoclinic and
6522:
5237:
5181:
4292:
Iijima, Sumio (1991). "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon".
3354:; if some new bonds are added in an unconventional order, it is a
2695:
2676:
2622:
2562:
1227:
buckyball. However, subsequent analysis found that the predicted I
1200:
909:
887:
510:
63:
55:
43:
31:
6966:
6480:
Arndt, M.; Nairz, Olaf; Vos-Andreae, Julian; et al. (1999).
2650:, must be bent to form the closed sphere or tube, which produces
2367:
has been reported to be sp. The bonding state can be analyzed by
4481:"Confirming Interstellar C60 + Using the Hubble Space Telescope"
1330:
946:
797:
561:
cage was mentioned in 1965 as a possible topological structure.
476:
8136:
7687:
7288:
6970:
6805:
Mroz, Pawel; Pawlak, Anna; Satti, Minahil; et al. (2007).
4166:
Kroto, H.W.; Heath, J. R.; Obrien, S. C.; et al. (1985). "
4813:"Flexible energy storage devices based on nanocomposite paper"
2340:
must be even, and that there must be exactly 12 pentagons and
1326:
6644:"Nanostructures and computer simulations in material science"
3535:
method of administration (e.g.: intravenous, intraperitoneal)
3327:
substituted for one or more carbons, the compound is named a
2518:= 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 72, 98, 128, etc. (i.e., twice a perfect
777:
for their roles in the discovery of this class of molecules.
2743:. Solubilities are generally rather low, such as 8 g/L for C
2117:
asterisk * marks symmetries with more than one chiral form.
459:. The bulk solid form of pure or mixed fullerenes is called
6962:
Giant Fullerenes, a short video looking at Giant Fullerenes
5746:
Powell, W. H.; Cozzi, F.; Moss, G. P.; et al. (2002).
5108:
Gonzalez Szwacki, N.; Sadrzadeh, A.; Yakobson, B. (2007). "
2561:
in water tends to pick up two more electrons and become an
1042:
408:
is the number of carbon atoms. However, for some values of
1050:). For instance, there are 1812 non-isomorphic fullerenes
740:
The name "buckminsterfullerene" was eventually chosen for
5452:
W. L. F. Armarego; Christina Li Lin Chai (11 May 2009).
2495:": that is, the electrons in the hexagonal rings do not
427:), the most famous member, which in turn is named after
8383:
The Last Dymaxion: Buckminster Fuller’s Dream Restored
2448:
There are many calculations that have been done using
998:
Another fairly common fullerene has empirical formula
6673:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 29.
2336:
are the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces), that
1274:
symmetry interleaved with a network of 48 triangles.
6727:
Nanostructured materials for solar energy conversion
6586:
Support for top-down theory of how 'buckyballs’ form
6558:
Nanostructured materials for solar energy conversion
6152:
Beck, Mihály T.; Mándi, Géza (1997). "Solubility of
4793:
http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/1993/CatWin_S05.html
2112:
In the table, "Num.Isom." is the number of possible
8281:
8210:
8170:
7953:
7906:
7774:
7728:
7721:
7643:
7573:
7512:
7479:
7429:
7350:
7322:
7198:
7175:
7152:
7119:
7074:
7037:
7004:
5017:"Ball-and-Chain Dimers from a Hot Fullerene Plasma"
2401:. An unusual example is the egg-shaped fullerene Tb
5531:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
4544:
4061:"The History of Carbon 60 or Buckminsterfullerene"
6107:: Comparison with diamond on hardness and wear".
3442:for tumor treatment, and drug and gene delivery.
3295:IUPAC name is methyl 4-(3’-phenyl-3’H-cyclopropa(
2445:are some of the more heavily studied properties.
952:The empirical formula of buckminsterfullerene is
762:for the vague similarity of the structure to the
8347:R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home
3200:Non-equivalent bonds shown by different colours.
2289:The Schlegel diagram of a closed fullerene is a
2161:(fcc) phases are known for better-characterized
1191:, in particular, have attracted much attention.
979:of a buckminsterfullerene molecule is about 1.1
6723:"Fullerene Thin Films as Photovoltaic Material"
6554:"Fullerene Thin Films as Photovoltaic Material"
6166:Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures
5335:Genuth, Iddo; Yaffe, Tomer (15 February 2006).
4818:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4427:"Buckyballs Could Be Plentiful in the Universe"
2654:. The characteristic reaction of fullerenes is
2522:), but this series does not include 60. This 2(
773:Kroto, Curl, and Smalley were awarded the 1996
8148:
7699:
7300:
6982:
5809:"Carbon materials with high pentagon density"
4690:"Buckminsterfullerene: Molecule of the Month"
4588:and Its Derivatives Across a Lipid Bilayer".
4479:Cordiner, M.A.; et al. (22 April 2019).
348:
8:
6897:Jones, D. (1966). "Note in Ariadne column".
6852:
6850:
6451:in Benzene, Hexane, and Toluene Solutions".
4538:
4536:
4161:
4159:
4157:
3898:"Nomenclature and Terminology of Fullerenes"
3717:
3715:
3661:
3659:
3547:Examples of fullerenes appear frequently in
2884:. Above 30 °C one obtains solvate-free
2301:(or "cubic"; meaning that all vertices have
1168:Nested carbon nanotubes ("carbon megatubes")
577:in 1970. He noticed that the structure of a
531:, another member of the family of fullerenes
5741:
5739:
5737:
5616:
5614:
3090:)fullerene in IUPAC notation. The symmetry
1290:), long used as a graphite-like lubricant,
447:. Nested closed fullerenes have been named
8155:
8141:
8133:
8115:
7725:
7706:
7692:
7684:
7307:
7293:
7285:
6989:
6975:
6967:
6340:Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
3750:
3748:
3452:Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials
2452:quantum methods applied to fullerenes. By
2425:preserved by being trapped in fullerenes.
1179:Heterofullerenes and non-carbon fullerenes
355:
341:
79:
6830:
6128:
5802:
5800:
5236:
5218:
5216:
5180:
4848:
4838:
4609:
4516:
4498:
3872:
3822:
3820:
2475:Fullerene is an unusual reactant in many
451:. Cylindrical fullerenes are also called
6670:Perspectives of Fullerene Nanotechnology
6365:Talyzin, A.V. (1997). "Phase Transition
5936:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5706:crystals studied by x-ray diffraction".
5654:. New Age International. pp. 126–.
5458:. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 214–.
5360:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4337:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4236:. Sussex Fullerene Group. chm.bris.ac.uk
3337:
3097:means that this is the isomer where the
2915:applied to molecules such as fullerene.
1347:
1104:
6951:Nanocarbon: From Graphene to Buckyballs
6581:
6579:
6577:
6026:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
3619:
3473:is toxic. The toxicity of these carbon
3106:
2751:. Still, fullerenes are the only known
2727:Fullerenes are soluble in many organic
2231:
1097:), oxygen, and phosphorus derivatives.
1013:The smallest possible fullerene is the
273:
184:
146:
103:
87:
7971:Differential technological development
5651:Symmetry And Spectroscopy Of Molecules
4765:Fowler, P. W. and Manolopoulos, D. E.
4724:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
3967:Osawa, E. (1970). "Superaromaticity".
1145:, developed in 2007 by researchers at
439:for their resemblance to the standard
8375:Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud
6439:Talyzin, A.V.; Engström, I. (1998). "
5337:"Protecting the soldiers of tomorrow"
2580:described below may be the result of
2534:is the three-dimensional analogue of
2220:zero) can be represented as a convex
791:were first discovered and synthesized
643:from an electron microscope image of
431:. The closed fullerenes, especially C
7:
8187:Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
7243:
6642:Bobrowsky, Maciej (1 October 2019).
