539:, where its acidity is valued in blended wines for the 'freshness' it imparts. Barbera is found in the northwestern part of Italy, particularly in Monferrato, and to a lesser extent further south. Nearly half of all grapevine plantings in Piedmont are Barbera. It likes the same conditions as Nebbiolo, but the latter is more profitable, fetching nearly twice the price, so is grown on the best sites. The earlier-ripening Barbera is grown on the cooler lower slopes below the Nebbiolo, and other secondary locations. This explains why relatively little Barbera is grown around
2489:
2197:
617:
some of the grape's high acidity. The wines of
Barbera d'Asti tend to be bright in color and elegant while Barbera d'Alba tends to have a deep color with more intense, powerful fruit. In the Alba region many of the best vineyard sites are dedicated to Nebbiolo with Barbera relegated to a secondary location, which limits the quality and quantities of the wines labeled with the Barbera d'Alba DOC. In the Monferrato DOC, Barbera is blended with up to 15%
520:
453:
75:
633:
568:
278:
575:
As of 2010, there were 20,524 hectares (50,720 acres) of
Barbera planted, making it the sixth most widely planted red grape variety in Italy. At its highpoint in the late 20th century, there were over 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) planted but the fallout from the "Methanol scandal" of the 1980s and
558:
Nizza (also
Barbera d'Asti Superiore Nizza before 2014) is a DOCG designation whose zone of production is limited to the comuni (municipalities) of Agliano Terme, Belveglio, Bruno, Calamandrana, Castel Boglione, Castelnuovo Belbo, Castelnuovo Calcea, Castel Rocchero, Cortiglione, Incisa Scapaccino,
628:
Since 2000, it has been possible to produce
Barbera d'Asti Superiore, for which the wine must have an alcoholic strength of at least 12.5% by volume, and be aged for at least 14 months, 6 months of which stored in oak or chestnut barrels. Many superior producers refine it in small oak barriques to
353:
to their wines, killing over 30 people and causing many more to lose their sight. The bad press and publicity saw a steady decline in
Barbera sales and plantings, allowing the grape to be eclipsed by the Montepulciano grape as Italy's second most widely planted red grape variety in the late 1990s.
616:
is considered among locals to be the "heart" of
Barbera in Piedmont. In 2001, the town of Nizza was officially recognized as a sub-region within the greater Barbera d'Asti DOC. Being one of the warmest areas in Asti, Nizza has the potential to produce the ripest Barbera with sugar levels to match
1048:
throughout Italy and worldwide. These include Barber a Raspo, Barbera a
Peduncolo, Barbera Amaro, Barbera Crna, Barbera Forte, Barbera Mercantile, Barbera Nera, Barbera Nostrana, Barbera Riccia, Barbera Rissa, Barbera Rosa, Barbera Vera, Barberone, Barbexinis, Besgano, Cosses Barbusen, Gaietto,
914:
color, pink rim, pronounced acidity, and normally rather modest levels of tannins. The acidity of
Barbera makes it a valued plant in warm climate regions where acidification is usually needed. The color of Barbera makes it a value blending grape and it was historically used in the Barolo &
460:
Winemakers working with
Barbera have a variety of ways to deal with the grape's high acidity and moderate astringency. The most common has been through blending with varieties lacking those components and creating a softer and potentially more balanced wine as a result.
440:. The different clones can be identified by the size and shape of their grape clusters with the smaller cluster clones producing the highest quality wine. In recent years, viticulturists have been working with clonal selection to increase Barbera's resistance to the
269:, and are not recommended for cellaring. Wines with a better balance between acid and fruit, often with the addition of oak and having a high alcohol content are more capable of cellaring; these wines often result from reduced-yield viticultural methods.
839:, and that it should theoretically find a successful home in many Australian wine regions. Australian wine producers have found some success with Barbera in Victoria. Mount Broke Wines of Broke, is one of the few in New South Wales, Australia.
