3569:
benevolent and malevolent features, to mark their roles as gentle to supplicants, and also fierce to wrongdoers. They are associated with agriculture, harvests, rain, and are regarded to be embodiments of fertility. These deities are often venerated in the open fields, or in the form of shrines. Most of them are not accompanied by a male consort. Their shrines could sometimes be composed of a pile of stones or a flag. While some of these shrines are maintained and served by priests, others merely have a keeper who is not accorded a special status. Gramadevatas often share common suffixes in their names, such as
3738:
3646:
3774:
3750:
3726:
20:
3762:
4564:
3431:
118:
3568:
Gramadevatas are believed to serve as the protectors of fields and the general countryside, preventing plagues, famines, pestilence, war, as well as natural disasters. They are also venerated to honour their task of guarding villagers from evil. These deities, predominantly goddesses, possess both
3513:. The plaque shows a figure holding a parasol, evidently a goddess, being worshipped with earthen pots, fruits, flowers and other offerings similar to those given to modern-day village goddesses. Another group of common iconography related to gramadevatas are the
81:
Of diverse origins, gramadevatas are regarded to protect the inhabitants of their villages from bandits, epidemics, and natural disasters when propitiated, failing which they are believed to cause these afflictions. A gramadevata is typically female in
3503:
sites, including a woman with a plant emerging from her womb and a woman in a tree (believed to be a goddess) being worshipped by another woman, with seven figures below. Due to their association with agriculture, the idea of the earth spirit of
3508:
is still a common association with villages today just as it was in
Harappan times. Evidence of continued veneration of a female village deity comes from a terracotta fragment Chandraketugarh from what is now eastern West Bengal dating to the
3605:, is regarded by local adherents to be the brother of Gangamma, a gramadevata. Mainstream Hindu deities and gramadevatas are often ritually worshipped together due to their integrated traditions. Due to the prevalence of
3559:
to the earth, where they were assigned the task of protecting mankind from evil and malicious forces. Thus, the gramadevatas are honoured for their duty through festivals and temples dedicated to their worship.
3585:. Animal sacrifices and blood are often served as offerings to placate these goddesses by their devotees, including chickens, goats, and occasionally buffaloes, traditionally requiring them to be male.
3527:
indicates a non-Vedic origin for these goddesses. In addition to the fertility goddesses, the various disease goddesses include deities described with unappealing physical characteristics like
4410:
3593:
While various gramadevatas possess discrete worlds and forms of worship from mainstream
Hinduism, others have been syncretised as members of the greater pantheon of
3773:
4128:
Genealogy of the South Indian
Deities: An English Translation of BartholomƤus Ziegenbalg's Original German Manuscript with a Textual Analysis and Glossary
166:
86:. In this region, a village goddess, acting as a fertility figure, is enshrined, and a guardian of the village is situated at the village boundary.
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929:
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and Mata. These goddesses could be represented in the
Harappan period by a goddess with weapons in her hair. Similarly, goddesses absorbed into
4403:
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4298:
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4217:
4190:
4163:
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4109:
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3838:
3811:
3725:
3884:
Encyclopedia of Earth Myths: An
Insider's A-Z Guide to Mythic People, Places, Objects, and Events Central to the Earth's Visionary Geography
2217:
3094:
3499:. These figurines are believed to represent the "Mother Goddess." Similar female figurines are found in 3rd-2nd millennium figures from
3555:. Nine forms of this Shakti, collectively designated as the Navashakti, were created. Due to their arrogance, they were banished from
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The term gramadevata is derived from the
Sanskrit words grÄma, "village, village settlement" and devatÄ, "deity".
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49:
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19:
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2177:
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2008:
1973:
1458:
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989:
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132:
61:
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1008:
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Scoffing at
Scripture: A Commoner Reads the World's Holy Writ and Rejects Traditional Religion
4267:
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4159:
4132:
4105:
4055:
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3519:, the "seven mothers." The first mention of these goddesses occurs in the later layers of the
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2018:
2013:
2003:
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810:
101:
40:
4038:
Elgood, Heather (1 September 2004). "Exploring the roots of village
Hinduism in South Asia".
