804:, and pressure. Once ingested, the WMC continuously records measurements of the three variables as it moves through the gastrointestinal tract, and the information is wirelessly and in real-time transmitted to a receiver that the patient wears on their waist for the duration of the study. Gastric emptying time is regarded as delayed if it is 5 hours or longer and is defined as the time required for the capsule to reach the duodenum, as determined by a pH increase of more than 3 units. Small bowel transit time is normally 2.5â6 hours and is calculated from the time the pH increases by more than three units to the time it drops by more than one unit and is sustained for at least 30 minutes. This drop denotes the capsule's passage to the
808:. The colon transit period (normal is 59 hours or less) is calculated from the time the WMC enters the cecum till it is expelled from the body, as indicated by a sudden drop in temperature or signal loss. Patients consume a standardized meal that includes a nutrient bar accompanied by 50 cc of water on the day of testing. Patients must fast for 6 hours following consuming a meal. For the duration of the study, they are asked to press the EVENT button, record specific events in a diary, and then the receiver is gathered and the data is downloaded for analysis.
862:(diabetes mellitus) causes of impaired motility. The test shows a decreased frequency and amplitude of migrating motor complexes in patients with a myopathic condition. The migrating motor complexes in patients whose disease has a neuropathic etiology have a normal amplitude, but they are ill-coordinated and cannot propagate. This test is not widely available, and more validation research is required. It is an invasive test that necessitates expertise to perform and comprehend the results. Furthermore, it is technically challenging, and the
812:
another advantage of using WMC in the diagnosis of gastroparesis. This is useful because extragastric impaired motility occurs in more than 40% of those with suspected gastroparesis and gastrointestinal symptoms do not correlate well with the gastrointestinal segment affected. Assessing the rest of the gastrointestinal tract in addition to gastric emptying provides information about motility in various segments of the gut, which can change management and improve symptoms.
723:-labeled egg sandwiches or Egg Beaters egg whites with 1â2 slices of bread, strawberry jam, and water. Previously, studies labeled both the solid and liquid phases of a meal; however, present standard tests just label the solid phase of a meal, since liquid emptying only becomes delayed in the most advanced stages of gastroparesis. However, when assessing for postsurgical anatomic issues or ruling out
31:
889:, which uses transaxial abdominal images to gauge gastric accommodation and emptying every 15 minutes. It can also distinguish between gastric meal and air and thus provide data on gastric emptying and secretions. It is, however, costly and necessitates specialized equipment; with the exception of research, it is not standardized across centers, limiting its use to research only.
642:
maximum nutrient absorption. The controlled rate of chyme released is regulated by feedback mechanisms from the stomach and small intestines, which activate the vagus nerve and other hormones. The delay of any of the factors in gastric emptying causes disorganization or reduced frequency of antral contractions and thus delayed GE.
480:
substantial nutritional deficiencies. Furthermore, 64% of gastroparesis patients consumed a calorie-deficient diet. Additionally, higher symptom scores were inversely proportional to caloric intake. Another study found that the severity of nutritional deficiencies was proportional to the duration of gastric emptying. Minerals like
1071:
There has only been one true epidemiological study of idiopathic gastroparesis which was completed by the
Rochester Epidemiology Project. They looked at patients from 1996 to 2006 who were seeking medical attention instead of a random population sample and found that the prevalence of delayed gastric
621:
People with gastroparesis are disproportionately female. One possible explanation for this finding is that women have an inherently slower stomach emptying time than men. A hormonal link has been suggested, as gastroparesis symptoms tend to worsen the week before menstruation when progesterone levels
980:, a procedure in which a part or all of the affected portion of the stomach is removed, has been shown to have some success in the treatment of gastroparesis in obese patients, even curing it in some instances. Further studies have been recommended due to the limited sample size of previous studies.
975:
to the muscles of the lower stomach to reduce the symptoms. This is only done in refractory cases that have failed all medical management (usually at least two years of treatment). Medically refractory gastroparesis may also be treated with a pyloromyotomy, which widens the gastric outlet by cutting
727:
in postsurgical patients, testing liquid emptying is valuable. Following ingestion, the patient undergoes standard imaging of the gastric area while standing, and the percentage of radioactivity left in the stomach is recorded using computerized software and normalized to the baseline value at 1, 2,
609:
smoking is also a plausible cause since smoking causes damage to the stomach lining. Idiopathic gastroparesis (gastroparesis with no known cause) accounts for a third of all chronic cases; it is thought that many of these cases are due to an autoimmune response triggered by an acute viral infection.
761:
via the portal circulation and metabolized to 13-carbon dioxide (13CO2) before being exhaled during expiration. Because stomach emptying is the testing process's rate-limiting step, the amount of 13CO2 present in an exhaled breath test represents gastric emptying. Every 30 minutes, post-meal breath
402:
is the most common symptom of gastroparesis. Abdominal pain has a wide range of symptoms. Around 40% of patients have localized epigastric pain, but it can be diffuse in some cases. Pain is usually classified as postprandial, but it can also occur at night and interfere with sleep. The severity of
548:
Gastroparesis present similar symptoms to slow gastric emptying caused by certain opioid medications, antidepressants, and allergy medications, along with high blood pressure. For patients already with gastroparesis, these can make the condition worse. More than 50% of all gastroparesis cases are
1050:
residents who had definite gastroparesis symptoms, as well as diagnostic testing for gastroparesis, had a 5-year estimated survival rate of 67%, which was significantly lower than the population average. Old age at the time of diagnosis has been linked to a lower chance of survival. Nondiabetic
811:
Recent studies have also shown that pressure measurements can be used to differentiate diabetic gastroparesis, which is characterized by a reduced amount of contractions and motility indices when compared to healthy individuals. The ability to examine extragastric motility with a single test is
1067:
Post-infectious gastroparesis, which constitutes the majority of idiopathic gastroparesis cases, affects up to 4% of the
American population. Women in their 20s and 30s seem to be susceptible. One study of 146 American gastroparesis patients found the mean age of patients was 34 years with 82%
641:
The symptoms of gastroparesis are best understood in the context of the physiology of gastric emptying (GE). The stomach functions as a reservoir for food and nutritional content, which are broken down to produce chyme. Chyme is then released into the duodenum at a controlled rate to allow for
479:
Because of the debilitating symptoms, patients with gastroparesis are at risk of significant nutritional abnormalities. In one study, 305 patients with gastroparesis had their dietary intake and nutritional status evaluated, and the average caloric intake was 1168 kcal/day, which resulted in
876:
can provide information about gastric emptying, and complete gastric emptying is determined when the antral area goes back to its preprandial baseline. Three-dimensional ultrasound can provide information on meal distribution and stomach volume. It has also been proposed to use duplex
1058:
gastroparesis. Cases of post-infectious gastroparesis are self-limiting, with recovery within 12 months of initial symptoms, although some cases last well over 2 years. In children, the duration tends to be shorter and the disease course milder than in adolescents and adults.
