630:
name. Unlike glossitis due to nutritional deficiencies and anemia, the lesions of geographic tongue move around the tongue over time. This is because in geographic tongue, new areas of the tongue become involved with the condition whilst previously affected areas heal, giving the appearance of a moving lesion. The cause is unknown, and there is no curative treatment. Rarely are there any symptoms associated with the lesions, but occasionally a burning sensation may be present, which is exacerbated by eating hot, spicy or acidic foodstuffs. Some consider geographic tongue to be an early stage of
57:
646:(HSV) type I infection, in which there is a deep fissure in the midline of the tongue, which gives off multiple branches. The lesion is usually very painful, and there may be erosions present in the depths of the fissures. Similar fissured lesions which are not associated with HSV, as may occur in fissured tongue, do not tend to be painful. The name comes from the geometric pattern of the fissures which are longitudinal, crossed or branched. It is described as occurring in
667:
534:
686:, giving the appearance of a strawberry. White strawberry tongue is where there is a white coating on the tongue through which the hyperplastic fungiform papillae protrude. Red strawberry tongue is where the white coating is lost and a dark red, erythematous surface is revealed, interspaced with the hyperplastic fungiform papillae. White strawberry tongue is seen in early
578:(dry mouth). Although the terms Möller and Hunter glossitis were originally used to refer to specifically the glossitis that occurs in vitamin B12 deficiency secondary to pernicious anemia, they are now used as synonyms for atrophic glossitis generally. In this article, the term glossitis, unless otherwise specified, refers to atrophic glossitis.
526:
98:
29:
1503:
There are enough evidence making the correlation between CD and oral defects scientifically sustainable. This recognition should lead dentists to play more significant roles in screening for CD, as otherwise, if not properly diagnosed and not treated with a gluten-free diet, may eventually cause some
629:
Geographic tongue, also termed benign migratory glossitis, is a common condition which usually affects the dorsal surface of the tongue. It is characterized by patches of depapillation and erythema bordered by a whitish peripheral zone. These patches give the tongue the appearance of a map, hence the
718:
is necessary, including thorough tooth brushing at least twice a day, and flossing at least daily. Corticosteroids such as prednisone may be given to reduce the inflammation of glossitis. For mild cases, topical applications (such as a prednisone mouth rinse that is not swallowed) may be recommended
557:
Atrophic glossitis, also known as bald tongue, smooth tongue, Hunter glossitis, Moeller glossitis, or Möller-Hunter glossitis, is a condition characterized by a smooth glossy tongue that is often tender/painful, caused by complete atrophy of the lingual papillae (depapillation). The dorsal tongue
654:. However, the association between herpes simplex and geometric glossitis is disputed by some due to a lack of gold standard techniques for diagnosis of intraoral herpetic lesions, and the high prevalence of asymptomatic viral shedding in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment is with systemic
549:. It may be primary, where there is no underlying cause, or secondary where it is a sign or symptom of another condition. It can be acute or chronic. Generally speaking, there are several clinical patterns of glossitis, some more common than others.
1472:
Tooth defects that result from celiac disease may resemble those caused by too much fluoride or a maternal or early childhood illness. Dentists mostly say it's from fluoride, that the mother took tetracycline, or that there was an illness early
1949:
1934:
719:
to avoid the side effects of swallowed or injected corticosteroids. Antibiotics, antifungal medications, or other antimicrobials may be prescribed if the cause of glossitis is an infection. Anemia and nutritional deficiencies (such as a
731:) must be treated, often by dietary changes or other supplements. Avoiding irritants (such as hot or spicy foods, alcohol, and tobacco) may minimize the discomfort. In some cases, tongue swelling may threaten the airway, a
316:
is now relatively rare, but the tertiary stage can cause diffuse glossitis and atrophy of lingual papillae, termed "syphilitic glossitis", "luetic glossitis" or "atrophic glossitis of tertiary syphilis". It is caused by
558:
surface may be affected totally, or in patches, and may be associated with a burning sensation, pain and/or erythema. Atrophic glossitis is a non-specific finding, and has a great many causes, usually related to
173:(swelling of the lips). The appearance of the tongue in iron deficiency anemia has been described as diffuse or patchy atrophy with tenderness or burning. One cause of iron deficiency anemia is
85:
and may be painless or cause discomfort. Glossitis usually responds well to treatment if the cause is identified and corrected. Tongue soreness caused by glossitis is differentiated from
206:
and may present as glossitis. The appearance of the tongue in vitamin B12 deficiency is described as "beefy" or "fiery red and sore". There may be linear or patchy red lesions.
3197:
3379:
595:
This condition is characterized by a persistent erythematous, rhomboidal depapillated lesion in the central area of the dorsum of the tongue, just in front of the
2426:
1110:
281:
signs. Apart from pernicious anemia discussed above, any other cause of vitamin B12 deficiency can cause glossitis, which tends to be painful, smooth and shiny.