2607:
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2113:
1988:
1968:
1888:
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1570:
1468:
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1003:
998:
725:
604:
568:
513:
508:
335:
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815:
585:
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181:
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A South Indian legend states that the gramadevatas trace their origin to the first
3515:
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671:
282:
240:
235:
109:
71:
4317:
Adi Deo Arya Devata: A Panoramic View oF Tribal-Hindu
Cultural Interface
3613:, it is common to find representations of male gramadevatas as forms of
4838:
4811:
4672:
4647:
4627:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4506:
4486:
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4471:
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3990:
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3552:
3252:
3216:
3206:
2956:
2877:
2869:
2686:
2612:
2597:
2394:
2093:
2038:
1777:
1727:
1697:
1692:
1564:
1539:
1426:
1103:
1098:
1058:
965:
960:
950:
937:
924:
914:
889:
800:
790:
599:
563:
451:
436:
431:
367:
362:
326:
321:
308:
4782:
4777:
4742:
4730:
4720:
4687:
4677:
4612:
4531:
4511:
4449:
4444:
3683:
3673:
3614:
3602:
3556:
3548:
3221:
3035:
2351:
2078:
1963:
1868:
1838:
1833:
1767:
1742:
1531:
1401:
1244:
1219:
1158:
1043:
1038:
1028:
970:
894:
854:
849:
780:
705:
640:
625:
527:
471:
456:
402:
382:
295:
290:
127:
23:
4006:
4806:
4725:
4657:
4617:
4602:
4526:
4491:
4454:
3644:
3618:
3536:
3238:
3108:
2873:
2830:
2385:
1923:
1792:
1702:
1549:
1503:
1483:
1163:
1148:
1088:
1078:
1063:
1048:
1023:
874:
844:
730:
630:
461:
426:
397:
392:
387:
372:
300:
75:
18:
4757:
4697:
4662:
4632:
4572:
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4536:
4516:
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1712:
1493:
1463:
1406:
1153:
1140:
1033:
635:
476:
466:
441:
407:
357:
339:
4392:
4260:
Coulter, Charles
Russell; Turner, Patricia (6 December 2021).
4369:
The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Vol. 1
3938:
The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion
3767:
Ayyanar, a guardian kuladevata, accompanied by two consorts
3523:
dating to the 1st century CE, and their lack of mention in
580:
117:
3911:
In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion
3991:"The Hindu Pantheon and the Legitimation of Hierarchy"
54:
3539:, appear around the 1st century BCEā1st century CE.
4795:
4713:
4571:
4430:
3779:
The goddess Muthyalamma, the kuladevata of Gudilova
4233:Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (23 February 2015).
3962:Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (23 February 2015).
4155:A Comparative Study of Religions: Second Edition
4087:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 540.
4404:
3455:
8:
3854:Becchio, Bruno; SchadƩ, Johannes P. (2006).
4372:. Asian Educational Services. p. 482.
4158:. University of Nairobi Press. p. 71.
4411:
4397:
4389:
3462:
3448:
96:
74:, primarily worshipped in the villages of
4212:. Harvard University Press. p. 181.
3887:. Hampton Roads Publishing. p. 555.
3830:Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses
3806:. Intellectual Book Corner. p. 385.
3731:Mariamman in a temple festival procession
4101:Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction
3914:. Oxford University Press. p. 125.
4104:. Oxford University Press. p. 65.
3792:
3721:
2339:Sources and classification of scripture
108:
4033:
4031:
3621:, and female gramadevatas as forms of
4287:Kelly, Frank Bolger (February 2011).
4239:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 34.
4185:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 68.
4125:Jeyaraj, Daniel (23 September 2004).
3968:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 30.
966:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
961:ArthÄpatti (postulation, presumption)
7:
3881:Leviton, Richard (14 October 2005).
3860:. Foreign Media Group. p. 112.
3633:, have been completely adopted into
26:, the gramadevata of the village of
4293:. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 647.
14:
3833:. Sarup & Sons. p. 111.
4562:
4179:Elgood, Heather (1 April 2000).