843:, pyloric, and duodenal contraction waves. The test can be performed in a stationary setting for 5â8 hours or in an ambulatory setting for 24 hours to evaluate duodenal motor function. Antroduodenal manometry reveals a decreased antral motility index in gastroparesis.
662:
to produce an electrical rhythm in the smooth muscle cells. Lower nitric oxide levels also correlate with loss of ICC cells, which can ultimately lead to the loss of function in the smooth muscle in the stomach, as well as in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract.
904:
and, in some cases, restrictions on fat or solids. Eating smaller meals, spaced two to three hours apart has proved helpful. Avoiding foods like rice or beef that cause the individual problems such as pain in the abdomen or constipation will help avoid symptoms.
332:
is the most commonly reported symptom, affecting up to 96% of gastroparesis patients. However, depending on the etiology, the predominant symptom reported can differ. The severity of gastric emptying dysfunction does not correspond to the severity of symptoms.
460:(SIBO). One study examined 50 gastroparesis patients using a glucose breath test and discovered that SIBO was present in 60% of their cohort. Furthermore, longer episodes of gastroparesis symptoms increase the risk of SIBO. Poor gastrointestinal motility and
919:
antagonist, increases contractility and resting tone within the GI tract to improve gastric emptying. In addition, dopamine antagonist action in the central nervous system prevents nausea and vomiting. Similarly, the dopamine receptor antagonist
881:
to examine transpyloric flow as well as liquid contents. While ultrasound appears to be an appealing safe technique, its use in the clinical setting is limited due to the significant expertise required and inadequate outcomes in obese patients.
371:
Postprandial fullness is an unpleasant feeling of stomach fullness that occurs after eating. Patients might characterize postprandial fullness as a feeling of food remaining in the stomach for an extended period of time. Satiation is a lack of
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may effect chemical changes in the nerves. The vagus nerve becomes damaged by years of high blood glucose or insufficient transport of glucose into cells resulting in gastroparesis. Adrenal and thyroid gland problems could also be a cause.
507:
due to unpredictable digestion times due to changes in rate and amount of food passing into the small bowel, a decrease in quality of life, since it can make keeping up with work and other responsibilities more difficult, and severe
1072:
emptying was fourfold higher in women. It is difficult for medical professionals and researchers to collect enough data and provide accurate numbers since studying gastroparesis requires specialized laboratories and equipment.
2959:
Rouphael C, Arora Z, Thota PN, Lopez R, Santisi J, Funk C, et al. (April 26, 2017). "Role of wireless motility capsule in the assessment and management of gastrointestinal dysmotility in patients with diabetes mellitus".
304:(GES; approved on a humanitarian device exemption) can be used as treatment. Overall survival in gastroparesis patients is significantly lower than survival in the general population. It is associated with poor outcomes.
649:
expression since the cells in the GI tract secrete nitric oxide. This important signaling molecule has various responsibilities in the GI tract and in muscles throughout the body. When nitric oxide levels are low, the
387:
Bloating is a highly subjective feeling of increased abdominal pressure. Bloating without eating should be distinguished from postprandial fullness. It is sometimes, but not always, associated with food consumption.
528:
illness of any kind, as a consequence of certain cancer treatments or other drugs which affect digestive action, or due to abnormal eating patterns. Patients with cancer may develop gastroparesis because of
749:, a blue-green algae that is 50â60% protein, 30% starch, and 10% lipids. Following an overnight fast, pre-meal breath samples are taken, and then meals are consumed. 13C-octanoate is absorbed in the
5098:
869:
Although transabdominal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been proposed as noninvasive diagnostic tools for gastroparesis, their use is currently restricted to research.
3636:
Hyett B, Martinez FJ, Gill BM, Mehra S, Lembo A, Kelly CP, et al. (2009). "Delayed
Radionucleotide Gastric Emptying Studies Predict Morbidity in Diabetics With Symptoms of Gastroparesis".
231:. This can result in irregular absorption of nutrients, inadequate nutrition, and poor glycemic control. The opposite of this, where stomach contents exit quickly into the duodenum, is called
476:, which significantly impair the GI tract's innate bactericidal activity. SIBO causes small bowel inflammation, impairing absorption and worsening nutritional deficiencies in gastroparesis.
983:
In cases of postinfectious gastroparesis, patients have symptoms and go undiagnosed for an average of 3 weeks to 6 months before their illness is identified correctly and treatment begins.
940:
has proven effective in the treatment of gastroparesis unresponsive to conventional treatment. This is due to its antiemetic and appetite stimulant properties. Mirtazapine acts on the same
936:, which increases blood flow to the genital area in men, is being used by some practitioners to stimulate the gastrointestinal tract in cases of diabetic gastroparesis. The antidepressant
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gastroparesis who are more likely to develop complications. For example, one study discovered that over a 6-year period, 7% of those with gastroparesis died, with 22% requiring long-term
2898:
Kloetzer L, Chey WD, McCallum RW, Koch KL, Wo JM, Sitrin M, et al. (2010). "Motility of the antroduodenum in healthy and gastroparetics characterized by wireless motility capsule".
2688:
Van de
Casteele M, Luypaerts A, Geypens B, Fevery J, Ghoos Y, Nevens F (2003). "Oxidative breakdown of octanoic acid is maintained in patients with cirrhosis despite advanced disease".
2586:
Tougas G, Eaker EY, Abell TL, Abrahamsson H, Boivin M, Chen J, et al. (2000). "Assessment of gastric emptying using a low fat meal: establishment of international control values".
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Griffith et al. first described GES in 1966, and it has since become the gold standard for diagnosing gastroparesis. Following an overnight fast, the patient consumes a standardized,
384:
or disappearance of appetite while eating. Early satiety is the sensation of stomach fullness that occurs shortly after beginning to eat and is out of proportion to the meal.
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328:. Symptoms of delayed gastric emptying tend to be exacerbated by eating, particularly after fatty foods and indigestible solids like salads and leafy vegetables. In general,
5564:
3281:
Kim DY, Myung SJ, Camilleri M (2000). "Novel
Testing of Human Gastric Motor and Sensory Functions: Rationale, Methods, and Potential Applications in Clinical Practice".
449:
Individuals with gastroparesis are also more likely to develop gastric bezoars. Bezoars are large masses of foreign substances and food that have become trapped in the
380:. Early satiety is the disappearance of appetite before nutrient absorption during food ingestion. Early satiation may be described by patients with gastroparesis as a
4780:
453:, especially in the stomach. The incidence of bezoar formation in gastroparesis patients has been estimated to be approximately six percent based on a barium study.
796:
has approved the wireless motility capsule (WMC) for the evaluation of gastric emptying as well as colonic transit time for individuals with suspected slow transit
4072:
Gastrostars - Patients organization for everyone with a stomach paralysis and other additional physical conditions such as a paralyzed or slow working intestines.
