Granite - Knowledge (XXG)

2205: 2173: 2085: 2112: 43: 1172:.) They are not orogenic, forming instead over hot spots and continental rifting, and are metaluminous to mildly peralkaline and iron-rich. These granites are produced by partial melting of refractory lithology such as granulites in the lower continental crust at high thermal gradients. This leads to significant extraction of hydrous felsic melts from granulite-facies resitites. A-type granites occur in the Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Province in the Royal Society Range, Antarctica. The rhyolites of the Yellowstone Caldera are examples of volcanic equivalents of A-type granite. 1611: 1331:

is melting crustal rock at its roof while simultaneously crystallizing at its base. This results in steady contamination with crustal material as the magma rises. This may not be evident in the major and minor element chemistry, since the minerals most likely to crystallize at the base of the chamber are the same ones that would crystallize anyway, but crustal assimilation is detectable in isotope ratios. Heat loss to the country rock means that ascent by assimilation is limited to distance similar to the height of the magma chamber.

1203:. The idea behind granitization was that fluids would supposedly bring in elements such as potassium, and remove others, such as calcium, to transform a metamorphic rock into granite. This was supposed to occur across a migrating front. However, experimental work had established by the 1960s that granites were of igneous origin. The mineralogical and chemical features of granite can be explained only by crystal-liquid phase relations, showing that there must have been at least enough melting to mobilize the magma. 2157: 283: 2134: 1189: 2189: 2297: 272: 2204: 1967: 1319:, where the granite cracks the roof rocks, removing blocks of the overlying crust which then sink to the bottom of the diapir while the magma rises to take their place. This can occur as piecemeal stopping (stoping of small blocks of chamber roof), as cauldron subsidence (collapse of large blocks of chamber roof), or as roof foundering (complete collapse of the roof of a shallow magma chamber accompanied by a 911: 1221:). The leucosome is interpreted as partial melt of a parent rock that has begun to separate from the remaining solid residue (the melanosome). If enough partial melt is produced, it will separate from the source rock, become more highly evolved through fractional crystallization during its ascent toward the surface, and become the magmatic parent of granitic rock. The residue of the source rock becomes a 252: 1575: 1801: 883: 1847: 931: 899: 1346: 1561:

There is some concern that some granite sold as countertops or building material may be hazardous to health. Dan Steck of St. Johns University has stated that approximately 5% of all granite is of concern, with the caveat that only a tiny percentage of the tens of thousands of granite slab types have

1457:

in cool humid climates as the weather-resistant quartz yields much sand. Feldspars also weather slowly in cool climes, allowing sand to dominate the fine-earth fraction. In warm humid regions, the weathering of feldspar as described above is accelerated so as to allow a much higher proportion of clay

1175:

M-type granite was later proposed to cover those granites that were clearly sourced from crystallized mafic magmas, generally sourced from the mantle. Although the fractional crystallisation of basaltic melts can yield small amounts of granites, which are sometimes found in island arcs, such granites

1147:

ores. Their magmas are water-rich, and they readily solidify as the water outgasses from the magma at lower pressure, so they less commonly make it to the surface than magmas of I-type granites, which are thus more common as volcanic rock (rhyolite). They are also orogenic but range from metaluminous

1127:

ratio, Sr/Sr, of less than 0.708. Sr is produced by radioactive decay of Rb, and since rubidium is concentrated in the crust relative to the mantle, a low ratio suggests origin in the mantle. The elevated sodium and calcium favor crystallization of hornblende rather than biotite. I-type granites are

1098:

produced by mafic crystals settling out of the magma. Other processes must produce these great volumes of felsic magma. One such process is injection of basaltic magma into the lower crust, followed by differentiation, which leaves any cumulates in the mantle. Another is heating of the lower crust by

1330:

Assimilation is another mechanism of ascent, where the granite melts its way up into the crust and removes overlying material in this way. This is limited by the amount of thermal energy available, which must be replenished by crystallization of higher-melting minerals in the magma. Thus, the magma

1074:

Early fractional crystallisation serves to reduce a melt in magnesium and chromium, and enrich the melt in iron, sodium, potassium, aluminum, and silicon. Further fractionation reduces the content of iron, calcium, and titanium. This is reflected in the high content of alkali feldspar and quartz in

1248:

Granite magmas have a density of 2.4 Mg/m, much less than the 2.8 Mg/m of high-grade metamorphic rock. This gives them tremendous buoyancy, so that ascent of the magma is inevitable once enough magma has accumulated. However, the question of precisely how such large quantities of magma are able to

1786:

noted in the 16th century that granite in quarries was "far softer and easier to work than after it has lain exposed" while ancient columns, because of their "hardness and solidity have nothing to fear from fire or sword, and time itself, that drives everything to ruin, not only has not destroyed

1565:

A study of granite countertops was done (initiated and paid for by the Marble Institute of America) in November 2008 by National Health and Engineering Inc. of USA. In this test, all of the 39 full-size granite slabs that were measured for the study showed radiation levels well below the European

1820:. It caused a sensation in the London monumental trade and for some years all polished granite ordered came from MacDonald's. As a result of the work of sculptor William Leslie, and later Sidney Field, granite memorials became a major status symbol in Victorian Britain. The royal sarcophagus at 1296:

lower crust where rocks are easily deformed, but runs into problems in the upper crust which is far colder and more brittle. Rocks there do not deform so easily: for magma to rise as a diapir it would expend far too much energy in heating wall rocks, thus cooling and solidifying before reaching

1206:

However, at sufficiently deep crustal levels, the distinction between metamorphism and crustal melting itself becomes vague. Conditions for crystallization of liquid magma are close enough to those of high-grade metamorphism that the rocks often bear a close resemblance. Under these conditions,

1112:

The composition and origin of any magma that differentiates into granite leave certain petrological evidence as to what the granite's parental rock was. The final texture and composition of a granite are generally distinctive as to its parental rock. For instance, a granite that is derived from

1103:

basaltic magma, which produces felsic magma directly from crustal rock. The two processes produce different kinds of granites, which may be reflected in the division between S-type (produced by underplating) and I-type (produced by injection and differentiation) granites, discussed below.

1179:

H-type granites were suggested for hybrid granites, which were hypothesized to form by mixing between mafic and felsic from different sources, such as M-type and S-type. However, the big difference in rheology between mafic and felsic magmas makes this process problematic in nature.

1985:. Because of the rarity of this granite, the best stones can cost as much as US$ 1,500. Between 60 and 70 percent of the stones used today are made from Ailsa Craig granite. Although the island is now a wildlife reserve, it is still quarried under license for Ailsa granite by 1562:

been tested. Resources from national geological survey organizations are accessible online to assist in assessing the risk factors in granite country and design rules relating, in particular, to preventing accumulation of radon gas in enclosed basements and dwellings.

1207:

granitic melts can be produced in place through the partial melting of metamorphic rocks by extracting melt-mobile elements such as potassium and silicon into the melts but leaving others such as calcium and iron in granulite residues. This may be the origin of

1155:

A-type granites show a peculiar mineralogy and geochemistry, with particularly high silicon and potassium at the expense of calcium and magnesium and a high content of high field strength cations (cations with a small radius and high electrical charge, such as

483:

Another aspect of granite classification is the ratios of metals that potentially form feldspars. Most granites have a composition such that almost all their aluminum and alkali metals (sodium and potassium) are combined as feldspar. This is the case when

3183:

Branney, M. J.; Bonnichsen, B.; Andrews, G. D. M.; Ellis, B.; Barry, T. L.; McCurry, M. (January 2008). "'Snake River (SR)-type' volcanism at the Yellowstone hotspot track: distinctive products from unusual, high-temperature silicic super-eruptions".

1113:

partial melting of metasedimentary rocks may have more alkali feldspar, whereas a granite derived from partial melting of metaigneous rocks may be richer in plagioclase. It is on this basis that the modern "alphabet" classification schemes are based.

1770:. Granite became "an integral part of the Roman language of monumental architecture". The quarrying ceased around the third century AD. Beginning in Late Antiquity the granite was reused, which since at least the early 16th century became known as 1808:

In some areas, granite is used for gravestones and memorials. Granite is a hard stone and requires skill to carve by hand. Until the early 18th century, in the Western world, granite could be carved only by hand tools with generally poor results.

1913:

content has an appearance similar to rough granite, and is often used as a substitute when use of real granite is impractical. Granite tables are used extensively as bases or even as the entire structural body of optical instruments,

1151:

Although both I- and S-type granites are orogenic, I-type granites are more common close to the convergent boundary than S-type. This is attributed to thicker crust further from the boundary, which results in more crustal melting.

