Georgics - Knowledge

402: 887:’s prose translation of the Georgics into Dutch (1646). English farmers too attempted to imitate what they thought were genuine Virgilian agricultural techniques. In 1724 the poet William Benson wrote, "There is more of Virgil's husbandry in England at this instant than in Italy itself". Among those translators who aimed to establish Virgil's up-to-date farming credentials was James Hamilton, whose prose translation of Virgil's work was "published with such notes and reflexions as make him appear to have wrote like an excellent Farmer” (Edinburgh, 1742). This aspiration was supported by the assertion that, to make a proper translation, agricultural experience was a prerequisite—and for the lack of which, in the view of William Benson, Dryden's version was disqualified. That 233: 623:. Not only is Octavian addressed in the poem both directly and indirectly, but the poem also contains several passages that include references and images that could be interpreted as political, such as the description of the plague in Book 3 and Virgil's famous description of bee society in Book 4. It is impossible to know whether or not these references and images were intended to be seen as political in nature, but it would not be inconceivable that Virgil was in some way influenced by the years of civil war. Whether they were intentional or not, if we believe Suetonius, these references did not seem to trouble 329: 586: 168: 781: 29: 961:(Care for the earth) and makes its appeal to current ecological concerns. "For me as a translator", he explains in his preface, "I find today’s tragic paradigm in relation to the earth being addressed to the future through the ancient work. In other words, the past is entering into dialogue with the future right now." And in part, as in Virgil's time, this ecological crisis has come as a result of a loss of focus, preoccupation in the past with foreign wars and civil conflict. 1091:

advice on gardening. Attributed to an unidentified Master John, "The Feate of Gardeninge" dates from the first half of the 15th century and provides instructions for sowing, planting and growing fruits, herbs and flowers through the course of the year. The poem’s 98 couplets are of irregular line-length and are occasionally imperfectly rhymed; the work was never printed, although annotated manuscript copies give evidence of its being studied and put to use.

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city and country were interdependent. Those who created specialised georgics of their own considered the commodities about which they wrote as items of trade that contributed to both local and national prosperity. For Roman citizens, farming was carried out in the service of the capital; for Britons the empire was consolidated as the result of mercantile enterprise and such commodities contributed to the general benefit.

308:. It consists of two principal parts, the first half is devoted to the selection of breed stock and the breeding of horses and cattle. It concludes with a description of the furore induced in all animals by sexual desire. The second half of the book is devoted to the care and protection of sheep and goats and their by-products. It concludes with a description of the havoc and devastation caused by a plague in 1074: 2928: 491:, who, along with Lucretius, naturalized hexameter verse in Latin. Virgil often uses language characteristic of Ennius to give his poetry an archaic quality. The intriguing idea has been put forth by one scholar that Virgil also drew on the rustic songs and speech patterns of Italy at certain points in his poem, to give portions of the work a distinct, Italian character. Virgil draws on the 2916: 2654: 2904: 841:

however, interest in the georgic, or the choice of it as a model for independent works, was “profoundly political”, recognising an affinity with Virgil's treatment of rural subjects after the social and political disruptions through which he had lived. The tone of Virgil's work represented a longing for the “creation of order out of disorder” to which the

1416:(1730). The poem has been described as "the supreme British achievement in the georgic genre, even though it has little to do with agriculture per se," and is more descriptive than didactic. Nevertheless, the Classical inspiration behind the work was so obvious that Thompson was pictured as writing it with "the page of Vergil literally open before him". 1383:(Edinburgh, 1809). His work was on a different plan, however, proceeding month by month through the agricultural year and concentrating on conditions in Scotland, considering that "the British Isles differ in so many respects from the countries to which Virgil's Georgics alluded". Jacques Delille had already preceded him in France with a similar work, 288:. The olive tree is then presented in contrast to the vine: it requires little effort on the part of the farmer. The next subject, at last turning away from the vine, is other kinds of trees: those that produce fruit and those that have useful wood. Then Virgil again returns to grapevines, recalling the myth of the battle of the 1372:(1764) a "West-India georgic", spreading the scope of this form into the Caribbean with the British colonial enterprise. Unlike most contemporary translations of Virgil, many of these practical manuals preferred Miltonic blank verse and the later examples stretched to four cantos, as in the Virgilian model. 612:, became firmly established as the new leader of the Roman world. Under Octavian, Rome enjoyed a long period of relative peace and prosperity. However, Octavian's victory at Actium also sounded the death knell of the Republic. With Octavian as the sole ruler of the Roman world, the Roman Empire was born. 737:

epic similes. This is fitting, as the stuff of many epic similes is rooted in the natural and domestic worlds from which epic heroes are cut off. Virgil shows his technical expertise by recontextualising identical lines to produce meanings that are different or inverted from their initial meaning in the

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emerged from the social ferment and civil strife of the 17th century. The cultured of a later age were quick to see the parallel, but there was also an altered emphasis. Whereas for Virgil there was an antithesis between town life and country simplicity, in the view of the gentry of the 18th century,

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vary in their length and degree of alteration. Some of the less exact, single-line reduplications may very well show a nodding Virgil or scribal interpolation. The extended repetitions, however, show some interesting patterns. In about half the cases, technical, agrarian descriptions are adapted into