3384:
1725:
Yang SG, Dong HJ, Li FR, et al. (November 2007). "Report and analysis of a scarlet fever outbreak among adults through food-borne transmission in China".
4051:
125:
Burning sensation. Some use the term secondary burning mouth syndrome in cases where a detectable cause, such as glossitis, for an oral burning sensation.
2038:
1620:
Cohen, PR; Kazi, S; Grossman, ME (December 1995). "Herpetic geometric glossitis: a distinctive pattern of lingual herpes simplex virus infection".
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ranges of 0.1–14.3% for geographic tongue, 1.3–9.0% for "atrophy tongue" (atrophic glossitis), and 0.0–3.35% for median rhomboid glossitis.
343:, which creates the nutritional deficiencies described above, although other mechanisms may be involved in some of those conditions listed.
714:
The goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation. Treatment usually does not require hospitalization unless tongue swelling is severe. Good
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811:
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Geometric glossitis, also termed herpetic geometric glossitis, is a term used by some to refer to a chronic lesion associated with
69:
can mean soreness of the tongue, or more usually inflammation with depapillation of the dorsal surface of the tongue (loss of the
3913:
3850:
3845:
3727:
3155:
3135:
2047:
1201:
Pastore L, Carroccio A, Compilato D, Panzarella V, Serpico R, Lo Muzio L (March 2008). "Oral manifestations of celiac disease".
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3579:
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A painful tongue may be an indication of an underlying serious medical condition and nearly always merits assessment by a
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2421:
2406:
2344:
2290:
2213:
2031:
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Giuca MR, Cei G, Gigli F, Gandini P (2010). "Oral signs in the diagnosis of celiac disease: review of the literature".
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158:
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McMillan, Roddy; Forssell, Heli; Buchanan, John Ag; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Weldon, Jo C.; Zakrzewska, Joanna M. (2016).
453:, breath fresheners, dyes in confectionery, plastic in dentures or retainers, or certain blood-pressure medications (
877:
161:. This often results in a depapilled, atrophic glossitis, giving the tongue a bald and shiny appearance, along with
3646:
3594:
3401:
3334:
3103:
2603:
2598:
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844:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Britannica Educational Pub., in association with Rosen Educational Services. p.
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1964:
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89:, where there is no identifiable change in the appearance of the tongue, and there are no identifiable causes.
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882:(20th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 532–33.
3855:
3656:
3621:
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3314:
3118:
2898:
2739:
2685:
2615:
2537:
2517:
2504:
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2024:
81:). In a wider sense, glossitis can mean inflammation of the tongue generally. Glossitis is often caused by
4036:
4001:
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3631:
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3495:
3451:
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82:
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112:
Tongue color changes, usually to a darker red color than the normal white-pink color of a healthy tongue.
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3182:
3064:
3023:
2886:
2874:
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1391:
Chi AC, Neville BW, Krayer JW, Gonsalves WC (December 2010). "Oral manifestations of systemic disease".
604:
596:
254:
246:
242:
234:
222:
214:
174:
2559:
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Mechanical irritation or injury from burns, rough edges of teeth or dental appliances, or other trauma
105:
Depending upon what exact meaning of the word glossitis is implied, signs and symptoms might include:
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3532:
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1864:
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1043:
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deficiency) can cause glossitis, along with angular cheilitis, cheilosis, peripheral neuropathy and
56:
3963:
3699:
3679:
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3542:
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2133:
1953:
1787:
Park AH, Batchra N, Rowley A, Hotaling A (May 1997). "Patterns of
Kawasaki syndrome presentation".
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581:
Candidiasis may be a concurrent finding or an alternative cause of erythema, burning, and atrophy.
480:
2240:
4006:
3860:
3664:
3480:
3428:
3389:
3086:
3002:
2933:
2642:
2466:
2446:
2399:
2285:
2230:
2193:
2183:
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2098:
1283:"Colonization of Candida: prevalence among tongue-pierced and non-pierced immunocompetent adults"
1236:
393:
319:
3953:
3928:
3589:
366:
1085:
977:
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3091:
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2416:
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2081:
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2004:
1975:
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1570:
1539:
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732:
683:
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624:
612:
563:
461:
274:
258:
226:
184:
45:
694:), and red strawberry tongue occurs later, after 4–5 days. Strawberry tongue is also seen in
3674:
3309:
3299:
3263:
3172:
2923:
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2796:
2786:
2734:
2632:
2527:
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50:
876:
Frank J. Domino (editor-in-chief), Robert A. Baldor, associate editors, eds. (2012-03-07).