4152:J.N.K, Mugambi (16 March 2015).
3908:Atran, Scott (9 December 2004).
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3479:The earliest appearance of the "
3429:
116:
66:'village deity') is the
4314:Jain, Sandhya (19 March 2022).
4263:Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities
4182:Hinduism and the Religious Arts
4084:A Classical Dictionary of India
3857:Encyclopedia of World Religions
4342:"Dharma-Thakur | Indian deity"
3935:Oppy, Graham (17 April 2015).
204:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
1:
4366:Syed Siraj Ul Hassan (1920).
4320:. Notion Press. p. 138.
3260:Other society-related topics:
956:UpamÄį¹a (comparison, analogy)
4206:Blurton, T. Richard (1993).
3989:Fuller, C. J. (March 1988).
3629:. Few gramadevatas, such as
3371:Hinduism and other religions
2168:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
4052:10.1080/0043824042000282777
3116:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
3088:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
821:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
765:Antaįø„karaį¹a (mental organs)
760:SÅ«kį¹£ma ÅarÄ«ra (subtle body)
55:
16:Village deities in Hinduism
4936:
4266:. McFarland. p. 196.
4131:. Routledge. p. 114.
3941:. Routledge. p. 128.
3800:Iyengar, T. R. R. (2004).
3597:. For instance, the deity
2992:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1677:Gurus, sants, philosophers
1613:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
801:Uparati (self-settledness)
4884:
4560:
3581:root word for mother, or
2158:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
816:Samadhana (concentration)
680:Three paths to liberation
187:Tribal religions in India
172:Historical Vedic religion
167:Indus Valley Civilisation
44:
4868:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
3827:Chandra, Suresh (1998).
3495:figurines dating to the
992:, sacrifice, and charity
4346:Encyclopedia Britannica
4098:Sharma, Arvind (2000).
3165:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2378:Timeline of Hindu texts
2283:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
1316:Pumsavana Simantonayana
971:Åabda (word, testimony)
209:Epic-Puranic chronology
177:Dravidian folk religion
70:of a given locality in
4081:Garrett, John (1971).
3654:
3491:in the form of female
3130:Eighteen Greater Texts
2759:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
2188:Krishnananda Saraswati
1432:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
946:Pratyakį¹£a (perception)
806:Titiksha (forbearance)
30:
3743:Sculpture of Chamunda
3648:
3501:Harappan civilization
3246:Varna-related topics:
3137:Eighteen Lesser Texts
2710:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1606:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
1592:Achintya Bheda Abheda
1524:Philosophical schools
826:Ahamkara (attachment)
786:Vairagya (dispassion)
714:Mokį¹£a-related topics:
22:
3653:, a male gramadevata
3378:Hinduism and Jainism
2308:Vethathiri Maharishi
2213:Nisargadatta Maharaj
781:Viveka (discernment)
156:(500/200 BCEā300 CE)
3436:Hinduism portal
3315:Hinduism by country
3151:Iraiyanar Akapporul
3095:TirumurukÄį¹į¹uppaį¹ai
2178:Dayananda Saraswati
2163:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
2069:Sripada Srivallabha
2009:Raghunatha Siromani
1974:Narasimha Saraswati
951:AnumÄį¹a (inference)
3655:
3497:4th millennium BCE
3330:Caribbean Shaktism
3049:Kanakadhara Stotra
2298:U. G. Krishnamurti
2278:Satyadhyana Tirtha
1874:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1532:Six Astika schools
776:Änanda (happiness)
755:AnÄtman (non-self)
31:
4902:
4901:
4327:979-8-88530-378-1
4300:978-1-60844-808-1
4273:978-0-7864-9179-7
4246:978-1-118-52818-1
4236:Everyday Hinduism
4219:978-0-674-39189-5
4192:978-0-8264-9865-6
4165:978-9966-846-89-1
4138:978-1-134-28703-1
