616:, exhaustion, low physical activity, and slowed walking speed. A healthy person scores 0; a very frail person scores 5. Compared to non-frail elderly people, people with intermediate frailty scores (2 or 3) are twice as likely to have post-surgical complications, spend 50% more time in the hospital, and are three times as likely to be discharged to a skilled nursing facility instead of to their own homes. Frail elderly patients (score of 4 or 5) who were living at home before the surgery have even worse outcomes, with the risk of being discharged to a nursing home rising to twenty times the rate for non-frail elderly people.
867:
276:, a physician who specializes in the care of older people. Rather, this decision is guided by individual patient need and the caregiving structures available to them. This care may benefit those who are managing multiple chronic conditions or experiencing significant age-related complications that threaten quality of daily life. Geriatric care may be indicated if caregiving responsibilities become increasingly stressful or medically complex for family and caregivers to manage independently.
490:
managing one's finances and medications. Routine monitoring of ADL and IADL is an important functional assessment used by clinicians to determine the extent of support and care to provide to elderly adults and their caregivers. It serves as a qualitative measurement of function over time and predicts the need for alternative living arrangements or models of care, including senior housing apartments, skilled nursing facilities, palliative, hospice or home-based care.
1205:(Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery). Unfortunately, only eight major institutes provide M.D in Geriatric Medicine and subsequent training. Training in some institutes are exclusive in the Department of Geriatric Medicine, with rotations in Internal medicine, medical subspecialties etc. but in certain institutions, are limited to 2-year training in Internal medicine and subspecialities followed by one year of exclusive training in Geriatric Medicine.
1080:. Warren emphasized that rehabilitation was essential to the care of older people. Using her experiences as a physician in a London Workhouse infirmary, she believed that merely keeping older people fed until they died was not enough; they needed diagnosis, treatment, care, and support. She found that patients, some of whom had previously been bedridden, were able to gain some degree of independence with the correct assessment and treatment.
545:
combination of physiologic, pathologic, psychologic and socioeconomic factors, it can be difficult to identify effective interventions. Physiologic factors include reduced smell and taste, and a decreased metabolic rate affecting nutritional food intake. Unintentional weight loss can result from pathologic factors, including a wide range of chronic diseases that affect cognitive function, directly impact digestion (e.g. poor dentition,
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1230:(AMA), and the Association of Directors of Geriatric Academic Programs (ADGAP). The domains are: cognitive and behavioral disorders; medication management; self-care capacity; falls, balance, gait disorders; atypical presentation of disease; palliative care; hospital care for elders, and health care planning and promotion. Each content domain specifies three or more observable, measurable competencies.
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47:
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300:
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1140:. They serve in a variety of roles including hospital care, long-term care, home care, and terminal care. They are frequently involved in ethics consultations to represent the unique health and diseases patterns seen in seniors. The model of care practiced by geriatricians is heavily focused on working closely with other disciplines such as nurses,
1255:
Another important area is the potential for improper administration and use of potentially inappropriate medications, and the possibility of errors that could result in dangerous drug interactions. Polypharmacy is often a predictive factor (Cannon et al., 2006). Research done on home/community health
524:
Urinary incontinence or overactive bladder symptoms is defined as unintentionally urinating oneself. These symptoms can be caused by medications that increase urine output and frequency (e.g. anti-hypertensives and diuretics), urinary tract infections, pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic floor dysfunction,
1221:
hosted a
National Consensus Conference on Competencies in Geriatric Education where a consensus was reached on minimum competencies (learning outcomes) that graduating medical students needed to assure competent care by new interns to older patients. Twenty-six (26) Minimum Geriatric Competencies in
473:
Frailty is marked by a decline in physiological reserve, increased vulnerability to physiological and emotional stressors, and loss of function. This may present as progressive and unintentional weight loss, fatigue, muscular weakness and decreased mobility. It is associated with increased injuries,
451:
changes arise with older age, impairing their ability to metabolize and respond to drugs. Each of the four pharmacokinetic mechanisms (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) are disrupted by age-related physiologic changes. For example, overall decreased hepatic function can interfere with
1251:
administration. One study (Hutchinson et al., 2006) found that 25% of participants studied admitted to skipping doses or cutting them in half. Self-reported noncompliance with adherence to a medication schedule was reported by a striking one-third of the participants. Further development of methods
1135:
and who have also acquired the additional training necessary to obtain the
Certificate of Added Qualifications (CAQ) in geriatric medicine. Geriatricians have developed an expanded expertise in the aging process, the impact of aging on illness patterns, drug therapy in seniors, health maintenance,
489:
are fundamental skills needed to care for oneself, including feeding, personal hygiene, toileting, transferring and ambulating. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) describe more complex skills needed to allow oneself to live independently in a community, including cooking, housekeeping,
343:
Geriatrics is highly interdisciplinary consisting of specialty providers from the fields of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, social work, physical and occupational therapy. Elderly patients can receive care related to medication management, pain management, psychiatric and memory care, rehabilitation,
1238:
Changes in physiology with aging may alter the absorption, the effectiveness and the side effect profile of many drugs. These changes may occur in oral protective reflexes (dryness of the mouth caused by diminished salivary glands), in the gastrointestinal system (such as with delayed emptying of