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Virgil’s work addressed itself to far more than simple farming and later poems of a didactic tendency often dealt with, and elaborated on, individual subjects mentioned in the course of the Georgics. What has been described as "the earliest English georgic on any subject" limited itself to practical

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saw his own translation as making a patriotic statement. As he commented later: "More and more I was buoyed up by a feeling that England was speaking to me through Virgil, and that the Virgil of the Georgics was speaking to me through the English farmers and labourers with whom I consorted." Among a

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A critic has pointed out that "the British Library holds no fewer than twenty translations of the Georgics from period; of these, eight are separately published translations of the Georgics alone. Several of these translations, such as Dryden's, were reprinted regularly throughout the century. Also

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published his “Essay on Virgil’s Georgics”. In his eyes Virgil's poem seemed the principal model for this genre, which he defined as “some part of the science of husbandry, put into a pleasing dress and set off with all the beauties and embellishments of poetry”. In the context of the 18th century,

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means "praises of Gallus" in Latin), has spurred much scholarly debate. Servius tells us that after Gallus had fallen out of favour, Virgil replaced the praises of Gallus with the Orpheus episode. Those supporting Servius see the Orpheus episode as an unpolished, weak episode, and point out that it

280:. Next comes the care of vines, culminating in a vivid scene of their destruction by fire; then advice on when to plant vines, and therein the other famous passage of the second book, the Praises of Spring. These depict the growth and beauty that accompany spring's arrival. The poet then returns to 1196:

Vida's poem was just one among several contemporary Latin works on exotic subjects that have been defined by Yasmin Haskell as 'recreational georgics', a group which "usually comprises one or two short books, treats self-consciously small-scale subjects, is informed by an almost pastoral mood" and

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came from a dialogue with Lucretius." Likewise, David West remarks in his discussion of the plague in the third book, Virgil is "saturated with the poetry of Lucretius, and its words, phrases, thought and rhythms have merged in his mind, and become transmuted into an original work of poetic art."

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and the current age of man are crafted with deliberate tension. Of chief importance is the contribution of labour to the success or failure of mankind's endeavours, agricultural or otherwise. The book comes to one climax with the description of a great storm in lines 311–350, which brings all of

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would have been finished a number of years before the disgrace and suicide of Gallus, and so one would expect more evidence of an alternative version of the end of the poem—or at least more sources mentioning it. Instead, the Orpheus episode is here understood as an integral part of the poem that

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articulates or encapsulates its ethos by reinforcing many ideas or reintroducing and problematizing tensions voiced throughout the text. The range of scholarship and interpretations offered is vast, and the arguments range from optimistic or pessimistic readings of the poem to notions of labour,

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had practical experience as a farmer was a qualification he considered the guarantee of his 1825 blank verse translation of the first book of the Georgics; and even in modern times it was made a commendation of Peter Fallon's 2004 version that he is "both a poet and a farmer, uniquely suited to

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mode that we see throughout, rendering it an illogical, awkward insertion. Indeed, the features of the episode are unique; it is an epyllion that engages mythological material. The episode does not further the narrative and has no immediately apparent relevance to Virgil's topic. The difficult,

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Book four, a tonal counterpart to book two, is divided approximately in half; the first half (1–280) is didactic and deals with the life and habits of bees, as a model for human society. Bees resemble man in that their labour is devoted to a king and they give their lives for the sake of the

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Besides the 18th century examples already mentioned, English poets wrote other Virgilian styled georgics and country themed pieces manifesting an appreciation of the rustic arts and the happiness of life on the country estate. Among them were poems directed to such specialised subjects as

1233:(London, 1735). The preface to the last of these notes with disapproval that one "might indeed have expected to have seen it treated more at large by Virgil in his third Georgick, since it is expressly Part of his Subject. But he has favoured us only with ten Verses." 368:, and force him to reveal which divine spirit he angered and how to restore his bee colonies. After binding Proteus (who changes into many forms to no avail), Aristaeus is told by the seer that he angered the nymphs by causing the death of the nymph Eurydice, wife of 2657: 950:

multiplicity of earlier translations, his new version would be justified by avoiding "that peculiar kind of Latin-derived pidgin-English which infects the style of so many classical scholars" and making its appeal instead through an approachable, down-to-earth idiom.

263:, trees, and the olive. In the next hundred lines, Virgil treats forest and fruit trees. Their propagation and growth are described in detail, with a contrast drawn between methods that are natural and those that require human intervention. Three sections on 668:

debunked this view, and it is now generally believed that there were not Laudes Galli and that the Orpheus episode is original. Generally, arguments against the view above question Servius' reliability, citing the possibility that he confused the end of the

1391:, and in the USA in 1804. Both works, however, though they bear the name of georgics, have more of a celebratory than a didactic function. They are a different sort of work that, while paying homage and alluding to Virgil's poem, have another end in view. 320:, as well as his lofty poetic aspirations and the difficulty of the material to follow. Many have observed the parallels between the dramatic endings of each half of this book and the irresistible power of their respective themes of love and death. 267:

are of particular interest: presented as marvels of man's alteration of nature. Also included is a catalogue of the world's trees, set forth in rapid succession, and other products of various lands. Perhaps the most famous passage of the poem, the