5455:Purification of laboratory chemicals
3331:. If a double bond is replaced by a
2233:Schlegel diagrams of some fullerenes
1174:Rings of buckyballs linked together.
594:Atomic Energy Research Establishment
536:Predictions and limited observations
8060:Future-oriented technology analysis
6823:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.005
6811:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
6588:. kurzweilai.net. 24 September 2013
5403:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
4543:Miessler, G.L.; Tarr, D.A. (2004).
4425:Atkinson, Nancy (27 October 2010).
4269:"A new buckyball bounces into town"
4247:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996"
752:by the discoverers as an homage to
7819:High-temperature superconductivity
5917:Beavers, C.M.; Zuo, T. (2006). "Tb
3456:Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials
2363:. The hybridization of carbon in C
863:in the space between those stars.
25:
8332:Proposed Brooklyn Dodgers stadium
4486:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
4453:Starr, Michelle (29 April 2019).
4372:"Solid C60: a new form of carbon"
3607:Truncated rhombic triacontahedron
3438:, X-ray imaging contrast agents,
2759:, which will dissolve 51 g/L of C
859:molecules were detected with the
40:fullerene (buckminsterfullerene).
8114:
7931:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
7267:
7255:
7242:
7231:
7230:
6922:
6735:10.1016/B978-044452844-5/50014-7
6313:Fullerene Science and Technology
5648:K Veera Reddy (1 January 1998).
3896:Godly, E.W.; Taylor, R. (1997).
3827:Stars reveal carbon 'spaceballs'
3275:
3240:
3205:
3172:
3139:
3109:
2377:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
2277:
2263:
2251:
2237:
1147:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
322:
310:
95:
7342:Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)
6772:Chemico-Biological Interactions
6560:. Elsevier. pp. 372, 381.
6454:Journal of Physical Chemistry B
6413:Journal of Physical Chemistry B
6215:10.1070/PU1998v041n11ABEH000502
5025:Journal of Physical Chemistry A
4716:"Goldberg Variations Challenge"
3993:Chemical & Engineering News
3342:, the resulting structure is a
1199:A type of buckyball which uses
445:association football ("soccer")
83:Part of a series of articles on
8272:Expo 67 United States Pavilion
7824:High-temperature superfluidity
6872:Coordination Chemistry Reviews
6729:. Elsevier. pp. 361–443.
5255:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.225502
3986:Halford, B. (9 October 2006).
3779:in a Young Planetary Nebula".
2907:In 1999, researchers from the
2421:period was found by analyzing
880:meshes or larger "buckybuds".
1:
8087:Technology in science fiction
7190:Scanning tunneling microscope
6258:Journal of Physical Chemistry
6139:10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00232-X
6109:Diamond and Related Materials
5623:Accounts of Chemical Research
5144:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.166804
5095:10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00064-1
4688:Locke, W. (13 October 1996).
4046:10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00191-8
3988:"The World According to Rick"
3839:Belkin, A.; et., al. (2015).
3592:Goldberg–Coxeter construction
2808:Millimeter-sized crystals of
1062:. Note that only one form of
435:, are also informally called
8369:Buckminster Fuller Challenge
8342:Old Man River's City project
8317:Cloud Nine tensegrity sphere
5868:Journal of Materials Science
5813:Journal of Materials Science
5605:10.1016/0009-2614(91)90475-O
5199:10.1016/j.cplett.2007.11.030
4659:10.1126/science.254.5030.410
4267:Mraz, S.J. (14 April 2005).
4122:10.1016/0022-0248(80)90013-5
3941:Journal of Organic Chemistry
3690:10.1126/science.257.5067.215
3421:are available commercially.
3403:appropriate organic solvents
3378:vaporizes the carbon into a
3067:The latter is the case for C
2629:scanning electron microscope
7162:Molecular scale electronics
6250:) in a variety of solvents"
2526: + 1) rule (with
2208:In mathematical terms, the
631:identified the molecule of
565:predicted the existence of
412:there may be more than one
60:Model of a carbon nanotube.
8455:
8092:Technology readiness level
8028:Technological unemployment
7673:Aggregated diamond nanorod
6957:Introduction to fullerites
6696:Nanotechnology Perceptions
6482:"Wave-particle duality of
6238:"Solubility of fullerene (
5833:10.1007/s10853-020-05392-x
5755:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3905:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3723:"The allotropes of carbon"
3449:
3374:atmosphere. The resulting
3314:)fullerene-3’-yl)butyrate.
2922:
2805:have a variety of colors.
2670:
2639:
2386:
2310:Euler's polyhedron formula
934:
829:Konstantinos Fostiropoulos
650:Also in the 1980s at MIT,
419:The family is named after
8403:
8305:Design science revolution
8110:
8075:Technological singularity
8035:Technological convergence
7851:Multi-function structures
7471:(cyclo[18]carbon)
7226:
7177:Scanning probe microscopy
6884:10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215550
6784:10.1016/j.cbi.2011.11.003
6725:. In Sōga, Tetsuo (ed.).
6556:. In Sōga, Tetsuo (ed.).
6325:10.1080/15363839408009549
6178:10.1080/15363839708011993
5888:10.1007/s10853-015-9229-0
4737:10.1007/s00216-006-0358-9
4178:: Buckminsterfullerene".
4102:Journal of Crystal Growth
4006:10.1021/cen-v084n041.p013
3628:"Definition of BUCKYTUBE"
3041:is systematically named (
2778:are a reddish brown. The
2502:A spherical fullerene of
2499:over the whole molecule.
1652:
1649:
1636:
1109:This rotating model of a
970:association football ball
8230:Dymaxion deployment unit
7866:Molecular nanotechnology
7829:Linear acetylenic carbon
7455:(cyclo[6]carbon)
7439:Linear acetylenic carbon
7200:Molecular nanotechnology
7144:Solid lipid nanoparticle
7129:Self-assembled monolayer
5720:10.1103/PhysRevB.51.8723
5585:Chemical Physics Letters
5168:Chemical Physics Letters
5074:Chemical Physics Letters
4798:29 November 2015 at the
4518:10.3847/2041-8213/ab14e5
4136:"Mildred S. Dresselhaus"
1235:symmetry (symmetry of a
850:were observed by NASA's
775:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
299:Nanocrystalline material
275:Nanostructured materials
8179:Nine Chains to the Moon
8040:Technological evolution
8013:Exploratory engineering
7185:Atomic force microscope
7134:Supramolecular assembly
7121:Molecular self-assembly
5994:10.1126/science.1057243
5792:Encyclopædia Britannica
5767:10.1351/pac200274040629
5225:Physical Review Letters
5123:Physical Review Letters
4840:10.1073/pnas.0706508104
3917:10.1351/pac199769071411
3795:10.1126/science.1192035
3632:www.merriam-webster.com
2592:trying to form a loose
2460:methods one can obtain
2272:(truncated icosahedron)
1127:electrical conductivity
1113:shows its 3D structure.
964:and its structure is a
926:, one kind of fullerene
72:fullerite (bulk solid C
8050:Technology forecasting
8045:Technological paradigm
8018:Proactionary principle
7499:Carbide-derived carbon
7381:(buckminsterfullerene)
6311:in Organic Solvents".
6039:10.1002/anie.200462348
5558:Chemistry of Materials
5543:10.1002/anie.199722681
4223:Buckminsterfullerene,
4140:The Franklin Institute
2937:Some fullerenes (e.g.