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2123:
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631:
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Glossitis can be caused by the constant irritation by the ornament and by colonization of
421:
371:
166:
70:
1355:
1111:"Angular cheilitis, part 2: nutritional, systemic, and drug-related causes and treatment"
1036:
129:
Depending upon the underlying cause, there may be additional signs and symptoms such as
3996:
3948:
3918:
3786:
3717:
3684:
3406:
3145:
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2759:
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940:
907:
608:
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382:
360:
356:
202:
which is required for the absorption of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 deficiency results in
178:
1958:
1840:
1823:
1800:
1518:"Orofacial manifestations of hematological disorders: anemia and hemostatic disorders"
4046:
4030:
3898:
3776:
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3423:
3187:
3167:
3076:
2943:
2903:
2700:
2461:
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2411:
2389:
2173:
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2128:
1698:
1633:
1299:
1282:
1240:
1078:
970:
838:
691:
687:
476:
405:
340:
237:
and other signs and symptoms. The glossitis in vitamin B2 deficiency is described as
195:
37:
1281:
Zadik Y, Burnstein S, Derazne E, Sandler V, Ianculovici C, Halperin T (March 2010).
101:
Patchy depapillation of filiform papillae with prominence of the fungiform papillae.
3749:
3525:
3520:
3505:
3485:
3455:
3288:
2997:
2938:
2869:
2791:
2781:
2749:
2712:
2673:
2665:
2280:
2235:
2220:
2118:
2113:
2016:
923:
715:
666:
574:(which often presents without gastrointestinal symptoms), or other factors such as
533:
469:
465:
336:
278:
188:
1254:
Levin L, Zadik Y (October 2007). "Oral piercing: complications and side effects".
764:
1969:
1214:
177:(Plummer–Vinson or Paterson–Brown–Kelly syndrome) which is also characterized by
3943:
3933:
3923:
3840:
3835:
3766:
2840:
2801:
2620:
2496:
2456:
2324:
2245:
2225:
1999:
1673:
1656:
1516:
Adeyemo, TA; Adeyemo, WL; Adediran, A; Akinbami, AJ; Akanmu, AS (May–Jun 2011).
679:
376:
302:
1738:
165:(paleness) of the lips and other mucous membranes a tendency towards recurrent
3903:
3689:
3515:
3283:
3113:
3054:
2992:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2908:
2891:
2835:
2806:
2727:
2588:
2566:
2451:
2431:
1980:
1943:
1558:
744:
724:
575:
567:
446:
347:
266:
250:
1168:
931:
670:
Distinct strawberry tongue with "parched" lips as seen in a young child with
3771:
3754:
3490:
3268:
3071:
2695:
2578:
2093:
2071:
1534:
1517:
728:
655:
505:
497:
488:
450:
230:
170:
134:
119:
1773:
1746:
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1543:
1498:
1435:
1404:
1308:
1267:
1232:
1187:
1129:
949:
804:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
261:(vitamin B9 deficiency) can cause glossitis, along with macrocytic anemia,
109:
Smooth, shiny appearance of the tongue, caused by loss of lingual papillae.
1901:
1849:
1808:
1682:
1641:
1152:"Clinical Appearance of Oral Candida Infection and Therapeutic Strategies"
678:
Strawberry tongue, or raspberry tongue, is glossitis which manifests with
3781:
3732:
3500:
3253:
3234:
3214:
3035:
2913:
2857:
2103:
720:
651:
401:
313:
289:
270:
218:
74:
1926:
3867:
3825:
3510:
3470:
3364:
3238:
3027:
2394:
509:
432:
238:
192:
1420:"Oral manifestations of celiac disease: a clinical guide for dentists"
1223:
525:
28:
3609:
3081:
2669:
2264:
1938:
698:(a vasculitic disorder primarily occurring in children under 5), and
412:
297:
162:
154:
130:
122:, or speaking (either because of tongue soreness or tongue swelling).
97:
665:
532:
524:
440:
306:
infections of the tongue can cause an atrophic glossitis known as
293:
96:
1869:
Primary Care
Dermatology Module (University of Wisconsin Madison)
1696:
Scott
Stocking, associate editor, Jyothimai Gubili, eds. (2004).
1419:
1042:(5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp.
3985:
3884:
3808:
3566:
3445:
3231:
3021:
2659:
2322:
2262:
2150:
2058:
2020:
806:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 356.
2060:
1353:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
153:
is mainly caused by blood loss, such as may occur during
1760:
Singh, S; Kansra, S (Jan–Feb 2005). "Kawasaki disease".
415:
in the mouth, which allows bacteria to grow more readily
1824:"Prolonged use of a diaphragm and toxic shock syndrome"
1822:
Baehler EA, Dillon WP, Cumbo TJ, Lee RV (August 1982).
1034:
Tadataka Yamada, David H. Alpers, et al., eds. (2009).
634:, since the two conditions often occur in combination.
1084:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp.
1655:
Grossman, ME; Stevens, AW; Cohen, PR (Dec 16, 1993).