860:
In the United States, there are 4,693 hectares (11,600 acres) of plantings mostly in
California, where Barbera is one of the most successful of the Piemontese grapes to be adopted in the state. It is widely planted in the
2534:
897:
notes and limited complexity and aging potential. In addition to Washington, in the Umpqua AVA of Oregon plantings of Barbara is proving successful, as well as plantings in central and southern Arizona.
366:
and other methods. Excessive yields can diminish the fruit quality in the grape and accentuate Barbera's natural acidity and sharpness. In Piedmont, the vine was prized for its yields and ability to
495:
picked up from the oak, was found to increase the richness of Barbera. At the time, his recommendation met some resistance from the tradition-minded Barbera producers, but the success of the "
511:
time, contributed to the production of softer wines. Lower yields and harvesting riper grapes with more fruit and sugar have been found to be a better balance for Barbera's high acidity.
918:
The use of oak for fermentation or maturation can have a pronounced influence on the flavor and profile of Barbera. Barrel-influenced Barberas tend to be rounder and richer, with more
1406:. Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity (IBV) of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE), Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179 Bonn, Germany. Archived from
869:. In recent years, the fashion of Italian grapes has caused more California winemakers to look into producing high-quality varietal Barbera. Plantings in the cooler regions of
499:" which introduced new oak barrel treatment to Sangiovese caused many producers to reconsider. In addition to the subtle oxygenation and spice notes, oak imparts to the wine
950:
region used Barbera as one of the parent vines for many of his crosses. Along with Nebbiolo di Dronero (originally thought to be Nebbiolo but later discovered to be an old
378:
to give their best sites over to the more difficult-to-cultivate Nebbiolo and still produce quality wine with Barbera that could be consumed earlier while the Nebbiolo
730:
746:
Although Barbera plantings of over 12,500 hectares (31,000 acres) existed as of 2010 outside Italy, it is rarely found in Europe except for small plantings in
1431:
926:
and cherry notes. While some producers delay harvest in order to increase sugar levels as a balance to Barbera's acidity, over-ripeness can lead to
2423:
1287:
559:
Moasca, Mombaruzzo, Mombercelli, Nizza Monferrato, Rocchetta Palafea, San Marzano Oliveto, Vaglio Serra and Vinchio within the province of Asti.
910:, fruity wines to more powerful, intense examples that need cellaring. Some characteristics of the variety are more consistent—namely its deep
1390:
1323:
1271:
158:
2245:
281:
An 18th-century engraving of the city of Casal Monferrato in whose cathedral archive the earliest known planting of Barbera is documented
765:
The influence of Italian immigrants has led to a scattering of Barbera plantings in South America, notably in Argentina, Brazil, and
2519:
1507:
1356:
1224:
1175:
1116:
799:
in the 1960s, and as of 2010 accounted for 103 hectares (250 acres) of planting land. It has been grown for about 25 years in the
629:
obtain a rounder taste. The superior has the following sub-zones indicated on the label: Nizza, Tinella, or Colli Astiani (Asti).