3620:
626:
3679:
Soykan I (1998). "Demography, Clinical
Characteristics, Psychological and Abuse Profiles, Treatment, and Long-Term Follow-up of Patients with Gastroparesis".
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728:
and 4 hours postprandially. Gastric emptying is considered delayed if there is more than 60% retention at 2 hours and/or more than 10% retention at 4 hours.
2041:
300:
Treatment includes dietary modifications, medications to stimulate gastric emptying, medications to reduce vomiting, and surgical approaches. Additionally,
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Clegg ME, Shafat A (May 6, 2010). "Procedures in theC octanoic acid breath test for measurement of gastric emptying: analysis using BlandâAltman methods".
4414:
530:
2800:"Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in clinical practice: position paper of the American and European Neurogastroenterology and Motility Societies"
4206:
3592:
Samuel B, Atiemo K, Cohen P, Czerniach D, Kelly J, Perugini R (2016). "The Effect of Sleeve
Gastrectomy on Gastroparesis: A Short Clinical Review".
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as the root of their symptoms, those patients should be tested for gastroparesis. There are several tests available to diagnose gastroparesis, with
4269:
789:
absorption, 13C metabolism in the liver, and pulmonary exhalation of 13CO2. Physical activity is another factor that can influence CO2 excretion.
696:
Gastroparesis is suspected in patients who have abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or bloating, or when these symptoms occur after eating. Once an
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601:
medications can cause medication-induced gastroparesis. Chronic gastroparesis can be caused by other types of damage to the vagus nerve, such as
2138:
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Treatment includes dietary modifications, medications to stimulate gastric emptying, medications to reduce vomiting, and surgical approaches.
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2384:
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was 250% greater (.1% of the patients) than the number of patients diagnosed with gastroparesis who did not take a GLP-1 medication (.04%).
3238:
Hausken T, Ădegaard S, Matre K, Berstad A (1992). "Antroduodenal motility and movements of luminal contents studied by duplex sonography".
646:
290:
111:
4060:
2087:
Naftali T, Yishai R, Zangen T, Levine A (August 15, 2007). "Post-infectious gastroparesis: Clinical and electerogastrographic aspects".
533:, immunosuppression followed by viral infections involving the GI tract, procedures such as celiac blocks, paraneoplastic neuropathy or
223:, resulting in food and liquid remaining in the stomach for a prolonged period of time. Stomach contents thus exit more slowly into the
670:
Loss of gastric neurons containing nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is responsible for defective accommodation reflex, which leads to early
4855:
4262:
3066:
565:, about 30â50% among long-standing diabetics. In fact, diabetes mellitus has been named as the most common cause of gastroparesis, as
1327:. 4th Edition. 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. Available from: Books@Ovid at
687:
Abnormal pacemaker activity (tachybradyarrhythmia) may generate a noxious signal transmitted to the CNS to evoke nausea and vomiting.
188:
Dietary modifications, medications to stimulate gastric emptying, medications to reduce vomiting, and gastric electrical stimulation.
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5374:
3443:
774:
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720:
1959:
719:-bound, low-fat meal within 10 minutes of this test. A longer ingestion time may alter the results. Most medical facilities use
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5025:
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4385:
964:
793:
763:
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of records from the TriNetX database found that the number of patients diagnosed with gastroparesis after being prescribed a
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5117:
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1137:
Davis MP, Weller R, Regel S (2018). "Gastroparesis and Cancer-Related
Gastroparesis". In MacLeod RD, van den Block L (eds.).
1012:
301:
165:
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1979:
618:, and other ailments have been anecdotally linked to the onset of the condition, but no systematic study has proven a link.
2186:"People using popular drugs for weight loss, diabetes are more likely to be diagnosed with stomach paralysis, studies find"
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709:
1114:
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3775:"The Incidence, Prevalence, and Outcomes of Patients With Gastroparesis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, From 1996 to 2006"
1396:"The incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of patients with gastroparesis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1996 to 2006"
293:. Patient nutritional state should be managed by oral dietary modification, or if oral intake is not adequate through a
4447:
1770:
Levin A, Levine M, Rubesin S, Laufer I (2008). "An 8-year review of barium studies in the diagnosis of gastroparesis".
2159:
671:
655:
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578:
341:
patients. Physical examination in patients with gastroparesis may be completely normal, or in its more severe forms,
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Kong MF, Horowitz M, Jones KL, Wishart JM, Harding PE (March 1, 1999). "Natural history of diabetic gastroparesis".
207:
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4813:
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3332:
Schwizer W, Maecke H, Michael F (1992). "Measurement of gastric emptying by magnetic resonance imaging in humans".
901:
705:
270:
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or pain is common, affecting 90% of gastroparesis patients. Idiopathic gastroparesis patients may experience more
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5042:
4995:
4801:
4419:
2185:
2045:
1454:
Reddy SC, Wo JM (August 24, 2011). "Clinical
Presentations of Gastroparesis". In Parkman HP, McCallum RW (eds.).
1227:
Thorn AR (March 2010). "Not just another case of nausea and vomiting: a review of postinfectious gastroparesis".
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affected being women, while another study found the patients were young or middle aged and up to 90% were women.
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542:
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4705:
4518:
4393:
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4321:
4138:
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Sullivan A, Temperley L, Ruban A (30 April 2020). "Pathophysiology, Aetiology and
Treatment of Gastroparesis".
615:
439:
294:
4350:
2408:
Griffith G, Owen G, Kirkman S, Shields R (1966). "Measurement of Rate of Gastric Emptying Using Chromium-51".
3832:"Viral gastroparesis: a subgroup of idiopathic gastroparesisâclinical characteristics and long-term outcomes"
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the circular pylorus muscle. This can be done laparoscopically or endoscopically (called G-POEM). Vertical
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431:
94:
2496:"American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis"
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up to and out of the mouth. Some patients may experience retching without gastric contents being expelled.
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is a major cause of this nerve damage; other causes include post-infectious and trauma to the vagus nerve.
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Gastroparesis can lead to difficult glycemic control (which exacerbates gastric dysmotility), aspiration,
282:
143:, abdominal or esophageal surgery, infection, certain medications that slow the rate of stomach emptying,
103:
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and other organs may not be able to function properly. Other important components of the stomach are the
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5238:
5166:
1667:"National Survey of Physicians' Perception of the Cause, Complications, and Management of Gastroparesis"
743:. After that, the 13C-labeled substrate is attached to a food that can be digested, like muffins, or to
590:
5288:
4469:
3386:
3071:"Postprandial antropyloroduodenal motility and gastric emptying in gastroparesisâeffects of cisapride"
1342:"Pregnancy and Delivery in a Woman with Type 1 Diabetes, Gastroparesis, and a Gastric Neurostimulator"
1181:
Owyang C (October 2011). "Phenotypic switching in diabetic gastroparesis: mechanism directs therapy".