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
603:, and rarely causes any symptoms. It is treated with
1916:
1455:. National Institute of Health (NIH). Archived from
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
1990:
1920:
1357:
908:"Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome"
77:(reddened) surface, (sometimes specifically termed
44:
21:
3460:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
1697:
1076:Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002).
225:(ariboflavinosis) can cause glossitis, along with
1418:Rashid M, Zarkadas M, Anca A, Limeback H (2011).
1329:(2nd ed.). Berlin : Springer. p. 1173.
1150:Patil, S; Rao, RS; Majumdar, B; Anil, S (2015).
3815:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
2427:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
901:
899:
537:Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis)
3385:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
2032:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1557:Reamy, BV; Derby, R; Bunt, CW (Mar 1, 2010).
1109:Park, KK; Brodell RT; Helms SE. (July 2011).
871:
869:
867:
865:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
765:"Glossitis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
8:
1657:"Brief report: herpetic geometric glossitis"
1594:(11th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker.
1361:(14th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p.
963:
961:
959:
541:Glossitis could be classified as a group of
1386:
1384:
1382:
912:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
702:. It may mimic other types of glossitis or
3982:
3881:
3805:
3563:
3442:
3228:
3018:
2656:
2319:
2259:
2147:
2055:
2039:
2025:
2017:
1917:
1588:Greenberg, MS; Glick, M; Ship, JA (2008).
1559:"Common tongue conditions in primary care"
1450:"Dental Enamel Defects and Celiac Disease"
1348:
1346:
55:
27:
18:
1888:Dombi C, Czeglédy A (November 1992). "".
1839:
1672:
1533:
1298:
1222:
1177:
1167:
939:
599:. Median rhomboid glossitis is a type of
570:deficiencies, unrecognized and untreated
1320:
1318:
363:), secondary to nutritional deficiencies
335:Many conditions can cause glossitis via
300:infections can cause glossitis. Chronic
4012:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
3161:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
756:
3198:As a manifestation of systemic disease
607:. Predisposing factors include use of
1762:The National Medical Journal of India
7:
3044:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
972:Clinical oral medicine and pathology
3695:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
3538:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1661:The New England Journal of Medicine
976:. New York: Humana Press. pp.
4052:Conditions of the mucous membranes
2812:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
2296:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
1080:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
879:The 5-minute clinical consult 2012
388:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
14:
1865:"Skin Lesions: Strawberry Tongue"
1789:Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol
1522:Indian Journal of Dental Research
692:group A β- hemolytic streptococci
221:deficiency) can cause glossitis.
3914:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
3851:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
3846:Central hypoventilation syndrome
3728:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
3156:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
3136:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
2048:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1634:10.1097/00007611-199512000-00009
1300:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01618.x
735:that needs immediate attention.
245:(pellagra) can cause glossitis.
3760:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
3397:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
2851:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
1863:Gary Williams; Murray Katcher.
3745:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
3580:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
968:Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010).
924:10.1002/14651858.CD002779.pub3
431:Exposure to irritants such as
408:, without B12 supplementation.
325:sexually transmitted infection
133:, oral ulceration and angular
1:
3939:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
3888:Soft tissues around the mouth
3585:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
1841:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)46467-8
1801:10.1016/S0165-5876(97)01494-8
3109:Gingival cyst of the newborn
2718:Failure of eruption of teeth
2422:Hand, foot and mouth disease
2407:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
2345:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
2291:Palatal cysts of the newborn
2214:Transient lingual papillitis
1215:10.1097/MCG.0b013e318074dd98
1038:Textbook of gastroenterology
743:One review reported overall
3637:Salivary gland diverticulum
3600:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
2611:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
2523:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
1674:10.1056/NEJM199312163292506
428:in site and on the ornament
159:gastrointestinal hemorrhage
36:Glossitis in a person with
4073:
3647:Salivary gland hyperplasia
3595:HIV salivary gland disease
3104:Gingival cyst of the adult
2550:Oral florid papillomatosis
1739:10.1016/j.jinf.2007.07.011
622:
619:Benign migratory glossitis
588:
40:("red strawberry tongue").
3992:
3981:
3894:
3886:Orofacial soft tissues –
3880:
3821:
3804:
3652:Salivary gland hypoplasia
3575:
3562:
3466:
3441:
3380:Bisphosphonate-associated
3274:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
3249:
3227:
3050:
3017:
2745:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
2681:
2655:
2335:
2318:
2271:
2258:
2209:Median rhomboid glossitis
2159:
2146:
2067:
2054:
1704:. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.
1700:Mosby's dental dictionary
1563:American Family Physician
802:Scully, Crispian (2008).