1090:. In continental arc settings, granitic rocks are the most common plutonic rocks, and batholiths composed of these rock types extend the entire length of the arc. There are no indication of magma chambers where basaltic magmas 1709:

worked the solid granite is still a matter of debate. Tool marks described by the Egyptologist Anna Serotta indicate the use of flint tools on finer work with harder stones, e.g. when producing the hieroglyphic inscriptions.

6269: 1303:

propagation is the mechanism preferred by many geologists as it largely eliminates the major problems of moving a huge mass of magma through cold brittle crust. Magma rises instead in small channels along self-propagating

2084: 606:

The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C (2219–2300 °F); it is strongly reduced in the presence of water, down to 650 °C at a few hundred megapascals of pressure.

1918:, and very high precision CNC machines because of granite's rigidity, high dimensional stability, and excellent vibration characteristics. A most unusual use of granite was as the material of the tracks of the 1276:

Of these two mechanisms, Stokes diapirism has been favoured for many years in the absence of a reasonable alternative. The basic idea is that magma will rise through the crust as a single mass through

2133: 3012: 232:, that are composed mostly of coarse-grained quartz and feldspars in varying proportions. These rocks are classified by the relative percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase (the 1446:

obelisk had survived the arid conditions of its origin before its transfer to London. Within two hundred years, the red granite has drastically deteriorated in the damp and polluted air there.

2172: 3973: 6254: 1831:

over a rubber stencil. Leaving the letters, numbers, and emblems exposed and the remainder of the stone covered with rubber, the blaster can create virtually any kind of artwork or epitaph.

1759:

dedicated to Lord Shiva was built in 1010. The massive Gopuram (ornate, upper section of shrine) is believed to have a mass of around 81 tonnes. It was the tallest temple in south India.

1240:, but recent work suggests that this is not a viable mechanism. In-situ granitization requires heating by the asthenospheric mantle or by underplating with mantle-derived magmas. 2111: 1323:

eruption.) There is evidence for cauldron subsidence at the Mt. Ascutney intrusion in eastern Vermont. Evidence for piecemeal stoping is found in intrusions that are rimmed with

263:

Granite is nearly always massive (lacking any internal structures), hard, and tough. These properties have made granite a widespread construction stone throughout human history.

4504: 1566:

Union safety standards (section 4.1.1.1 of the National Health and Engineering study) and radon emission levels well below the average outdoor radon concentrations in the US.

1782:

chisels was largely forgotten during the Middle Ages. As a result, Medieval stoneworkers were forced to use saws or emery to shorten ancient columns or hack them into discs.

4399: 1824:

was probably the pinnacle of its work, and at 30 tons one of the largest. It was not until the 1880s that rival machinery and works could compete with the MacDonald works.

1139:

such as biotite and muscovite instead of hornblende. Their strontium isotope ratio is typically greater than 0.708, suggesting a crustal origin. They also commonly contain

1120:(igneous source) granite and S-type (sedimentary sources). Both types are produced by partial melting of crustal rocks, either metaigneous rocks or metasedimentary rocks. 3256:"Petrogenesis of Ashigawa and Tonogi granitic intrusions, southern part of the Miocene Kofu Granitic Complex, central Japan: M-type granite in the Izu arc collision zone" 1816:, inspired by seeing ancient Egyptian granite carvings. In 1832, the first polished tombstone of Aberdeen granite to be erected in an English cemetery was installed at 3643: 3295:

Castro, A.; Moreno-Ventas, I.; de la Rosa, J.D. (October 1991). "H-type (hybrid) granitoids: a proposed revision of the granite-type classification and nomenclature".

1997:

Granite is one of the rocks most prized by climbers, for its steepness, soundness, crack systems, and friction. Well-known venues for granite climbing include the

1086:

alone can convert a basaltic magma to a granitic magma, but the quantities produced are small. For example, granitic rock makes up just 4% of the exposures in the

1312:

systems and networks of active shear zones. As these narrow conduits open, the first magma to enter solidifies and provides a form of insulation for later magma.

456:

True granites are further classified by the percentage of their total feldspar that is alkali feldspar. Granites whose feldspar is 65% to 90% alkali feldspar are

4458: 1733:

temple complex. Completed in 774 AD, it is an artificial grotto constructed entirely of granite. The main Buddha of the grotto is a highly regarded piece of

363:

examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their

2971: 449:. Granitic rock with more than 60% quartz, which is uncommon, is classified simply as quartz-rich granitoid or, if composed almost entirely of quartz, as 3995: 3600:

Oxburgh, E. R.; McRae, Tessa (27 April 1984). "Physical constraints on magma contamination in the continental crust: an example, the Adamello complex".

1363:, which are the result of granite's expanding and fracturing as pressure is relieved when overlying material is removed by erosion or other processes. 1449:

Soil development on granite reflects the rock's high quartz content and dearth of available bases, with the base-poor status predisposing the soil to

6264: 6259: 4616: 2775: 1232:(temperature at which partial melting commences) of these rocks. It was long debated whether crustal thickening in orogens (mountain belts along 5865: 2223: 4580: 4561: 4539: 4071: 4044: 2758: 6305: 2156: 1083: 3219:

Whalen, J. B. (1 August 1985). "Geochemistry of an Island-Arc Plutonic Suite: the Uasilau-Yau Yau Intrusive Complex, New Britain, P.N.G".

4371:

Bai, Shuo-wei; Zhang, Jin-sheng; Wang, Zhi (January 2016). "Selection of a sustainable technology for cutting granite block into slabs".

4856: 3403:

Clark, Chris; Fitzsimons, Ian C. W.; Healy, David; Harley, Simon L. (1 August 2011). "How Does the Continental Crust Get Really Hot?".

2355: 3802: 4184: 3711: 3055: 2785: 2498: 2389: 600: 160: 2616:"Long-term Creep of Rocks: Results with Large Specimens Obtained in about 20 Years and Those with Small Specimens in about 3 Years" 4410: 2585: 6109: 4214:

Heitzman, James (1991). "Ritual Polity and Economy: The Transactional Network of an Imperial Temple in Medieval South India".

3852: 3144:"Geology, geochemistry, and geochronology of an A-type granite in the Mulock Glacier area, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica" 1977:

stones are traditionally fashioned of Ailsa Craig granite. The first stones were made in the 1750s, the original source being

1870:

in Scotland, which is constructed principally from local granite, is known as "The Granite City". Because of its abundance in

4333: 3363: 2812: 1597:

Major modern exporters of granite include China, India, Italy, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Spain and the United States.

4036:

Environmental Engineering: Environmental Health and Safety for Municipal Infrastructure, Land Use and Planning, and Industry

3653: 1443: 4435: 1442:

Climatic variations also influence the weathering rate of granites. For about two thousand years, the relief engravings on

1228:

The partial melting of solid rocks requires high temperatures and the addition of water or other volatiles which lower the

42: 6320: 4019: 1315:

These mechanisms can operate in tandem. For example, diapirs may continue to rise through the brittle upper crust through

611: 4109: 2802: 1544:

gas, which is formed by the decay of uranium. Radon gas poses significant health concerns and is the number two cause of

6325: 6315: 6274: 3863: 3680: 1915: 1711: 2720: 4609: 2215: 2188: 236:), with true granite representing granitic rocks rich in quartz and alkali feldspar. Most granitic rocks also contain 4149: 3974:"Pre- and Post-Market Measurements of Gamma Radiation and Radon Emanation from a Large Sample of Decorative Granites" 1905:

of reference, since they are relatively impervious, inflexible, and maintain good dimensional stability. Sandblasted

4174: 4088: 6019: 5893: 5858: 4323: 2672:"Calculation of phase relations involving haplogranitic melts using an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset" 1738: 4462: 1610: 1385:, with potassium ions, bicarbonate, and silica in solution as byproducts. An end product of granite weathering is 6099: 5979: 3752: 3648: 2219: 1955: 1747:

of the Chola Dynasty in South India built the world's first temple entirely of granite in the 11th century AD in

3675: 2535: 4686: 4673: 2018: 1946:

material. This is because it is extremely durable, permeable and requires little maintenance. For example, in

425:

convention) contains between 20% and 60% quartz by volume, with 35% to 90% of the total feldspar consisting of

20: 4594: 2575:

Harvey Blatt; Robert J. Tracy (1997). Petrology (2nd ed). New York: Freeman. p. 66. ISBN 0-7167-2438-3.|p=185

6310: 6029: 4909: 4889: 4849: 4549: 2179: 1775: 1491: 1199:

Granitization is an old, and largely discounted, hypothesis that granite is formed in place through extreme

1091: 446: 1922:, Devon, England, in 1820. Granite block is usually processed into slabs, which can be cut and shaped by a 1812:

A key breakthrough was the invention of steam-powered cutting and dressing tools by Alexander MacDonald of

1116:

The letter-based Chappell & White classification system was proposed initially to divide granites into

6119: 5334: 4602: 3486:

Weinberg, R. F.; Podladchikov, Y. (1994). "Diapiric ascent of magmas through power law crust and mantle".