1152:
In the United
Kingdom, most geriatricians are hospital physicians, whereas others focus on community geriatrics in particular. Although originally a distinct clinical specialty, it has been integrated as a specialization of general medicine since the late 1970s. Most geriatricians are, therefore,
1316:
Elder abuse occurs increasingly when caregivers of elderly relatives have a mental illness. These instances of abuse can be prevented by engaging these individuals with mental illness in mental health treatment. Additionally, interventions aimed at decreasing elder reliance on relatives may help
611:
is typically a slowly growing disease that would cause them no pain, impairment, or loss of life before they would die of other causes. Frail people are also at significant risk of post-surgical complications and the need for extended care, and an accurate predictionâbased on validated measures,
544:
and poor nutritional status is an area of concern, affecting 12% to 50% of hospitalized elderly patients and 23% to 50% of institutionalized elderly patients living in long-term care facilities such as assisted living communities and skilled nursing facilities. As malnutrition can occur due to a
1304:
is the physical, financial, emotional, sexual, or other type of abuse of an older dependent. Adequate training, services, and support can reduce the likelihood of elder abuse, and proper attention can often identify it. For elderly people who are unable to care for themselves, geriatricians may
482:
Functional disability can arise from a decline in physical function and/or cognitive function. It is associated with an acquired difficulty in performing basic everyday tasks resulting in an increased dependence of other individuals and/or medical devices. These tasks are sub-divided into basic
464:
Geriatric syndromes is a term used to describe a group of clinical conditions that are highly prevalent in elderly people. These syndromes are not caused by specific pathology or disease, rather, are a manifestation of multifactorial conditions affecting several organ systems. Common conditions
335:
adults to be managing multiple medical conditions, or, multi-morbidity. Age-associated changes in physiology drive a compounded increase in susceptibility to illness, disease-associated morbidity, and death. Furthermore, common diseases may present atypically in elderly patients, adding further
612:
rather than how old the patient's face looksâcan help older patients make fully informed choices about their options. Assessment of older patients before elective surgeries can accurately predict the patients' recovery trajectories. One frailty scale uses five items: unintentional weight loss,
498:
Falls are the leading cause of emergency department admissions and hospitalizations in adults age 65 and older, many of which result in significant injury and permanent disability. As certain risk factors can be modifiable for the purpose of reducing falls, this highlights an opportunity for
319:
Geriatric providers receive specialized training in caring for elderly patients and promoting healthy aging. The care provided is one largely based on shared-decision making and is driven by patient goals and preferences, which can vary from preserving function, improving quality of life, or
1169:
Doctors of
Medicine (M.D.) can complete a three-year core internal medicine residency program, followed by two years of specialized geriatrics residency training. This pathway leads to certification, and possibly fellowship after several years of supplementary academic training, by the
1317:
decrease conflict and abuse. Family education and support programs conducted by mental health professionals may also be beneficial for elderly patients to learn how to set limits with relatives with psychiatric disorders without causing conflict that leads to abuse.
344:
long-term nursing care, nutrition and different forms of therapy including physical, occupational and speech. Non-medical considerations include social services, transitional care, advanced directives, power of attorney and other legal considerations.
1246:
Psychological considerations include the fact that elderly persons (in particular, those experiencing substantial memory loss or other types of cognitive impairment) are unlikely to be able to adequately monitor and adhere to their own scheduled
725:
Geriatric subspeciality medical clinics (such as geriatric anticoagulation clinic, geriatric assessment clinic, falls and balance clinic, continence clinic, palliative care clinic, elderly pain clinic, cognition and memory disorders
1083:
The practice of geriatrics in the UK is also one with a rich multidisciplinary history. It values all the professions, not just medicine, for their contributions in optimizing the well-being and independence of older people.
452:
clearance or metabolism of drugs and reductions in kidney function can affect renal elimination. Pharmacodynamic changes lead altered sensitivity to drugs in geriatric patients, such as increased pain relief with
1193:
and other health care professionals can pursue further education in the discipline in order to better understand the process of aging and their role in the presence of older patients and residents.
948:
and recommended that elderly patients consume a diet rich in foods that provide "heat and moisture". They also recommended frequent bathing, massaging, rest, and low-intensity exercise regimens.
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Hutchison LC, Jones SK, West DS, Wei JY (June 2006). "Assessment of medication management by community-living elderly persons with two standardized assessment tools: a cross-sectional study".
624:
Some diseases commonly seen in elderly are rare in adults, e.g., dementia, delirium, falls. As societies aged, many specialized geriatric- and geriatrics-related services emerged including:
1201:
In India, Geriatrics is a relatively new speciality offering. A three-year post graduate residency (M.D) training can be joined for after completing the 5.5-year undergraduate training of
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must respect the patients' privacy while seeing that they receive appropriate and necessary services. More than most specialties, they must consider whether the patient has the legal
287:
process, defined as the decline in organ function over time in the absence of injury, illness, environmental risks or behavioral risk factors. However, geriatrics is sometimes called
569:
issues are of great concern to geriatricians and their patients. Elderly people generally want to live independently as long as possible, which requires them to be able to engage in
1153:
accredited for both. Unlike in the United States, geriatric medicine is a major specialty in the United
Kingdom and are the single most numerous internal medicine specialists.