690:(a systemic infection of
591:Median rhomboid glossitis
585:Median rhomboid glossitis
547:gastrointestinal diseases
529:Median rhomboid glossitis
500:(bronchodilator medicine)
308:median rhomboid glossitis
198:. Parietal cells secrete
118:Difficulty with chewing,
35:
26:
3959:Orofacial granulomatosis
3738:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
3723:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
3657:Salivary gland neoplasms
3448:Temporomandibular joints
3419:Periapical periodontitis
3151:Linear gingival erythema
2919:Regional odontodysplasia
2765:Enamel hypocalcification
1622:Southern Medical Journal
1169:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01391
836:Rogers, K, eds. (2010).
83:nutritional deficiencies
73:), leaving a smooth and
3856:Obstructive sleep apnea
3622:Salivary duct stricture
3402:Paget's disease of bone
2899:Pulp canal obliteration
2740:Dentin hypersensitivity
2686:Amelogenesis imperfecta
2538:Squamous cell carcinoma
2518:Adenosquamous carcinoma
2505:Squamous cell papilloma
2482:Melanocytic oral lesion
1535:10.4103/0970-9290.87070
1325:O. Braun-Falco (2000).
650:persons, e.g. who have
411:Poor hydration and low
398:Kwashiorkor amyloidosis
4057:Oral mucosal pathology
4002:Hemifacial hypertrophy
3969:Pyostomatitis vegetans
3642:Salivary gland fistula
3632:Salivary gland atresia
3627:Salivary gland aplasia
3481:Mandibular dislocation
3452:muscles of mastication
3330:Calcifying odontogenic
2959:Vertical root fracture
2954:Cracked tooth syndrome
2929:Shovel-shaped incisors
2824:Wisdom tooth impaction
2706:Early childhood caries
2572:Benign mucous membrane
2533:Spindle cell carcinoma
2442:Intraoral dental sinus
2360:Burning mouth syndrome
1591:Burket's oral medicine
1203:J. Clin. Gastroenterol
704:Vitamin B12 deficiency
675:
611:sprays or inhalers or
597:circumvallate papillae
560:iron-deficiency anemia
538:
530:
210:Vitamin B deficiencies
151:Iron-deficiency anemia
102:
87:burning mouth syndrome
3811:Stomatognathic system
3713:Acinic cell carcinoma
3335:Glandular odontogenic
2487:Molluscum contagiosum
669:
605:antifungal medication
536:
528:
445:Allergic reaction to
255:seborrheic dermatitis
247:Vitamin B6 deficiency
243:Vitamin B3 deficiency
235:peripheral neuropathy
223:Vitamin B2 deficiency
215:Vitamin B1 deficiency
187:is usually caused by
175:sideropenic dysphagia
100:
3954:Oral Crohn's disease
3909:Basal cell carcinoma
3548:Condylar hyperplasia
3533:Maxillary hypoplasia
3099:Gingival enlargement
3032:periodontal ligament
2638:Verruciform xanthoma
2370:Condyloma acuminatum
840:The digestive system
721:deficiency in niacin
700:toxic shock syndrome
644:herpes simplex virus
204:megaloblastic anemia
3964:Perioral dermatitis
3700:Pleomorphic adenoma
3680:Monomorphic adenoma
3670:Canalicular adenoma
3543:Condylar hypoplasia
3476:Condylar resorption
3320:Lateral periodontal
3279:Mandibular fracture
3178:Periodontal abscess
2775:Turner's hypoplasia
2543:Verrucous carcinoma
2492:Morsicatio buccarum
2472:Lupus erythematosus
2385:Erythema multiforme
2301:Stomatitis nicotina
638:Geometric glossitis
481:erythema multiforme
4007:Facial hemiatrophy
3861:Periodic breathing
3792:Sjögren's syndrome
3665:Basal cell adenoma
3429:Torus mandibularis
3407:Periapical abscess
3390:Osteoradionecrosis
3315:Buccal bifurcation
3294:Intraosseous cysts
3183:Periodontal trauma
3087:Pyogenic granuloma
2934:Supernumerary root
2887:Pulp calcification
2875:Premature eruption
2846:Odontogenic tumors
2643:White sponge nevus
2616:Submucous fibrosis
2560:Smoker's melanosis
2447:Irritation fibroma
2286:High-arched palate
2194:Foliate papillitis
2184:Cunnilingus tongue
2169:Black hairy tongue
2099:Congenital lip pit
1991:External resources
684:fungiform papillae
676:
553:Atrophic glossitis
539:
531:
460:Administration of
394:Carcinoid syndrome
320:Treponema pallidum
179:esophageal webbing
103:
79:atrophic glossitis
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
3977:
3976:
3876:
3875:
3800:
3799:
3705:Sebaceous adenoma
3558:
3557:
3437:
3436:
3348:Median mandibular
3343:Nasopalatine duct
3259:Alveolar osteitis
3223:
3222:
3210:Perio-endo lesion
3092:Congenital epulis
3013:
3012:
2770:Enamel hypoplasia
2651:
2650:
2626:Riga–Fede disease
2477:Melanocytic nevus
2417:Hairy leukoplakia
2380:Epulis fissuratum
2314:
2313:
2254:
2253:
2204:Geographic tongue
2142:
2141:
2014:
2013:
1053:978-1-4051-6911-0
987:978-1-60327-519-4
733:medical emergency
662:Strawberry tongue
648:immunocompromised
625:Geographic tongue
613:immunosuppression
568:B vitamin complex
564:pernicious anemia
462:ganglion blockers
406:specialized diets
259:Folate deficiency
227:angular cheilitis
185:Pernicious anemia
64:
63:
16:Medical condition
4064:
4042:Tongue disorders
3983:
3882:
3806:
3675:Ductal papilloma
3564:
3443:
3340:Non-odontogenic:
3325:Globulomaxillary
3264:Buccal exostosis
3229:
3173:Peri-implantitis
3019:
2735:Dentin dysplasia
2657:
2633:Verruca vulgaris
2528:Mucosal melanoma
2375:Darier's disease
2350:Behçet's disease
2320:
2276:Bednar's aphthae
2260:
2148:
2134:Trumpeter's wart
2056:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2018:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1892:(in Hungarian).