4111:978-0-19-564441-8
4040:World Archaeology
3975:978-1-118-52818-1
3965:Everyday Hinduism
3948:978-1-317-51592-0
3921:978-0-19-803405-6
3894:978-1-61283-298-2
3867:978-1-60136-000-7
3840:978-81-7625-039-9
3813:978-81-7076-104-4
3551:, created by the
3472:
3471:
3323:Balinese Hinduism
2822:Markandeya Purana
2059:Satyanatha Tirtha
2014:Raghuttama Tirtha
2004:Raghavendra Swami
1849:Ramdas Kathiababa
930:Sources of dharma
796:Dama (temperance)
791:Sama (equanimity)
157:
65:
53:
4927:
4915:Tutelary deities
4566:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4122:
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4115:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4035:
4026:
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4021:
3986:
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3979:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3797:
3776:
3764:
3755:Bhadrakali Amman
3752:
3740:
3728:
3533:Puranic Hinduism
3464:
3457:
3450:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3394:and Christianity
3364:Pilgrimage sites
3294:Reform movements
3172:Vinayagar Agaval
3123:Five Great Epics
3072:Tamil literature
2971:Sushruta Samhita
2766:Bhavishya Purana
2752:Brahmanda Purana
2703:Bhagavata Purana
2631:Other scriptures
2193:Mahavatar Babaji
1773:Satyakama Jabala
1444:Ganesh Chaturthi
1298:Rites of passage
811:Shraddha (faith)
229:Major traditions
155:
120:
97:
60:
58:
48:
46:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4894:Hindu mythology
4880:
4791:
4709:
4567:
4558:
4426:
4417:
4387:
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4365:
4364:
4360:
4350:
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4335:
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4308:
4301:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4274:
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4227:
4220:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4007:10.2307/2803031
3988:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3803:Hindu Mythology
3799:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3768:
3765:
3756:
3753:
3744:
3741:
3732:
3729:
3717:
3643:
3591:
3566:
3545:
3511:1st century BCE
3477:
3468:
3430:
3428:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3372:
3338:
3317:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3261:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3074:
3042:
2964:Charaka Samhita
2943:VaiÅeį¹£ika SÅ«tra
2901:Shilpa Shastras
2880:
2833:
2717:Naradiya Purana
2689:
2684:
2659:
2633:
2592:
2456:
2388:
2372:
2341:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2268:Shirdi Sai Baba
2263:Sathya Sai Baba
2243:Ramana Maharshi
2147:
2114:Vadiraja Tirtha
2109:VÄcaspati MiÅra
1989:Srinivasacharya
1969:Narahari Tirtha
1949:Matsyendranatha
1934:KumÄrila Bhaį¹į¹a
1899:Jagannatha Dasa
1889:Haridasa Thakur
1808:
1687:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1624:
1585:Vishishtadvaita
1534:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1469:Makar Sankranti
1449:Vasant Panchami
1412:Maha Shivaratri
1396:
1300:
1209:
1143:
1112:
993:
984:
976:
975:
940:
834:
771:PrajƱa (wisdom)
767:
744:
708:
682:
651:
620:
618:Meaning of life
605:God in Hinduism
594:
558:
556:Supreme reality
533:Subtle elements
522:
503:
497:
487:
486:
342:
311:
285:
277:
267:
266:
263:
230:
224:
214:
213:
158:
153:Hindu synthesis
149:
144:
92:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4933:
4931:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4907:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4848:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4803:
4801:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4358:
4333:
4326:
4306:
4299:
4279:
4272:
4252:
4245:
4225:
4218:
4198:
4191:
4171:
4164:
4144:
4137:
4117:
4110:
4090:
4073:
4046:(3): 326ā342.