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to provide guidance if they are unable to understand what is happening to them, whether this is due to long-term dementia or to a short-term, correctable problem, such as
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2806:
1098:
The care of older people in the UK has been advanced by the implementation of the
National Service Frameworks for Older People, which outlines key areas for attention.
1383:
3000:
Cannon KT, Choi MM, Zuniga MA (June 2006). "Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly patients receiving home health care: a retrospective data analysis".
1050:
in 1849, one of the first publications on the subject of geriatric medicine. The first modern geriatric hospital was founded in
Belgrade, Serbia, in 1881 by doctor
2106:
Makary MA, Segev DL, Pronovost PJ, Syin D, Bandeen-Roche K, Patel P, et al. (June 2010). "Frailty as a predictor of surgical outcomes in older patients".
2528:
Ibn al-JazzÄr on forgetfulness and its treatment: critical edition of the Arabic text and the Hebrew translations with commentary and translation into
English
2142:
483:
activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and are commonly used as an indicator of a person's functional status.
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The decline in physiological reserve in organs makes the elderly develop some kinds of diseases and have more complications from mild problems (such as
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people may choose to decline some kinds of medical care, because the risk-benefit ratio is different. For example, frail elderly women routinely stop
188:
182:
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1214:
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Another innovator of
British geriatrics is Bernard Isaacs, who described the "giants" of geriatrics mentioned above: immobility and instability,
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427:(taking multiple medications) given their accumulation of multiple chronic diseases. Many of these individuals have also self-prescribed many
2535:
2182:
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324:
commonly used by geriatricians in the United States and Canada is the 5 M's of
Geriatrics which describes mind, mobility, multicomplexity,
1177:
Doctors of Medicine (M.D.) can opt for a two-year residency program in family medicine and complete a one-year enhanced skills program in
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3140:
2486:
2685:
907:
3916:
2769:
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Lascaratos J, Poulacou-Rebelacou E (2000). "The roots of geriatric medicine: care of the aged in Byzantine times (324-1453 AD)".
1095:. Isaacs asserted that, if examined closely enough, all common problems with older people relate to one or more of these giants.
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2814:
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use. Therefore, geriatric individuals require specialized pharmacological care that is informed by these age-related changes.
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3222:
1120:
1070:
176:
1439:
791:
3029:
Gidal BE (January 2006). "Drug absorption in the elderly: biopharmaceutical considerations for the antiepileptic drugs".
936:, caused by the loss of moisture in body tissue. The works of AĂ«tius describe the mental and physical symptoms of aging.
3768:
1227:
530:
3412:
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that might possibly help monitor and regulate dosage administration and scheduling is an area that deserves attention.
391:, rather than the high fever and cough seen in younger people.) Some elderly people may find it hard to describe their
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1337:
1223:
1218:
33:
2240:"'That Senescence Itself is an Illness': A Transitional Medical Concept of Age and Ageing in the Eighteenth Century"
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1508:
937:
590:
586:
574:
486:
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Denham MJ (August 2011). "Dr Marjory Warren CBE MRCS LRCP (1897-1960): the mother of British geriatric medicine".
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3613:
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solids and liquids possibly restricting speed of absorption), and in the distribution of drugs with changes in
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reflux disease) or may be managed with dietary restrictions (e.g. congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus,
2654:
1461:
3593:
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1483:
546:
1658:"Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applications"
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care found that "nearly 1 of 3 medical regimens contain a potential medication error" (Choi et al., 2006).
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Many universities across Canada also offer gerontology training programs for the general public, such that
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3133:
1390:
1116:
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in 1025, the author was concerned with how "old folk need plenty of sleep" and how their bodies should be
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83:
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3722:
3695:
3668:
3620:
3574:
3269:
953:
649:
440:
432:
408:
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Labrum T (2017). "Factors related to abuse of older persons by relatives with psychiatric disorders".
1165:, there are two pathways that can be followed in order to work as a physician in a geriatric setting.
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3816:
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also discussed the topic in their medical works. Byzantine physicians typically drew on the works of
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conditions affecting mobility should be considered, as these can make accessing bathrooms difficult.
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249:
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79:
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Elderly persons sometimes cannot make decisions for themselves. They may have previously prepared a
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1969:
1944:
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and resist the temptation to manipulate the patient by withholding information, such as the dismal
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846:(focuses on neurological disorders such as dysphagia, stroke, aphasia, and traumatic brain injury).
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667:
643:
604:
95:
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Mallappallil, Mary; Friedman, Eli A; Delano, Barbara G; McFarlane, Samy I; Salifu, Moro O (2014).
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include frailty, functional decline, falls, loss in continence and malnutrition, amongst others.
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The presentation of disease in elderly persons may be vague and non-specific, or it may include
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2494:
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Geriatric physical examination of interest especially to physicians & physician assistants.
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2018:
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2010:
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Geriatric mental health counselor/specialist (focuses on treatment more so than assessment).
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Outpatient Department (New York City) and a "father" of geriatrics in the United States.