2529:
1796:
1482:
1063:
939:
796:
576:
the lack of a driving worldwide market caused those numbers to decline. In the Piedmont region, Barbera is widely grown in the
1963:
127:
257:
and with notes of blackberry and black cherries in wines made of more ripe grapes. Many producers employ the use of toasted
2524:
2449:
774:
429:
2454:
233:
wines are produced within a sub-zone of the Barbera d'Asti production area. When young, the wines offer a very intense
862:
480:
503:
wood tannins which give structure to the wine without adding as much astringent bite as the tannins derived from the
2374:
2341:
2170:
2464:
2354:
504:
906:
As with many grapes that are widely planted, there is a wide range of quality and variety of Barbera wines from
2459:
2238:
2180:
2109:
2001:
1602:
1585:
850:
846:
35:
374:
even on vineyard sites with less than ideal exposure. This allowed the Piedmontese winemakers in regions like
1403:
390:
has been picked. In recent times, winemakers have been experimenting with harvesting Barbera later at higher
2349:
1722:
1558:
878:
2212:
2135:
1580:
824:
804:
971:
2150:
1919:
1563:
721:
484:
187:
1291:
1012:
Despite similarities in names, Barbera has no close genetic relationship with the Campanian wine grape
990:
769:. In Argentina, it is widely grown with 1,061 hectares (2,620 acres) planted as of 2010, mostly in the
1801:
1553:
842:
543:, where the wines are entitled to the appellation Barbera d'Alba. Thus the best-known Barbera is the
217:, robust red wines with intense fruit and enhanced tannic content. The best-known appellation is the
1188:
441:
2379:
2331:
2231:
1781:
1475:
998:
955:
890:
661:
472:
391:
43:
1236:
982:
676:. As in Lombardy, Barbera is often softened by blending with the lighter Croatina as it is in the
2369:
1874:
1013:
882:
831:, includes Barbera in maturity group 5, which means that it will ripen at about the same time as
601:
532:
318:
258:
362:
The Barbera vine is very vigorous and capable of producing high yields if not kept in check by
2323:
2270:
1854:
1791:
1386:
1352:
1319:
1267:
1220:
1171:
1128:
1112:
1058:
967:
963:
886:
548:
508:
322:
314:
298:
222:
214:
151:
1006:
975:
2488:
2196:
2114:
2041:
1904:
1806:
1383:
Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours
1259:
792:
788:
613:
593:
585:
552:
488:
326:
290:
31:
265:
notes. The lightest versions are generally known for flavors and aromas of fresh fruit and
2469:
2290:
2207:
1993:
1821:
1756:
1699:
1662:
1542:
812:
759:
310:
226:
133:
386:
for Barbera usually takes place in late September-early October, usually two weeks after
1313:
2364:
2359:
2308:
2262:
2119:
2091:
2066:
1987:
1976:
1971:
1869:
1836:
1652:
1630:
1597:
1573:
1468:
1033:
1029:
1017:
994:
922:
and spice notes. Wines made with older or more-neutral oak tend to retain more vibrant
832:
820:
766:
751:
735:
642:
577:
536:
492:
433:
402:
383:
338:
137:
97:
1253:
845:
producers have begun widespread plantings of the grape in the warm climate regions of
2513:
2389:
2298:
2104:
2099:
1776:
1592:
1568:
1021:
923:
874:
781:
747:
605:
589:
496:
468:
425:
334:
306:
195:
191:
179:
164:
2175:
1766:
1704:
1694:
1647:
1025:
911:
816:
770:
717:
367:
345:. In 1985, the Piedmont region was rocked by a scandal involving Barbera producers
242:
234:
176:
1924:
640:
Outside Piedmont, Barbera is found throughout Italy, often as a component in mass
293:, Italy, where it has been known since the thirteenth century. Documents from the
664:. Southeast of Piedmont, Barbera is found in Emilia-Romagna in the hills between
580:
region and the Asti and Monferrato regions. While there is no officially defined
2493:
2444:
2407:
2201:
2056:
2046:
1944:
1826:
1709:
1640:
1499:
951:
947:
907:
870:
808:
650:
in Oltrepò Pavese with wines that range from slightly spritzy to semi-sparkling
437:
379:
266:
254:
199:
519:
452:
301:
between 1246 and 1277 detail leasing agreements of vineyard lands planted with
182:
that, as of 2000, was the third most-planted red grape variety in Italy (after