2422: 2143: 1919: 1281: 1250: 1087: 6300: 5943: 5851: 5299: 2058: 1879: 1817: 1756: 1646: 1233: 1049: 4200: 3602:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

1071:

in its silica content, which became further enriched in silica as it rose through the overlying crust.

622:

A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses:

531:. Granites in which there is not enough aluminum to combine with all the alkali oxides as feldspar (Al 5923: 5918: 3904: 3609: 3542: 3495: 3443: 3304: 3267: 3228: 3108: 2986: 2936: 2683: 2523: 2414: 1530: 1132:

deposits. I-type granites are orogenic (associated with mountain building) and usually metaluminous.

986: 970: 891: 818: 592: 90: 48: 2427: 1923: 1040:) magmas. Felsic magmas are thought to form by addition of heat or water vapor to rock of the lower 6084: 3432:"Regional metamorphism at extreme conditions: Implications for orogeny at convergent plate margins" 2927:

Baker, P. E. (February 1968). "Comparative volcanology and petrology of the atlantic island-arcs".

2728: 2648: 2238: 1910: 1902: 1638: 1483: 1366: 1356: 1229: 1021: 990: 843: 5584: 3950: 3778: 6046: 5928: 5130: 4842: 4231: 3625: 3558: 3511: 3201: 3165: 3124: 3002: 2952: 2558: 2440: 2256: 2066: 1475: 1450: 1374: 1300: 1270: 1237: 1169: 1068: 348: 256: 200: 86: 4478:"3 Types of Rock for Climbing: Granite, Sandstone & Limestone: The Geology of Rock Climbing" 4254:"Reviving Antiquity with Granite: Spolia and the Development of Roman Renaissance Architecture" 1762:

Imperial Roman granite was quarried mainly in Egypt, and also in Turkey, and on the islands of

555:. Granites in which there is an excess of aluminum beyond what can be taken up in feldspars (Al 6208: 6155: 5085: 4576: 4557: 4535: 4477: 4329: 4180: 4131: 4067: 4061: 4040: 4013: 3932: 3859: 3707: 3359: 3051: 2808: 2781: 2754: 2514:

Barbarin, Bernard (1 April 1996). "Genesis of the two main types of peraluminous granitoids".

2494: 2385: 2268: 2211: 2098: 1943: 1634: 1633:), named for the light crimson hue of its exposed limestone surfaces, is the third largest of 1499: 1360: 1316: 1124: 950: 282: 208: 204: 4459:"National Geographic News — Puffins Return to Scottish Island Famous for Curling Stones" 4034: 614:

overall, but strong secondary permeability through cracks and fractures if they are present.

6295: 6114: 6036: 5964: 5782: 5494: 5281: 5150: 4728: 4380: 4265: 4223: 4121: 3922: 3912: 3617: 3550: 3503: 3451: 3412: 3312: 3275: 3236: 3193: 3155: 3116: 3050:(Second ; Pearson new international ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 381. 2994: 2944: 2860: 2691: 2627: 2531: 2432: 2359: 2337: 2279: 2273: 2226:, are made of green granite. The walls as well as the floor are clad with the same material. 2118: 2026: 2022: 2014: 1986: 1767: 1744: 1041: 962: 797: 324: 131: 3827: 3806: 6228: 5984: 5948: 5938: 5594: 5354: 5207: 4708: 4695: 4678: 4665: 4652: 4647: 4630: 4400:"What Free Men Can Do: The Winter War, the Use of Delay, and Lessons for the 21st Century" 3848: 2030: 2010: 1998: 1927: 1875: 1863: 1674: 1650: 1587: 1487: 1309: 1285: 1188: 1129: 998: 919: 779: 754: 674: 649: 628: 485: 426: 371: 298: 184: 476:

and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites, as described

3908: 3613: 3546: 3499: 3447: 3308: 3271: 3232: 3112: 2990: 2940: 2687: 2527: 2418: 6175: 6104: 5933: 5908: 5787: 5629: 5222: 5145: 4746: 2302: 2070: 1883: 1855: 1851: 1783: 1779: 1555: 1386: 1349: 1305: 1117: 1053: 1013: 736: 356: 212: 173: 3927: 3892: 2593: 2461: 2341: 1966: 6289: 6238: 6140: 6094: 6074: 5898: 5832: 5747: 5712: 5559: 5120: 5025: 4721: 3629: 3562: 3316: 3205: 3169: 3128: 2998: 2956: 2050: 2042: 1898: 1686: 1666: 1662: 1623: 1591: 1526: 1370: 1095: 1057: 958: 923: 718: 501: 3515: 3007: 2444: 1737:, and along with the temple complex to which it belongs, Seokguram was added to the 1381:. As demonstrated in the following reaction, this causes potassium feldspar to form 1292:

allowing it to pass without major heat loss. This is entirely feasible in the warm,

1123:

I-type granites are characterized by a high content of sodium and calcium, and by a

910: 591:

of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm (165 and 172 lb/cu ft), its

271: 6170: 6124: 6058: 5874: 5757: 5737: 5609: 5256: 5234: 5175: 5075: 5020: 5005: 4871: 4802: 4798: 4626: 3867: 2405:

Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".

2296: 2262: 2002: 1828: 1734: 1715: 1479: 1459: 1200: 1192: 1100: 974: 939: 696: 493: 461: 457: 438: 394: 321: 275: 245: 233: 176: 4384: 3160: 3143: 1590:

are considered one of the oldest industries in the world, existing as far back as

251: 3456: 3431: 3240: 2696: 2671: 1067:

subducted with the oceanic plate. The melted sediments would have produced magma

6079: 6014: 5646: 5537: 5517: 5507: 5434: 5384: 5309: 5155: 5090: 5060: 5015: 4973: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4894: 4505:"Leopoldina e Teresa Cristina: descubra o que aconteceu com as "mães do Brasil"" 2250: 2102: 1978: 1871: 1654: 1619: 1545: 1519: 997:. Granite often occurs as relatively small, less than 100 km stock masses ( 954: 887: 450: 418: 360: 344: 188: 3897:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3416: 3097:"A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis" 3096: 2356:"Granitoids – Granite and the Related Rocks Granodiorite, Diorite and Tonalite" 2241: – Granite skin peeling like an onion (desquamation) because of weathering 1800: 1574: 1389:, which is often made up of coarse-grained fragments of disintegrated granite. 464:

is 35% to 65% alkali feldspar. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite

335:) peppering the lighter color minerals. Occasionally some individual crystals ( 6233: 6160: 5989: 5974: 5812: 5797: 5772: 5767: 5677: 5662: 5579: 5547: 5512: 5502: 5484: 5464: 5409: 5389: 5344: 5266: 5251: 5227: 5187: 5160: 5140: 5110: 5070: 5045: 5035: 5030: 5010: 4919: 4751: 3197: 2865: 2848: 2292: 2062: 2006: 1931: 1698: 1670: 1579: 1537:

from the granite uplands and associated, often highly radioactive pegmatites.

1378: 1340: 1079: 1064: 943: 882: 552: 414: 406: 387: 379: 375: 364: 340: 336: 332: 113: 4135: 3554: 2493:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–143. 2436: 1135:

S-type granites are sodium-poor and aluminum-rich. As a result, they contain

421:

feldspar on the A-Q-P half of the diagram. True granite (according to modern

6217: 6213: 6180: 6165: 6145: 6041: 5994: 5903: 5827: 5817: 5807: 5792: 5762: 5742: 5727: 5722: 5687: 5682: 5641: 5634: 5599: 5569: 5554: 5532: 5474: 5454: 5449: 5439: 5424: 5404: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5359: 5349: 5324: 5289: 5202: 5170: 5115: 5105: 5080: 5055: 5050: 4990: 4951: 4914: 4285: 4227: 4126: 3917: 2285: 2139: 2125: 2095: 2054: 2046: 2038: 1951: 1894: 1846: 1827:

Modern methods of carving include using computer-controlled rotary bits and

1722: 1706: 1642: 1515: 1382: 1293: 1289: 1222: 1209: 1157: 1025: 1002: 978: 903: 867: 596: 576: 473: 434: 422: 383: 352: 314: 241: 228: 216: 169: 117: 105: 60: 3936: 3893:"The Conway Granite of New Hampshire As a Major Low-Grade Thorium Resource" 3621: 3254:

Saito, Satoshi; Arima, Makoto; Nakajima, Takashi; Kimura, Jun-Ichi (2004).

1878:, America's first railroad, was built to haul granite from the quarries in 930: 4153: 1558:

has been noted for its relatively high thorium concentration of 56±6 ppm.