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1487:Minerva Stomatol
1482:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1462:on March 5, 2016
1461:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1424:J Can Dent Assoc
1415:
1409:
1408:
1393:Am Fam Physician
1388:
1377:
1376:
1360:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1132:. Archived from
1115:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1041:
1031:
992:
991:
975:
965:
954:
953:
943:
918:(11): CD002779.
903:
894:
893:
873:
860:
859:
843:
833:
818:
817:
799:
780:
779:
777:
775:
761:
696:Kawasaki disease
672:Kawasaki disease
601:oral candidiasis
439:, hot foods, or
426:Candida albicans
263:thrombocytopenia
200:intrinsic factor
115:Tongue swelling.
71:lingual papillae
60:
59:
51:Gastroenterology
31:
19:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4016:
3988:
3973:
3929:Ludwig's angina
3890:
3872:
3831:Mouth breathing
3817:
3796:
3617:Pneumoparotitis
3590:Frey's syndrome
3571:
3569:Salivary glands
3554:
3462:
3433:
3412:Phoenix abscess
3245:
3241:hard tissues –
3219:
3141:Hypercementosis
3060:Cementoblastoma
3046:
3009:
2723:Dens evaginatus
2677:
2647:
2599:Denture-related
2584:Plasmoacanthoma
2510:Keratoacanthoma
2331:
2329:Lining of mouth
2310:
2306:Torus palatinus
2267:
2250:
2231:Lingual thyroid
2189:Fissured tongue
2179:Crenated tongue
2155:
2138:
2124:Nasolabial cyst
2109:Herpes labialis
2063:
2050:
2045:
2015:
2010:
2009:
1986:
1985:
1929:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1667:(25): 1859–60.
1654:
1653:
1649:
1628:(12): 1231–35.
1619:
1618:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1156:Front Microbiol
1149:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1075:
1074:
1061:
1054:
1033:
1032:
995:
988:
967:
966:
957:
905:
904:
897:
890:
875:
874:
863:
856:
835:
834:
821:
814:
801:
800:
783:
773:
771:
769:medlineplus.gov
763:
762:
758:
753:
741:
712:
664:
640:
632:fissured tongue
627:
621:
593:
587:
555:
543:tongue diseases
523:
518:
422:Tongue piercing
372:Whipple disease
367:Crohn's disease
333:
287:
212:
191:destruction of
181:and dysphagia.
167:oral ulceration
148:
143:
95:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Eagle syndrome
3993:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3919:Cystic hygroma
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3787:Sialolithiasis
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:Adenocarcinoma
3715:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:Myoepithelioma
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3358:Traumatic bone
3355:
3353:Median palatal
3350:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3232:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3146:Hypocementosis
3143:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3022:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2880:Neonatal teeth
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2760:Ectopic enamel
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2555:Oral melanosis
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:Bohn's nodules
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Amalgam tattoo
2336:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1961:
1946:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:Classification
1914:
1913:External links
1911:
1908:
1907:
1896:(11): 335–41.
1880:
1855:
1828:Fertil. Steril
1814:
1779:
1752:
1717:
1711:978-0323025102
1710:
1688:
1647:
1607:
1601:978-1550093452
1600:
1580:
1549:
1508:
1493:(1–2): 33–43.
1477:
1441:
1410:
1399:(11): 1381–8.
1378:
1371:
1342:
1335:
1314:
1273:
1246:
1193:
1142:
1139:on 2014-04-19.