2397:
2313:
2303:
2254:
2160:
2155:
2140:
2076:
2071:
2036:
1934:
1929:
1889:
1816:
1761:
1751:
1746:
1733:
1689:
1677:
1667:
1625:
1451:
943:
894:
677:
622:
406:
346:
286:
230:
183:
147:
74:
708:. Barbera was an important grape in re-establishing the wine industry of the
2275:
2165:
2145:
2081:
2061:
2051:
2011:
1949:
1831:
1771:
1672:
959:
755:
725:
705:
681:
652:
609:
540:
465:
420:
soils can help limit the vigor and yields. The grape rarely thrives in very
375:
342:
294:
250:
39:
428:. Like many grape varieties with a long history, the Barbera vine has seen
632:
567:
38:. Several terms redirect here: for another grape known as Pignatello, see
2021:
2016:
2006:
1899:
1879:
1846:
1811:
1741:
1657:
1620:
1532:
1527:
1512:
986:
866:
713:
689:
685:
665:
657:
647:
524:
500:
421:
387:
371:
350:
261:, which provides for increased complexity, aging potential, and hints of
246:
238:
210:
1263:
432:
arise with different clones of the variety found in Piedmont, Lombardy,
2474:
2280:
2031:
1884:
1786:
1635:
1522:
1441:
1045:
669:
597:
395:
363:
277:
262:
17:
2439:
2402:
2026:
1914:
1909:
1255:
Which Winegrape Varieties are Grown Where? A Global Empirical Picture
1191:. The State Library of South Australia, GPO Box 419, Adelaide SA 5001
1002:
927:
881:, producers have been experimenting with plantings of Barbera in the
836:
800:
709:
693:
618:
915:
Barberesco region to add color to the natural light Nebbiolo grape.
1338:
Higgs, Darby, Emerging Varietal Wines of Australia, Booksurge, 2005
636:
A Cabernet Sauvignon/Barbera blend from the Langhe DOC in Piedmont.
1939:
1894:
1864:
1517:
1407:
854:
807:, with later plantings in a number of wine regions, including the
673:
631:
566:
518:
476:
451:
276:
120:
58:
1129:"Wine Varietals Guide - Types of Grapes | Wine of the Month Club"
398:, these producers may even harvest their Barbera after Nebbiolo.
1491:
1447:
919:
893:. So far these very young vines have produced fruity wines with
544:
417:
413:
410:
218:
206:
2227:
1464:
1445:
1318:(Revised ed.). Tanunda, South Australia: Trivinum Press.
551:. The Barbera del Monferrato DOC – which tends to be somewhat
330:
2223:
471:
recommended that Barbera producers use small oak barrels for
660:
and as part of a larger blend component in the red wines of
321:
brought Barbera to the Americas where the vine took root in
2535:
Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato
531:
Northwest Italy is the viticultural home for Barbera, but
483:
to soften the wine. The added oxygen would also limit the
309:, Pierre Viala, speculates that Barbera originated in the
1460:
285:
Barbera is believed to have originated in the hills of
696:, the grape is used in various blends under the names
487:
quality of Barbera and the occurrence of off-odors of
394:
to produce heavier, more fruit-forward wines. In some
1385:
pgs 24, 87-88, 333, 471, 729 and 852 Allen Lane 2012
724:. Today it is a permitted variety to be blended with
1111:
Third Edition pg 62-63 Oxford University Press 2006
333:
evidence suggest that Barbera may be related to the
2432:
2416:
2388:
2340:
2322:
2289:
2261:
2128:
2090:
1985:
1962:
1845:
1732:
1720:
1613:
1541:
1498:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
221:(Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita)
157:
143:
126:
116:
104:
92:
84:
51:
1349:Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
865:, where it is a blend component in mass-produced
1049:Lombardesca, Perricone, Pignatello and Ughetta.
1036:of Barbera but rather its own distinct variety.
731:Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita
646:blends. In the Lombardy region, it is seen as a
305:or Barbera, as it was known then. However, one
1377:
1375:
1373:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
2239:
1476:
8:
720:due to its high yields and easy adaption to
656:. Elsewhere in Lombardy, it is blended with
625:and Dolcetto and can be slightly sparkling.