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2600:
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2201:
2183:"The new frontier: increasing geriatrics expertise in surgical and medical specialties"
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1998:
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1608:
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1534:
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1016:
233:
75:
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1015:â980) wrote a book on the medicine and health of the elderly. He also wrote a book on
881:
224:, is a medical specialty focused on providing care for the unique health needs of the
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3625:
3487:
3427:
3330:
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1673:
1279:
1112:
1005:
978:
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557:). Psychologic factors include conditions including depression, anorexia, and grief.
91:
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3058:
3013:
2316:
2217:
1929:
1905:
1890:"Home Modifications to Reduce Disability in Older Adults With Functional Disability"
435:. This polypharmacy, in combination with geriatric status, may increase the risk of
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3217:
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994:
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404:
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71:
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Edemekong, Peter F.; Bomgaars, Deb L.; Sukumaran, Sukesh; Schoo, Caroline (2022),
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46:
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Modern geriatrics in the United Kingdom began with the "mother" of geriatrics,
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411:. Many of these problems are treatable, if the root cause can be discovered.
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67:
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Atchley RC, Baxter SL, Blanchard J, Brady K, Comfort WE, Egbert AB (2009).
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Increasing Geriatrics Expertise in Surgical and Related Medical Specialties
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in words, especially if the disease is causing confusion, or if they have
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2014:
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205:
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63:
17:
2438:
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3279:
3172:
2454:"Ibn Al Jazzar and the Kairouan medical school of the tenth century AD"
990:
974:
594:
332:
265:
253:
225:
2770:"A giant of geriatric medicine - Professor Bernard Isaacs (1924-1995)"
2300:
1755:
1298:
for a condition or the likelihood of recovering from surgery at home.
1190:
1162:
1024:
308:
261:
245:
209:
51:
An elderly woman in a residential care home receiving a birthday cake
3113:
1740:"Chronic kidney disease in the elderly: evaluation and management"
1357:
1028:
736:
Geriatric orthopaedics or orthogeriatrics (close cooperation with
384:
361:
284:
2330:
Howell TH (January 1987). "Avicenna and his regimen of old age".
2056:"Malnutrition in the Elderly: A Multifactorial Failure to Thrive"
1999:"Malnutrition in the Elderly: A Multifactorial Failure to Thrive"
2625:"New bibliography of scientific papers by Dr. Laza K. LazareviÄ"
1888:
Aliberti, Marlon J. R.; Covinsky, Kenneth E. (1 February 2019).
1202:
993:, and dedicated several sections to elderly patients who become
932:
viewed the process of aging as a natural and inevitable form of
3122:
1065:, Laurate of the Nobel Prize for Medicine and later by 1909 by
2552:"Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: Specialized Literature"
2530:. London: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
1290:
to understand the facts and make decisions. They must support
966:
860:
2877:
771:
Perioperative medicine for Older People having Surgery (POPS)
499:
intervention and risk reduction. Modifiable factors include:
2830:"History of the development of geriatric medicine in the UK"
2574:"History of the development of geriatric medicine in the UK"
2181:
Solomon DH, Burton JR, Lundebjerg NE, Eisner J (June 2000).
3118:
577:. A geriatrician may be able to provide information about
2993:
Working with seniors: Health, financial and social issues
1714:"Geriatric Syndrome - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
403:
in the elderly may be caused by a minor problem such as
2365:
Howell TH (1972). "Avicenna and the care of the aged".
1584:"Polypharmacy: A Global Risk Factor for Elderly People"
889:
716:(focus on joints and soft tissue disorders in elderly).
27:
Specialty that focuses on health care of elderly people
2676:
Achenbaum WA, Albert DM (1995). "Ignatz Leo Nascher".
804:(focuses on nursing of elderly patients and the aged).
2509:"Islamic Medical Manuscripts: Bio-Bibliographies - I"
1533:
Molnar, Frank; Frank, Christopher C. (January 2019).
407:
or by something as serious and life-threatening as a
368:, which may lead to a fall and to a fracture of the
283:. Gerontology is the multidisciplinary study of the
3809:
3747:
3508:
3436:
3391:
3300:
3171:
3156:
2995:. Denver, CO: Society of Certified Senior Advisors.
1992:
1990:
1035:(died 910), the son of Nestorian Christian scholar
197:
162:
157:
145:
133:
121:
116:
101:
56:
2678:Profiles in Gerontology: A Biographical Dictionary
2461:Vesalius: Acta Internationales Historiae Medicinae
1535:"Optimizing geriatric care with the GERIATRIC 5Ms"
1343:Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy
1181:. This post-doctoral pathway is accredited by the
1172:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
525:and diseases that damage the nerves that regulate
3068:The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
3002:The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
1850:
1848:
1384:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics
1484:"About Geriatrics | American Geriatrics Society"
704:Geriatric public health or preventive geriatrics
315:Differences between adult and geriatric medicine
1863:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1632:"Pharmacokinetics in Older Adults - Geriatrics"
474:hospitalization and adverse clinical outcomes.
423:. Elderly people particularly are subjected to
1440:"Geriatrics separation from internal medicine"
340:and therapeutical complexity in patient care.