1332:(1716) "a full-scale mock Georgic". The poem is dependent on the method and episodes in Virgil's poem and may be compared with the contemporary renewal of classical genres in the mock epic and the introduction of urban themes into the 1142:(Bees, 1542) restricts itself to the subject of the fourth book of the Georgics and is an early example of Italian blank verse. A Latin treatment of the subject figured as the fourteenth book of the original Paris edition of 1126:(Gardens, or the art of beautifying landscape, 1782). Like Mason, he gave his preference for landscaped over formal garden design and his work was several times translated into English verse over the following two decades. 1106:(Of Gdns, 1665). The latter was a four-canto work in Latin hexameters, dealing respectively with flowers, disposition of trees, water and orchards, and was followed by two English versions shortly afterwards, translated by 2871: 813:, on which Virgil relied as a source—a fact already recognized by the commentator Servius. Virgil's scholarship on his predecessors produced an extensive literary reaction by the following generations of authors. 941:, T. F. Royds argued that "just as the Latin poet had his pedigree, Virgil is here an adopted English poet, and his many translators have made for him an English pedigree too". So too, living in Devon as 2560:

at the University of Cincinnati. An interactive text of the poem with plant names linked to their translations into English, German, French, and Italian, modern Latin scientific names, and pictures.

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is probably an intentional move made by Virgil, a poet given to a highly allusive style, not, evidently, to the exclusion of his own previous writings. Indeed, Virgil incorporates full lines in the

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translating this poem". However, Hoblyn could only support his stance at this date by interpolation and special pleading. Throughout Europe, Virgilian-style farming manuals were giving way to the

864:'s (1709), had primarily poetic aims. Other translators were clergymen amateurs (Thomas Nevile, Cambridge 1767) or, translating into prose, had school use in mind (Joseph Davidson, London 1743). 479:

serves as Virgil's primary Latin model in terms of genre and meter. Many passages from Virgil's poetry are indebted to Lucretius: the plague section of the third book takes as its model the

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as the wise ruler directing the new territory's welfare. The inference is also there that Voulgaris himself (now archbishop of Novorossiya and Azov) has become thus the imperial Virgil.

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or Praises of Italy, is introduced by way of a comparison with foreign marvels: despite all of those, no land is as praiseworthy as Italy. A point of cultural interest is a reference to

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account that "Virgil ... aimed, not to teach the farmer, but to please the reader," underlines that Virgil's poetic and philosophic themes were abounding in his hexameters (Sen.,

1406:. Its intention was to praise country living in the course of describing its seasonal occupations. A similar approach to the beauties of the countryside in all weathers was taken by 401: 195:, but differs from it in important ways. Numerous technical passages fill out the initial half of the first book; of particular interest are lines 160–175, where Virgil describes the 701:. There is some debate whether these repetitions are (1) intrusions within the text of later scribes and editors, (2) indications pointing toward the level of incompleteness of the 608:

in 31 BCE, Rome had been engaged in a series of almost constant civil wars. After almost 15 years of political and social upheaval, Octavian, the sole surviving member of the

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In the case of many of these didactic manuals, the approach of the Georgics served as a model but the information in them is updated or supplements Virgil’s account. Thus

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Dutch influence on English farming also paved a way for the poem's rebirth, since Roman farming practices still prevailed in the Netherlands and were sustained there by

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with yet more on vines, emphasizing their fragility and laboriousness. A warning about animal damage provides occasion for an explanation of why goats are sacrificed to

1162:, had already appeared in London in 1740, prefaced with an apology to Virgil for trespassing on his ancient territory while bringing "some new Discov'ries to impart". 341:

community, but they lack the arts and love. In spite of their labour, the bees perish and the entire colony dies. The restoration of the bees is accomplished by

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The overtly political element in Virgil's poem attracted some translators, who applied it to their own local circumstances. The translation of the Georgics into

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in a passage known as the Vituperation of Vines. The remainder of the book is devoted to extolling the simple country life over the corruptness of the city.

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Prominent themes of the second book include agriculture as man's struggle against a hostile natural world, often described in violent terms, and the ages of

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4. Virgil's extensive knowledge and skilful integration of his models is central to the success of different portions of the work and the poem as a whole.

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sparked a renewed interest in agricultural poetry and country life amongst the more educated classes during the 18th century. In the same year, the young

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may also be an important influence. Virgil used other Greek writers as models and sources, some for technical information, including the Hellenistic poet

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Master John's poem heads the line of later gardening manuals in verse over the centuries. Included among them were poems in Latin like Giuseppe Milio's

1282:(Vegetables, 1698), section 9. Two English clergymen poets later wrote poems more or less reliant on one or other of these sections. Joshua Dinsdale's 725:, although the number of repetitions is much smaller (only eight) and it does not appear that any one line was reduplicated in all three of his works. 560: 1449:(1926), which also pursued the course of the seasons through its four books and balanced rural know-how with celebratory description in the mode of 861: 872:(London, 1827). There it was accompanied by versions in Italian by Gian-Francesco Soave (1765), in Spanish by Juan de Guzmán (1768), in French by 868:

went on to place his acclaimed literary version of 1800 in the context of others across Europe when he reissued it in the sumptuous folio edition

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noteworthy is the fact that the brisk rate of new translations continued into the early decades of the nineteenth century, with 1808 as a kind of

1181:(1527) written in Latin hexameters, which had been preceded by two poems in Italian on the same subject. Vida's work was followed in England by 768:. With a single line or two, Virgil links (or distances), expands (or collapses) themes of various texts treating various subjects to create an 2964: 2044: 705:, or (3) deliberate repetitions made by the poet, pointing toward meaningful areas of contact between the two poems. As a careful study by 673:

with the end of the Eclogues, which does make mention of Gallus. Further, they question its validity based on chronological evidence: the

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is agriculture; but far from being an example of peaceful rural poetry, it is a work characterized by tensions in both theme and purpose.