2741:1,2,3-trichloropropane
2724:
2693:
2656:electrophilic addition
2632:
2224:; more precisely, its
2210:combinatorial topology
1284:molybdenum(IV) sulfide
1254:However, an irregular
1114:
1032:grows with increasing
977:van der Waals diameter
927:
907:
876:— nanotubes capped by
861:Hubble Space Telescope
833:Fullerene purification
532:
77:
61:
53:
41:
8289:Allegra Fuller Snyder
7976:Disruptive innovation
7839:Metamaterial cloaking
7715:Emerging technologies
7274:Technology portal
4714:Meija, Juris (2006).
4082:Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR
4022:(1999). "Editorial".
3392:aromatic hydrocarbons
2913:wave-particle duality
2699:
2680:
2626:
2614:"Ultrahard fullerite"
2532:spherical aromaticity
2399:endohedral fullerenes
2389:Endohedral fullerenes
1108:
968:, which resembles an
966:truncated icosahedron
913:
891:
514:
329:Technology portal
124:Mechanical properties
67:
59:
47:
35:
8362:Buckminsterfullerene
8295:Current solar income
8023:Technological change
7966:Collingridge dilemma
7316:Allotropes of carbon
7061:Green nanotechnology
6721:Katz, E. A. (2006).
6667:Osawa, Eiji (2002).
6552:Katz, E. A. (2006).
6410:in Liquid Benzene".
3829:, BBC, 22 July 2010.
3440:photodynamic therapy
3035:Schoenflies notation
3031:symmetry point group
2925:Buckminsterfullerene
2909:University of Vienna
2673:Fullerene solubility
2483:discovered in 1993.
1189:Non-carbon nanotubes
937:Buckminsterfullerene
931:Buckminsterfullerene
781:Further developments
683:University of Sussex
421:buckminsterfullerene
294:Nanoporous materials
157:Buckminsterfullerene
8202:Dymaxion Chronofile
8080:Technology scouting
8055:Accelerating change
7926:Powered exoskeleton
7883:Programmable matter
7761:Smart manufacturing
7756:Molecular assembler
7736:3D microfabrication
7208:Molecular assembler
6613:2013NatCh...5..880Z
6515:1999Natur.401..680A
6271:10.1021/j100115a049
6207:1998PhyU...41.1091B
6121:1998DRM.....7..427B
6074:2010MaMol..43.6033H
5986:2001Sci...291.1530B
5880:2015JMatS..50.6739K
5825:2021JMatS..56.2912D
5635:10.1021/ar00015a004
5597:1991CPL...187....1M
5500:2005JPCA..109.4617S
5415:2006JPCA..11010169C
5409:(34): 10169–10172.
5298:2014NatCh...6..727Z
5247:2011PhRvL.106v5502D
5191:2008CPL...450..175G
5136:2007PhRvL..98p6804G
5087:2001CPL...335..524L
5038:1999JPCA..103.5275S
4981:Inorganic Chemistry
4941:2001Natur.414..506S
4888:1992Natur.359..707U
4831:2007PNAS..10413574P
4602:2007NanoL...7..614Q
4547:Inorganic Chemistry
4509:2019ApJ...875L..28C
4388:1990Natur.347..354K
4343:(47): 11596–11601.
4306:1991Natur.354...56I
4281:on 13 October 2008.
4194:1985Natur.318..162K
4114:1980JCrGr..50..675I
4038:1999Carbo..37.1677.
3954:10.1021/jo01016a005
3857:2015NatSR...5E8323B
3789:(5996): 1180–1182.
3682:1992Sci...257..215B
3652:on 23 October 2015.
3446:Safety and toxicity
2757:1-chloronaphthalene
2642:Fullerene chemistry
2395:inclusion compounds
2159:face-centered cubic
1139:chemical inactivity
840:spectral signatures
821:Wolfgang Krätschmer
709:atmosphere. In the
652:Mildred Dresselhaus
387:, or other shapes.
373:allotrope of carbon
196:Carbon quantum dots
27:Allotrope of carbon
8386:(2012 documentary)
8378:(1996 documentary)
8164:Buckminster Fuller
8097:Technology roadmap
7799:Conductive polymer
7594:(cyclopropatriene)
7575:hypothetical forms
7396:Fullerene whiskers
7262:Science portal
7139:DNA nanotechnology
6621:10.1038/nchem.1748
5306:10.1038/nchem.1999
4782:. nanotube.msu.edu
3323:. If the mesh has
3134:Carbon numbering.
2989:because they are D
2911:demonstrated that
2725:
2694:
2633:
2369:Raman spectroscopy
1185:molecular modeling
1115:
928:
908:
760:Buckminster Fuller
533:
429:Buckminster Fuller
317:Science portal
129:Optical properties
78:
62:
54:
42:
8421:
8420:
8130:
8129:
7949:
7948:
7898:Synthetic diamond
7794:Artificial muscle
7776:Materials science
7681:
7680:
7549:(diatomic carbon)
7481:mixed sp/sp forms
7282:
7281:
6744:978-0-444-52844-5
6680:978-0-7923-7174-8
6567:978-0-444-52844-5
6467:10.1021/jp9815255
6461:(34): 6477–6481.
6426:10.1021/jp9720303
6420:(47): 9679–9681.
6352:10.1021/je900296s
6265:(13): 3379–3383.
6201:(11): 1091–1114.
6082:10.1021/ma100694y
6068:(14): 6033–6044.
5949:10.1021/ja063636k
5874:(20): 6739–6747.
5714:(14): 8723–8730.
5708:Physical Review B
5661:978-81-224-1142-3
5570:10.1021/cm980183c
5537:(21): 2268–2280.
5508:10.1021/jp0450181
5494:(20): 4617–4622.
5465:978-1-85617-567-8
5423:10.1021/jp063617x
5372:10.1021/ja062052f
5366:(26): 8390–8391.
5347:on 26 March 2008.
5046:10.1021/jp9906379
5032:(27): 5275–5284.
4994:10.1021/ic000551q
4882:(6397): 707–709.
4653:(5030): 410–412.
4620:10.1021/nl062515f
4562:978-0-13-120198-9
4553:Pearson Education
4382:(6291): 354–358.
4349:10.1021/ja003521v
4188:(6042): 162–163.
4032:(11): 1677–1678.
3865:10.1038/srep08323
3405:and separated by
3370:electrodes in an
3167:Carbon numbering.
3025:According to the
3021:Systematic naming
2987:inherently chiral
2919:Superconductivity
2903:Quantum mechanics
2780:higher fullerenes
2506:carbon atoms has
2477:organic reactions
2443:superconductivity
2203:Schlegel diagrams
2110:
2109:
1251:exist in nature.
1135:heat conductivity
914:Rotating view of
485:materials science
400:, often written C
392:empirical formula
365:
364:
177:Carbon allotropes
16:(Redirected from
8446:
8390:Karlis Johansons
8352:Ephemeralization
8157:
8150:
8143:
8134:
8118:
8117:
8065:Horizon scanning
7981:Ephemeralization
7941:Uncrewed vehicle
7861:Carbon nanotubes
7726:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7685:
7653:Activated carbon
7609:
7608:
7607:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7489:Amorphous carbon
7470:
7469:
7468:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7286:
7272:
7271:
7260:
7259:
7246:
7245:
7234:
7233:
7218:Mechanosynthesis
7109:characterization
6991:
6984:
6977:
6968:
6926:
6925:
6909:
6908:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6866:
6860:
6854:
6845:
6844:
6834:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6648:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6601:Nature Chemistry
6595:
6589:
6583:
6572:
6571:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6498:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6399:
6398:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6273:. Archived from
6254:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6132:
6115:(2–5): 427–431.
6106:
6105:
6104:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6020:
6014:
6013:
5980:(5508): 1530–3.
5967:
5961:
5960:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5819:(4): 2912–2943.