1540:

Cellars and basements built into soils over granite can become a trap for

1490:, which in turn is a common component of granitic rocks, more abundant in 6150: 5802: 5777: 5702: 5672: 5667: 5589: 5574: 5542: 5522: 5419: 5394: 5271: 5246: 5239: 5217: 5212: 5165: 5100: 4985: 4936: 4926: 4884: 4811: 4777: 4298: 3727: 2147: 1982: 1906: 1867: 1821: 1813: 1730: 1726: 1534: 1277: 1165: 1140: 1060: 1009: 994: 871: 442: 410: 302: 4089:"Decorative Stones in the Pre-Ottoman Islamic Buildings of Cairo, Egypt" 3280: 3255: 3095:

Whalen, Joseph B.; Currie, Kenneth L.; Chappell, Bruce W. (April 1987).

2632: 2615: 2562: 1866:

and as flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments.

5913: 5822: 5752: 5717: 5692: 5624: 5459: 5399: 5339: 5304: 5197: 5125: 5040: 4968: 4963: 4879: 4785: 4781: 4764: 4270: 4253: 4235: 3120: 2948: 2244: 2163: 2034: 1974: 1748: 1682: 1551: 1511: 1503: 1495: 1463: 1320: 1217:) that is permeated by sheets and channels of light granitic rock (the 1161: 1006: 966: 915: 588: 505: 430: 328: 317: 109: 56: 33: 3531:"Observations on the origins and ascent mechanisms of granitic magmas" 3530: 3507: 1926:. In military engineering, Finland planted granite boulders along its 1874:, granite was commonly used to build foundations for homes there. The 898: 6223: 6203: 6089: 6024: 5999: 5888: 5732: 5707: 5604: 5564: 5527: 5429: 5294: 5192: 5182: 5135: 5095: 5065: 4995: 4980: 4958: 4904: 4899: 4794: 4768: 4760: 4735: 4703: 4690: 3891:

Adams, J. A.; Kline, M. C.; Richardson, K. A.; Rogers, J. J. (1962).

1947: 1835: 1771: 1694: 1690: 1507: 1454: 1265: 1045: 1037: 1017: 982: 935: 402: 398: 306: 196: 180: 94: 76: 52: 1954:

black granite stone is used for the paving and kerbs throughout the

1345: 1778:, granite becomes harder with age. The technology required to make 1044:, rather than by decompression of mantle rock, as is the case with 347:. A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite 6270:

Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association

6185: 6053: 6009: 5969: 5697: 5619: 5614: 5479: 5444: 5364: 5319: 5314: 4660: 2549:

Washington, Henry S. (1921). "The Granites of Washington, D. C.".

2195: 2122: 2091: 1965: 1845: 1799: 1752: 1678: 1658: 1609: 1573: 1541: 1344: 1187: 929: 909: 897: 881: 437:, while granitic rocks dominated by plagioclase are classified as 297:, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a 291: 281: 270: 250: 203:

that slowly cools and solidifies underground. It is common in the

192: 4834: 445:. Granitic rocks with over 90% alkali feldspar are classified as 5469: 5414: 5329: 5261: 1763: 1702: 1136: 465: 310: 237: 5847: 5843: 4838: 4598: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2328:

Read, H.H. (January 1943). "Meditations on granite: Part one".

1048:

magmas. It has also been suggested that some granites found at

3469: 3467: 1144: 2484: 2482: 1673:

or capstone, which is now on display in the main hall of the

3358:. San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman, Cooper. pp. 379–380. 3029: 3027: 3025: 4201:"Seokguram Grotto [UNESCO World Heritage] (경주 석굴암)" 3953:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 4 May 2015 2536:

10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0295:GOTTMT>2.3.CO;2

6255:

International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

1176:

must occur together with large amounts of basaltic rocks.

3704:

Physical Geography: Great Systems and Global Environments

1838:, which has a completely different chemical composition. 259:, plagioclase feldspar, quartz, biotite, and/or amphibole 149: 143: 137: 4216:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

359:

term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks.

2614:

Kumagai, Naoichi; Sadao Sasajima; Hidebumi Ito (1978).

2382:

Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

2214:(also King of Portugal as Pedro IV) and his two wives 2469:

British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme

1213:. A migmatite consists of dark, refractory rock (the 551:, and they contain unusual sodium amphiboles such as 161: 146: 2384:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 45. 429:. Granitic rocks poorer in quartz are classified as 152: 140: 6247: 6196: 6133: 6067: 5957: 5881: 5655: 5493: 5280: 4870: 4530:Blasik, Miroslava; Hanika, Bogdashka, eds. (2012). 2620:

Journal of the Society of Materials Science (Japan)