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In Britain there was a tendency to grant Virgil honorary citizenship. In the introduction to his turn of the century translation for the

741:. Additionally, some of these reproduced lines are themselves adapted from works by Virgil's earlier literary models, including Homer's 2247: 1963:

Frans De Bruyn, "From Georgic Poetry to Statistics and Graphs: Eighteenth-Century Representations and the 'State' of British Society,"

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reached its completest version in 1730. Integrated into its sixteen sections were several once issued as separate works. They included

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by encouraging Greek settlement there. Virgil’s theme of taming the wilderness was further underlined in an introductory poem praising

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De Bruyn, Frans, “Eighteenth-Century Editions of Virgil's Georgics: From Classical Poem to Agricultural Treatise”, Lumen XXIV 2005,

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man's efforts to nothing. After detailing various weather-signs, Virgil ends with an enumeration of the portents associated with

2689: 217: 1932: 232: 1407: 893: 2172: 345:, spontaneous rebirth from the carcass of an ox. This process is described twice in the second half (281–568) and frames the 333: 316:. The poems invoke Greek and Italian gods and address such issues as Virgil's intention to honour both Caesar and his patron 2188: 1433:(1800). The latter proceeds through the farming year season by season and a partial translation into Latin was described by 585: 2642: 2570: 2242:

Claudia Schindler, "Persian Apples, Chinese Leaves, Arab Beans: encounters with the East in Neo-Latin didactic poetry", in

1498: 2931: 1981: 1135: 259:. Like the first book, it begins with a poem addressing the divinities associated with the matters about to be discussed: 1770: 1244:(Fishing, 1683), ultimately section 15, in which the author informs the reader (in the words of his English translator): 1943: 1053: 328: 1833: 1515: 2887: 2580: 2500: 2410: 156: 1896: 2204: 1419:

Other works in this vein moved further from the Virgilian didactic mode. William Cowper’s discursive and subjective

1193:, contained a wealth of Classical stories and has been mentioned as "one of the earliest of English georgic poems". 1154:

published from London in 1799, and later reprinted in the United States in 1808. But an earlier partial adaptation,

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verses divided into four books. The yearly timings by the rising and setting of particular stars were valid for the

143:. The poem draws on a variety of prior sources and has influenced many later authors from antiquity to the present. 1510: 1412: 1402:(1483), which he composed to be recited as an introduction to his lectures on the didactic poems of Hesiod and the 385: 2350: 974: 2954: 2833: 2515: 987: 2074: 640: 20: 2523: 1639:(1979). "Two plagues: Virgil, Georgics 3.478–566 and Lucretius 6.1090–1286", in D. West and T. Woodman, edd., 2907: 2149: 1387:(Strasbourg, 1800), a translation of which by John Maunde had been published in London the following year as 2532: 1107: 764: 167: 2442: 1996: 938: 2919: 2086: 1151: 806: 644: 192: 2525:

Miscellanea Virgiliana: In Scriptis Maxime Eruditorum Virorum Varie Dispersa, in Unum Fasciculum Collecta

1817: 1857: 1122:, having already translated the Latin Georgics, now published his own four-canto poem on the subject of 912:

was published from St Petersburg in 1786 and had as one aim the support of Russia’s assimilation of the

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in 1673 and James Gardiner in 1706. Where those versions were written in rhyming couplets, however,

996: 187:, then a summary of the four books, followed by a prayer to various agricultural deities as well as 2855: 2803: 2793: 2775: 1600:

Smiley, Charles, N. (1931). "Vergil. His Philosophic Background and His Relation to Christianity",

1442: 1222: 1166: 1150:(The Rural Estate) in 1696, but was to have a separate English existence in a verse translation by 931: 846: 534: 434:

the themes of man's relationship to the land and the importance of hard work. The Hellenistic poet

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Buckham, Philip Wentworth; Spence, Joseph; Holdsworth, Edward; Warburton, William; Jortin, John,

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on also serves as an important source for Virgil's use of mythological detail and digression.