279:There is a distinction between geriatrics and
3134:
2400:Pitskhelauri GZ, Dzhorbenadze DA (1970). "".
2143:"Geriatrics-for-Specialists Initiative (GSI)"
1656:Mangoni, A A; Jackson, S H D (January 2004).
1031:. Another Arab physician in the 9th century,
419:Elderly people require specific attention to
8:
2425:
2423:
111:
39:
2108:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
1582:Dagli, Rushabh J; Sharma, Akanksha (2014).
1222:eight content domains were endorsed by the
328:and matters most to elicit patient values.
3423:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3168:
3141:
3127:
3119:
2567:
2565:
2190:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
2101:
2099:
1949:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1462:"Geriatric Medicine Specialty Description"
1422:"Medical Definition of Geriatric medicine"
383:, for example, may present with low-grade
360:). Multiple problems may compound: A mild
3764:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2928:
2853:
2599:
2589:
2263:
2079:
2030:
1828:
1795:Pal, Laura M; Manning, Lisa (June 2014).
1771:
1689:
1607:
1558:
908:Learn how and when to remove this message
189:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
183:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2795:. London: Balliere, Tindall and Cassell.
1797:"Palliative care for frail older people"
1662:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1215:Association of American Medical Colleges
298:
1412:
565:Functional abilities, independence and
2954:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
2745:"Vignette: Marjory Warren (1897-1960)"
1970:"Urinary Incontinence in Older Adults"
1313:to care for the person or the estate.
1183:College of Family Physicians of Canada
924:studied geriatrics, with doctors like
503:Improving balance and muscle strength.
110:
38:
2150:The American Geriatrics Society (AGS)
928:evidently specializing in the field.
798:dedicated to critically ill elderly).
788:& perioperative care of elderly).
509:Encouraging use of assistive devices.
244:meaning "healer". It aims to promote
7:
3902:
3663:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1588:Journal of International Oral Health
1127:) who are board-certified in either
722:(focus on sexuality in aged people).
320:prolonging years of life. A guiding
3912:
1744:Clinical Practice (London, England)
1041:Treatise on Drugs for Forgetfulness
620:Subspecialties and related services
3799:Medical Scientist Training Program
2202:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04734.x
1636:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1144:, therapists, and social workers.
25:
2878:"The John A. Hartford Foundation"
2828:Barton A, Mulley G (April 2003).
2572:Barton A, Mulley G (April 2003).
2120:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.01.028
1243:and muscle and drug elimination.
747:Geriatric cardiothoracic surgery.
701:and other psychiatric disorders).
3931:
3921:
3911:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3110:â Care for the elderly in the EU
3043:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.07.018
1674:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.02007.x
1069:, former Chief of Clinic in the
865:
487:Activities of daily living (ADL)
45:
3932:
3080:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.06.009
3014:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.06.010
2895:D'Souza, A L (1 January 2007).
1906:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.6414
1260:Ethical and medico-legal issues
890:check for citation inaccuracies
810:Geriatric occupational therapy.
776:Other geriatrics subspecialties
506:Removing environmental hazards.
3789:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3223:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1464:. American Medical Association
1209:Minimum geriatric competencies
1027:, and a treatise on causes of
920:A number of physicians in the
581:options, and refers people to
240:meaning "old man", and ÎčαÏÏÏÏ
177:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
1:
2966:10.1016/j.archger.2016.09.007
2793:An introduction to geriatrics
2623:Kanjuh V, PavloviÄ B (2002).
1813:10.7861/clinmedicine.14-3-292
1063:1908 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
1009:
792:Geriatric intensive-care unit
658:Geriatric emergency medicine.
655:Geriatric diagnostic imaging.
364:in elderly persons may cause
3769:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3536:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2901:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2834:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2807:"Older People's information"
2772:. British Geriatrics Society
2703:Journal of Medical Biography
2578:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2054:Evans, Carol (Summer 2005).
1857:"Activities of Daily Living"
1228:American Medical Association
512:Treating chronic conditions.
3114:American Geriatrics Society
2840:(930): 229â34, quiz 233â4.
2493:(in French). Archived from
1974:National Institute on Aging
1373:Geriatric medicine in Egypt
1338:Alliance for Aging Research
1224:American Geriatrics Society
1219:John A. Hartford Foundation
826:Geriatric physical therapy.
268:may be under the care of a
34:Geriatrics (disambiguation)
3979:
3103:Merck Manual of Geriatrics
2680:. Greenwood. p. 256.
2629:Glas SANUâMedicinske Nauke
2402:Sovetskoe Zdravookhranenie
1488:www.americangeriatrics.org
938:Theophilus Protospatharius
842:Geriatric speech-language
813:Geriatric pain management.
756:Geriatric general surgery.
591:assisted living facilities
587:skilled nursing facilities
575:activities of daily living
252:, diagnosing and treating
31:
3887:
2256:10.1017/S0025727300069726
1539:Canadian Family Physician
1333:Aging-associated diseases
1048:Diseases of Advanced Life
1046:George Day published the
753:Geriatric otolaryngology.
