56:
31:
169:
243:
in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish grey in color, and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white
268:
regions. Gnatwrens typically occur in the undergrowth of dense, often humid, forest, while gnatcatchers, depending on the species involved, occur in anything from dry scrubby habitats (e.g. the
California gnatcatcher) to the
679:
901:
505:
complex, which recently has been proposed split into three species (four with the
Iquitos gnatcatcher), but not all authorities have accepted this (e.g.
811:
571:
Atwood, J. & Lerman, S. (2006) Family
Polioptilidae (Gnatcatchers). pp. 350–377 in: del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and D. Christie. eds (2006).
837:
506:
692:
Whitney, B. & Alonso, A. (2005) A new species of gnatcatcher from the white-sand forests in northern
Amazonian Peru with revision of the
582:
277:
forest (e.g. the
Guianan gnatcatcher). The North American species nest in bushes or trees, but the breeding behavior of several of the
896:
573:
842:
55:
772:
486:
656:
132:
891:
725:
38:
863:
777:
501:
490:
213:
798:
607:
495:
660:
517:
763:
678:
Cite error: The named reference "ioc" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
511:
50:
868:
850:
785:
635:
578:
274:
236:
855:
625:
615:
713:
270:
611:
509:). Furthermore, other groups should possibly be split, notably the tropical gnatcatcher
630:
595:
361:
220:
30:
885:
261:
257:
197:
193:
248:
are browner, more thickset, and with proportionally shorter tails and longer bills.
790:
529:
499:, was first described in 2005. This species is a member of the Guianan gnatcatcher
148:
824:
757:
577:
Vol. 11. Old World
Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
377:
308:
278:
209:
168:
117:
545:
537:
158:
154:
748:
620:
182:
107:
67:
639:
521:
complexes, but at present scientific papers on these matters are lacking.
742:
331:
205:
87:
816:
664:
829:
265:
217:
201:
77:
719:
600:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States
803:
425:
240:
224:
185:
97:
723:
479:
Relationships among families in the superfamily
Certhioidea.
524:
The family contains 21 species divided into 3 genera:
732:
223:south in winter. They are close relatives of the
596:"Earth history and the passerine superradiation"
264:, with the exception of the far south and high
8:
235:These dainty birds are intermediate between
720:
167:
29:
20:
629:
619:
567:
565:
563:
559:
200:(except for the far south and the high
204:regions). Most species of this mainly
902:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
667:. International Ornithologists' Union
651:
649:
7:
594:Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019).
677:
402:
354:
347:
324:
301:
293:
665:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.2"
216:of the United States and southern
14:
281:species is essentially unknown.
54:
716:on the Internet Bird Collection
364:: spotted creepers – 2 species
574:Handbook of Birds of the World
1:
412:: gnatcatchers – 22 species
212:group are resident, but the
549:(17 species) – gnatcatchers
380:: treecreepers – 9 species
918:
334:: nuthatches – 29 species
311:: wallcreeper – 1 species
256:They are distributed from
192:. The 21 species occur in
423:
407:
400:
375:
359:
352:
345:
329:
322:
306:
299:
166:
145:
140:
51:Scientific classification
49:
37:
28:
23:
285:Taxonomy and systematics
252:Distribution and habitat
621:10.1073/pnas.1813206116
541:(2 species) – gnatwrens
533:(2 species) – gnatwrens
515:and masked gnatcatcher
663:, eds. (August 2024).
181:are a family of small
43:Polioptila californica
39:California gnatcatcher
897:Birds of the Americas
864:Paleobiology Database
694:Polioptila guianensis
502:Polioptila guianensis
491:critically endangered
428:: wrens – 96 species
214:blue-grey gnatcatcher
496:Polioptila clementsi
493:Iquitos gnatcatcher
244:tails. The skulking
612:2019PNAS..116.7916O
518:Polioptila dumicola
714:Gnatcatcher videos
659:; Donsker, David;
512:Polioptila plumbea
237:Old World warblers
879:
878:
851:Open Tree of Life
726:Taxon identifiers
661:Rasmussen, Pamela
606:(16): 7916–7925.
583:978-84-96553-06-4
483:
482:
473:
472:
464:
463:
455:
454:
446:
445:
437:
436:
389:
388:
175:
174:
136:
909:
872:
871:
859:
858:
846:
845:
833:
832:
820:
819:
807:
806:
794:
793:
781:
780:
768:
767:
766:
753:
752:
751:
721:
701:
700:117(2): 113-210.