172: 2215: 364:, where he is given instructions on how to restore his colonies. He must capture the seer, 2879: 2838: 2607: 2454: 1883: 1198: 1143: 1062: 1058: 920: 615:

It was during this period, and against this backdrop of civil war, that Virgil composed the

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with Virgil scholar Richard Thomas and poet David Ferry, who recently translated Virgil's

1653: 1520: 1467: 1450: 1421: 1155: 1119: 1001: 992: 873: 865: 856: 554: 475: 1913:(Cambridge Univ. Press, 1969). For argument see pages 299–309 and for quote see page 307. 1290:(quoted above), which was an adaptation written in the 1750s but unpublished until 1809. 1118:(1772–81), an original work that took the Georgics as its model. His French contemporary 619:. While not containing any overtly political passages, politics are not absent from the 1029: 643:, that the middle to the end of the fourth book contained a large series of praises for 596:

Beginning with Caesar's assassination in 44 BCE and ending with Octavian's victory over

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or seal in which Virgil contrasts his life of poetry with that of Octavian the general.

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for astronomy and meteorology, Nicander for information about snakes, the philosopher

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by other Augustan poets at that period. Later examples of didactic georgics include

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The most encyclopaedic of the authors on country subjects was Jacques Vanière whose

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and their use was supplanted by scientific data, technical graphs and statistics.

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The Georgic: A contribution to the study of the Vergilian type of didactic poetry

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The Georgic: A Contribution to the Study of the Vergilian Type of Didactic Poetry

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on the cultivation of saffron (Rome 1510). There were also works on hunting like

2039:(trad. Frédéric Boyer), "Le souci de la terre", Paris, Gallimard, 2019, 254 p. ( 1190: 983: 970: 829: 754: 597: 521:

The two predominant philosophical schools in Rome during Virgil's lifetime were

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on the cultivation of citrus fruits (Venice 1505) and Pier Franceso Giustolo's

697:, there are some 51 lines that are recycled, either whole or in part, from the 352:

beginning at line 315. The tone of the book changes from didactic to epic and

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translated by Henry Rushton Fairclough in 1916 for the Loeb Classical Library

2129: 1047: 860:, when three new versions appeared." Some among these, like Dryden's and the 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 1395: 1355: 1302: 470: 447: 346: 305: 152: 458:

for poetic and stylistic considerations. The Greek literary tradition from

372:. Proteus describes the descent of Orpheus into the underworld to retrieve 1274:(Doves, 1684), mentioned in the lines above and ultimately section 13; by 589:

Virgil teaching, a miniature from a 15th-century French manuscript of the

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very likely had a large impact on the epyllion of Aristaeus that ends the

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This descriptive genre of writing had an equally Renaissance pedigree in

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in line 176, which an ancient reader would have known as the hometown of

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deals with products for the aristocratic luxury market. Others included

1189:(1599), a subject that he had studied in Italy. The poem was written in 1976:

Sophia Papaioannou, "Eugenios Voulgaris' translation of the Georgics",

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Playing the Farmer. Representations of Rural Life in Vergil's Georgics

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The quote and the argument in general are taken from L.P. Wilkinson's

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Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil

2768: 2698: 2489: 916: 785: 542: 529:. Of these two, the Epicurean strain is predominant not only in the 488: 443: 421: 277: 204: 139: 103: 2539:

Loyola's Bees: Ideology and Industry in Jesuit Latin Didactic Poetry

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Fishing, a translation from the Latin of Vanier, Book XV. Upon Fish

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Yasmin Haskell, "Latin Georgic Poetry of the Italian Renaissance",

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Book II, line 1, "Thus far of tillage, and of heav'nly signs" from

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The Poetics of Empire: A Study of James Grainger's The Sugar Cane

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Richard F. Thomas, "Vestigia Ruris: Urbane Rusticity in Virgil's

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The third book is chiefly and ostensibly concerned with animal

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Scotland and the Caribbean, C.1740-1833: Atlantic Archipelagos

1499: 111: 106:, likely published in 29 BCE. As the name suggests (from the 661:

open-ended conclusion seems to confirm this interpretation.

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For a full listing of all the repetitions found within the

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Later still there were poems with a broader scope, such as

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The Rural Philosopher: or French Georgics, a didactic poem

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The philosophical text with the greatest influence on the

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direction with his poem on the breeding and care of the

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goes a long way to show, the repetition of lines in the

558:. G. B. Conte notes, citing the programmatic statement " 356:

in this epyllion, which contains within it the story of

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is considered Virgil's second major work, following his

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Dante, led by Virgil, Consoles the Souls of the Envious

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was launched when agriculture had become a science and

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himself. It takes as its model the work on farming by

1534:"Georgics, By Virgil, translated by Kimberly Johnson" 533:

but also in Virgil's social and intellectual milieu.

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for botany, and others, such as the Hellenistic poet

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Library List, National Agricultural Library (U.S.),

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The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature

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Narrative and Simile from the Georgics in the Aeneid

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as being rendered 'in the manner of the Georgics' (

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Trivia, or the art of walking the streets of London