5804:
5795:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5752:
5743:
5732:
5731:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5618:
5609:
5608:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5564:(7): 1742–1744.
5553:
5547:
5546:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5343:. Archived from
5332:
5326:
5325:
5286:Nature Chemistry
5281:
5275:
5274:
5240:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5184:
5175:(4–6): 175–177.
5162:
5156:
5155:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5081:(5–6): 524–532.
5070:
5069:
5068:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5021:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4949:10.1038/35107141
4922:
4916:
4915:
4896:10.1038/359707a0
4869:
4863:
4862:
4852:
4842:
4808:
4802:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4720:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4694:Imperial College
4685:
4679:
4678:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4613:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4551:(3rd ed.).
4550:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4520:
4502:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4459:ScienceAlert.com
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4396:10.1038/347354a0
4367:
4361:
4360:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4314:10.1038/354056a0
4289:
4283:
4282:
4277:. Archived from
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4202:10.1038/318162a0
4177:
4176:
4175:
4163:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4142:. 5 October 2016
4132:
4126:
4125:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4067:on 15 June 2013.
4063:. Archived from
4056:
4050:
4049:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3948:(5): 1361–1364.
3935:
3929:
3928:
3911:(7): 1411–1434.
3902:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3729:. Archived from
3719:
3710:
3709:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3648:. Archived from
3642:
3636:
3635:
3624:
3587:Fullerene ligand
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3341:
3333:methylene bridge
3325:other element(s)
3306:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3279:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3244:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3209:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3007:metallofullerene
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2749:carbon disulfide
2722:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2544:quantum chemical
2493:superaromaticity
2433:In the field of
2416:
2415:
2414:
2281:
2267:
2255:
2241:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1926:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1705:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1348:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1123:tensile strength
1118:Carbon nanotubes
1101:Carbon nanotubes
1090:Heterofullerenes
1085:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1045:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1008:
1007:
994:Other fullerenes
963:
962:
961:
925:
924:
923:
902:
901:
900:
751:
750:
749:
736:
735:
734:
724:
723:
722:
673:
672:
671:
642:
641:
640:
623:
622:
621:
607:
606:
605:
576:
575:
574:
560:
559:
558:
550:
549:
540:The icosahedral
530:
529:
528:
453:carbon nanotubes
357:
350:
343:
327:
326:
315:
314:
266:Titanium dioxide
105:Carbon nanotubes
99:
80:
21:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8439:1985 in science
8424:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8399:
8395:Kenneth Snelson
8277:
8206:
8166:
8161:
8131:
8126:
8106:
7945:
7902:
7804:Femtotechnology
7789:Amorphous metal
7770:
7717:
7712:
7682:
7677:
7639:
7630:Metallic carbon
7606:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7569:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7533:(atomic carbon)
7529:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7508:
7494:Carbon nanofoam
7475:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7425:
7390:
7380:
7346:
7336:Diamond (cubic)
7318:
7313:
7283:
7278:
7266:
7254:
7222:
7194:
7171:
7167:Nanolithography
7154:Nanoelectronics
7148:
7115:
7070:
7033:
7024:Popular culture
7000:
6995:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6927:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6855:
6848:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6745:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6681:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6607:(10): 880–885.
6597:
6596:
6592:
6584:
6575:
6568:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6509:(6754): 680–2.
6496:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6337:
6336:
6332:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6252:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6194:Physics-Uspekhi
6190:
6189:
6185:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6130:10.1.1.520.7265
6103:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6022:
6021:
6017:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5943:(35): 11352–3.
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5806:
5805:
5798:
5786:
5782:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5735:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5009:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4935:(6863): 506–7.
4924:
4923:
4919:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4825:(34): 13574–7.
4810:
4809:
4805:
4800:Wayback Machine
4790:
4786:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4611:10.1.1.725.7141
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4300:(6348): 56–58.
4291:
4290:
4286:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4018:
4017:
4013:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3818:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3733:on 18 June 2010
3721:
3720:
3713:
3676:(5067): 215–7.
3665:
3664:
3657:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3567:
3549:popular culture
3545:
3543:Popular culture
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3450:Main articles:
3448:
3436:contrast agents
3432:
3427:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3386:of graphite or
3364:
3339:
3335:
3329:heterofullerene
3315:
3313:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3293:-PCBM, -isomer.
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3064:path sequence.
3059:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3023:
2999:
2992:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2905:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2746:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2644:
2638:
2607:
2602:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2489:
2481:Bingel reaction
2439:heat resistance
2431:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2385:
2373:IR spectroscopy
2366:
2350:
2285:
2282:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2259:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2226:one-dimensional
2200:
2195:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2032:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1754:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1703:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1612:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1568:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1524:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1480:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1436:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1380:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1339:
1337:Main fullerenes
1311:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1266:complex dubbed
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1197:
1181:
1159:
1143:paper batteries
1137:, and relative
1111:carbon nanotube
1103:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
960:
957:
956:
955:
953:
939:
933:
922:
919:
918:
917:
915:
899:
896:
895:
894:
892:
886:
874:carbon nanobuds
869:
858:
849:
845:
788:
783:
748:
745:
744:
743:
741:
733:
730:
729:
728:
726:
721:
718:
717:
716:
714:
703:Rice University
699:Richard Smalley
685:, working with
675:
670:
667:
666:
665:
663:
639:
636:
635:
634:
632:
620:
617:
616:
615:
613:
604:
601:
600:
599:
597:
596:) proposed the
573:
570:
569:
568:
566:
557:
554:
553:
552:
548:
545:
544:
543:
541:
538:
527:
524:
523:
522:
520:
509:
501:
475:carbon such as
434:
426:
399:
361:
321:
309:
206:Aluminium oxide
75:
71:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8452:
8450:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8426:
8425:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8410:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8379:
8371:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8310:Design science
8307:
8297:
8292:
8285:
8283:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8269:
8266:Fly's Eye Dome
8263:
8257:
8251:
8245:
8239:
8233:
8227:
8221:
8218:Dymaxion house
8214:
8212:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8191:
8183:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8137:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7936:Swarm robotics
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7878:Picotechnology
7875:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7856:Nanotechnology
7853:
7848:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7780:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7732:
7730:
7723:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7688:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7649:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7635:Penta-graphene
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7604:
7596:
7588:
7579:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7559:
7551:
7543:
7535:
7527:
7518:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7388:
7378:
7369:
7364:
7356:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7339:
7331:
7329:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7289:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7264:
7252:
7240:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7204:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7181:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7158:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7125:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7056:Nanotoxicology
7053:
7047:
7045:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6998:Nanotechnology
6996:
6994:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6928:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:External links
6914:
6911:
6910:
6889:
6861:
6846:
6817:(5): 711–719.
6797:
6764:
6750:
6743:
6713:
6702:(3): 121–128.
6686:
6679:
6659:
6634:
6590:
6573:
6566:
6544:
6488:
6472:
6445:
6431:
6404:
6395:
6383:
6371:
6357:
6330:
6319:(3): 233–246.
6305:
6291:
6244:
6228:
6183:
6172:(2): 291–310.
6158:
6144:
6101:
6087:
6062:Macromolecules
6052:
6033:(12): 1843–6.
6015:
5962:
5927:
5918:
5909:
5854:
5796:
5780:
5761:(4): 629–695.
5733:
5700:
5688:
5674:
5660:
5640:
5610:
5575:
5548:
5521:
5478:
5464:
5444:
5393:
5350:
5327:
5292:(8): 727–731.
5276:
5231:(22): 225502.
5212:
5157:
5130:(16): 166804.
5114:
5100:
5065:
5051:
5007:
4988:(12): 2751–5.