194:and is known for deep color, full body, low
42:; for another grape known as Barberone, see
877:have produced some successful examples. In
692:in the wine known as Barbera Sarda, and in
317:. In the 19th and 20th centuries, waves of
2246:
2232:
2224:
1729:
1483:
1469:
1461:
1442:
1381:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz
1351:p. 62 University of California Press 2007
1044:Barbera is known under a variety of local
1028:has shown that the white Piedmont variety
475:and maturation in order to add subtle oak
73:
48:
940:Instituto Sperimentale per la Viticoltura
507:of the grape. This, coupled with reduced
405:but tends to thrive most in less fertile
1252:Anderson, K. & Aryal, N. R. (2013).
1133:The International Wine of the Month Club
981:Barbera is also a parent variety behind
2424:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1404:"Vitis International Variety Catalogue"
1075:
958:), Dalmasso crossed Barbera to produce
938:Grape breeder Giovanni Dalmasso at the
491:that would occur in some examples. The
401:Barbera can adapt to a wide range of
7:
245:. In the lightest versions notes of
1402:Maul, E.; Eibach, R. (June 1999).
780:There are some small plantings in
555:(frizzante) – is rarely exported.
25:
1508:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1237:"Barbera Renaissance in Piemonte"
1170:pg 145-147 Mitchell Beazley 1986
2487:
2195:
1258:. University of Adelaide Press.
777:, and used mostly for blending.
213:and allow for the production of
132:Montferrat (Italy), California,
1367:Amaranth Ridge, Oakland, Oregon
1189:"Grapes and Wines of the World"
1064:List of Italian grape varieties
827:. John Gladstones, in his book
797:University of California, Davis
1290:. Casa Valduga. Archived from
535:spread it through much of the
479:flavors and limited levels of
456:A Barbera d'Alba from Piedmont
1:
2450:Glossary of viticulture terms
430:mutation and clonal variation
303:"de bonis vitibus barbexinis"
209:still exist in many regional
109:
2455:Glossary of winemaking terms
1436:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1109:The Oxford Companion to Wine
934:Relationship to other grapes
754:, and the coastal region of
229:region: the highest-quality
1315:Viticulture and Environment
829:Viticulture and Environment
688:, the grape is used around
680:region for the DOC wine of
329:among other places. Recent
2551:
2375:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1219:p. 41 Harcourt Books 2001
738:though it is rarely used.
34:, and for other uses, see
29:
2483:
2465:History of the wine press
2355:Sparkling wine production
2189:
1458:
1312:Gladstones, John (2016).
1168:Vines, Grapes & Wines
571:A landscape in Monferrato
464:In the 1970s, the French
79:Cluster of Barbera grapes
72:
56:
2520:Red wine grape varieties
2460:Wine tasting descriptors
2181:Wine tasting descriptors
2110:Phenolic content in wine
2002:Alternative wine closure
1586:Great French Wine Blight
36:Barbera (disambiguation)
2530:Wine grapes of Piedmont
2350:Malolactic fermentation
370:two weeks earlier than
1217:Encyclopedia of Grapes
637:
572:
528:
457:
282:
30:For other grapes, see
2151:Wine and food pairing
1240:Wine Business Monthly
722:mechanical harvesting
635:
592:between the towns of
570:
522:
455:
280:
2525:Wine grapes of Italy
1802:Muscat of Alexandria
1009:(also with Merlot).
891:Columbia Valley AVAs
588:, the region of the
190:). It produces good
2380:Yeast in winemaking
2332:Carbonic maceration
1264:10.20851/winegrapes
198:and high levels of
85:Color of berry skin
44:Pascale di Cagliari
2370:Traditional method
2171:Wine personalities
1875:Cabernet Sauvignon
1242:, December 1, 2003
1187:Radden, Rosemary.