973:(1649), first complete Virgil in English including 541:after Virgil's death, had Epicurean tastes, as did 312:. Both halves begin with a short prologue called a 159:of Virgil's time, and so are not always valid now. 120:, i.e. "agricultural (things)") the subject of the 55: 2647:: A Source of Inspiration of Quotations in Wilanów 2528:, Cambridge : Printed for W. P. Grant; 1825. 2112:Mason discusses his choice in the preface to his 1846:La Buccolica e le Georgiche di P. Virgilio Marone 380:, and at last Orpheus' death at the hands of the 1765:Michael Morris, “Archipelagic Poetics”, ch.2 in 1751:The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison 1725:, see Briggs, W. Ward, "Lines Repeated from the 1669:Octavian received the name "Augustus" in 27 BCE. 1385:L'Homme des champs, ou les Géorgiques françaises 1257:Now more improved since first they gave me fame; 1261:From hence to tend the doves and vine I taught, 682:, and the relationship between man and nature. 384:women. Book four concludes with an eight-line 2557:"Virgil's Garden" or the "Hortus Vergilianus" 1265:And whate’er else my riper years have wrought. 957:'s French version of the Georgics is retitled 376:, the backward look that caused her return to 19:"Georgic" redirects here. For other uses, see 2683: 2244:Early Encounters between East Asia and Europe 1284:The Dove Cote, or the art of breeding pigeons 1225:which were the ultimate Italian ancestors of 1203:De Hortis Hesdperidum sive de cultu citriorum 1124:Les Jardins, ou l'Art d’embellir les paysages 627:, to whom Virgil is said to have recited the 8: 183:Virgil begins his poem with a dedication to 2087:"A Fifteenth Century Treatise on Gardening" 1425:(1785) has sometimes been included, as has 1052:Peter Fallon (Oxford World Classics, 2006) 870:Georgica Publii Virgilii Maronis Hexaglotta 171:One of four Polish frieze paintings in the 2690: 2676: 2668: 2567:. Berkeley: University of California Press 2009:Living in Time: The Poetry of C. Day Lewis 1441:). It was followed in the 20th century by 336:, Vaticanus Palatinus lat. 1632, fol. 51v. 2585:The Georgics of Virgil: A Critical Survey 2421:Bruce Graver, "Pastoral and Georgic", in 2201:The Georgics of Virgil: A Critical Survey 1737:77: 130–147, 1982; also Briggs, W. Ward, 1114:later chose Miltonic blank verse for his 561:Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas 552:as a whole was Lucretius' Epicurean epic 1253:Now add the labours of my younger years… 1116:The English Garden: A Poem in Four Books 420:in hexameters is the archaic Greek poet 332:Fourth book of Virgil’s Georgics in ms. 2423:The Encyclopedia of Romantic Literature 1641:Creative Imitation and Latin Literature 1478: 1326:(1713). Gay then went on to compose in 832:’s 1697 poetic translation of Virgil's 639:A comment by the Virgilian commentator 2915: 1995:, J. M. Dent & Sons, London 1907, 1721:and corresponding line numbers in the 1589:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 1286:appeared in 1740; and John Duncombe’s 1249:Of fish I sing, and to the rural cares 656:in that it radically departs from the 728:The repetitions of material from the 450:for zoology, and Aristotle's student 97: 7: 2903: 2517:Vergil, Georgica: Eine Bibliographie 2486:The Dictionary of National Biography 693:Within Virgil's later epic work the 2058:The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil 572:1.78–9, "the basic impulse for the 2970:Works based on classical mythology 1278:(Vines, 1689), section 10; and by 14: 2407:Memoirs of Angelus Politianus etc 1439:in morem Latini Georgice redditum 2926: 2914: 2902: 2652: 1828:An extensive review appeared in 1532:Tonkin, Boyd (January 4, 2010). 1012:“a literal translation” in prose 1010:Musgrave Wilkins (London, 1873) 965:Selected translations in English 664:In a highly influential article 412:– Walters W40016V – Open Reverse 51: 35:Book III, shepherd with flocks, 2321:Marcus Walsh's introduction to 2114:final corrected version of 1783 2085:Hon. Alicia M. Tyssen Amherst, 1160:The Modern Art of Breeding Bees 845:succeeded, much as the British 652:is unlike anything else in the 416:Virgil's model for composing a 2472:The Farmer’s Boy: a rural poem 2246:, Taylor & Francis, 2017, 1967:, 17, 1, Spring 2004, 107–139. 1187:The Silkwormes and their Flies 334:Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana 224:offers any hope of salvation. 1: 2965:1st-century BC books in Latin 2820:Christian interpretations of 2073:, Johns Hopkins Press, 1919, 1965:The Yale Journal of Criticism 1362:(1757). Shortly afterwards, 1136:Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai 825:Reception in the 18th century 772:that is richly intertextual. 487:. Virgil is also indebted to 410:Eclogues, Georgics and Aeneid 2649:at the Wilanów Palace Museum 2027:, Jonathan Cape 1940, pp.7-8 1410:in the four sections of his 568:2.490–502, which draws from 203:, whose model is ultimately 2660:public domain audiobook at 2602:The original Latin text at 2541:, OUP/British Academy, 2003 2455:"Cowper’s Spontaneous Task" 2140:Yasmin Haskell, 2003, p.42) 1628:Latin Literature: A History 1615:Latin Literature: A History 1487:Georgics Vol.I: Books I–II. 1030:quantitative verse couplets 151:The work consists of 2,188 2986: 2336:Poems on Several Occasions 2307:Poems on Several Occasions 1785:, The Athlone Press 2000, 1695:Cambridge, 1988. pp 13–16. 