4970:
4917:
4864:
4803:
4784:
4772:
4758:
4706:
4680:
4633:
4582:
4568:
4561:
4532:
4471:
4445:
4432:Universe Today
4417:
4362:
4327:
4284:
4274:Machine Design
4259:
4238:
4229:
4215:
4172:
4153:
4127:
4108:(3): 675–683.
4092:
4070:
4051:
4011:
3978:
3959:
3930:
3888:
3831:
3816:
3773:
3761:
3744:
3711:
3655:
3637:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Carbocatalysis
3574:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3467:
3447:
3444:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3407:chromatography
3384:laser ablation
3363:
3360:
3356:cyclofullerene
3317:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3246:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3222:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3195:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3162:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3077:
3068:
3057:
3047:
3038:
3022:
3019:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2934:
2931:
2923:Main article:
2920:
2917:
2904:
2901:
2893:
2878:
2869:
2857:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2799:
2787:
2772:
2760:
2744:
2717:
2705:
2686:
2671:Main article:
2668:
2665:
2640:Main article:
2637:
2634:
2606:
2605:Polymerization
2603:
2601:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2555:
2488:
2485:
2435:nanotechnology
2430:
2427:
2411:
2402:
2387:Main article:
2384:
2381:
2364:
2361:covalent bonds
2349:
2346:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2246:(dodecahedron)
2243:
2236:
2234:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2182:
2168:
2151:
2138:
2126:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1338:
1335:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1279:
1278:Other elements
1276:
1271:
1260:
1244:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1209:
1196:
1193:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1151:space elevator
1102:
1099:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1029:
1022:
1004:
995:
992:
958:
935:Main article:
932:
929:
920:
897:
885:
882:
868:
865:
856:
847:
843:
825:Lowell D. Lamb
817:Donald Huffman
786:
782:
779:
764:geodesic domes
746:
731:
719:
687:James R. Heath
674:
668:
660:
637:
618:
602:
585:Also in 1970,
571:
555:
546:
537:
534:
525:
508:
505:
500:
497:
493:nanotechnology
432:
424:
395:
363:
362:
360:
359:
352:
345:
337:
334:
333:
332:
331:
319:
304:
303:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
278:
277:
271:
270:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
190:
189:
182:
181:
180:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
151:
150:
144:
143:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
108:
107:
101:
100:
92:
91:
85:
84:
73:
69:
49:
48:Model of the C
37:
36:Model of the C
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8451:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8248:Geodesic dome
8246:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8228:
8225:
8222:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8203:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8195:Critical Path
8192:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8158:
8153:
8151:
8146:
8144:
8139:
8138:
8135:
8123:
8122:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8103:
8102:Transhumanism
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7872:
7871:Nanomaterials
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7834:Metamaterials
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7746:3D publishing
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:Manufacturing
7727:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7709:
7704:
7702:
7697:
7695:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7610:(prismane C8)
7597:
7595:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7552:
7550:
7536:
7534:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7478:
7472:
7458:
7456:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7428:
7422:
7421:Glassy carbon
7419:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7391:
7383:
7382:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7349:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7321:
7317:
7310:
7305:
7303:
7298:
7296:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7197:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7174:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7104:Nanoparticles
7102:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7076:Nanomaterials
7073:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7019:Organizations
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6992:
6987:
6985:
6980:
6978:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6935:
6931:
6915:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6900:New Scientist
6893:
6890:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6858:Full Text PDF
6853:
6851:
6847:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6801:
6798:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6754:
6751:
6746:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6714:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6690:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6663:
6660:
6645:
6638:
6635:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6545:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6523:10.1038/44348
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6495:
6476:
6473:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6435:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6361:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6331:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6295:
6292:
6280:on 8 May 2012
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6251:
6232:
6229:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6187:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6148:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6091:
6088:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6019:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5966:
5963:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5913:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5678:
5675:
5663:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5488:J. Phys. Chem
5482:
5479:
5467:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5448:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5018:
5011:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4762:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4707:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4572:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4472:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4446:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4059:Henson, R.W.
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4020:Thrower, P.A.
4015:
4012:
4007:
4003:
4000:(41): 13–19.
3999:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Dodecahedrane
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:New Scientist
3550:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:nanoparticles
3457:
3453:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:secofullerene
3349:
3345:
3344:homofullerene
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3310:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3194:
3175:
3170:
3161:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2887:
2851:
2847:
2806:
2781:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2737:chlorobenzene
2734:
2730:
2698:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2594:metallic bond
2568:
2564:
2549:As a result,
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:Hückel's rule
2533:
2530:integer) for
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:square number
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2383:Encapsulation
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2280:
2275:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2174:
2160:
2118:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1907:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1834:
1831:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1300:titanium (TiS
1297:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1252:
1238:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1016:
1011:
993:
991:
989:
984:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
950:
948:
944:
938:
930:
912:
906:
890:
883:
881:
879:
878:hemispherical
875:
866:
864:
862:
853:
841:
838:In 2010, the
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
780:
778:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
738:
712:
711:mass spectrum
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
662:Discovery of
661:
659:
657:
656:Morinobu Endo
653:
648:
646:
630:
627:Around 1980,
625:
610:
595:
592:
589:(then of the
588:
583:
580:
564:
535:
518:
513:
506:
504:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
430:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
393:
388:
386:
383:-like forms,
382:
378:
374:
370:
358:
353:
351:
346:
344:
339:
338:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
318:
313:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:Nanocomposite
282:
281:
280:
279:
276:
272:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Iron–platinum
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
188:
187:nanoparticles
183:
178:
175:
173:
172:Health impact
170:
168:
165:
163:
162:C70 fullerene
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:
149:
145:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:Nanomaterials
86:
82:
81:
66:
58:
46:
34:
30:
19:
8381:
8373:
8356:
8236:Dymaxion map
8224:Dymaxion car
8193:
8185:
8177:
8119:
8006:Robot ethics
7921:Nanorobotics
7888:Quantum dots
7808:
7668:Carbon fiber
7658:Carbon black
7644:
7625:Cubic carbon
7574:
7513:
7480:
7430:
7412:
7406:
7400:
7394:
7385:
7375:
7374:, including
7371:
7359:
7351:
7334:
7323:
7247:
7235:
7213:Nanorobotics
7083:
7051:Nanomedicine
7043:applications
6938:
6937:
6936:profile for
6933:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6875:
6871:
6864:
6814:
6810:
6800:
6778:(1): 86–94.
6775:
6771:
6753:
6726:
6716:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6669:
6662:
6650:. Retrieved
6637:
6604:
6600:
6593:
6557:
6547:
6506:
6500:
6475:
6458:
6452:
6434:
6417:
6411:
6360:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6316:
6312:
6294:
6282:. Retrieved
6275:the original
6262:
6256:
6231:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6169:
6165:
6147:
6112:
6108:
6090:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6030:
6024:
6018:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5940:
5934:
5912:
5871:
5867:
5857:
5816:
5812:
5791:
5783:
5758:
5754:
5711:
5707:
5677:
5665:. Retrieved
5650:
5643:
5626:
5622:
5591:(1–2): 1–7.
5588:
5584:
5578:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5469:. Retrieved
5454:
5447:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5345:the original
5340:
5330:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5228:
5224:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5127:
5121:
5103:
5078:
5072:
5054:
5029:
5023:
5010:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4822:
4816:
4806:
4787:
4773:
4761:
4728:
4722:
4709:
4697:. Retrieved
4683:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4596:(3): 614–9.