1014:Barbera del Sannio
795:imported from the
775:San Juan provinces
716:regions following
638:
602:Castelnuovo Calcea
573:
533:Italian immigrants
529:
523:Barbera wine from
505:phenolic compounds
458:
319:Italian immigrants
283:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2271:Late harvest wine
2221:
2220:
1958:
1957:
1855:Alicante Bouschet
1603:Judgment of Paris
1391:978-1-846-14446-2
1325:978-0-9945016-1-5
1273:978-1-922064-67-7
1166:Robinson, Jancis
1107:J. Robinson (ed)
991:Incrocio Terezi I
299:Casale Monferrato
170:
169:
16:(Redirected from
2542:
2492:
2491:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2200:
2199:
2115:Proteins in wine
1782:Grüner Veltliner
1730:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1443:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:on 11 April 2007
1399:
1393:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1249:
1243:
1233:
1227:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1164:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1125:
1119:
1105:
879:Washington State
787:Barbera came to
594:Nizza Monferrato
586:Chianti Classico
489:hydrogen sulfide
77:
66:
61:
49:
32:Barbera (grapes)
27:Variety of grape
21:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2494:Wine portal
2486:
2479:
2470:History of wine
2428:
2412:
2384:
2336:
2318:
2299:Deacidification
2285:
2257:
2252:
2222:
2217:
2202:Wine portal
2194:
2185:
2124:
2086:
1991:
1981:
1954:
1841:
1822:Sauvignon blanc
1757:Cayetana blanca
1725:
1723:grape varieties
1716:
1609:
1537:
1494:
1489:
1454:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1380:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1214:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1165:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1106:
1077:
1072:
1055:
1042:
954:grape known as
936:
904:
825:South Australia
815:as well as the
805:New South Wales
744:
734:(DOCG) wine of
565:
517:
493:polysaccharides
450:
360:
275:
128:Notable regions
80:
64:
57:
47:
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144:Notable wines
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2342:Fermentation
2193:
2176:Wine tasting
1859:
1797:Muscat blanc
1767:Chenin blanc
1564:Ancient Rome
1435:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1397:
1382:
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1296:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1282:
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1193:. Retrieved
1182:
1167:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1123:
1108:
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1026:DNA analysis
1011:
980:
937:
917:
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883:Red Mountain
859:
841:
828:
817:McLaren Vale
786:
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764:
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718:World War II
701:
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662:Franciacorta
651:
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581:
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557:
530:
515:Wine regions
473:fermentation
463:
459:
426:saline soils
400:
392:sugar levels
361:
302:
284:
267:dried fruits
243:blackberries
205:Century-old
204:
177:Italian wine
172:
171:
96:
63:
2445:Wine bottle
2417:Other steps
2408:Wine cellar
2365:Süssreserve
2057:Wine cellar
2047:Wine bottle
1988:accessories
1986:Packaging,
1945:Tempranillo
1574:Noah's wine
1554:Phoenicians
1500:Viticulture
1347:P. Gregutt
1235:F. Ziliani
972:San Michele
952:French wine
948:Veneto wine
887:Walla Walla
823:regions in
809:King Valley
578:Alba Langhe
481:oxygenation
438:Mezzogiorno
358:Viticulture
289:in central
259:oak barrels
255:blueberries
251:raspberries
105:Also called
2514:Categories
2324:Maceration
2314:Wine press
2304:Destemming
2255:Winemaking
2161:Wine fraud
2156:Wine fault
2141:Oenophilia
2077:Wine label
2072:Wine glass
2037:Port tongs
1935:Sangiovese
1930:Pinot noir
1890:Douce noir
1817:Rkatsiteli
1762:Chardonnay
1752:Catarratto
1726:by acreage
1700:Biodynamic
1663:Aromatized
1452:winemaking
1414:2007-04-18
1298:2007-04-18
1215:Oz Clarke
1195:2007-04-18
1138:2018-06-29
1070:References
944:Conegliano
895:strawberry
851:Wellington
847:Malmesbury
803:region of
704:made near
702:Pignatello
678:Val Tidone
623:Grignolino
509:maceration
448:Winemaking
409:soils and
407:calcareous
323:California
313:region of
287:Monferrato
231:Nizza DOCG
215:long-aging
184:Sangiovese
2276:Noble rot
2166:Winemaker
2146:Sommelier
2082:Wine rack
2062:Wine cork
2052:Wine cave
2042:Screw cap
2012:Corkscrew
1977:New World
1972:Old World
1950:Zinfandel
1925:Mourvèdre
1832:Trebbiano
1772:Colombard
1673:Noble rot
1653:Fortified
1631:Sparkling
1598:New World
1432:‘Barbera’
1032:is not a
960:Albarossa
930:flavors.