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Long-term studies in gastroparesis patients show that it is not a benign disease and has significant
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Some evidence suggests that postviral gastroparesis has a better prognosis and lasts less time than
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1866:"Dietary Intake and Nutritional Deficiencies in Patients With Diabetic or Idiopathic Gastroparesis"
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538:
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Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, feeling full soon after beginning to eat (early
2543:
Tang DM, Friedenberg FK (2011). "Gastroparesis: Approach, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Management".
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4002:"Gastroparesis and Functional Dyspepsia: A Blurring Distinction of Pathophysiology and Treatment"
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Rao SS, Camilleri M, Hasler WL, Maurer AH, Parkman HP, Saad R, et al. (December 7, 2010).
1394:
Jung HK, Choung RS, Locke GR, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Szarka LA, et al. (April 2009).
800:. The capsule is 26.8 mm long and 11.7 mm wide, and it contains three sensors for temperature,
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On the molecular level, it is thought that gastroparesis can be caused by the loss of neuronal
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438:. Some patients with severe gastroparesis lose a significant amount of weight and suffer from
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2016:
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Reddymasu SC, McCallum RW (2010). "Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Gastroparesis".
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In specific cases where treatment of chronic nausea and vomiting proves resistant to drugs,
835:
channel in order to obtain information about gastric and duodenal contractions. Fasting and
769:
The stable isotope breath test is unreliable for individuals with small bowel diseases like
724:
678:
525:
232:
66:
2453:"Gastroduodenal motility and dysmotility: an update on techniques available for evaluation"
1923:"Idiopathic gastroparesis is associated with a multiplicity of severe dietary deficiencies"
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228:
211: â gaster, "stomach"; and -paresis, ÏÎŹÏΔÏÎčÏ â "partial paralysis"), also called
4254:
3773:
Jung HK, Choung RS, Locke GR, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Szarka LA, et al. (2009).
42:
reveals a large amount of material in the stomach, suggesting severe gastric hypomotility
3553:"Mirtazapine for severe gastroparesis unresponsive to conventional prokinetic treatment"
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3807:
3774:
3528:
3501:
3477:
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3164:
3129:
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2775:
2740:
2339:
2312:
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2263:
1898:
1865:
1420:
1395:
1301:
1276:
1275:
Camilleri M, Kuo B, Nguyen L, Vaughn VM, Petrey J, Greer K, et al. (August 2022).
1032:
1000:
996:
968:
908:
840:
816:
770:
395:
258:
157:
86:
4132:
2421:
1864:
Parkman HP, Yates KP, Hasler WL, Nguyan L, Pasricha PJ, Snape WJ, et al. (2011).
5558:
5467:
5420:
5213:
5156:
5139:
5051:
4796:
4623:
4464:
4409:
3345:
3294:
3251:
2911:
2816:
2799:
2701:
2599:
2394:
2245:
2100:
1592:
1240:
1051:
gastroparesis has been linked to a higher survival rate than diabetic gastroparesis.
1024:
929:
778:
740:
651:
566:
504:
3318:
3224:
3048:
2997:
2945:
2725:
2674:
2623:
2556:
2124:
1850:
1706:
1542:
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after feeding and after the stomach has been emptied. It is then transported to the
5342:
5254:
5127:
5030:
4981:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4870:
4695:
4611:
4503:
4493:
4459:
3716:
3130:"Technique of Functional and Motility Test: How to Perform Antroduodenal Manometry"
1611:
1609:
1563:
Pace LA (November 9, 2019). "Etiology and Clinical Presentation of Gastroparesis".
925:
797:
782:
659:
461:
357:
346:
278:
262:
161:
99:
2367:
Cline M, Rouphael C (November 9, 2019). "Diagnostic Evaluation of Gastroparesis".
1501:
Bharadwaj S, Meka K, Tandon P, Rathur A, Rivas JM, Vallabh H, et al. (2016).
1292:
1011:
feeding. 26% of these patients failed to respond to medical treatment, and 6% had
337:
and poor glycemic control may be the only symptoms of delayed gastric emptying in
4143:
3790:
3649:
3187:
Quigley EM, Donovan JP, Lane MJ, Gallagher TF (1992). "Antroduodenal manometry".
2650:
2512:
2495:
1881:
1826:
1682:
1411:
1194:
928:
is known to improve emptying of the stomach but its effects are temporary due to
5522:
5284:
5262:
5093:
5013:
4657:
4558:
4311:
4228:
4184:
2376:
2003:
1984:
1964:
1574:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1465:
1119:
949:
937:
921:
859:
855:
851:
820:
716:
574:
443:
427:
420:
416:
360:, however, morning or persistent nausea may occur. Vomiting is characterized by
342:
274:
247:
216:
177:
144:
135:
123:
30:
4154:
3060:
3058:
2451:
Parkman HP, Harris AD, Krevsky B, Urbain JL, Maurer AH, Fisher RS (June 1995).
2219:
1783:
1727:
Bouras EP, Vazquez Roque MI, Aranda-Michel J (June 24, 2013). "Gastroparesis".
573:
Gastroparesis has also been associated with connective tissue diseases such as
5298:
4971:
4949:
4594:
4533:
4195:
4117:
3885:
3692:
3569:
3552:
3502:"Rapid improvement in post-infectious gastroparesis symptoms with mirtazapine"
3146:
1634:
1617:
878:
873:
866:
may move from the pylorus while an individual is fed and the stomach dilates.
828:
736:
684:
Sensory neuropathy in the gastric wall may be responsible for epigastric pain.
681:
is responsible for delayed gastric emptying, resulting in nausea and vomiting.
550:
4027:
3798:
3751:
3743:
3700:
3657:
3518:
3353:
3302:
3259:
3208:
3155:
3096:
3032:
3011:
Soffer E, Thongsawat S (1996). "Clinical value of duodenojejunal manometry".
2981:
2929:
2859:"A Technical Review and Clinical Assessment of the Wireless Motility Capsule"
2835:
2766:
2709:
2658:
2607:
2564:
2521:
2429:
2329:
2313:"The importance of interstitial cells of cajal in the gastrointestinal tract"
2279:
2108:
1889:
1834:
1791:
1748:
1740:
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1643:
1526:
5248:
5218:
5081:
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4912:
4763:
4737:
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1016:
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334:
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3992:
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1698:
1651:
1534:
1429:
1367:
1310:
1248:
1202:
426:
Some patients may experience severe nausea and vomiting, which can lead to
398:
than diabetic gastroparesis patients. Physicians believe that postprandial
3847:
3708:
3361:
3267:
3216:
3114:
3040:
2468:
2437:
1938:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
4882:
4860:
4572:
4233:
3939:
3625:. Proceedings 12th world congress of endoscopic surgery. pp. 14â17).
3087:
2920:
2826:
2362:
2360:
2358:
1039:
863:
847:
836:
786:
750:
534:
489:
465:
377:
361:
338:
317:
313:
242:), abdominal bloating, and heartburn. The most common known mechanism is
224:
140:
82:
3140:(3). The Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility: 395â404.