4593:
4590:Nano Letters
4589:
4571:
4546:
4490:
4484:
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4458:
4448:
4436:. Retrieved
4430:
4420:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4279:the original
4272:
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4241:
4218:
4185:
4179:
4144:. Retrieved
4139:
4130:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4086:
4080:
4073:
4065:the original
4054:
4029:
4023:
4014:
3997:
3991:
3981:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3908:
3904:
3891:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3786:
3780:
3735:. Retrieved
3731:the original
3726:
3673:
3667:
3650:the original
3640:
3631:
3622:
3552:
3546:
3538:
3481:type (e.g.:
3459:
3433:
3425:Applications
3400:
3376:electric arc
3365:
3355:
3351:
3348:norfullerene
3347:
3343:
3328:
3320:
3318:
3308:
3264:
3251:-Cyclopropa(
3248:
3229:
3216:-Cyclopropa(
3213:
3192:
3159:
3129:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3071:, which is (
3066:
3062:
3054:
3024:
3015:
3004:
3000:
2936:
2928:
2906:
2807:
2765:
2726:
2652:angle strain
2645:
2612:
2608:
2566:
2548:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2490:
2479:such as the
2474:
2447:
2432:
2392:
2351:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2288:
2207:
2201:
2189:fullerenes.
2119:
2111:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1340:
1320:
1308:niobium (NbS
1292:tungsten (WS
1281:
1268:borospherene
1253:
1198:
1182:
1160:
1116:
1095:azafullerene
1088:
1037:
1033:
1015:dodecahedral
1012:
997:
988:double bonds
985:
974:
951:
940:
870:
837:
814:
798:sooty flames
795:
784:
772:
739:
691:Sean O'Brien
679:Harold Kroto
676:
649:
645:carbon black
629:Sumio Iijima
626:
611:
584:
539:
502:
465:
460:
456:
449:bucky onions
448:
436:
418:
409:
405:
401:
396:
389:
368:
366:
221:Cobalt oxide
201:Quantum dots
147:
134:Applications
29:
8300:Synergetics
8260:Octet truss
8070:Moore's law
8001:Neuroethics
7996:Cyberethics
7766:Utility fog
7751:Claytronics
7741:3D printing
7620:Haeckelites
7565:(tricarbon)
7514:other forms
7414:Nanoscrolls
6284:24 February
5788:"Fullerene"
5667:26 December
5471:26 December
3646:"fullerite"
3597:Lonsdaleite
3559:David Jones
3270:)fullerene.
3235:)fullerene.
3132:h)fullerene
2692:in solution
2627:Fullerite (
2487:Aromaticity
2423:noble gases
1372:Space group
1157:Derivatives
768:unsaturated
695:Robert Curl
579:corannulene
517:icosahedral
489:electronics
8434:Fullerenes
8428:Categories
8291:(daughter)
8254:World Game
8242:Tensegrity
7961:Automation
7846:Metal foam
7372:Fullerenes
7097:Non-carbon
7088:Nanotubes
7084:Fullerenes
7066:Regulation
6878:: 215550.
6652:3 February
5629:(3): 119.
4780:Fullerenes
4731:(1): 6–7.
4500:1904.08821
4493:(2): L28.
4438:28 October
4252:7 February
3975:: 854–863.
3614:References
3602:Triumphene
3572:Buckypaper
3430:Biomedical
3362:Production
3321:fulleranes
3198:)fullerene
3165:)fullerene
2731:, such as
2667:Solubility
2538:. The 10+
2511:pi-bonding
2497:delocalize
2324:=2 (where
2222:polyhedron
2214:orientable
2193:Properties
1857:Monoclinic
1661:Monoclinic
1237:volleyball
1040:(sequence
981:nanometers
884:Buckyballs
812:, Russia.
587:R.W.Henson
563:Eiji Osawa
519:fullerene
499:Definition
457:buckytubes
437:buckyballs
241:Iron oxide
148:Fullerenes
52:fullerene.
18:Fullerenes
8357:Fullerene
8337:Gold Dome
7991:Bioethics
7809:Fullerene
7402:Nanotubes
6940:Fullerene
6708:1660-6795
6346:: 13–36.
6223:250785669
6125:CiteSeerX
5896:1573-4803
5849:224784081
5841:1573-4803
5431:1089-5639
5380:0002-7863
5314:1755-4349
5238:1012.3076
5182:0708.2331
5071:-rings".
4667:0036-8075
4606:CiteSeerX
4527:121292704
4404:0028-0836
4357:0002-7863
4146:8 October
3737:29 August
3388:pyrolysis
2997:Stability
2933:Chirality
2846:triclinic
2753:allotrope
2723:solutions
2636:Chemistry
2600:Reactions
2450:ab-initio
2397:known as
2299:3-regular
1323:germanium
1131:ductility
943:pentalene
806:shungites
802:lightning
800:, and by
793:in 1991.
757:architect
677:In 1985,
473:amorphous
461:fullerite
381:ellipsoid
369:fullerene
211:Cellulose
167:Chemistry
119:Chemistry
114:Synthesis
8408:Category
8327:Dymaxion
8322:Geoscope
7916:Domotics
7908:Robotics
7893:Silicene
7814:Graphene
7663:Charcoal
7504:Q-carbon
7431:sp forms
7408:Nanobuds
7367:Graphene
7361:Graphite
7352:sp forms
7237:Category
7006:Overview
6841:17664135
6792:22108244
6629:24056346
6531:18494170
6047:15706578
6010:45230096
6002:11222855
5957:16939248
5904:93478144
5775:93423610
5516:16833800
5439:16928103
5388:16802791
5341:IsraCast
5322:25054944
5271:16414023
5263:21702613
5207:97264790
5152:17501448
5002:11375691
4957:11734841
4904:11536508
4859:17699622
4796:Archived
4753:95413107
4745:16598460
4675:17742230
4628:17316055
4464:29 April
3925:94299129
3883:25662746
3851:: 8323.
3845:Sci. Rep
3811:33588270
3803:20651118
3698:17794751
3565:See also
3368:graphite
2729:solvents
2660:orbitals
2648:graphite
2429:Research
2293:that is
2198:Topology
1379:Pearson
754:American
481:charcoal
404:, where
289:Nanofoam
256:Platinum
139:Timeline
8413:Commons
8282:Related
7784:Aerogel
7645:related
7615:Chaoite
7249:Commons
7029:Outline
7014:History
6930:Scholia
6832:1995806
6609:Bibcode
6539:4424892
6511:Bibcode
6203:Bibcode
6117:Bibcode
6070:Bibcode
5982:Bibcode
5973:Science
5876:Bibcode
5821:Bibcode
5794:on-line
5728:9977506
5593:Bibcode
5496:Bibcode
5411:Bibcode
5294:Bibcode
5243:Bibcode
5187:Bibcode
5132:Bibcode
5083:Bibcode
5034:Bibcode
4965:4431690
4937:Bibcode
4912:2695746
4884:Bibcode
4850:1959422
4827:Bibcode
4647:Science
4598:Bibcode
4505:Bibcode
4412:4359360
4384:Bibcode
4322:4302490
4302:Bibcode
4210:4314237
4190:Bibcode
4110:Bibcode
4034:Bibcode
3874:4321171
3853:Bibcode
3782:Science
3706:4956299
3678:Bibcode
3669:Science
3033:in the
3011:yttrium
2850:solvate
2733:toluene
2618:diamond
2419:Permian
2348:Bonding
2114:isomers
1412:(g/cm)
1351:Formula
1133:, high
1129:, high
1125:, high
1046:in the
1043:A007894
852:Spitzer
810:Karelia
681:of the
507:History
469:diamond
216:Ceramic
8274:(1967)
8268:(1965)
8262:(1961)
8256:(1961)
8250:(1953)
8244:(1949)
8238:(1946)
8232:(1940)
8226:(1933)
8220:(1928)
8198:(1981)
8190:(1968)
8182:(1938)
7986:Ethics
7954:Topics
7722:Fields
7092:Carbon
7039:Impact
6932:has a
6907:: 245.