4027:
3981:
3974:
3954:
3947:
3927:
3920:
3900:
3893:
3873:
3866:
3846:
3839:
3819:
3812:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3709:Kasba Ganapati
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3642:
3639:
3590:
3587:
3565:
3562:
3544:
3541:
3481:Mother Goddess
3476:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3267:Discrimination
3263:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3158:Abirami Antati
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3006:Ramcharitmanas
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2957:Pramana Sutras
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2929:Mimamsa Sutras
2925:
2922:Samkhya Sutras
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2887:Dharma Shastra
2882:
2881:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2521:Shvetashvatara
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2493:Brihadaranyaka
2488:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Upasni Maharaj
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2129:Vedanta Desika
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Samarth Ramdas
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Purandara Dasa
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Nimbarkacharya
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:Jayanta Bhatta
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:Raksha Bandhan
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1321:Simantonnayana
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Carnatic music
1267:
1262:
1257:
1255:Bhagavata Mela
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:Kundalini yoga
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
994:
988:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
942:
941:
936:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
836:
835:
832:
829:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
757:
752:
746:
745:
742:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
717:
716:
710:
709:
704:
701:
700:
695:
690:
684:
683:
678:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
653:
652:
649:Stages of life
647:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
622:
621:
616:
613:
612:
610:God and gender
607:
602:
596:
595:
592:
589:
588:
583:
578:
577:
576:
571:
560:
559:
554:
551:
550:
545:
543:Gross elements
540:
535:
530:
524:
523:
520:
517:
516:
511:
505:
504:
501:
498:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
417:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
354:
353:
344:
343:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
313:
312:
307:
304:
303:
298:
293:
287:
286:
281:
278:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
257:
254:
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
231:
228:
225:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
206:
201:
199:Itihasa-Purana
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
106:
105:
91:
88:
68:tutelary deity
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4932:
4921:
4920:Hindu deities
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4859:Bhagavad Gita
4856:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:Other deities
4712:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4420:Hindu deities
4414:
4409:
4407:
4402:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4359:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Kala Bhairava
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:Venkateshvara
3596:
3595:Hindu deities
3588:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:Supreme Being
3550:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3516:sapta matrika
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
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3337:Hindu culture
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3321:
3320:
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3289:Organisations
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3013:Yoga Vasistha
3010:
3008:
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3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
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2989:
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2978:Natya Shastra
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2861:Sthapatyaveda
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2854:Gandharvaveda
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2827:
2824:
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2817:
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2815:Varaha Purana
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:Skanda Purana
2805:
2803:
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2798:
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2745:Brahma Purana
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:Garuda Purana
2735:
2733:
2732:
2731:Matsya Purana
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:VÄmana Purana
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
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2696:Vishnu Purana
2693:
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2640:Bhagavad Gita
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2226:
2224:
2223:Radhakrishnan
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Narayana Guru
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Jaggi Vasudev
2181:
2179:
2176:
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2173:Chinmayananda
2171:
2169:
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2159:
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2037:
2035:
2034:Ramprasad Sen
2032:
2030:
2027:
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1884:Gorakshanatha
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1829:Allama Prabhu
1827:
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1824:Akka Mahadevi
1822:
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1814:Abhinavagupta
1812:
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1623:Other schools
1621:
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1599:Shuddhadvaita
1596:
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1280:Kalaripayattu
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1215:Bharatanatyam
1213:
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1119:
1116:
1115:
1109:
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1105:
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1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Nritta-Nritya
1092:
1090:
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1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
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1067:
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111:
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73:
69:
63:
57:
51:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
21:
4873:
4866:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4768:Gramadevatas
4767:
4702:
4551:
4368:
4361:
4349:. Retrieved
4345:
4336:
4316:
4309:
4289:
4282:
4262:
4255:
4235:
4228:
4208:
4201:
4181:
4174:
4154:
4147:
4127:
4120:
4100:
4093:
4083:
4076:
4043:
4039:
4018:. Retrieved
4001:(1): 22ā39.