44:
3723:Transplantation medicine
3614:Clinical neurophysiology
3531:Obstetric anesthesiology
3451:Interventional radiology
3211:Digestive system surgery
2913:10.1136/pgmj.2006.049361
2238:SchÀfer, Daniel (2002).
1943:CDC (16 December 2020).
1420:Marks JW (3 June 2021).
1378:Transgenerational design
768:Geriatric ophthalmology.
708:Geriatric rehabilitation
547:gastrointestinal cancers
3594:Intensive care medicine
3568:Mass gathering medicine
3413:Maternalâfetal medicine
2715:10.1258/jmb.2010.010030
2651:"Nascher/Manning Award"
2635:: 37â51. Archived from
2379:10.1093/geront/12.4.424
1444:University of Minnesota
1117:primary-care physicians
3186:Cardiothoracic surgery
2846:10.1136/pmj.79.930.229
2591:10.1136/pmj.79.930.229
2344:10.1093/ageing/16.1.58
2060:The Permanente Journal
2003:The Permanente Journal
1894:JAMA Internal Medicine
1509:"What is Gerontology?"
1391:Gerontological nursing
1023:and how to strengthen
714:Geriatric rheumatology
441:adverse drug reactions
433:over-the-counter drugs
415:Geriatric pharmacology
311:
260:. There is no defined
3837:Personalized medicine
3696:Reproductive medicine
3621:Occupational medicine
3575:Evolutionary medicine
2452:Ammar S (June 1998).
1997:Evans, Carol (2005).
1718:www.sciencedirect.com
1102:Geriatrician training
954:The Canon of Medicine
794:: (a special type of
765:Geriatric gynecology.
650:Geriatric dermatology
515:Adjusting medication.
302:
3857:Traditional medicine
3817:Alternative medicine
3684:Addiction psychiatry
3498:Transfusion medicine
3493:Medical microbiology
3408:Gynecologic oncology
3260:Reproductive surgery
3037:(Suppl 1): S65âS69.
2897:"Ageing and the gut"
2811:Department of Health
1115:, geriatricians are
1071:Mount Sinai Hospital
981:. Thesis III of the
930:Alexander of Tralles
852:Geriatric audiology.
837:Geriatric psychology
807:Geriatric nutrition.
782:Geriatric anesthesia
744:and rehabilitation).
683:Geriatric psychiatry
662:Geriatric nephrology
634:Geriatric cardiology
605:screening mammograms
520:Urinary incontinence
397:cognitive impairment
348:Increased complexity
232:originates from the
80:rheumatoid arthritis
32:For other uses, see
3879:History of medicine
3862:Veterinary medicine
3669:Preventive medicine
3521:Adolescent medicine
3363:Infectious diseases
1945:"Keep on Your Feet"
1450:on 14 January 2009.
1396:Geriatric Dentistry
1179:care of the elderly
1019:and another one on
816:Geriatric pharmacy.
796:intensive care unit
668:Geriatric neurology
644:Geriatric dentistry
460:Geriatric syndromes
289:medical gerontology
274:geriatric physician
113:
96:high blood pressure
84:Parkinson's disease
41:
3827:Molecular oncology
3784:Doctor of Medicine
3774:Master of Medicine
3691:Radiation oncology
3563:Emergency medicine
3516:Addiction medicine
3483:Clinical chemistry
3478:Clinical pathology
3270:Transplant surgery
3228:Orthopedic surgery
3206:Colorectal surgery
2882:www.jhartfound.org
2817:on 3 January 2007.
2657:on 20 October 2012
2141:Burton JR (2008).
2072:10.7812/tpp/05-056
2015:10.7812/TPP/05-056
1307:legal guardianship
1270:advance directives
1213:In July 2007, the
1093:impaired intellect
1067:Ignatz Leo Nascher
969:, and recommended
750:Geriatric urology.
738:orthopedic surgery
720:Geriatric sexology
674:Geriatric oncology
561:Practical concerns
478:Functional decline
429:herbal medications
312:
222:geriatric medicine
171:Doctor of Medicine
164:Education required
3945:
3944:
3779:Master of Surgery
3743:
3742:
3728:Tropical medicine
3674:Prison healthcare
3589:Hospital medicine
3553:Disaster medicine
3543:Aviation medicine
3358:Hospital medicine
3265:Surgical oncology
3250:Pediatric surgery
3244:
3191:Endocrine surgery
3031:Epilepsy Research
2791:Isaacs B (1965).
2639:on 25 March 2012.
2537:978-0-947593-12-4
2367:The Gerontologist
2301:10.1159/000022125
2227:on 25 March 2009.
1801:Clinical Medicine
1756:10.2217/cpr.14.46
1266:power of attorney
1133:internal medicine
942:Joannes Actuarius
918:
917:
910:
802:Geriatric nursing
437:drug interactions
370:neck of the femur
331:It is common for
303:Elderly man at a
215:
214:
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
3970:
3935:
3934:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3599:Medical genetics
3584:General practice
3461:Nuclear medicine
3336:Gastroenterology
3292:Vascular surgery
3242:
3169:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3108:Health-EU Portal
3091:
3062:
3025:
2996:
2978:
2977:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2813:. Archived from
2803:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2653:. Archived from
2647:
2641:
2640:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2584:(930): 229â234.