6839:
6829:
6790:
6741:
6706:
6677:
6627:
6564:
6537:
6529:
6502:Nature
6221:
6127:
6064:. 14.
6045:
6008:
6000:
5955:
5902:
5894:
5847:
5839:
5773:
5726:
5658:
5514:
5462:
5437:
5429:
5386:
5378:
5320:
5312:
5269:
5261:
5205:
5150:
5000:
4963:
4955:
4928:Nature
4910:
4902:
4875:Nature
4857:
4847:
4751:
4743:
4699:4 July
4673:
4665:
4626:
4608:
4559:
4525:
4410:
4402:
4376:Nature
4355:
4320:
4294:Nature
4208:
4181:Nature
4089:: 610.
4025:Carbon
3969:Kagaku
3923:
3881:
3871:
3809:
3801:
3704:
3696:
3380:plasma
2985:) are
2973:, and
2848:solid
2739:, and
2631:image)
2565:. The
2540:cation
2458:TD-DFT
2358:double
2354:single
2303:degree
2295:planar
1940:1.5817
1937:1.5817
1934:1.5817
1882:108.07
1879:1.8355
1876:1.1355
1721:1.5475
1718:1.5475
1715:1.5475
1686:108.10
1381:symbol
1366:Cryst.
1329:, and
827:, and
707:helium
491:, and
471:, and
414:isomer
379:- and
377:sphere
371:is an
261:Silver
226:Copper
185:Other
8211:Other
8171:Books
7326:forms
6934:topic
6647:(PDF)
6535:S2CID
6497:(PDF)
6278:(PDF)
6253:(PDF)
6219:S2CID
6006:S2CID
5900:S2CID
5845:S2CID
5771:S2CID
5751:(PDF)
5267:S2CID
5233:arXiv
5203:S2CID
5177:arXiv
5020:(PDF)
4961:S2CID
4908:S2CID
4749:S2CID
4719:(PDF)
4523:S2CID
4495:arXiv
4408:S2CID
4318:S2CID
4206:S2CID
3921:S2CID
3901:(PDF)
3807:S2CID
3702:S2CID
3417:and C
3372:inert
3312:5h(6)
3268:5h(6)
3233:5h(6)
3196:5h(6)
3163:5h(6)
3095:5h(6)
3088:5h(6)
3027:IUPAC
2563:anion
2466:Raman
2291:graph
2218:genus
2120:When
1919:Cubic
1873:1.141
1730:1.64
1698:Cubic
1692:1.48
1683:1.768
1680:1.108
1677:1.102
1368:Symm.
1363:Symm.
1356:Isom.
1201:boron
1195:Boron
867:Types
846:and C
701:from
385:tubes
251:Lipid
8121:List
7041:and
6837:PMID
6788:PMID
6739:ISBN
6704:ISSN
6675:ISBN
6654:2020
6625:PMID
6562:ISBN
6527:PMID
6286:2015
6043:PMID
5998:PMID
5953:PMID
5892:ISSN
5837:ISSN
5724:PMID
5694:and
5669:2011
5656:ISBN
5512:PMID
5473:2011
5460:ISBN
5435:PMID
5427:ISSN
5384:PMID
5376:ISSN
5318:PMID
5310:ISSN
5259:PMID
5148:PMID
4998:PMID
4953:PMID
4900:PMID
4855:PMID
4741:PMID
4701:2010
4671:PMID
4663:ISSN
4624:PMID
4557:ISBN
4466:2019
4440:2010
4400:ISSN
4353:ISSN
4254:2014
4148:2022
3879:PMID
3799:PMID
3767:and
3739:2010
3694:PMID
3517:, M@
3505:, M@
3454:and
2820:and
2468:and
2456:and
2441:and
2375:and
2356:and
2305:3).
2297:and
2175:and
2078:3996
1912:*, D
1399:(nm)
1393:(nm)
1387:(nm)
1361:Mol.
1354:Num.
1331:lead
1306:and
1286:(MoS
1048:OEIS
975:The
947:soot
842:of C
725:and
697:and
654:and
515:The
479:and
477:soot
441:ball
236:Iron
231:Gold
7324:sp
6880:doi
6876:501
6827:PMC
6819:doi
6780:doi
6776:195
6731:doi
6617:doi
6519:doi
6507:401
6463:doi
6459:102
6422:doi
6418:101
6348:doi
6321:doi
6267:doi
6211:doi
6174:doi
6164:".
6135:doi
6078:doi
6035:doi
5990:doi
5978:291
5945:doi
5941:128
5884:doi
5829:doi
5763:doi
5716:doi
5631:doi
5601:doi
5589:187
5566:doi
5539:doi
5504:doi
5492:109
5419:doi
5407:110
5368:doi
5364:128
5302:doi
5251:doi
5229:106
5195:doi
5173:450
5140:doi
5091:doi
5079:335
5042:doi
5030:103
4990:doi
4945:doi
4933:414
4892:doi
4880:359
4845:PMC
4835:doi
4823:104
4733:doi
4729:385
4655:doi
4651:254
4616:doi
4513:doi
4491:875
4392:doi
4380:347
4345:doi
4341:122
4310:doi
4298:354
4198:doi
4186:318
4118:doi
4087:209
4042:doi
4002:doi
3950:doi
3913:doi
3869:PMC
3861:doi
3791:doi
3787:329
3686:doi
3674:257
3413:, C
3396:MIT
3390:of
3336:−CH
2886:fcc
2793:to
2747:in
2454:DFT
2284:C70
2270:C60
2258:C26
2244:C20
2132:or
1870:mP2
1850:, C
1846:, C
1712:cF4
1709:225
1674:mP2
1343:CAS
1327:tin
1318:).
1316:GPa
1081:200
905:DFT
808:in
526:540
455:or
443:of
8430::
7466:18
7411:,
7405:,
7399:,
7393:,
7389:70
7384:,
7379:60
6905:32
6903:.
6874:.
6849:^
6835:.
6825:.
6815:43
6813:.
6809:.
6786:.
6774:.
6765:60
6737:.
6698:.
6623:.
6615:.
6603:.
6576:^
6533:.
6525:.
6517:.
6505:.
6499:.
6489:60
6457:.
6446:70
6416:.
6389:*4
6384:60
6372:60
6344:55
6342:.
6315:.
6306:70
6263:97
6261:.
6255:.
6245:60
6217:.
6209:.
6199:41
6197:.
6168:.
6159:60
6133:.
6123:.
6111:.
6102:60
6076:.
6066:43
6041:.
6031:44
6029:.
6004:.
5996:.
5988:.
5976:.
5951:.
5939:.
5928:84
5921:N@
5898:.
5890:.
5882:.
5872:50
5870:.
5866:.
5843:.
5835:.
5827:.
5817:56
5815:.
5811:.
5799:^
5790:,
5769:.
5759:74
5757:.
5753:.
5736:^
5722:.
5712:51
5710:.
5701:76
5689:82
5627:25
5625:.
5613:^
5599:.
5587:.
5562:10
5560:.
5535:36
5533:.
5510:.
5502:.
5490:.
5433:.
5425:.
5417:.
5405:.
5382:.
5374:.
5362:.
5339:.
5316:.
5308:.
5300:.
5288:.
5265:.
5257:.
5249:.
5241:.
5227:.
5215:^
5201:.
5193:.
5185:.
5171:.
5146:.
5138:.
5128:98
5126:.
5115:80
5089:.
5077:.
5066:60
5040:.
5028:.
5022:.
4996:.
4986:40
4984:.
4959:.
4951:.
4943:.
4931:.
4906:.
4898:.
4890:.
4878:.