4934:
4700:
4604:
4576:
3551:
Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JM, Kang HC, Mun JU, Yang SJ, et al. (2006).
3200:
3024:
2264:"Recent advances in the pathophysiology and treatment of gastroparesis"
2042:"Gastroparesis â Your Guide to Gastroparesis â Causes of Gastroparesis"
1028:
957:
832:
509:
473:
365:
321:
239:
220:
4085:
4012:(1). The Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility: 27â35.
3922:
Camilleri M, Parkman HP, Shafi MA, Abell TL, Gerson L (January 2013).
2973:
2757:
1358:
1341:
168:(WMC), serial X-ray after ingesting radiopaque markers (ROM), gastric
5400:
5018:
4904:
4112:
4097:
4067:
National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases at NIH
4018:
594:
553:
in nature, with unknown causes. It is, however, frequently caused by
493:
412:
373:
329:
286:
107:
78:
766:. For a total of 4â6 hours, samples are collected every 30 minutes.
472:. Furthermore, many individuals with gastroparesis are treated with
456:
There is a strong link between gastroparesis and the development of
4242:
995:
and a poor prognosis due to the limited options for treatment. The
403:
abdominal pain is unrelated to the impairment of gastric emptying.
4850:
4580:
4165:
4064:
945:
805:
758:
754:
215:, is a medical disorder consisting of weak muscular contractions (
39:
731:
The stable isotope breath test involves using the stable isotope
658:(ICC) which act as a pacemaker since they transduce signals from
4217:
1389:
1387:
1385:
481:
4258:
3622:
Sleeve gastrectomy for the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis
886:
4070:
1665:
Briley LC, Harrell SP, Woosley A, Eversmann J, Wo JM (2011).
3289:(12). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 3365â3373.
666:
Pathogenesis of symptoms in diabetic gastroparesis include:
2594:(6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1456â1462.
2371:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 33â41.
1569:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 21â31.
801:
3687:(11). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 2398â2404.
622:
are highest. Neither theory has been proven definitively.
1328:
872:
By measuring changes in the antral area, two-dimensional
1821:(1). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): e8âe13.
1323:. In: Simpson, Kathleen Rice, Creehan, Patricia A. eds.
846:
Antroduodenal manometry aids in differentiating between
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3019:(5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 859â863.
1618:"Abdominal Pain Is a Frequent Symptom of Gastroparesis"
1229:
Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners
1042:
gastroparesis is associated with an increased risk of
419:
balance, and inadequate nutrition intake resulting in
3195:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 20â28.
1616:
Cherian D, Sachdeva P, Fisher RS, Parkman HP (2010).
1503:"Management of gastroparesis-associated malnutrition"
364:
and forceful evacuation of gastric contents from the
4075:
3500:
Kundu S, Rogal S, Alam A, Levinthal DJ (June 2014).
1921:
Ogorek CP, Davidson L, Fisher RS, Krevsky B (1991).
1141:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1â15.
5513:
5399:
5392:
5333:
5247:
5204:
5050:
5041:
4994:
4948:
4903:
4789:
4676:
4566:
4553:
4428:
4302:
4293:
4175:
4079:
3967:"Treatment of patients with diabetic gastroparesis"
3965:Parkman HP, Fass R, Foxx-Orenstein AE (June 2010).
3870:"Epidemiology and natural history of gastroparesis"
3415:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
2160:"Summary for Oley Foundation by R. W. McCallum, MD"
192:
184:
151:
134:
118:
93:
72:
60:
46:
23:
3438:(5th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
3128:Patcharatrakul T, Gonlachanvit S (July 31, 2013).
1998:"Spotlight on gastroparesis," unauthored article,
3924:"Clinical guideline: management of gastroparesis"
2741:"Diagnostic Assessment of Diabetic Gastroparesis"
2751:(8). American Diabetes Association: 2667â2673.
839:states are used to measure the pressure of the
257:Diagnosis is via one or more of the following:
246:of the nerve which innervates the stomach: the
3434:Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK (2003).
3385:. Medtronic. 29 September 2014. Archived from
932:and wane after a few weeks of consistent use.
376:after eating. It is the inverse of hunger and
281:, fatigue, weight loss, vitamin deficiencies,
147:, nervous system diseases, and hypothyroidism.
102:, fatigue, weight loss, vitamin deficiencies,
4270:
4006:Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
3738:(3). American Diabetes Association: 503â507.
3134:Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
2869:(12). Millenium Medical Publishing: 795â804.
2268:Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
627:University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center
8:
4376:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
3594:Bariatric Surgical Practice and Patient Care
3373:
3371:
1677:(6). Southern Medical Association: 412â417.
1460:. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 25â35.
960:agonist for the treatment of gastroparesis.
503:Other complications include fluctuations in
89:, feeling full after eating just a few bites
1960:"Gastroparesis Complications â Mayo Clinic"
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1090:"How to pronounce gastroparesis in English"
677:Impaired electromechanical activity in the
5396:
5047:
4563:
4415:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
4299:
4277:
4263:
4255:
4076:
3619:Bagloo M, Besseler M, Ude A (April 2010).
2139:"Epocrates article, registration required"
2089:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
500:is common in patients with gastroparesis.
29:
20:
4035:
4017:
3982:
3947:
3893:
3874:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
3806:
3568:
3527:
3517:
3476:
3163:
3145:
3104:
3086:
2919:
2874:
2825:
2815:
2774:
2756:
2511:
2494:Parkman HP, Hasler WL, Fisher RS (2004).
2338:
2328:
2287:
2227:
1897:
1633:
1419:
1357:
1300:
1015:. The 10 patients who died succumbed to
762:samples are collected and analyzed using
5565:Congenital disorders of digestive system
3928:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
3836:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
3069:, Maddox AF, Dent J (February 1, 1994).
2639:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
2588:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
2457:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1927:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1622:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1281:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1132:
1130:
126:, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, and
3461:"Sildenafil may help diabetic patients"
1277:"ACG Clinical Guideline: Gastroparesis"
1081:
712:(GES) being the current gold standard.
2739:Shin AS, Camilleri M (July 17, 2013).
581:, and neurological conditions such as
446:feeding access to bypass the stomach.
415:formation, abnormalities in fluid and
4643:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
3379:"Treatment Options for Gastroparesis"
2257:
2255:
2044:. Heartburn.about.com. Archived from
524:Transient gastroparesis may arise in
458:small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
7:
3283:American Journal of Gastroenterology
2962:Neurogastroenterology & Motility
2900:Neurogastroenterology & Motility
2804:Neurogastroenterology & Motility
2690:Neurogastroenterology & Motility
2645:(7â8). Informa UK Limited: 852â861.
1815:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1270:
1268:
1266:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1115:"Gastroparesis Causes â Mayo Clinic"
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
496:are commonly reported deficiencies.
291:small intestine bacterial overgrowth
112:small intestine bacterial overgrowth
2262:Oh JH, Pasricha PJ (January 2013).