1101:
1094:
1059:
1052:
993:
986:
955:
895:
889:978-1451103038
888:
861:
855:978-1615301317
854:
819:
813:978-0443068188
812:
781:
755:
754:
752:
749:
740:
737:
711:
708:
663:
660:
639:
636:
623:Main article:
620:
617:
609:corticosteroid
589:Main article:
586:
583:
572:celiac disease
554:
551:
522:
521:Classification
519:
517:
514:
510:dental surgeon
502:
501:
495:
492:
485:aphthous ulcer
473:
458:
455:ACE inhibitors
443:
429:
419:
416:
409:
399:
396:
391:
385:
383:Cowden disease
380:
374:
369:
364:
361:tropical sprue
357:celiac disease
350:
332:
329:
286:
283:
211:
208:
196:parietal cells
147:
144:
142:
139:
127:
126:
123:
116:
113:
110:
94:
91:
62:
61:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4069:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:Inflammations
4035:
4034:
4032:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:Actinomycosis
3897:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Sialodochitis
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:malocclusions
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Stafne defect
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:Osteonecrosis
3373:
3371:
3370:Osteomyelitis
3368:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3243:Bones of jaws
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3188:Periodontitis
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Pericoronitis
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Granulomatous
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Eruption cyst
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Pulp necrosis
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:Dens in dente
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Discoloration
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Lichen planus
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Herpes zoster
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Fordyce spots
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Erythroplakia
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Caviar tongue
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Ankyloglossia
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Sun poisoning
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1834:(2): 248–50.
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:(5): 419–24.
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1569:(5): 627–34.
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1528:(3): 454–61.
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:malignancies.
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:(3): 224–32.
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
983:
979:
974:
973:
964:
962:
960:
956:
951:
947:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
900:
896:
891:
885:
881:
880:
872:
870:
868:
866:
862:
857:
851:
847:
842:
841:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
820:
815:
809:
805:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
782:
770:
766:
760:
757:
750:
748:
746:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:scarlet fever
685:
681:
673:
668:
661:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
637:
635:
633:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
592:
584:
582:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
552:
550:
548:
544:
535:
527:
520:
515:
513:
511:
507:
499:
496:
493:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:lichen planus
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
423:
420:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
400:
397:
395:
392:
389:
386:
384:
381:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
362:
358:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
342:
341:malabsorption
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
321:
315:
311:
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
291:
284:
282:
280:
277:and possibly
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
145:
140:
138:
136:
132:
124:
121:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
106:
99:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
58:
52:
49:
47:
43:
39:
38:scarlet fever
34:
30:
25:
20:
3887:
3814:
3750:Sialadenitis
3709:
3661:
3526:Scissor bite
3521:Retrognathia
3506:Overeruption
3486:Malocclusion
3459:
3339:
3298:
3289:Micrognathia
3242:
3233:Periapical,
3119:Desquamative
3043:
3024:Periodontium
2998:Acid erosion
2939:Taurodontism
2870:Open contact
2782:Enamel pearl
2750:Dilaceration
2713:Concrescence
2514:
2501:
2328:
2281:Cleft palate
2241:Microglossia
2236:Macroglossia
2221:Glossoptosis
2198:
2119:Microcheilia
2114:Macrocheilia
1998:
1974:
1963:
1948:
1933:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1858:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1795:(1): 41–50.
1792:
1788:
1782:
1768:(1): 20–24.
1765:
1761:
1755:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1699:
1691:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1625:
1621:
1590:
1583:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1502:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1464:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1444:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1396:
1392:
1356:
1326:
1293:(2): 172–5.
1290:
1286:
1276:
1262:(5): 340–4.
1259:
1255:
1249:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1134:the original
1124:(1): 27–32.
1121:
1117:
1104:
1079:
1037:
971:
915:
911:
878:
839:
803:
772:. Retrieved
768:
759:
742:
739:Epidemiology
716:oral hygiene
713:
680:hyperplastic
677:
641:
628:
594:
580:
556:
540:
503:
470:Mecamylamine
466:Tubocurarine
337:malnutrition
334:
331:Other causes
318:
312:
301:
288:
279:neurological
213:
183:
149:
128:
104:
78:
75:erythematous
66:
65:
3944:Microstomia
3934:Macrostomia
3924:Gnathophyma
3841:Catathrenia
3836:Sleep apnea
3767:Sialectasis
3310:Dentigerous
3300:Odontogenic
3129:Plasma cell
3065:Gigantiform
2841:Microdontia
2831:Macrodontia
2802:Hyperdontia
2497:Oral cancer
2457:Leukoplakia
2365:Candidiasis
2325:Oral mucosa
2246:Rhabdomyoma
2226:Hypoglossia
2087:Plasma cell
2000:MedlinePlus
1327:Dermatology
727:, iron, or
682:(enlarged)
377:Glucagonoma
4031:Categories
3904:Angioedema
3710:Malignant:
3690:Oncocytoma
3516:Prognathia
3305:periapical
3284:Microgenia
3235:mandibular
3193:Aggressive
3114:Gingivitis
3055:Cementicle
2993:Abfraction
2983:Tooth wear
2976:Edentulism
2971:Tooth loss
2924:Resorption
2909:Pulp polyp
2892:Pulp stone
2836:Meth mouth
2807:Hypodontia
2797:Gemination
2728:Talon cusp
2621:Ulceration
2589:Stomatitis
2567:Pemphigoid
2515:Malignant:
2467:Linea alba
2452:Leukoedema
2432:Herpangina
2400:Giant-cell
1976:DiseasesDB
1874:2007-08-14
1489:(Review).