3998:
3994:
3984:
3964:
3957:
3937:
3930:
3910:
3903:
3883:
3876:
3856:
3849:
3829:
3822:
3802:
3795:
3694:Dharmathakur
3669:Dharmathakur
3601:, a form of
3592:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3546:
3514:
3505:
3478:
3396: /
3392: /
3388: /
3384: /
3382:and Buddhism
3380: /
3344:Architecture
3307:Other topics
3245:
3228:
3200:Four varnas:
3199:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2985:Panchatantra
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2936:NyÄya SÅ«tras
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2894:Artha Åastra
2892:
2885:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2801:KÅ«rma Purana
2799:
2794:Linga Purana
2792:
2787:Shiva Purana
2785:
2778:
2773:Padma Purana
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2671:
2664:
2649:s (Hinduism)
2646:
2638:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2559:Atharvaveda:
2558:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2423:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2273:Shraddhanand
2248:Ravi Shankar
2228:R. D. Ranade
2089:ÅyÄma Åastri
2084:Swaminarayan
2044:Rupa Goswami
1954:Morya Gosavi
1914:Jiva Goswami
1819:Adi Shankara
1645:PratyabhijƱa
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1376:Samavartanam
1356:VidyÄraį¹bhaį¹
1341:Annaprashana
1265:Dandiya Raas
1240:Mohiniyattam
1133:NididhyÄsana
938:Epistemology
870:Brahmacharya
750:Ätman (self)
713:
657:Brahmacharya
586:SaccidÄnanda
538:Panchikarana
414:
347:
338: /
334:Other major
258:
192:
191:
146:
93:
80:
36:
34:
32:
4852:Mahabharata
4763:Kuladevatas
4542:Vishvakarma
4351:14 February
3689:Siparia Mai
3651:Munishvarar
3607:Vaishnavism
3521:Mahabharata
3483:" found in
3475:Development
3390:and Judaism
3386:and Sikhism
3354:Iconography
3279:Nationalism
3272:Persecution
3056:Shiva Stuti
2950:Yoga Sutras
2780:Agni Purana
2682:Other texts
2673:Mahabharata
2416:Atharvaveda
2313:Vivekananda
2238:Rama Tirtha
2233:Ramakrishna
2208:Nigamananda
2198:Mahesh Yogi
2074:Sripadaraja
2064:Siddheshwar
1959:MukundarÄja
1939:Madhusūdana
1929:Kanaka Dasa
1854:Chakradhara
1798:Yajnavalkya
1788:Vishvamitra
1657:Pancharatra
1555:Vaisheshika
1511:Ratha Yatra
1459:Janmashtami
1454:Rama Navami
1371:Ritushuddhi
1346:Chudakarana
1336:Nishkramana
1306:Garbhadhana
1275:Pandav Lila
1184:Bhakti yoga
1069:PrÄyaÅcitta
840:Niti Åastra
688:Bhakti yoga
667:VÄnaprastha
482:Vishvakarma
415:Post-Vedic:
251:Vaishnavism
193:Traditional
84:South India
56:GrÄmadevatÄ
37:gramadevata
28:Nathanallur
4909:Categories
4834:Upanishads
4753:Gandharvas
4477:Dattatreya
4379:8120604881
3788:References
3679:Bhadrakali
3659:Ankalamman
3649:Statue of
3637:Hinduism.
3589:Syncretism
3564:Veneration
3493:terracotta
3485:South Asia
3230:Varna-less
3102:Tiruppukal
3063:Vayu Stuti
3027:Panchadasi
3020:Swara yoga
2908:Kama Sutra
2847:Dhanurveda
2507:Taittiriya
2485:Yajurveda:
2477:Kaushitaki
2454:Upanishads
2446:Upanishads
2370:Scriptures
2218:Prabhupada
2134:Vidyaranya
2019:Ram Charan
1994:PrabhÄkara
1909:Jayatīrtha
1864:Dadu Dayal
1859:ChÄngadeva
1718:Bharadwaja
1708:Ashtavakra
1474:Kumbh Mela
1422:Durga Puja
1351:Karnavedha
1331:NÄmakaraį¹a
1260:Yakshagana
1189:Karma yoga
1179:Jnana yoga
1174:Hatha yoga
1111:Meditation
1084:Tirthadana
865:Aparigraha
721:ParamÄtman
706:Liberation
698:Karma yoga
693:Jnana yoga
422:Dattatreya
222:Traditions
147:Historical
45:ą¤ą„ą¤°ą¤¾ą¤®ą¤¦ą„ą¤µą¤¤ą¤¾
4773:Rakshasas
4643:Mahavidya
4586:Saraswati
4573:Goddesses
4502:Kartikeya
4209:Hindu Art
4068:144268377
4060:0043-8243
3664:Mariamman
3579:Dravidian
3529:Mariamman
3525:the Vedas
3404:Criticism
3398:and Islam
3359:Mythology
3212:Kshatriya
3144:Athichudi
3081:Tirumurai
2999:Tirumurai
2608:VyÄkaraį¹a
2544:Chandogya
2536:Samaveda:
2424:Divisions
2402:Yajurveda
2362:Ätmatuį¹£į¹i
2318:Yogananda
2293:Trailanga
2288:Sivananda
2153:Aurobindo
2139:Vyasaraja
2104:Tyagaraja
2054:Sankardev
2024:Ramananda
1919:JƱÄneÅvar
1894:Harivansh
1879:Gaudapada
1844:Chaitanya
1783:Vashistha
1753:Patanjali
1733:Jamadagni
1652:Vaishnava
1640:Pashupata
1417:Navaratri
1394:Festivals
1361:Upanayana
1326:Jatakarma
1311:Pumsavana
1230:Kuchipudi
1225:Kathakali
1194:RÄja yoga
1128:SamÄdhÄna
1009:Prarthana
983:Practices
910:SvÄdhyÄya
514:Mythology
509:Cosmology
502:Worldview
447:Kartikeya
378:Prajapati
317:Saraswati
90:Etymology
50:romanized
4889:Hinduism
4845:Ramayana
4787:Yakshini
4693:Shashthi
4653:Matrikas
4638:Mahadevi
4440:Trimurti
3674:Ellamman
3641:Examples
3611:Shaivism
3489:Mehrgarh
3417:Glossary
3349:Calendar
3284:Hindutva
3207:Brahmana
2878:samhitas
2870:Shastras
2840:Ayurveda
2831:Upavedas
2666:Ramayana
2657:Itihasas
2623:Jyotisha
2590:Vedangas
2574:Mandukya
2470:Aitareya
2462:Rigveda:
2441:Aranyaka
2436:Brahmana
2409:Samaveda
2124:Valluvar
2119:Vallabha
2099:Tulsidas
2029:Ramanuja
1979:Nayanars
1964:Namadeva
1806:Medieval
1748:Kashyapa
1664:Charvaka
1635:Kapalika
1499:Puthandu
1489:Vaisakhi
1386:Antyesti
1366:Keshanta
1290:Adimurai
1285:Silambam
1250:Sattriya
1235:Manipuri
920:Mitahara
900:Santosha
860:Achourya
672:Sannyasa
662:Gį¹hastha
521:Ontology
495:Concepts
283:Trimurti
246:Smartism
241:Shaktism
236:Shaivism
110:Hinduism
102:a series
100:Part of
72:Hinduism
41:Sanskrit
24:Ellamman
4839:Puranas
4827:Atharva
4796:Texts (
4783:Yakshas
4778:Vahanas
4748:DikpÄla
4721:Apsaras
4673:Rukmini
4648:Matangi
4596:Parvati
4591:Lakshmi
4581:Tridevi
4507:Krishna
4487:Hanuman
4482:Ganesha
4472:Chandra
4467:Ashvins
4020:5 March
4015:2803031
3715:Gallery
3704:Jathera
3635:Puranic
3631:Ganesha
3627:Parvati
3623:Lakshmi
3535:, like
3422:Outline
3217:Vaishya
3185:Society
3036:Stotras
2687:Puranas
2613:Nirukta
2603:Chandas
2598:Shiksha
2581:Prashna
2567:Mundaka
2431:Samhita
2395:Rigveda
2258:Samarth
2094:Tukaram
2039:Ravidas
1778:Valmiki
1728:Jaimini