2259: – List of rock types recognized by geologists 1506:. By contrast, more mafic rocks, such as tonalite, 1373:, and other acids present in rain and soil waters, 949:Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout the 477: 134: 100: 82: 72: 67: 3260:Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 1020:are often associated with the margins of granitic 575:, and they contain aluminum-rich minerals such as 2247: – Highly altered granitic rock or pegmatite 1308:which form along new or pre-existing fracture or 1260:Two main mechanisms are thought to be important: 595:usually lies above 200 MPa (29,000 psi), and its 472:granite. Two-mica granites are typically high in 4110:"Reading Tool Marks on Egyptian Stone Sculpture" 4063:A Handbook of Minerals, Crystals, Rocks and Ores 4575:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific. 4284:Friends of West Norwood Cemetery newsletter 71 4001:. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 3048:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 2972:"Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later" 2491:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 2358:. Geology.about.com. 2010-02-06. Archived from 2253: – Type of granite, with a single feldspar 393:Granitic rocks are classified according to the 4325:History of the Granite Industry of New England 3702:Marsh, William M.; Kaufman, Martin M. (2012). 3142:Cottle, John M.; Cooper, Alan F. (June 2006). 2462:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous" 1834:The stone known as "black granite" is usually 1462:soil series a prime example of the consequent 989:surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the 5859: 4850: 4610: 3994:Environmental Health and Engineering (2008). 3587: 3473: 3390: 3341: 3329: 3148:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 3070: 2914: 2834: 2551:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 1787:them but has not even altered their colour." 1236:) was sufficient to produce granite melts by 401:and are named according to the percentage of 327:of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker 8: 4286:Alexander MacDonald (1794–1860) – Stonemason 4150:"Egyptian Genius: Stoneworking for Eternity" 2849:"The off-crust origin of granite batholiths" 2489:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). 1641:, likely dating 2510 BC, was constructed of 1143:of metamorphosed sedimentary rock, and host 862:The medium-grained equivalent of granite is 219:exposed over hundreds of square kilometers. 26: 4358:The Haytor Granite Tramway and Stover Canal 3706:. Cambridge University Press. p. 510. 3535:Journal of the Geological Society of London 1525:Many large granite plutons are sources for 390:. Phenocrysts are usually alkali feldspar. 386:. The plagioclase is typically sodium-rich 5866: 5852: 5844: 4857: 4843: 4835: 4640: 4617: 4603: 4595: 4532:Granite: Occurrence, Mineralogy and Origin 4461:. National Geographic News. Archived from 3575: 3082: 3033: 2891: 2879: 2807:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. 2456: 2454: 2330:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2150:and is a popular rock climbing destination 1930:to block invasion by Russian tanks in the 1063:below continental crust, were formed from 4573:Granite Petrology and the Granite Problem 4554:Landforms and Geology of Granite Terrains 4503:De Matteo, Giovanna (12 September 2020). 4436:"Sydney Streets technical specifications" 4269: 4125: 3926: 3916: 3828:"Radon and Cancer: Questions and Answers" 3455: 3279: 3159: 3101:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 3006: 2970:Chappell, B. W.; White, A. J. R. (2001). 2864: 2695: 2631: 2426: 1897:have traditionally used polished granite 1024:. In some locations, very coarse-grained 222:Granite is typical of a larger family of 6265:Mason Contractors Association of America 3981:Nineteenth International Radon Symposium 3378: 2751:Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology 2380:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). 1522:rocks usually have equally low amounts. 1498:. Some granites contain around 10 to 20 1352:sand and granitoid from which it derived 343:, in which case the texture is known as 6260:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland 2320: 2080: 1862:Granite has been extensively used as a 1714:has postulated that the Egyptians used 1486:of weak emission, and a constituent of 1359:occurs on a large scale in the form of 985:. Granites sometimes occur in circular 320:, which form an interlocking, somewhat 301:rock. Granitic rocks mainly consist of 4556:. Leiden, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema. 4398:Chersicla, Rick (January–March 2017). 4011: 2224:Monument to the Independence of Brazil 1327:containing fragments of country rock. 870:igneous rock equivalent of granite is 25: 4534:. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science. 4176:Sculptures of Unified Silla: 통일신라의 조각 4066:. New India Publishing. p. 585. 4060:Parmodh Alexander (15 January 2009). 4039:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 40. 4033:Nelson L. Nemerow (27 January 2009). 3996:"Natural Stone Countertops and Radon" 3853:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels" 2218:(not pictured, facing his grave) and 1705:, and wall and floor veneer. How the 953:. Much of it was intruded during the 7: 4360:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 4328:(2018 ed.). Franklin Classics. 4247: 4245: 2979:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 2670:Holland, Tim; Powell, Roger (2001). 1804:Granites (cut and polished surfaces) 1533:, where the uranium washes into the 3951:"Granite Countertops and Radiation" 3779:"Granite Countertops and Radiation" 3753:"Cecil – North Carolina State Soil" 2586:"Rock Types and Specific Gravities" 2069:in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the 961:that underlies the relatively thin 286:Mineral assemblage of igneous rocks 248:) contain almost no dark minerals. 3430:Zheng, Y.-F.; Chen, R.-X. (2017). 3018:from the original on Oct 22, 2022. 2749:Haldar, S.K.; Tišljar, J. (2014). 1578:Granite dimension stone quarry in 523:O. Such granites are described as 290:The word "granite" comes from the 14: 3758:. Soil Science Society of America 2407:Journal of the Geological Society 1257:) is still a matter of research. 1253:to make room for themselves (the 1078:The presence of granitic rock in 244:minerals, though a few (known as 215:only a few centimeters across to 4457:Roach, John (October 27, 2004). 3732:Land Use Impacts on Soil Quality 2999:10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00882.x 2847:Castro, Antonio (January 2014). 2295: 2203: 2187: 2171: 2155: 2132: 2110: 2083: 1297:higher levels within the crust. 1036:Granite forms from silica-rich ( 130: 41: 6110:Non-explosive demolition agents 3488:Journal of Geophysical Research 3436:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 3354:McBirney, Alexander R. (1984). 1514:, have 1 to 5 ppm uranium, and 1474:Granite is a natural source of 1016:of granitic composition called 1005:that are often associated with 207:of Earth, where it is found in 3644:"Granite [Weathering]" 2780:. Discovery Publishing House. 2009:massif (and peaks such as the 1718:, which has greater hardness. 1369:of granite occurs when dilute 1284:, causing them to behave as a 1108:Alphabet classification system 278:with granite field highlighted 1: 4385:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.052 4373:Journal of Cleaner Production 3161:10.1080/00288306.2006.9515159 2342:10.1016/S0016-7878(43)80008-0 1627: 1377:feldspar in a process called 957:age; it is the most abundant 938:veins at Gros la Tête cliff, 6275:Worshipful Company of Masons 4108:Serotta, Anna (2023-12-19). 3864:American Petroleum Institute 3681:Geological Society of London 3457:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.03.009 3317:10.1016/0012-8252(91)90020-G 2649:"The temperatures of magmas" 2288: – Two feldspar granite 2282: – Type of igneous rock 2276: – Type of igneous rock 2265: – Rare type of granite 2073:, British Columbia, Canada. 1669:once had a polished granite 1661:Granite". The mostly ruined 1478:, like most natural stones. 1280:. As it rises, it heats the 6306:National symbols of Finland 3830:. National Cancer Institute 2162:Rixö red granite quarry in 1028:masses occur with granite. 211:. These range in size from 6342: 3777:US EPA, OAR (2015-05-04). 3417:10.2113/gselements.7.4.235 3241:10.1093/petrology/26.3.603 2710:Blatt and Tracy 1996, p.66 2697:10.1093/petrology/42.4.673 1739:UNESCO World Heritage List 1653:) contains a huge granite 1614:Cleopatra's Needle, London 1548:in the US behind smoking. 1338: 1148:to strongly peraluminous. 1084:fractional crystallization 965:veneer of the continents. 850: 832: 807: 786: 768: 743: 725: 707: 685: 663: 638: 355:is a general, descriptive 331:mica and amphibole (often 18: 6100:Lewis (lifting appliance) 4638: 4018:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3972:Steck, Daniel J. (2009). 3803:"Decay series of Uranium" 3649:University College London 3588:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3474:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3391:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3342:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3330:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3198:10.1007/s00445-007-0140-7 3071:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2915:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2866:10.1016/j.gsf.2013.06.006 2835:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2753:. Elsevier. p. 116. 