1500: 809:had already published his 721:of his earliest work, the 112: 102:) is a poem by Latin poet 18: 2898: 2834:The Virgilian Progression 2563:Thibodeau, Philip. 2011. 2461:, Palgrave Macmillan 2005 2425:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, 2185:Virgil in the Renaissance 1859:Las Georgicas de Virgilio 1366:went on to create in his 1061:(Penguin Classics, 2009) 876:(1769), and in German by 545:and his patron Maecenas. 2856:Dante and Virgil in Hell 2551:. Yale University Press. 2323:John Gay: selected poems 1922:De Bruyn 2005, pp.154-5) 1081:'s Latin poem on gardens 211:and its relation to the 173:King's palace at Wilanów 21:Georgic (disambiguation) 2612:Perseus Digital Library 2437:Quoted in M. L. Lilly, 2405:William Parr Greswell, 2228:Humanistica Lovaniensia 1954:De Bruyn 2005, pp.255-9 1944:Oxford University Press 1658:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 1652:The other members were 1516:A Greek–English Lexicon 1324:Rural Sports: A Georgic 1221:(Hunting with dogs) of 1179:De Bombycum cura ac usu 1108:John Evelyn the Younger 894:agricultural revolution 776:Reception and influence 765:On the Nature of Things 147:Description and summary 2664:(in English and Latin) 2351:University of Michigan 2025:The Georgics of Virgil 1911:The Georgics of Virgil 1630:. Baltimore. pp. 271–2 1306: 1305:'s specialised georgic 1082: 797:Reception in antiquity 793: 593: 413: 337: 248: 218:Caesar’s assassination 180: 94: 40: 2069:Marie Loretto Lilly, 2060:, Everyman 1907, p.xv 1993:Eclogues and Georgics 1741:(Leiden: Brill, 1980) 1626:Conte, G. B. (1994). 1613:Conte, G. B. (1994). 1507:Liddell, Henry George 1301: 1270:That was followed by 1076: 975:a translation of the 953:In the 21st century, 900:Contemporary readings 783: 751:Apollonius of Rhodes' 588: 517:Philosophical context 404: 331: 235: 170: 31: 1830:The Quarterly Review 1797:De Bruyn 2005, p.152 1381:The British Georgics 1169:struck out in a new 1077:The frontispiece of 959:Le Souci de la terre 885:Joost van den Vondel 878:Johann Heinrich Voss 495:poets at times, and 358:Orpheus and Eurydice 220:and civil war; only 99:[ɡeˈoːrɡɪka] 2888:The Barque of Dante 2804:Vergilius Vaticanus 2794:Vergilius Augusteus 2776:Appendix Vergiliana 2459:The Work of the Sun 2441:(Baltimore, 1919), 1691:Thomas, Richard F. 1617:. Baltimore. p. 258 1604:26: 660–675. p. 663 1489:Cambridge, 1988. I. 1485:Thomas, Richard F. 1443:Vita Sackville-West 1223:Pietro degli Angeli 1167:Marco Girolamo Vida 1098:(Brescia 1574) and 932:Catherine the Great 784:Author portrait of 686:Repetitions in the 406:Cristoforo Majorana 241:The Works of Virgil 2829:Sortes Vergilianae 2484:"William Clubbe", 1885:Ländliche Gedichte 1769:, Routledge 2015, 1643:. Cambridge. p. 77 1591:97 (1995): 201–202 1307: 1144:fr:Jacques Vanière 1083: 1054:quantitative verse 1048:quantitative verse 1006:in heroic couplets 997:in heroic couplets 988:in heroic couplets 910:Eugenios Voulgaris 862:Earl of Lauderdale 843:Roman Augustan age 794: 610:Second Triumvirate 594: 414: 338: 282:didactic narrative 249: 201:succession of ages 181: 137:and preceding the 41: 2942: 2941: 2799:Vergilius Romanus 2549:Virgil’s Georgics 2199:L. P. Wilkinson, 2183:L. P. Wilkinson, 2045:978-2-07-284033-3 1735:Classical Journal 1602:Classical Journal 1427:Robert Bloomfield 1338:Christopher Smart 1238:Praedium Rusticum 1227:William Somervile 1148:Praedium Rusticum 1104:Hortorum Libri IV 1069:European georgics 1037:(New York, 1934) 790:Vergilius Romanus 762:, and Lucretius' 581:Political context 512:Cultural contexts 2977: 2955:Poetry by Virgil 2933:Wikisource texts 2930: 2918: 2917: 2906: 2905: 2880:Dante and Virgil 2692: 2685: 2678: 2669: 2656: 2655: 2608:Tufts University 2577:, on Thoughtcast 2537:Yasmin Haskell, 2503: 2498: 2492: 2482: 2476: 2468: 2462: 2451: 2445: 2435: 2429: 2419: 2413: 2403: 2397: 2395:Internet Archive 2392: 2386: 2381: 2375: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2348: 2342: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2240: 2234: 2224: 2218: 2213: 2207: 2197: 2191: 2181: 2175: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2102:Volume 2, p.1528 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2067: 2061: 2054: 2048: 2034: 2028: 2021: 2015: 2005: 1999: 1990: 1984: 1980:Vol. 54 (2008), 1974: 1968: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1907: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1862: 1855: 1849: 1842: 1836: 1826: 1820: 1818:Internet Archive 1815: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1779: 1773: 1763: 1757: 1748: 1742: 1715: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1693:Georgics Vol. I. 1689: 1683: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1650: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1624: 1618: 1611: 1605: 1598: 1592: 1581: 1575: 1570:Compare Hesiod, 1568: 1562: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1529: 1523: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1483: 1431:The Farmer’s Boy 1294:English Georgics 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1199:Giovanni Pontano 1177:, the two-canto 1096:De Hortorum Cura 1086:Gardening guides 1059:Kimberly