2569:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2497:on 7 April 2016.
2483:
2477:
2476:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2437:. Archived from
2427:
2418:
2417:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2220:. Archived from
2187:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:on 25 March 2009
2158:
2152:. Archived from
2147:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2034:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1446:. Archived from
1436:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1353:Gero-Informatics
1292:informed consent
1061:was proposed in
1037:Hunayn Ibn Ishaq
1033:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
1014:
1011:
922:Byzantine Empire
913:
906:
902:
899:
893:
869:
868:
861:
760:Geriatric trauma
687:psychogeriatrics
638:cardiogeriatrics
597:as appropriate.
551:gastroesophageal
529:emptying. Other
372:("broken hip").
147:Activity sectors
114:
60:
49:
42:
21:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3883:
3872:Chief physician
3805:
3750:
3739:
3733:Travel medicine
3718:Sports medicine
3701:Sexual medicine
3641:Palliative care
3636:Pain management
3580:Family medicine
3558:Diving medicine
3504:
3432:
3394:
3387:
3303:
3296:
3255:Plastic surgery
3201:General surgery
3181:Cardiac surgery
3162:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3099:
3094:
3065:
3028:
2999:
2990:
2986:
2984:Further reading
2981:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2556:www.nlm.nih.gov
2550:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2513:www.nlm.nih.gov
2507:
2506:
2502:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2441:on 6 July 2008.
2429:
2428:
2421:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2244:Medical History
2237:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2053:
2052:
2048:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:Activist Ageing
1323:
1311:conservatorship
1262:
1249:pharmacological
1236:
1217:(AAMC) and the
1211:
1199:
1159:
1150:
1129:family medicine
1109:
1104:
1017:sleep disorders
1012:
926:AĂ«tius of Amida
914:
903:
897:
894:
887:
870:
866:
859:
778:
740:and a focus on
733:
630:
622:
614:muscle weakness
567:quality of life
563:
539:
531:musculoskeletal
522:
496:
480:
471:
462:
449:pharmacodynamic
445:Pharmacokinetic
417:
358:gastroenteritis
350:
317:
297:
202:
200:
165:
148:
136:
135:Occupation type
88:atherosclerosis
58:
52:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3810:Related topics
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3759:Medical school
3755:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Sleep medicine
3710:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3526:Anesthesiology
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3456:Neuroradiology
3453:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:Obstetrics and
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3275:Trauma surgery
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3238:Otolaryngology
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3164:subspecialties
3154:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3097:External links
3095:
3093:
3092:
3074:(2): 144â153.
3063:
3026:
3008:(2): 134â143.
2997:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2944:
2907:(975): 44â53.
2887:
2869:
2820:
2798:
2783:
2761:
2736:
2709:(3): 105â110.
2693:
2686:
2668:
2642:
2615:
2561:
2543:
2536:
2526:Bos G (1995).
2518:
2500:
2478:
2444:
2419:
2404:(in Russian).
2392:
2373:(4): 424â426.
2357:
2332:Age and Ageing
2322:
2279:
2250:(4): 525â548.
2230:
2173:
2133:
2114:(6): 901â908.
2095:
2046:
1986:
1961:
1935:
1900:(2): 211â212.
1880:
1844:
1807:(3): 292â295.
1787:
1750:(5): 525â535.
1730:
1705:
1648:
1623:
1574:
1525:
1500:
1475:
1453:
1431:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:Life extension
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1328:Aging in Place
1324:
1322:
1319:
1284:responsibility
1276:from a fever.
1261:
1258:
1235:
1232:
1210:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1175:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:United Kingdom
1146:
1138:rehabilitation
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1078:Marjory Warren
1052:Laza LazareviÄ
985:discussed the
916:
915:
898:September 2010
873:
871:
864:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
847:
840:
834:
827:
824:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
799:
789:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
732:
729:
728:
727:
723:
717:
711:
705:
702:
680:
677:
671:
665:
659:
656:
653:
647:
641:
629:
626:
621:
618:
562:
559:
538:
535:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
495:
492:
479:
476:
470:
467:
461:
458:
416:
413:
349:
346:
316:
313:
296:
293:
213:
212:
203:
198:
195:
194:
193:
192:
186:
180:
174:
166:
163:
160:
159:
155:
154:
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2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
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1993:
1991:
1987:
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956:
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874:This section
872:
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862:
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848:
845:
841:
838:
835:
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828:
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645:
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632:
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627:
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619:
617:
615:
610:
609:breast cancer
606:
602:
601:Frail elderly
598:
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286:
282:
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275:
271:
267:
263:
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153:
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126:
125:
124:
120:
115:
104:
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92:heart disease
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
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62:
55:
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19:
3847:Rural health
3832:Nanomedicine
3383:Rheumatology
3347:
3314: /
3233:Hand surgery
3218:Neurosurgery
3071:
3067:
3034:
3030:
3005:
3001:
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2957:
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2193:
2189:
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2154:the original
2149:
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2066:(3): 38â41.
2063:
2059:
2049:
2009:(3): 38â41.