2647:Larsen, Esper S. (1929). 2117:The granite peaks of the 2101:and for the piers of the 1956:Central Business District 1852:granite castle of Aulanko 1774:. Through the process of 1665:dating from the reign of 1288:and thus flow around the 610:Granite has poor primary 374:in granites is typically 40: 31: 4571:Marmo, Vladimir (1971). 4550:Twidale, Charles Rowland 4252:Waters, Michael (2016). 4179:. 국립중앙박물관. 8 July 2015. 4114:Rivista del Museo Egizio 3555:10.1144/gsjgs.155.5.0843 3046:Winter, John D. (2014). 2437:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825 2182:on Baffin Island, Canada 2146:, is actually a granite 2019:Adamello-Presanella Alps 1645:and granite blocks. The 1554:occurs in all granites. 969:of granite tend to form 460:, while the feldspar in 447:alkali feldspar granites 21:Granite (disambiguation) 4910:Basaltic trachyandesite 4890:Alkali feldspar granite 4228:10.1163/156852091x00157 4127:10.29353/rime.2023.5098 3918:10.1073/pnas.48.11.1898 3186:Bulletin of Volcanology 2929:Bulletin Volcanologique 2801:Twidale, C. R. (1982). 2180:Auyuittuq National Park 2045:), the Fitzroy Massif, 1796:Sculpture and memorials 1729:shrine and part of the 1492:alkali feldspar granite 195:with a high content of 168:) is a coarse-grained ( 4322:Brayley, A.W. (1913). 3622:10.1098/rsta.1984.0004 3576:Blatt & Tracy 1996 3529:Clemens, John (1998). 3083:Blatt & Tracy 1996 3034:Blatt & Tracy 1996 2892:Blatt & Tracy 1996 2880:Blatt & Tracy 1996 2210:The graves of Emperor 2144:Yosemite National Park 1971: 1920:Haytor Granite Tramway 1859: 1805: 1615: 1583: 1529:-hosted or roll front 1353: 1244:Ascent and emplacement 1196: 1088:South Sandwich Islands 946: 927: 907: 895: 468:is called a binary or 339:) are larger than the 299:completely crystalline 287: 279: 260: 5300:Banded iron formation 4258:Architectural History 4222:(1/2). BRILL: 23–54. 3297:Earth-Science Reviews 2653:American Mineralogist 2090:Granite was used for 1969: 1942:Granite is used as a 1880:Quincy, Massachusetts 1849: 1818:Kensal Green Cemetery 1803: 1757:Brihadeeswarar Temple 1725:Grotto in Korea is a 1647:Great Pyramid of Giza 1613: 1577: 1348: 1339:Further information: 1234:convergent boundaries 1191: 1094:into granites, or of 1050:convergent boundaries 933: 913: 901: 885: 285: 274: 254: 104:Differing amounts of 6321:Symbols of Wisconsin 5924:Massive precut stone 5919:Post-tensioned stone 4465:on November 2, 2004. 4409:: 63. Archived from 4356:Ewans, M.C. (1966). 3221:Journal of Petrology 2853:Geoscience Frontiers 2676:Journal of Petrology 1989:for curling stones. 1586:Granite and related 1531:uranium ore deposits 1271:Fracture propagation 618:Chemical composition 593:compressive strength 571:O) are described as 547:O) are described as 91:plagioclase feldspar 49:plagioclase feldspar 19:For other uses, see 16:Type of igneous rock 6326:Industrial minerals 6316:Sculpture materials 6120:Stonemason's hammer 6085:Ceramic tile cutter 3909:1962PNAS...48.1898A 3614:1984RSPTA.310..457O 3590:, pp. 347–350. 3547:1998JGSoc.155..843C 3500:1994JGR....99.9543W 3448:2017JAESc.145...46Z 3381:, pp. 379–380. 3332:, pp. 104–105. 3309:1991ESRv...31..237C 3281:10.2465/jmps.99.104 3272:2004JMPeS..99..104S 3233:1985JPet...26..603W 3113:1987CoMP...95..407W 3085:, pp. 203–206. 2991:2001AuJES..48..489C 2941:1968BVol...32..189B 2777:Earth Science Today 2729:The Open University 2688:2001JPet...42..673H 2633:10.2472/jsms.27.155 2528:1996Geo....24..295B 2419:1991JGSoc.148..825L 2239:Exfoliating granite 1639:Pyramid of Menkaure 1484:radioactive isotope 1367:Chemical weathering 1357:Physical weathering 1230:solidus temperature 1170:rare earth elements 991:metamorphic aureole 583:Physical properties 405:, alkali feldspar ( 397:for coarse grained 255:Granite containing 234:QAPF classification 201:alkali metal oxides 179:composed mostly of 47:Granite containing 28: 5656:Specific varieties 4765:Diabase (Dolerite) 4271:10.1017/arh.2016.5 4087:James A. Harrell. 3728:"Land Use Impacts" 3656:on 15 October 2014 3541:(Part 5): 843–51. 3121:10.1007/BF00402202 2949:10.1007/BF02596591 2774:Singh, G. (2009). 2257:List of rock types 2067:Sugarloaf Mountain 1972: 1860: 1806: 1657:fashioned of "Red 1616: 1584: 1466:great soil group. 1444:Cleopatra's Needle 1361:exfoliation joints 1354: 1238:radiogenic heating 1197: 947: 928: 908: 902:A granite peak at 896: 288: 280: 261: 257:potassium feldspar 209:igneous intrusions 87:potassium feldspar 6283: 6282: 6209:Hardstone carving 6156:Polygonal masonry 5980:Decorative stones 5841: 5840: 5086:Nepheline syenite 4832: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4799:Microgranodiorite 4729:Subvolcanic rocks 4582:978-0-444-40852-5 4563:978-0-415-36435-5 4541:978-1-62081-566-3 4073:978-81-907237-8-7 4046:978-0-470-08305-5 3983:. pp. 28–51. 3860:Shell Oil Company 3608:(1514): 457–472. 3578:, pp. 21–22. 3508:10.1029/93JB03461 3356:Igneous petrology 2837:, pp. 15–16. 2804:Granite landforms 2760:978-0-12-408133-8 2269:Orbicular granite 2212:Pedro I of Brazil 1685:). Other uses in 1635:Egyptian pyramids 1588:marble industries 1500:parts per million 1470:Natural radiation 1125:strontium isotope 951:continental crust 860: 859: 661:14.42% (alumina) 205:continental crust 123: 122: 6333: 6115:Plug and feather 5965:Artificial stone 5868: 5861: 5854: 5845: 5783:Rapakivi granite 5495:Metamorphic rock 5282:Sedimentary rock 5151:Quartz monzonite 4859: 4852: 4845: 4836: 4641: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4596: 4586: 4567: 4545: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4482:Liveabout.dotcom 4476:Green, Stewart. 4473: 4467: 4466: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4415: 4404: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4152:. Archived from 4146: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4017: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4000: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3978: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3930: 3920: 3903:(11): 1898–905. 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3872: 3866:. Archived from 3857: 3849:Hubbert, M. King 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3809:on March 9, 2012 3805:. Archived from 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3757: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3652:. Archived from 3640: 3634: 3633: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3303:(3–4): 237–253. 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3163: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3010: 2976: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2626:(293): 157–161. 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2592:. Archived from 2582: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2557:(19): v459–470. 2546: 2540: 2539: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2466: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2430: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2325: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2280:Rapakivi granite 2274:Quartz monzonite 2216:Maria Leopoldina 2207: 2191: 2175: 2159: 2136: 2119:Cordillera Paine 2114: 2087: 2041:(especially the 2027:Grandes Jorasses 2023:Aiguille du Midi 2015:Mourne Mountains 1987:Kays of Scotland 1745:Rajaraja Chola I 1632: 1629: 1128:known for their 914:Pink granite at 853: 835: 810: 789: 771: 746: 728: 710: 688: 666: 641: 636:72.04% (silica) 625: 624: 603:is 3–6·10 Pa·s. 191:. It forms from 164: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 136: 45: 29: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6243: 6192: 6129: 6063: 5985:Dimension stone 5953: 5877: 5872: 5842: 5837: 5651: 5595:Pseudotachylite 5489: 5276: 5208:Tephriphonolite 4866: 4863: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4741: 4733: 4726: 4712: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4650: 4634: 4631:silicon dioxide 4623: 4593: 4583: 4570: 4564: 4548: 4542: 4529: 4526: 4524:Further reading 4521: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4507:(in Portuguese) 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4438:. November 2020 4434: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4416:on 18 July 2020 4413: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4305: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4283: 4279: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4159: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3855: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3465: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3023: 3015: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2597: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2428:10.1.1.692.4446 2404: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2301: 2294: 2291: 2234: 2227: 2222:(left), in the 2208: 2199: 2192: 2183: 2176: 2167: 2160: 2151: 2137: 2128: 2115: 2106: 2088: 2079: 2037:, parts of the 2011:Aiguille du Dru 1999:Yosemite Valley 1995: 1964: 1940: 1928:Mannerheim Line 1901:to establish a 1892: 1876:Granite Railway 1864:dimension stone 1844: 1798: 1793: 1675:Egyptian Museum 1630: 1608: 1603: 1572: 1488:alkali feldspar 1472: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1343: 1337: 1325:igneous breccia 1286:power-law fluid 1246: 1186: 1130:porphyry copper 1110: 1054:tectonic plates 1034: 920:South Australia 880: 856: 851: 838: 833: 826: 822: 813: 808: 801: 792: 787: 774: 769: 762: 758: 749: 744: 731: 726: 713: 708: 700: 691: 686: 678: 669: 664: 657: 653: 644: 639: 632: 620: 585: 570: 566: 562: 558: 546: 542: 538: 534: 522: 518: 513: 509: 497: 489: 427:alkali