1698:Angiras
1693:Agastya
1685:Ancient
1571:Advaita
1565:Vedanta
1560:MÄ«mÄį¹sÄ
1540:Samkhya
1427:Ramlila
1169:SÄdhanÄ
1059:Tarpana
1044:KÄ«rtana
1039:Bhajana
990:Worship
915:Shaucha
890:Akrodha
736:Saį¹sÄra
600:Ishvara
569:Nirguna
564:Brahman
528:Tattvas
452:Krishna
437:Hanuman
432:Ganesha
368:Chandra
363:Ashvins
327:Parvati
322:Lakshmi
309:Tridevi
275:Deities
182:Åramaį¹a
162:History
143:Origins
133:History
64:
52::
4743:Devata
4736:Danava
4731:Daitya
4726:Asuras
4688:Shakti
4678:Sanjna
4668:Rohini
4628:Shachi
4613:Chhaya
4532:Varuna
4522:Shasta
4512:Kubera
4450:Vishnu
4445:Brahma
4376:
4324:
4297:
4270:
4243:
4216:
4189:
4162:
4135:
4108:
4066:
4058:
4013:
3972:
3945:
3918:
3891:
3864:
3837:
3810:
3684:Pitari
3615:Vishnu
3603:Vishnu
3577:, the
3557:heaven
3549:Shakti
3543:Legend
3487:is in
3222:Shudra
3040:stutis
2876:, and
2874:sutras
2528:Maitri
2253:Ramdas
2146:Modern
2079:Surdas
1944:Madhva
1869:Eknath
1839:Basava
1834:Alvars
1768:Raikva
1758:PÄį¹ini
1743:Kapila
1738:Kanada
1723:Gotama
1630:Shaiva
1578:Dvaita
1479:Pongal
1402:Diwali
1381:Vivaha
1245:Odissi
1220:Kathak
1159:Yogini
1123:Dhyana
1074:Tirtha
1029:Bhakti
1019:Temple
1014:Årauta
895:Arjava
855:Ahimsa
850:Niyama
833:Ethics
641:Moksha
626:Dharma
574:Saguna
472:Shakti
457:Kubera
403:Varuna
383:Pushan
296:Vishnu
291:Brahma
128:Hindus
4822:Yajur
4807:Vedas
4658:Radha
4623:Ganga
4618:Durga
4608:Bhumi
4603:Aditi
4527:Surya
4492:Indra
4455:Shiva
4424:texts
4064:S2CID
4011:JSTOR
3619:Shiva
3571:amman
3537:Durga
3506:bhumi
3239:Dalit
3192:Varna
3109:Kural
2647:Agama
2618:Kalpa
2514:Katha
2386:Vedas
2357:ÄcÄra
2352:Smį¹ti
2347:Åruti
2331:Texts
1924:Kabir
1793:Vyasa
1703:Aruni
1550:Nyaya
1504:Vishu
1484:Ugadi
1164:Asana
1149:Sadhu
1118:Tapas
1089:Matha
1079:Yatra
1064:Vrata
1049:Yajna
1024:Murti
905:Tapas
880:Damah
875:Satya
845:Yamas
731:Karma
631:Artha
548:Guį¹as
462:Radha
427:Durga
398:Ushas
393:Surya
388:Rudra
373:Indra
349:Vedic
340:Devis
336:Devas
301:Shiva
76:India
4875:more
4817:Sama
4798:list
4758:Gana
4704:more
4698:Sita
4683:Sati
4663:Rati
4633:Kali
4553:more
4547:Yama
4537:Vayu
4517:Rama
4497:Kama
4462:Agni
4432:Gods
4422:and
4374:ISBN
4353:2020
4322:ISBN
4295:ISBN
4268:ISBN
4241:ISBN
4214:ISBN
4187:ISBN
4160:ISBN
4133:ISBN
4106:ISBN
4056:ISSN
4022:2021
3970:ISBN
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3916:ISBN
3889:ISBN
3862:ISBN
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3625:and
3617:and
3609:and
3575:amma
3253:JÄti
3038:and
2551:Kena
2500:Isha
1713:Atri
1545:Yoga
1494:Bihu
1464:Onam
1407:Holi
1207:Arts
1154:Yogi
1141:Yoga
1104:SevÄ
1099:DÄna
1054:Homa
1034:Japa
1004:ÄrtÄ«
999:Puja
925:DÄna
885:DayÄ
743:Mind
726:Maya
636:Kama
477:Sita
467:Rama
442:Kali
408:Vayu
358:Agni
260:List
62:lit.
4812:Rig
4048:doi
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593:God
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