2021:Jackson Siegelbaum Gastroenterology
356:Nausea in gastroparesis is usually
4000:Kim BJ, Kuo B (January 30, 2019).
948:) as does the popular anti-emetic
14:
5528:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
5375:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
3971:Gastroenterology & Hepatology
3506:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2863:Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2317:Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology
815:Antroduodenal manometry involves
775:exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
539:allogeneic bone marrow transplant
464:production are believed to allow
312:Gastroparesis has been linked to
5273:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
3295:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03346.x
2912:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01468.x
2817:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01612.x
2702:10.1046/j.1365-2982.2003.00397.x
2600:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02076.x
2416:(7449). Elsevier BV: 1244â1245.
2101:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04738.x
2006:, no. 246, MayâJune 2012, p. 43.
1241:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00485.x
924:is used to treat gastroparesis.
557:. This may occur in people with
4514:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
4509:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
4386:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
3681:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
3409:"Metochlopramide Hydrochloride"
3189:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
3013:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
2557:10.1016/j.disamonth.2010.12.007
2208:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
1147:10.1007/978-3-319-31738-0_114-1
965:implantable gastric stimulation
831:with pressure sensors into the
794:US Food and Drug Administration
764:isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
531:chemotherapy-induced neuropathy
265:gastric-emptying scan, gastric
5268:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
5118:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
4940:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
1876:(2). Elsevier BV: 486â498.e7.
1729:Nutrition in Clinical Practice
1340:Fuglsang J, Ovesen PG (2015).
1330:. Retrieved November 09, 2020.
1038:Other research indicates that
1013:gastric electrical stimulation
700:has been performed to exclude
302:gastric electrical stimulation
261:X-ray, barium beefsteak meal,
160:X-ray, barium beefsteak meal,
1:
5325:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
3785:(4). Elsevier BV: 1225â1233.
3246:(5). Elsevier BV: 1583â1590.
2506:(5). Elsevier BV: 1592â1622.
2422:10.1016/s0140-6736(66)90247-9
1507:Journal of Digestive Diseases
1406:(4). Elsevier BV: 1225â1233.
1293:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001874
710:gastric emptying scintigraphy
164:gastric-emptying scan (GES),
5234:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
4753:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
4361:Esophageal motility disorder
3791:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.047
3650:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.055
3346:10.1016/0016-5085(92)90823-h
3252:10.1016/0016-5085(92)91717-i
2651:10.3109/00365521.2010.483740
2513:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.055
2069:. MayoClinic.com. 2012-01-04
1882:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.045
1827:10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181aec746
1683:10.1097/smj.0b013e318215fa5a
1412:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.047
1195:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.08.014
999:is highest in patients with
589:. It may occur as part of a
567:high levels of blood glucose
205:(gastro- from Ancient Greek
53:(/,ÉĄĂŠstroÊ,pÉËriËsÉȘs/)
3644:(2). Elsevier BV: 445â452.
3340:(2). Elsevier BV: 369â376.
2857:Saad RJ, Hasler WL (2011).
2377:10.1007/978-3-030-28929-4_3
1778:(4). Elsevier BV: 407â414.
1628:(8). Elsevier BV: 676â681.
1575:10.1007/978-3-030-28929-4_2
1466:10.1007/978-1-60761-552-1_3
1139:Textbook of Palliative Care
900:Dietary treatment involves
656:interstitial cells of Cajal
5586:
5219:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
4743:Functional colonic disease
4539:ZollingerâEllison syndrome
3868:Bharucha AE (March 2015).
3459:Gottlieb S (August 2000).
2906:(5). Wiley: 527â33, e117.
2551:(2). Elsevier BV: 74â101.
2220:10.1007/s10620-020-06287-2
2162:. Oley.org. Archived from
1784:10.1016/j.crad.2007.10.007
1325:AWHONN's Perinatal Nursing
971:is implanted that applies
885:Another appealing tool is
706:gastric outlet obstruction
674:and postprandial fullness.
275:stable isotope breath test
271:esophagogastroduodenoscopy
206:
178:stable isotope breath test
174:esophagogastroduodenoscopy
4420:Acute esophageal necrosis
3886:10.1016/j.gtc.2014.11.002
3570:10.1176/appi.psy.47.5.440
3147:10.5056/jnm.2013.19.3.395
2184:Goodman B (20 May 2024).
1635:10.1016/j.cgh.2010.04.027
543:graft-versus-host disease
166:wireless motility capsule
37:
28:
4519:Gastric dumping syndrome
4394:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
4381:Diffuse esophageal spasm
3744:10.2337/diacare.22.3.503
3519:10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6671
2330:10.4103/1319-3767.105909
2280:10.5056/jnm.2013.19.1.18
1741:10.1177/0884533613491982
1671:Southern Medical Journal
1094:dictionary.cambridge.org
735:(13C) in a medium-chain
637:Physiology and mechanism
440:nutritional deficiencies
277:. Complications include
213:delayed gastric emptying
5135:Alcoholic liver disease
4668:Bile acid malabsorption
4612:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
3693:10.1023/a:1026665728213
2095:(9). Wiley: 1423â1428.
2067:"Gastroparesis: Causes"
1519:10.1111/1751-2980.12344
587:multiple system atrophy
432:orthostatic hypotension
5145:Hepatic encephalopathy
4529:Buried bumper syndrome
4460:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
4344:MalloryâWeiss syndrome
4287:human digestive system
3606:10.1089/bari.2015.0052
2141:. Online.epocrates.com
819:or under radiographic
631:GLP-1 receptor agonist
579:EhlersâDanlos syndrome
474:acid-suppressive drugs
283:intestinal obstruction
104:intestinal obstruction
5370:Pancreatic pseudocyst
5239:Porcelain gallbladder
4351:Zenker's diverticulum
3934:(1): 18â37, quiz 38.
2696:(2). Wiley: 113â120.
2311:Al-Shboul OA (2013).
1735:(4). Wiley: 437â447.
1513:(5). Wiley: 285â294.
1035:caused by adhesions.
591:mitochondrial disease
5174:Hepatorenal syndrome
5113:BuddâChiari syndrome
5070:Autoimmune hepatitis
4895:Intestinal adhesions
4653:Short bowel syndrome
4482:Functional dyspepsia
4400:Esophageal stricture
4366:Nutcracker esophagus
3940:10.1038/ajg.2012.373
3088:10.1136/gut.35.2.172
785:because it involves
721:99mTc sulfur colloid
702:peptic ulcer disease
555:autonomic neuropathy
486:fat-soluble vitamins
392:Abdominal discomfort
244:autonomic neuropathy
128:autonomic neuropathy
5313:Choledocholithiasis
5184:Metabolic disorders
5150:Acute liver failure
5123:Portal hypertension
5075:Alcoholic hepatitis
4918:Radiation proctitis
4837:Mesenteric ischemia
4809:Gastroenterocolitis
4638:Blind loop syndrome
4448:Ménétrier's disease
4356:Barrett's esophagus
3081:(2). BMJ: 172â178.