feldspar 372:alkali feldspar 269: 185:alkali feldspar 162: 133: 129: 63: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6339: 6337: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6311:Plutonic rocks 6308: 6303: 6298: 6288: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5909:Letter cutting 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5788:Rhomb porphyry 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5630:Talc carbonate 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5223:Trachyandesite 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5146:Quartz diorite 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865:Types of rocks 4864: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4809: 4807: 4792: 4790: 4775: 4773: 4758: 4756: 4747:Picrite basalt 4744: 4742: 4736:Plutonic rocks 4722:Volcanic rocks 4718: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4701: 4697: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4629:classified by 4624: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4592: 4591:External links 4589: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4568: 4562: 4546: 4540: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4495: 4468: 4449: 4427: 4390: 4363: 4348: 4334: 4314: 4290: 4277: 4241: 4206: 4192: 4185: 4166: 4141: 4100: 4079: 4072: 4052: 4045: 4025: 3986: 3964: 3942: 3883: 3840: 3819: 3794: 3769: 3744: 3719: 3712: 3694: 3667: 3635: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3521: 3478: 3463: 3422: 3411:(4): 235–240. 3395: 3383: 3371: 3364: 3346: 3344:, p. 511. 3334: 3322: 3287: 3266:(3): 104–117. 3246: 3227:(3): 603–632. 3211: 3192:(3): 293–314. 3175: 3154:(2): 191–202. 3134: 3107:(4): 407–419. 3087: 3075: 3073:, p. 148. 3063: 3056: 3038: 3036:, p. 185. 3021: 2985:(4): 489–499. 2962: 2935:(1): 189–206. 2919: 2917:, p. 378. 2896: 2894:, p. 172. 2884: 2882:, p. 128. 2872: 2839: 2827: 2813: 2793: 2786: 2766: 2759: 2741: 2721:"Microgranite" 2712: 2703: 2682:(4): 673–683. 2662: 2639: 2606: 2577: 2568: 2541: 2522:(4): 295–298. 2506: 2499: 2478: 2450: 2413:(5): 825–833. 2397: 2390: 2372: 2347: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2303:Geology portal 2290: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2198:, South Africa 2193: 2186: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2152: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2116: 2109: 2107: 2089: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2071:Stawamus Chief 1994: 1991: 1970:Curling stones 1963: 1962:Curling stones 1960: 1939: 1936: 1924:cutting center 1899:surface plates 1891: 1888: 1886:in the 1820s. 1884:Neponset River 1843: 1840: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1784:Giorgio Vasari 1780:tempered metal 1776:case-hardening 1631: 2590 BC 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1571: 1568: 1556:Conway granite 1471: 1468: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1336: 1333: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1245: 1242: 1185: 1182: 1109: 1106: 1033: 1030: 1012:ranges. Small 981:, and rounded 879: 876: 858: 857: 854: 849: 846: 840: 839: 836: 831: 828: 824: 820: 815: 814: 811: 806: 803: 799: 794: 793: 790: 785: 782: 776: 775: 772: 767: 764: 760: 756: 751: 750: 747: 742: 739: 733: 732: 729: 724: 721: 715: 714: 711: 706: 703: 698: 693: 692: 689: 684: 681: 676: 671: 670: 667: 662: 659: 655: 651: 646: 645: 642: 637: 634: 630: 619: 616: 584: 581: 568: 564: 560: 556: 544: 540: 536: 532: 520: 516: 511: 507: 495: 487: 399:plutonic rocks 268: 265: 224:granitic rocks 121: 120: 102: 98: 97: 84: 80: 79: 74: 73:Classification 70: 69: 65: 64: 46: 38: 37: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6338: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248:Organizations 6246: 6240: 6239:Machicolation 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095:Diamond blade 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6075:Angle grinder 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5748:Litchfieldite 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:Hyaloclastite 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5560:Litchfieldite 5558: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5121:Phonotephrite 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5026:Hyaloclastite 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4627:igneous rocks 4620: 4615: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4506: 4499: 4496: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4450: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4379:: 2278–2291. 4378: 4374: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4349: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4318: 4315: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4186:9788981641306 4182: 4178: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4156:on 2007-10-14 4155: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4101: 4090: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4015: 3997: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3965: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3873:on 2008-05-27 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3851:(June 1956). 3850: 3844: 3841: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3770: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3713:9781107376649 3709: 3705: 3698: 3695: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3479: 3476:, p. 80. 3475: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3393:, p. 44. 3392: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3379:McBirney 1984 3375: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3057:9781292021539 3053: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2787:9788183564380 2783: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2596:on 2017-08-31 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2500:9780521880060 2496: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475:: 1–52. 1999. 2474: 2470: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2391:0-7167-2438-3 2387: 2383: 2376: 2373: 2362:on 2009-08-10 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:Cornish coast 2056: 2052: 2051:Baffin Island 2048: 2044: 2043:Trango Towers 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1993:Rock climbing 1992: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1909:with a heavy 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1802: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687:Ancient Egypt 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667:Amenemhat III 1664: 1663:Black Pyramid 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1592:Ancient Egypt 1589: 1581: 1576: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527:palaeochannel 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1455:podzolization 1452: 1451:acidification 1447: 1445: 1436:+ 2 K + 2 HCO 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:carbonic acid 1368: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1202: 1194: 1190: 1184:Granitization 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1092:differentiate 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1058:oceanic crust 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 959:basement rock 956: 952: 945: 941: 937: 934:Granite with 932: 925: 924:Hiltaba Suite 922:(part of the 921: 917: 912: 905: 900: 893: 889: 884: 877: 875: 873: 869: 865: 847: 845: 842: 841: 829: 827: 817: 816: 804: 802: 796: 795: 783: 781: 778: 777: 765: 763: 753: 752: 740: 738: 735: 734: 722: 720: 717: 716: 704: 702: 695: 694: 682: 680: 673: 672: 660: 658: 648: 647: 635: 633: 627: 626: 623: 617: 615: 613: 608: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 582: 580: 578: 574: 554: 550: 530: 526: 514: 503: 499: 491: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458:syenogranites 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 439:granodiorites 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 382:and is often 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 323: 319: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 293: 284: 277: 273: 266: 264: 258: 253: 249: 247: 246:leucogranites 243: 239: 235: 231: 230: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175: 171: 167: 166: 157: 127: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 44: 39: 36: 35: 30: 22: 6301:Felsic rocks 6171:Tuckpointing 6125:Straightedge 6059:Stone veneer 6004: 5875:Stonemasonry 5758:Luxullianite 5738:Lapis lazuli 5683:Blue Granite 5610:Serpentinite 5585:Metapsammite 5335:Conglomerate 5257:Trondhjemite 5235:Trachybasalt 5176:Pantellerite 5076:Monzogranite 5021:Hornblendite 5006:Granodiorite 5000: 4872:Igneous rock 4819: 4816:Microgranite 4815: 4810: 4803:Granodiorite 4793: 4782:Microdiorite 4776: 4759: 4745: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4719: 4687:Intermediate 4674:Intermediate 4572: 4553: 4531: 4509:. Retrieved 4498: 4486:. Retrieved 4481: 4471: 4463:the original 4452: 4440:. Retrieved 4430: 4418:. Retrieved 4411:the original 4406: 4393: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4357: 4351: 4339:. Retrieved 4324: 4317: 4306:. Retrieved 4302: 4293: 4280: 4261: 4257: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4195: 4175: 4169: 4158:. Retrieved 4154:the original 4144: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4092:. Retrieved 4082: 4062: 4055: 4035: 4028: 4003:. Retrieved 3989: 3980: 3967: 3955:. Retrieved 3945: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3875:. Retrieved 3868:the original 3843: 3832:. Retrieved 3822: 3811:. Retrieved 3807:the original 3797: 3786:. Retrieved 3782: 3772: 3760:. Retrieved 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3731: 3722: 3703: 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3679: 3676:"Hydrolysis" 3670: 3658:. Retrieved 3654:the original 3647: 3638: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3494:(B5): 9543. 