Johnson 939:Everyman edition 930:and the Empress 921:Grigory Potemkin 645:Cornelius Gallus 483:that closes the 481:plague of Athens 430:shares with the 157:precession epoch 115: 114: 101: 85: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 60: 57: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2894: 2891:(1858 painting) 2883:(1850 painting) 2875:(1835 painting) 2867:(1835 painting) 2859:(1822 painting) 2843: 2808: 2782: 2701: 2696: 2653: 2631:Standard Ebooks 2594: 2581:L. P. Wilkinson 2511: 2509:Further reading 2506: 2499: 2495: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2465: 2453:Ted Underwood, 2452: 2448: 2436: 2432: 2420: 2416: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2338:, London 1745, 2333: 2329: 2325:, Carcanet 1979 2320: 2316: 2309:, London 1745, 2305: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2279: 2272:, London 1809, 2268: 2264: 2257: 2253: 2241: 2237: 2230:XLVIII (1999), 2225: 2221: 2214: 2210: 2198: 2194: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2035: 2031: 2022: 2018: 2006: 2002: 1991: 1987: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1865: 1856: 1852: 1843: 1839: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1780: 1776: 1764: 1760: 1753:, London 1854, 1749: 1745: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1654:Marcus Antonius 1651: 1647: 1638: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1608: 1599: 1595: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1565: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1538:The Independent 1531: 1530: 1526: 1521:Perseus Project 1497: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468:Prosody (Latin) 1459: 1451:Georgian Poetry 1296: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1217:(1551) and the 1156:Joshua Dinsdale 1132: 1120:Jacques Delille 1088: 1071: 1063:irregular verse 1046:(London, 1940) 1028:(London, 1912) 1019:(London 1881), 1004:(London, 1871) 1002:R. D. Blackmore 995:(London, 1800) 993:William Sotheby 986:(London, 1697) 967: 902: 874:Jacques Delille 866:William Sotheby 857:annus mirabilis 827: 799: 778: 691: 637: 583: 570:De rerum natura 555:De rerum natura 519: 514: 485:De Rerum Natura 476:De Rerum Natura 468: 399: 394: 326: 302: 230: 165: 149: 83: 54: 50: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2884: 2876: 2868: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2650: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2622: 2614: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2592:External links 2590: 2589: 2588: 2578: 2568: 2561: 2554:Parker, Holt. 2552: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2520: 2514:Bibliography: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2493: 2477: 2463: 2446: 2430: 2414: 2398: 2387: 2376: 2365: 2354: 2343: 2327: 2314: 2299: 2288: 2277: 2262: 2251: 2235: 2219: 2208: 2192: 2176: 2165: 2153: 2142: 2133: 2126:Garden History 2124:Pater Hayden, 2117: 2105: 2090: 2078: 2062: 2049: 2047:), pp. 11 - 46 2029: 2023:C. Day Lewis, 2016: 2007:Albert Gelpi, 2000: 1985: 1969: 1956: 1947: 1936: 1924: 1915: 1902: 1889: 1876: 1872:Les Géorgiques 1863: 1850: 1837: 1821: 1810: 1799: 1790: 1781:John Gilmore, 1774: 1758: 1743: 1710: 1697: 1684: 1671: 1662: 1656:(Anthony) and 1645: 1632: 1619: 1606: 1593: 1576: 1574:1–201, 383–659 1572:Works and Days 1563: 1550: 1524: 1491: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1458: 1455: 1435:William Clubbe 1369:The Sugar Cane 1364:James Grainger 1348:Robert Dodsley 1343:The Hop-Garden 1295: 1292: 1246: 1207:De Croci Cultu 1165:For his part, 1131: 1130:Rural pursuits 1128: 1087: 1084: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1056: 1050: 1041: 1032: 1023: 1014: 1008: 999: 990: 981: 966: 963: 955:Frédéric Boyer 901: 898: 838:Joseph Addison 826: 823: 798: 795: 777: 774: 690: 684: 636: 633: 582: 579: 518: 515: 513: 510: 467: 464: 427:Works and Days 398: 395: 393: 390: 325: 322: 301: 298: 270:Laudes Italiae 243:translated by 229: 226: 164: 161: 148: 145: 16:Poem by Virgil 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2982: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2839:Virgil's tomb 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813:Miscellaneous 2811: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2637:Other sources 2636: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2545:Lembke, Janet 2543: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2475:at Gutenberg] 2474: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128:18.2 (1990), 2127: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931:London 1825, 1928: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1898:Lantgedichten 1893: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1511:Scott, Robert 1508: 1504: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1408:James Thomson 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377:James Grahame 1373: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:Thomas Muffet 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:entomological 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152:Arthur Murphy 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:William Mason 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1035:J. 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