867:jug wines
789:Australia
756:Primorska
726:Aglianico
706:Agrigento
698:Perricone
682:Gutturnio
653:frizzante
614:Rocchetta
610:Belveglio
553:sparkling
537:New World
485:reductive
466:enologist
347:illegally
343:Mourvedre
327:Argentina
295:cathedral
211:vineyards
175:is a red
138:Argentina
134:Australia
40:Perricone
2291:Pressing
2213:Glossary
2129:Industry
2022:Jug wine
2017:Decanter
2007:Box wine
1905:Isabella
1900:Grenache
1880:Carignan
1827:Sémillon
1812:Riesling
1807:Palomino
1550:Ancient
1533:Vineyard
1528:Veraison
1513:Oenology
1288:"Duetto"
1053:See also
1046:synonyms
1040:Synonyms
1024:. Also,
987:Croatina
968:Nebbiera
964:Cornarea
819:and the
813:Victoria
793:cuttings
760:Slovenia
714:Campania
690:Cagliari
686:Sardinia
666:Piacenza
658:Croatina
648:varietal
582:Classico
525:Piedmont
501:ligneous
436:and the
422:alkaline
396:vintages
388:Dolcetto
372:Nebbiolo
351:methanol
311:Lombardy
291:Piemonte
247:cherries
239:cherries
227:Piedmont
2475:Terroir
2433:Related
2281:Vintage
2263:Harvest
2208:Outline
2032:Muselet
1994:storage
1885:Cinsaut
1860:Barbera
1787:Macabeo
1747:Aligoté
1705:Organic
1695:Natural
1648:Dessert
1593:Georgia
1543:History
1523:Terroir
1518:Species
1438:(1999).
1016:or the
1007:Prodest
976:Soperga
946:in the
928:raisiny
771:Mendoza
767:Uruguay
752:Romania
736:Taurasi
728:in the
670:Bologna
606:Agliano
598:Vinchio
384:Harvest
364:pruning
349:adding
339:Spanish
273:History
263:vanilla
225:in the
200:acidity
196:tannins
173:Barbera
93:Species
52:Barbera
18:Gaietto
2440:Winery
2403:Solera
2027:Kvevri
1915:Merlot
1910:Malbec
1710:Kosher
1686:Other
1641:Orange
1614:Styles
1581:France
1389:
1355:
1322:
1270:
1223:
1174:
1115:
1020:grape
1005:) and
1003:Merlot
1001:(with
993:(with
956:Chatus
924:aromas
889:, and
875:Sonoma
837:Merlot
833:Shiraz
801:Mudgee
782:Israel
748:Greece
710:Apulia
694:Sicily
672:, and
619:Freisa
527:region
335:French
192:yields
161:number
117:Origin
2390:Aging
1940:Syrah
1895:Gamay
1865:Bobal
1777:Glera
1742:Airén
1734:White
1690:Table
1678:Straw
1668:Fruit
1626:White
1569:China
1448:Wines
999:Nigra
902:Wines
855:Paarl
791:with
684:. In
674:Parma
563:Italy
477:spice
418:Sandy
368:ripen
341:vine
235:aroma
207:vines
148:Nizza
121:Italy
65:Vitis
59:Grape
1992:and
1721:Top
1636:Rosé
1492:Wine
1450:and
1387:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1113:ISBN
983:Ervi
974:and
920:plum
912:ruby
873:and
871:Napa
853:and
835:and
773:and
712:and
612:and
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541:Alba
414:loam
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380:ages
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186:and
159:VIVC
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