2006:
2002:
1979:12 September
1977:. Retrieved
1973:
1964:
1954:12 September
1952:. Retrieved
1948:
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1893:
1883:
1874:12 September
1872:, retrieved
1860:
1804:
1800:
1790:
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1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
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1641:12 September
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
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1518:12 September
1516:. Retrieved
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1487:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1456:
1448:the original
1443:
1434:
1425:
1415:
1382:
1363:Nosokinetics
1348:Elderly care
1315:
1300:
1278:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1237:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1160:
1151:
1110:
1097:
1089:incontinence
1086:
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979:horse-riding
952:
950:
919:
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895:
880:that do not
876:may contain
875:
784:(focuses on
742:osteoporosis
623:
599:
564:
555:hypertension
542:Malnutrition
540:
537:Malnutrition
523:
497:
485:
481:
472:
463:
425:polypharmacy
418:
409:heart attack
405:constipation
374:
356:from a mild
351:
342:
330:
318:
305:nursing home
288:
278:
273:
270:geriatrician
269:
258:older adults
241:
237:
229:
221:
217:
216:
112:Geriatrician
105:Geriatrician
72:osteoporosis
57:Significant
29:
3917:Wikiproject
3706:Venereology
3651:Neonatology
3548:Dermatology
3403:Gynaecology
3395:gynaecology
3378:Pulmonology
3196:Eye surgery
3158:Specialties
2960:: 126â134.
2491:medarus.org
2431:"Al Jazzar"
2289:Gerontology
1668:(1): 6â14.
1594:(6): iâii.
1468:5 September
1426:MedicineNet
1302:Elder abuse
1226:(AGS), the
1142:pharmacists
995:constipated
421:medications
379:or falls. (
354:dehydration
326:medications
281:gerontology
228:. The term
158:Description
3958:Geriatrics
3952:Categories
3679:Psychiatry
3665:(PM&R)
3658:Phlebology
3646:Pediatrics
3473:Anatomical
3438:Diagnostic
3418:Obstetrics
3368:Nephrology
3353:Hematology
3348:Geriatrics
3341:Hepatology
3326:Cardiology
3316:Immunology
2776:23 October
2661:1 November
2467:(1): 3â4.
2295:(1): 2â6.
2163:9 February
1861:StatPearls
1408:References
1305:recommend
1288:competence
1059:geriatrics
1039:, wrote a
1013: 898
1004:physician
991:old people
829:Geriatric
819:Geriatric
786:anesthesia
699:depression
689:(focus on
607:, because
585:services,
579:elder care
573:and other
338:diagnostic
250:preventing
230:geriatrics
218:Geriatrics
201:employment
185:(M.B.B.S.)
117:Occupation
102:Specialist
40:Geriatrics
3867:Physician
3751:education
3609:Neurology
3604:Narcology
3468:Pathology
3446:Radiology
3321:Angiology
3285:Andrology
2921:0032-5473
2754:16 August
2487:"Algizar"
2023:1552-5767
1914:2168-6106
1821:1470-2118
1764:2044-9038
1682:0306-5251
1600:0976-7428
1551:0008-350X
1545:(1): 39.
1493:29 August
1387:(journal)
1296:prognosis
1057:The term
1029:mortality
971:exercises
946:Oribasius
878:citations
844:pathology
821:optometry
583:home care
571:self-care
389:confusion
381:Pneumonia
366:confusion
264:at which
206:Hospitals
199:Fields of
140:Specialty
127:Physician
68:arthritis
18:Geriatric
3897:Category
3373:Oncology
3304:medicine
3302:Internal
3150:Medicine
3088:16860261
3059:39671722
3051:16413756
3022:16860260
2974:27810660
2939:17267678
2864:12743345
2723:21810847
2610:12743345
2473:11620335
2317:29651187
2309:11111221
2274:12408094
2218:19434523
2210:10855612
2128:20510798
2090:22811627
2041:22811627
1930:58561131
1922:30615064
1869:29261878
1839:24889576
1782:25589951
1700:14678335
1618:25628499
1569:30674512
1321:See also
1274:delirium
1241:body fat
1234:Research
973:such as
963:anointed
959:Avicenna
934:marasmus
884:the text
831:podiatry
731:Surgical
726:clinic).
695:delirium
691:dementia
454:morphine
401:Delirium
393:symptoms
377:delirium
322:mnemonic
266:patients
152:Medicine
64:Dementia
59:diseases
3937:Outline
3907:Commons
3852:Therapy
3749:Medical
3312:Allergy
3280:Urology
3173:Surgery
2930:2599964
2855:1742667
2731:6847487
2601:1742667
2414:4931547
2387:4569393
2352:3551552
2265:1044563
2081:3396084
2032:3396084
1830:4952544
1773:4291282
1723:1 March
1691:1884408
1609:4295469
1560:6347324
1111:In the
1006:Algizar
975:walking
888:Please
857:History
628:Medical
595:hospice
527:bladder
469:Frailty
333:elderly
254:disease
226:elderly
210:Clinics
191:(MBChB)
3963:Ageing
3927:Portal
3794:MDâPhD
3086:
3057:
3049:
3020:
2972:
2937:
2927:
2919:
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2852:
2729:
2721:
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2534:
2471:
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