1046:yet not mortality.
746:Spirulina platensis
583:Parkinson's disease
436:renal insufficiency
5488:Undefined location
5479:GrynfelttâLesshaft
5380:Pancreatic fistula
5363:Pancreatic abscess
5318:Biliary dyskinesia
5289:Mirizzi's syndrome
4790:Large and/or small
4470:Dieulafoy's lesion
4339:Boerhaave syndrome
4176:External resources
3201:10.1007/bf01308337
3025:10.1007/bf02091523
2810:(1). Wiley: 8â23.
1772:Clinical Radiology
978:sleeve gastrectomy
934:Sildenafil citrate
739:substrate such as
430:, as evidenced by
308:Signs and symptoms
5570:Stomach disorders
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5388:
5387:
4990:
4989:
4847:Bowel obstruction
4549:
4548:
4252:
4251:
3512:(21): 6671â6674.
2974:10.1111/nmo.13087
2758:10.2337/db12-1706
2386:978-3-030-28928-7
1584:978-3-030-28928-7
1475:978-1-60761-551-4
1359:10.2337/dc14-2959
1156:978-3-319-31738-0
753:and liquefies to
603:abdominal surgery
434:as well as acute
351:succussion splash
252:diabetes mellitus
200:
199:
196:possibly up to 4%
153:Diagnostic method
38:Simple abdominal
18:Medical condition
5577:
5540:Pneumoperitoneum
5397:
5307:Common bile duct
5189:Wilson's disease
5179:Peliosis hepatis
5048:
4925:Proctalgia fugax
4832:Abdominal angina
4757:Ogilvie syndrome
4706:Pseudomembranous
4564:
4524:Gastric volvulus
4489:Pyloric stenosis
4300:
4285:Diseases of the
4279:
4272:
4265:
4256:
4077:
4049:
4039:
4021:
4019:10.5056/jnm18162
3996:
3986:
3961:
3951:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3842:(9): 1501â1504.
3827:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3779:Gastroenterology
3770:
3764:
3763:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3638:Gastroenterology
3633:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3521:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3389:on 10 March 2016
3375:
3366:
3365:
3334:Gastroenterology
3329:
3323:
3322:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3240:Gastroenterology
3235:
3229:
3228:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3149:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3090:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2923:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2829:
2819:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2760:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2515:
2500:Gastroenterology
2491:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2364:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2231:
2214:(6): 1615â1631.
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2013:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1870:Gastroenterology
1861:
1855:
1854:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1637:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1498:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1451:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1400:Gastroenterology
1391:
1380:
1379:
1361:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1287:(8): 1197â1220.
1272:
1261:
1260:
1224:
1207:
1206:
1189:(4): 1134â1137.
1183:Gastroenterology
1178:
1161:
1160:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1086:
973:neurostimulation
725:dumping syndrome
679:myenteric plexus
468:to colonize the
442:, necessitating
382:loss of appetite
353:can be present.
233:dumping syndrome
210:
67:Gastroenterology
33:
21:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5544:
5509:
5498:Internal hernia
5384:
5329:
5294:Biliary fistula
5252:
5243:
5229:Adenomyomatosis
5224:Cholesterolosis
5200:
5194:Hemochromatosis
5065:Viral hepatitis
5037:
4986:
4944:
4930:Rectal prolapse
4899:
4866:Fecal impaction
4856:Intussusception
4819:Crohn's disease
4785:
4768:Toxic megacolon
4680:
4678:Large intestine
4672:
4617:Curling's ulcer
4570:
4568:Small intestine
4557:
4545:
4453:Gastroenteritis
4424:
4289:
4283:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4171:
4170:
4088:
4057:
4052:
3999:
3964:
3921:
3917:
3915:Further reading
3912:
3911:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2545:Disease-a-Month
2542:
2541:
2537:
2493:
2492:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2387:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2017:"Gastroparesis"
2015:
2014:
2010:
1997:
1993:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1585:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1500:
1499:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1453:
1452:
1437:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1226:
1225:
1210:
1180:
1179:
1164:
1157:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1065:
1023:complications,
989:
967:may be used. A
916:
902:low fiber diets
895:
874:ultrasonography
698:upper endoscopy
694:
639:
625:An analysis by
612:Gastroenteritis
599:anticholinergic
563:type 2 diabetes
522:
514:caloric deficit
498:Iron deficiency
470:small intestine
409:
400:epigastric pain
349:, as well as a
326:epigastric pain
310:
250:. Uncontrolled
229:digestive tract
56:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5583:
5581:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5535:Hemoperitoneum
5532:
5531:
5530:
5519:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5405:
5403:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5339:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5259:
5257:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5056:
5054:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5006:
5004:Blood in stool
5000:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4977:Anal dysplasia
4974:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4844:
4842:Angiodysplasia
4839:
4834:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4777:Diverticulosis
4773:Diverticulitis
4770:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4750:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4663:Milroy disease
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4633:Tropical sprue
4630:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4586:
4584:
4561:
4555:Lower GI tract
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4308:
4306:
4297:
4295:Upper GI tract
4291:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4236:
4225:
4214:
4203:
4192:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4157:
4146:
4135:
4120:
4105:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:Classification
4074:
4073:
4068:
4056:
4055:External links
4053:
4051:
4050:
3997:
3962:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3860:
3822:
3765:
3722:
3671:
3628:
3611:
3584:
3563:(5): 440â442.
3557:Psychosomatics
3543:
3492:
3471:(7258): 401A.
3451:
3444:
3426:
3400:
3367:
3324:
3273:
3230:
3179:
3120:
3054:
3003:
2951:
2890:
2849:
2790:
2731:
2680:
2629:
2578:
2535:
2481:
2463:(6): 869â892.
2443:
2400:
2385:
2354:
2303:
2251:
2198:
2176:
2151:
2130:
2079:
2058:
2033:
2008:
1991:
1971:
1951:
1933:(4): 423â428.
1913:
1856:
1805:
1762:
1719:
1657:
1605:
1583:
1555:
1488:
1474:
1435:
1381:
1332:
1316:
1262:
1235:(3): 125â133.
1208:
1162:
1155:
1126:
1099:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1048:Olmsted County
1033:bowel ischemia
997:mortality rate
988:
985:
969:medical device
914:
909:Metoclopramide
894:
891:
817:endoscopically
771:celiac disease
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
682:
675:
638:
635:
537:, or after an
521:
518:
408:
405:
396:abdominal pain
309:
306:
297:feeding tube.