1426:(Review).
1395:(review).
1372:0721629210
1336:3540594523
1224:10447/1671
1095:0721690033
751:References
745:prevalence
725:riboflavin
576:xerostomia
447:toothpaste
404:and other
348:Alcoholism
285:Infections
267:leukopenia
251:pyridoxine
189:autoimmune
120:swallowing
22:Glossitis
3772:Sialocele
3755:Parotitis
3496:Open bite
3491:Crossbite
3269:Cherubism
3239:maxillary
3072:Cementoma
3003:Attrition
2819:Impaction
2787:Fluorosis
2696:Anodontia
2691:Ankylosis
2579:Pemphigus
2199:Glossitis
2094:Cleft lip
2072:Cheilitis
1890:Fogorv Sz
1727:J. Infect
1256:Am J Dent
1241:205776755
932:1469-493X
729:Vitamin E
710:Treatment
656:aciclovir
516:Diagnosis
506:physician
498:Albuterol
489:pemphigus
451:mouthwash
323:and is a
290:Bacterial
231:cheilosis
171:cheilosis
135:cheilitis
67:Glossitis
46:Specialty
3782:Sialosis
3733:Lymphoma
3605:Mucocele
3501:Overbite
3254:Agnathia
3215:Teething
3040:alveolus
3036:cementum
2988:Abrasion
2964:Occlusal
2949:Avulsion
2914:Pulpitis
2858:Odontoma
2604:Herpetic
2594:Aphthous
2104:Eclabium
1774:15835487
1747:17719644
1575:20187599
1544:22048588
1499:20212408
1436:21507289
1405:21121523
1309:19732353
1287:Oral Dis
1268:17993034
1233:18223505
1188:26733948
1162:: 1391.
1130:21877503
950:27855478
774:26 April
652:leukemia
494:Heredity
491:vulgaris
402:Veganism
379:syndrome
314:Syphilis
271:diarrhea
219:thiamine
93:Symptoms
3868:Snoring
3826:Bruxism
3662:Benign:
3511:Overjet
3471:Bruxism
3365:Osteoma
3203:Chronic
3028:gingiva
2502:Benign:
2395:Fibroma
2082:Angular
2077:Actinic
1970:D005928
1902:1291323
1850:7106318
1809:9184977
1683:8247038
1642:7502116
1430:: b39.
1179:4681845
1088:, 170.
1046:–1744.
941:6464255
464:(e.g.,
437:alcohol
433:tobacco
303:Candida
275:fatigue
239:magenta
193:gastric
146:Anemias
3610:Ranula
3082:Epulis
2944:Trauma
2792:Fusion
2701:Caries
2674:enamel
2670:dentin
2265:Palate
2153:Tongue
2005:001053
1900:
1848:
1807:
1772:
1745:
1708:
1681:
1640:
1598:
1573:
1542:
1497:
1466:Mar 7,
1434:
1403:
1369:
1333:
1307:
1266:
1239:
1231:
1186:
1176:
1128:
1092:
1050:
984:
948:
938:
930:
886:
852:
810:
441:spices
413:saliva
390:(AIDS)
298:fungal
169:, and
163:pallor
155:menses
141:Causes
131:pallor
53:
3987:Other
2662:Teeth
1959:529.0
1944:K14.0
1460:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1237:S2CID
1137:(PDF)
1118:Cutis
1114:(PDF)
475:Oral
359:, or
353:Sprue
294:viral
4047:Pain
3949:Noma
3454:and
3237:and
3042:) –
2666:pulp
2061:Lips
1981:5252
1965:MeSH
1954:9-CM
1898:PMID
1846:PMID
1805:PMID
1770:PMID
1743:PMID
1706:ISBN
1679:PMID
1638:PMID
1596:ISBN
1571:PMID
1540:PMID
1495:PMID
1468:2016
1432:PMID
1401:PMID
1367:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1305:PMID
1264:PMID
1229:PMID
1184:PMID
1126:PMID
1090:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1044:1717
982:ISBN
946:PMID
928:ISSN
916:2016
884:ISBN
850:ISBN
808:ISBN
776:2019
1950:ICD
1935:ICD
1836:doi
1797:doi
1735:doi
1669:doi
1665:329
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