4853:.
4843:.
4833:.
4821:.
4815:.
4747:.
4739:.
4727:.
4721:.
4692:.
4669:.
4661:.
4649:.
4645:.
4622:.
4614:.
4604:.
4592:.
4583:60
4555:.
4535:^
4521:.
4511:.
4503:.
4489:.
4483:.
4457:.
4429:.
4406:.
4398:.
4390:.
4378:.
4374:.
4351:.
4339:.
4316:.
4308:.
4296:.
4271:.
4230:60
4204:.
4196:.
4184:.
4173:60
4156:^
4138:.
4116:.
4106:50
4104:.
4085:.
4040:.
4030:37
4028:.
3998:84
3996:.
3990:.
3973:25
3971:.
3946:30
3944:.
3919:.
3909:69
3907:.
3903:.
3877:.
3867:.
3859:.
3847:.
3843:.
3819:^
3805:.
3797:.
3785:.
3774:70
3762:60
3747:^
3725:.
3714:^
3700:.
3692:.
3684:.
3672:.
3658:^
3630:.
3557:,
3524:82
3512:60
3500:70
3493:,
3488:60
3468:60
3419:84
3415:78
3411:76
3398:.
3358:.
3302:70
3288:71
3258:70
3247:3'
3223:70
3212:3'
3186:70
3153:70
3123:60
3078:70
3069:70
3048:60
3039:60
2980:84
2968:80
2961:,
2956:78
2949:,
2944:76
2899:.
2894:60
2863:·4
2858:60
2839:60
2827:70
2815:60
2800:84
2788:76
2773:70
2763:.
2761:60
2745:60
2735:,
2718:60
2706:60
2687:60
2596:.
2587:60
2575:60
2556:60
2470:UV
2464:,
2462:IR
2437:,
2412:84
2405:N@
2379:.
2371:,
2365:60
2332:,
2328:,
2312:,
2216:,
2183:70
2169:60
2152:76
2139:82
2127:76
2045:46
2038:90
2005:35
1998:88
1965:19
1958:86
1943:90
1923:Fm
1914:2d
1905:24
1898:84
1861:P2
1852:3v
1848:2v
1825:82
1785:80
1753:2v
1741:78
1724:90
1702:Fm
1665:P2
1657:*
1650:2
1643:76
1611:3h
1599:74
1567:6h
1555:72
1523:5h
1511:70
1467:60
1423:20
1402:β°
1376:No
1325:,
1298:,
1272:2d
1261:40
1245:80
1222:60
1210:80
1153:.
1069:60
1057:60
1030:2n
1023:20
1005:70
959:60
949:.
921:60
898:60
857:60
848:70
844:60
823:,
819:,
787:60
747:60
732:70
720:60
693:,
689:,
669:60
638:60
619:60
603:60
591:UK
572:60
556:60
547:60
495:.
487:,
463:.
433:60
425:60
423:(C
416:.
367:A
76:).
74:60
70:60
50:20
38:60
8156:e
8149:t
8142:v
7707:e
7700:t
7693:v
7605:6
7600:C
7589:3
7584:C
7560:3
7555:C
7544:2
7539:C
7528:1
7523:C
7461:C
7450:6
7445:C
7417:)
7387:C
7377:C
7308:e
7301:t
7294:v
6990:e
6983:t
6976:v
6944:.
6886:.
6882::
6843:.
6821::
6794:.
6782::
6760:C
6747:.
6733::
6710:.
6700:2
6683:.
6656:.
6631:.
6619::
6611::
6605:5
6570:.
6541:.
6521::
6513::
6494:"
6484:C
6469:.
6465::
6441:C
6428:.
6424::
6405:6
6400:H
6396:6
6391:C
6379:C
6377:−
6367:C
6354:.
6350::
6327:.
6323::
6317:2
6301:C
6288:.
6269::
6240:C
6225:.
6213::
6205::
6180:.
6176::
6170:5
6154:C
6141:.
6137::
6119::
6113:7
6097:C
6084:.
6080::
6072::
6049:.
6037::
6012:.
5992::
5984::
5959:.
5947::
5923:C
5919:3
5906:.
5886::
5878::
5851:.
5831::
5823::
5777:.
5765::
5730:.
5718::
5696:C
5684:C
5671:.
5637:.
5633::
5607:.
5603::
5595::
5572:.
5568::
5545:.
5541::
5518:.
5506::
5498::
5475:.
5441:.
5421::
5413::
5390:.
5370::
5324:.
5304::
5296::
5290:6
5273:.
5253::
5245::
5235::
5209:.
5197::
5189::
5179::
5154:.
5142::
5134::
5110:B
5097:.
5093::
5085::
5061:C
5048:.
5044::
5036::
5004:.
4992::
4967:.
4947::
4939::
4914:.
4894::
4886::
4861:.
4837::
4829::
4774:n
4768:C
4755:.
4735::
4703:.
4677:.
4657::
4630:.
4618::
4600::
4594:7
4578:C
4565:.
4529:.
4515::
4507::
4497::
4468:.
4442:.
4414:.
4394::
4386::
4359:.
4347::
4324:.
4312::
4304::
4256:.
4225:C
4212:.
4200::
4192::
4168:C
4150:.
4124:.
4120::
4112::
4048:.
4044::
4036::
4008:.
4004::
3956:.
3952::
3927:.
3915::
3885:.
3863::
3855::
3849:5
3813:.
3793::
3769:C
3757:C
3741:.
3708:.
3688::
3680::
3634:.
3529:)
3519:C
3507:C
3495:C
3483:C
3463:C
3340:−
3338:2
3309:D
3307:-
3297:C
3283:C
3265:D
3263:-
3253:C
3249:H
3230:D
3228:-
3218:C
3214:H
3193:D
3191:-
3181:C
3179:(
3160:D
3158:-
3148:C
3146:(
3130:I
3128:-
3118:C
3116:(
3102:5
3099:C
3092:D
3085:D
3083:-
3073:C
3058:h
3055:I
3053:-
3043:C
2991:2
2975:C
2963:C
2951:C
2939:C
2889:C
2879:6
2874:H
2870:6
2865:C
2853:C
2834:C
2822:C
2810:C
2795:C
2783:C
2768:C
2713:C
2701:C
2682:C
2582:C
2570:C
2567:n
2551:C
2528:N
2524:N
2516:n
2508:n
2504:n
2407:C
2403:3
2342:V
2338:V
2334:F
2330:E
2326:V
2322:F
2320:+
2318:E
2316:−
2314:V
2178:C
2164:C
2147:C
2134:C
2122:C
2073:C
2033:C
1993:C
1953:C
1927:m
1925:3
1910:2
1908:D
1893:C
1885:2
1867:4
1863:1
1841:2
1836:C
1832:9
1820:C
1792:7
1780:C
1751:D
1748:5
1736:C
1727:4
1706:m
1704:3
1689:2
1671:4
1667:1
1655:2
1653:D
1638:C
1609:D
1606:1
1594:C
1565:D
1562:1
1550:C
1521:D
1518:1
1506:C
1479:h
1477:I
1474:1
1462:C
1435:h
1433:I
1430:1
1418:C
1410:ρ
1406:Z
1397:c
1391:b
1385:a
1312:)
1310:2
1304:)
1302:2
1296:)
1294:2
1288:2
1256:B
1233:h
1229:h
1217:C
1205:B
1093:(
1076:C
1064:C
1052:C
1038:n
1034:n
1018:C
1000:C
954:C
916:C
893:C
742:C
727:C
715:C
664:C
633:C
614:C
598:C
567:C
551:H
542:C
521:C
410:n
406:n
402:n
397:n
394:C
356:e
349:t
342:v
68:C
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