690:
684:
683:
676:
674:
672:
653:
644:
643:
633:
623:
591:
585:
569:
403:
355:
348:
325:
302:
294:
289:
288:
171:
131:
59:
58:
33:
21:
917:
916:
912:
911:
910:
908:
907:
906:
882:
881:
880:
875:
867:
862:
854:
849:
841:
836:
828:
823:
815:
810:
802:
797:
789:
784:
776:
771:
762:
761:
756:
747:
746:
741:
728:
710:
705:
704:
691:
687:
670:
668:
655:
654:
647:
593:
592:
588:
570:
561:
556:
474:
465:
456:
447:
438:
390:
287:
254:
233:
157:
152:
130:
53:
17:
16:Family of birds
12:
11:
5:
915:
913:
905:
904:
899:
894:
884:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
860:
847:
834:
821:
808:
795:
782:
769:
754:
738:
736:
730:
729:
724:
718:
717:
709:
708:External links
706:
703:
702:
685:
645:
586:
558:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
542:
534:
487:new to science
481:
480:
476:
475:
471:
470:
467:
466:
462:
461:
458:
457:
453:
452:
449:
448:
444:
443:
440:
439:
435:
434:
431:
430:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
406:
401:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
383:
382:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
362:Salpornithidae
358:
353:
351:
346:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
328:
323:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
305:
300:
298:
292:
286:
283:
253:
250:
232:
229:
173:
172:
164:
163:
143:
142:
138:
137:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
914:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
892:Polioptilidae
890:
889:
887:
870:
865:
861:
857:
852:
848:
844:
839:
835:
831:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
805:
800:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:
774:
770:
765:
764:Polioptilidae
759:
755:
750:
744:
740:
739:
737:
735:
734:Polioptilidae
731:
727:
722:
715:
712:
711:
707:
699:
695:
689:
686:
681:
666:
662:
658:
652:
650:
646:
641:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
590:
587:
584:
580:
576:
575:
568:
566:
564:
560:
553:
548:
547:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
531:
527:
526:
525:
522:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
504:
503:
498:
497:
492:
488:
478:
477:
469:
468:
460:
459:
451:
450:
442:
441:
433:
432:
429:
427:
426:Troglodytidae
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
411:
410:Polioptilidae
405:
404:
398:
397:
394:
393:
385:
384:
381:
379:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
363:
357:
356:
350:
349:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
333:
327:
326:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
310:
309:Tichodromidae
304:
303:
296:
295:
291:
290:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
262:South America
259:
251:
249:
247:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:South America
195:
191:
190:Polioptilidae
187:
184:
180:
170:
165:
162:
161:
160:
156:
151:
150:
144:
139:
134:
129:
128:Polioptilidae
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
114:Superfamily:
113:
112:
109:
108:Passeriformes
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
24:Gnatcatchers
22:
19:
733:
698:Wilson Bull.
697:
693:
688:
671:24 September
669:. Retrieved
603:
599:
589:
572:
544:
536:
530:Ramphocaenus
528:
523:
516:
510:
500:
494:
484:
424:
409:
408:
376:
360:
330:
307:
297:Certhioidea
255:
245:
234:
189:
179:gnatcatchers
178:
176:
153:
149:Ramphocaenus
147:
146:
127:
42:
18:
825:iNaturalist
758:Wikispecies
657:Gill, Frank
279:Neotropical
231:Description
210:subtropical
118:Certhioidea
886:Categories
554:References
546:Polioptila
538:Microbates
485:A species
378:Certhiidae
159:Polioptila
155:Microbates
696:complex.
680:help page
275:Amazonian
273:of humid
246:gnatwrens
183:passerine
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
743:Wikidata
640:30936315
332:Sittidae
221:migrates
206:tropical
124:Family:
88:Chordata
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
856:1093466
817:5789066
804:2925633
749:Q752549
631:6475423
608:Bibcode
188:called
141:Genera
104:Order:
94:Class:
869:372390
843:915676
638:
628:
581:
489:, the
271:canopy
266:Andean
218:Canada
202:Andean
135:, 1858
830:71355
791:627GW
778:95546
258:North
241:wrens
225:wrens
194:North
186:birds
133:Baird
838:ITIS
812:GBIF
773:BOLD
673:2024
636:PMID
579:ISBN
507:SACC
239:and
208:and
196:and
177:The
98:Aves
799:EoL
786:CoL
626:PMC
616:doi
604:116
260:to
888::
866::
853::
840::
827::
814::
801::
788::
775::
760::
745::
682:).
648:^
634:.
624:.
614:.
602:.
598:.
562:^
227:.
45:)
675:.
642:.
618::
610::
41:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