259:barium swallow
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
158:Barium swallow
155:
149:
148:
138:
132:
131:
122:Damage to the
120:
116:
115:
97:
91:
90:
87:abdominal pain
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
55:
54:
50:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5582:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5409:Diaphragmatic
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5214:Cholecystitis
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5157:Liver abscess
5155:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5140:Liver failure
5138:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4797:Enterocolitis
4795:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:Malabsorption
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Gastroparesis
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Cushing ulcer
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Megaesophagus
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:Gastroparesis
4220:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4212:Gastroparesis
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:Gastroparesis
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3861:
3849:
3845:
3841:
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3826:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:Diabetes Care
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
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3663:
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3651:
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3643:
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3615:
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3607:
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3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3445:0-443-07145-4
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3388:
3384:
3383:Medtronic.com
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
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3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
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3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
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3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
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3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
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3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2921:2027.42/78624
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2827:2027.42/79321
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:Gastroparesis
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2229:10044/1/79544
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2166:on 2005-12-12
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2048:on 2012-03-23
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:(magazine of
2001:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
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1688:
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1680:
1676:
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1668:
1661:
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1653:
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1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1566:Gastroparesis
1559:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1457:Gastroparesis
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:Diabetes Care
1343:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:renal failure
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:decompensated
998:
994:
986:
984:
981:
979:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:tachyphylaxis
927:
923:
918:
911:, a dopamine
910:
906:
903:
898:
892:
890:
888:
883:
880:
875:
870:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
779:liver disease
776:
772:
767:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:octanoic acid
738:
734:
729:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
691:
686:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
668:
667:
664:
661:
660:motor neurons
657:
653:
652:smooth muscle
648:
643:
636:
634:
632:
628:
623:
619:
617:
616:mononucleosis
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
519:
517:
515:
511:
506:
505:blood glucose
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
407:Complications
406:
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
369:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:(EGD), and a
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
204:
203:Gastroparesis
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:(EGD), and a
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
96:
95:Complications
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
52:
51:
49:
47:Pronunciation
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Gastroparesis
22:
16:
5487:
5466:
5343:Pancreatitis
5305:
5255:biliary tree
5128:Nutmeg liver
5105:
5031:Hematochezia
4982:Pruritus ani
4967:Anal abscess
4962:Anal fistula
4958:Anal fissure
4871:Constipation
4825:
4696:Appendicitis
4504:Gastroptosis
4498:
4494:Achlorhydria
4333:
4322:Eosinophilic
4238:
4227:
4216:
4205:
4194:
4183:
4159:
4148:
4137:
4122:
4107:
4092:
4009:
4005:
3974:
3970:
3931:
3927:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3839:
3835:
3825:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3621:
3614:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3436:Pharmacology
3435:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3412:
3403:
3391:. Retrieved
3387:the original
3382:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3078:
3074:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2968:(9). Wiley.
2965:
2961:
2954:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2503:
2499:
2472:. Retrieved
2460:
2456:
2446:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2368:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2274:(1): 18â24.
2271:
2267:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2190:. Retrieved
2179:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:the original
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2133:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2071:. Retrieved
2061:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:the original
2036:
2025:. Retrieved
2023:. 2011-11-08
2020:
2011:
1999:
1994:
1983:
1974:
1963:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1930:
1926:
1916:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1674:
1670:
1660:
1625:
1621:
1596:. Retrieved
1565:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1510:
1506:
1479:. Retrieved
1456:
1403:
1399:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1324:
1319:
1284:
1280:
1232:
1228:
1186:
1182:
1138:
1118:
1093:
1084:
1070:
1066:
1053:
1037:
990:
982:
962:
926:Erythromycin
907:
899:
896:
884:
871:
868:
845:
837:postprandial
827:catheter or
823:inserting a
814:
810:
798:constipation
791:
783:lung disease
768:
744:
730:
714:
695:
665:
647:nitric oxide
644:
640:
624:
620:
572:
547:
523:
502:
478:
462:gastric acid
455:
448:
425:
410:
390:
386:
370:
358:postprandial
355:
347:malnutrition
311:
299:
279:malnutrition
263:radioisotope
256:
237:
212:
202:
201:
162:radioisotope
136:Risk factors
100:Malnutrition
15:
5523:Peritonitis
5285:Cholestasis
5263:Cholangitis
5206:Gallbladder
5094:Fatty liver
5014:Hematemesis
4996:GI bleeding
4802:Necrotizing
4731:Lymphocytic
4726:Collagenous
4721:Microscopic
4658:Steatorrhea
4559:Enteropathy
4405:Inlet patch
4327:Herpetiform
4312:Esophagitis
4229:Radiopaedia
4185:MedlinePlus
3977:(6): 1â16.
3880:(1): 9â19.
3853:20 November
3600:(2): 84â9.
3065:Fraser RJ,
2474:20 November
2323:(1): 3â15.
2004:Diabetes UK
1985:Mayo Clinic
1965:Mayo Clinic
1944:20 November
1712:20 November
1598:20 November
1548:20 November
1481:20 November
1120:Mayo Clinic
950:ondansetron
938:mirtazapine
922:domperidone
860:neuropathic
856:amyloidosis
852:scleroderma
821:fluoroscopy
717:radiotracer
575:scleroderma
444:small bowel
428:dehydration
421:weight loss
417:electrolyte
343:dehydration
295:jejunostomy
248:vagus nerve
217:peristalsis
145:scleroderma
124:vagus nerve
5559:Categories
5515:Peritoneal
5493:Incisional
5414:Congenital
5358:Hereditary
5335:Pancreatic
5299:Haemobilia
4972:Hemorrhoid
4950:Anal canal
4888:Infectious
4876:Functional
4711:Ulcerative
4595:Duodenitis
4534:Gastrinoma
4196:Patient UK
4150:DiseasesDB
3067:Horowitz M
2410:The Lancet
2192:2024-05-20
2170:2012-10-09
2145:2012-10-09
2073:2012-10-09
2052:2012-02-10
2027:2019-11-06
1980:"Overview"
1352:(5): e75.
1076:References
1063:Prevalence
1056:idiopathic
1009:parenteral
944:receptor (
879:sonography
829:transducer
737:fatty acid
551:idiopathic
5503:Richter's
5460:Spigelian
5455:Obturator
5445:Umbilical
5278:Ascending
5249:Bile duct
5082:Cirrhosis
5060:Hepatitis
5043:Accessory
4913:Proctitis
4764:Megacolon
4738:Dysentery
4648:Whipple's
4600:Jejunitis
4590:Enteritis
4477:Dyspepsia
4438:Gastritis
4371:Achalasia
4304:Esophagus
4166:235675006
4161:SNOMED CT
4028:2093-0879
3799:0016-5085
3752:0149-5992
3701:0163-2116
3658:0016-5085
3413:Monograph
3354:0016-5085
3303:0002-9270
3260:0016-5085
3209:0163-2116
3156:2093-0879
3097:0017-5749
3033:0163-2116
2982:1350-1925
2930:1350-1925
2836:1350-1925
2767:0012-1797
2710:1350-1925
2659:0036-5521
2608:0002-9270
2565:0011-5029
2522:0016-5085
2430:0140-6736
2395:209258902
2246:216649955
2188:. CNN.com
2109:0815-9319
1890:0016-5085
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