3491: 3487: 3481: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3355: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3047: 3041: 2982: 2978: 2965: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2887: 2875: 2859:(1): 63–75. 2856: 2852: 2842: 2830: 2818:. Retrieved 2803: 2796: 2776: 2769: 2750: 2744: 2732:. Retrieved 2724: 2715: 2706: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2598:. Retrieved 2594:the original 2589: 2580: 2571: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2490: 2472: 2468: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2381: 2375: 2364:. Retrieved 2360:the original 2350: 2336:(2): 64–85. 2333: 2329: 2323: 2263:Luxullianite 2105:(background) 1996: 1973: 1941: 1934:of 1939–40. 1893: 1861: 1833: 1829:sandblasting 1826: 1811: 1807: 1761: 1743: 1735:Buddhist art 1720: 1712:Patrick Hunt 1617: 1596: 1585: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1539: 1524: 1480:Potassium-40 1473: 1448: 1441: 1365: 1355: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1299: 1275: 1259: 1255:room problem 1254: 1251:country rock 1249:shove aside 1247: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1201:metasomatism 1198: 1193:Thin section 1178: 1174: 1154: 1150: 1134: 1122: 1115: 1111: 1101:underplating 1077: 1073: 1069:intermediate 1035: 948: 940:Aride Island 890:, a granite 864:microgranite 863: 861: 621: 612:permeability 609: 605: 587:The average 586: 573:peraluminous 572: 563:> CaO + K 548: 529:metaluminous 528: 524: 482: 469: 462:monzogranite 455: 395:QAPF diagram 392: 369: 361:Petrographic 322:equigranular 294: 289: 276:QAPF diagram 262: 227: 223: 221: 177:igneous rock 125: 124: 34:Igneous rock 32: 6080:Bush hammer 6015:Lime mortar 5894:Rustication 5647:Whiteschist 5538:Greenschist 5518:Cataclasite 5508:Amphibolite 5435:Phosphorite 5385:Itacolumite 5310:Calcarenite 5156:Quartzolite 5091:Nephelinite 5061:Lamprophyre 5016:Harzburgite 4974:Napoleonite 4947:Charnockite 4942:Carbonatite 4932:Blairmorite 4895:Anorthosite 4511:29 December 4303:Geology.com 4264:: 149–179. 3783:www.epa.gov 2734:28 December 2251:Hypersolvus 2194:Granite in 2178:Granite in 2103:Eads Bridge 1979:Ailsa Craig 1890:Engineering 1872:New England 1856:Hämeenlinna 1655:sarcophagus 1620:Red Pyramid 1546:lung cancer 1520:sedimentary 1082:shows that 1080:island arcs 987:depressions 963:sedimentary 955:Precambrian 888:Cheesewring 549:peralkaline 451:quartzolite 419:plagioclase 345:porphyritic 337:phenocrysts 267:Description 189:plagioclase 68:Composition 6290:Categories 6234:Stone wall 6161:Repointing 6134:Techniques 5990:Fieldstone 5975:Cast stone 5929:Monumental 5813:Teschenite 5798:Shonkinite 5773:Pietersite 5768:Novaculite 5678:Borolanite 5663:Adamellite 5580:Metapelite 5548:Calcflinta 5513:Blueschist 5503:Anthracite 5485:Wackestone 5465:Travertine 5410:Lumachelle 5390:Jaspillite 5345:Diamictite 5267:Websterite 5252:Troctolite 5228:Benmoreite 5188:Shonkinite 5161:Rhyodacite 5141:Pyroxenite 5111:Peridotite 5071:Lherzolite 5046:Kimberlite 5036:Ignimbrite 5031:Icelandite 5011:Granophyre 4920:Shoshonite 4752:Peridotite 4648:Ultramafic 4488:3 December 4442:25 January 4420:3 December 4341:3 December 4335:0342278657 4308:2022-01-25 4160:2008-01-06 4094:2008-01-06 4005:2023-02-20 3877:2014-11-10 3834:2008-10-19 3813:2008-10-19 3788:2024-09-12 3365:0877353239 2820:10 October 2814:0444421165 2600:2017-08-27 2366:2010-05-09 2310:References 2099:riverfront 2063:Cairngorms 2007:Mont Blanc 1932:Winter War 1671:pyramidion 1580:Taivassalo 1516:limestones 1379:hydrolysis 1341:Weathering 1335:Weathering 1282:wall rocks 1215:melanosome 1210:migmatites 1195:of granite 1022:intrusions 1003:batholiths 979:bornhardts 944:Seychelles 894:in England 878:Occurrence 553:riebeckite 435:monzonites 423:petrologic 415:microcline 407:orthoclase 388:oligoclase 380:microcline 376:orthoclase 365:mineralogy 341:groundmass 333:hornblende 229:granitoids 217:batholiths 170:phaneritic 118:amphiboles 114:hornblende 6229:Sculpture 6218:Footstone 6214:Headstone 6181:Brickwork 6166:Scabbling 6146:Flushwork 6042:Sandstone 6020:Limestone 5995:Flagstone 5958:Materials 5939:Sculpture 5904:Dry stone 5828:Variolite 5818:Theralite 5808:Tachylite 5793:Rodingite 5763:Mangerite 5743:Larvikite 5728:Jasperoid 5723:Jadeitite 5688:Epidosite 5642:Tectonite 5635:Soapstone 5600:Quartzite 5570:Migmatite 5555:Itabirite 5533:Granulite 5475:Turbidite 5455:Sylvinite 5450:Siltstone 5440:Sandstone 5425:Oil shale 5405:Limestone 5380:Gritstone 5375:Greywacke 5370:Geyserite 5360:Evaporite 5350:Diatomite 5325:Claystone 5290:Argillite 5203:Tachylyte 5171:Comendite 5116:Phonolite 5106:Pegmatite 5081:Monzonite 5056:Lamproite 5051:Komatiite 4991:Foidolite 4952:Enderbite 4915:Mugearite 4484:. Dotdash 4136:2611-3295 3957:7 January 3630:120776326 3563:129958999 3442:: 46–73. 3206:128878481 3170:128395509 3129:128541930 2957:128993656 2725:OpenLearn 2423:CiteSeerX 2315:Citations 2286:Subsolvus 2140:Half Dome 2126:Patagonia 2096:St. Louis 2055:Ogawayama 2047:Patagonia 2039:Karakoram 2031:Bregaglia 1952:Australia 1911:aggregate 1895:Engineers 1882:, to the 1858:, Finland 1842:Buildings 1741:in 1995. 1723:Seokguram 1707:Egyptians 1643:limestone 1606:Antiquity 1582:, Finland 1535:sediments 1502:(ppm) of 1476:radiation 1458:with the 1383:kaolinite 1290:intrusion 1223:granulite 1219:leucosome 1158:zirconium 1141:xenoliths 1096:cumulates 1075:granite. 1065:sediments 1026:pegmatite 1001:) and in 904:Huangshan 868:extrusive 597:viscosity 577:muscovite 474:potassium 443:tonalites 384:perthitic 353:Granitoid 315:amphibole 242:amphibole 174:intrusive 106:muscovite 101:Secondary 61:amphibole 59:, and/or 6197:Products 6151:Knapping 5944:Slipform 5803:Taconite 5778:Pyrolite 5703:Ganister 5673:Aphanite 5668:Appinite 5590:Phyllite 5575:Mylonite 5543:Hornfels 5523:Eclogite 5420:Mudstone 5395:Laterite 5355:Dolomite 5272:Wehrlite 5247:Trachyte 5240:Hawaiite 5218:Tonalite 5213:Tephrite 5166:Rhyolite 5131:Porphyry 5101:Obsidian 4986:Essexite 4937:Boninite 4927:Basanite 4885:Andesite 4812:Rhyolite 4778:Andesite 4707:>69% 4651:<45% 4552:(2005). 4407:Infantry 4299:"Gabbro" 4014:cite web 3937:16591014 3762:23 March 3737:23 March 3516:19470906 3405:Elements 3013:Archived 3008:33503865 2659:: 81–94. 2563:24532555 2445:28548230 2232:See also 2166:, Sweden 2025:and the 2003:Bugaboos 1983:Scotland 1944:pavement 1907:concrete 1868:Aberdeen 1822:Frogmore 1814:Aberdeen 1731:Bulguksa 1727:Buddhist 1689:include 1570:Industry 1496:syenites 1301:Fracture 1278:buoyancy 1166:tantalum 1061:subducts 1056:, where 1052:between 1046:basaltic 1010:mountain 1007:orogenic 995:hornfels 967:Outcrops 872:rhyolite 470:two-mica 431:syenites 411:sanidine 349:porphyry 318:minerals 303:feldspar 6296:Granite 6141:Flaming 6005:Granite 5949:Snecked 5914:Masonry 5899:Carving 5823:Unakite 5753:Llanite 5718:Ijolite 5693:Felsite 5625:Suevite 5460:Tillite 5400:Lignite 5340:Coquina 5305:Breccia 5198:Syenite 5126:Picrite 5041:Ijolite 5001:Granite 4969:Diorite 4964:Diabase 4880:Adakite 4820:Granite 4786:Diorite 4694:63–69% 4677:52–63% 4664:45–52% 4633:content 4625:Common 4236:3632277 3905:Bibcode 3687:10 July 3660:10 July 3610:Bibcode 3543:Bibcode 3496:Bibcode 3444:Bibcode 3305:Bibcode 3268:Bibcode 3229:Bibcode 3109:Bibcode 2987:Bibcode 2937:Bibcode 2684:Bibcode 2590:EduMine 2524:Bibcode 2516:Geology 2415:Bibcode 2245:Greisen 2164:Lysekil 2123:Chilean 2121:in the 2094:on the 2077:Gallery 2035:Corsica 2029:), the 1975:Curling 1749:Tanjore 1695:lintels 1693:, door 1691:columns 1683:Dahshur 1651:2580 BC 1552:Thorium 1512:diorite 1504:uranium 1464:Ultisol 1392:2 KAlSi 1321:caldera 1317:stoping 1294:ductile 1264:Stokes 1162:niobium 1018:aplites 983:massifs 916:Hiltaba 906:, China 589:density 329:biotite 126:Granite 110:biotite 83:Primary 57:biotite 27:Granite 6224:Mosaic 6204:Castle 6176:Veneer 6105:Trowel 6090:Chisel 6037:Mortar 6025:Marble 6000:Gabion 5934:Rubble 5889:Ashlar 5733:Kenyte 5708:Gossan 5605:Schist 5565:Marble 5528:Gneiss 5430:Oolite 5295:Arkose 5193:Sovite 5183:Scoria 5136:Pumice 5096:Norite 5066:Latite 4996:Gabbro 4981:Dunite 4959:Dacite 4905:Basalt 4900:Aplite 4795:Dacite 4769:Gabbro 4761:Basalt 4704:Felsic 4691:felsic 4579: 4560: 4538: 4332: 4234: 4183: 4134: 4070: 4043: 3935: 3928:221093 3925: 3710: 3628: 3561: 3514: 3362: 3204: 3168: 3127: 3054: 3005: 2955: 2811: 2784: 2757: 2561: 2497: 2443: 2425: 2388: 2220:Amélie 2061:, the 2057:, the 2021:, the 2017:, the 2013:, the 2005:, the 2001:, the 1948:Sydney 1938:Paving 1836:gabbro 1791:Modern 1772:spolia 1768:Giglio 1755:. The 1508:gabbro 1412:O → Al 1266:diapir 1168:, and 1118:I-type 1038:felsic 1032:Origin 999:stocks 936:quartz 866:. The 855: 848:0.05% 837: 830:0.12% 812: 805:0.30% 791: 784:0.71% 773: 766:1.22% 748: 741:1.68% 730: 723:1.82% 712: 705:3.69% 690: 683:4.12% 668: 643: 567:O + Na 543:O + Na 539:< K 525:normal 519:O + Na 515:> K 417:) and 403:quartz 325:matrix 313:, and 307:quartz 295:granum 197:silica 187:, and 181:quartz 116:-type 112:, and 95:quartz 93:, and 77:Felsic 53:quartz 6186:Wythe 6068:Tools 6054:Slate 6030:Types 6010:Grout 5970:Brick 5882:Types 5698:Flint 5620:Slate 5615:Skarn 5480:Varve 5445:Shale 5365:Flint 5320:Chert 5315:Chalk 4661:Mafic 4414:(PDF) 4403:(PDF) 4232:JSTOR 3999:(PDF) 3977:(PDF) 3871:(PDF) 3856:(PDF) 3756:(PDF) 3626:S2CID 3559:S2CID 3512:S2CID 3202:S2CID 3166:S2CID 3125:S2CID 3016:(PDF) 3003:S2CID 2975:(PDF) 2953:S2CID 2559:JSTOR 2465:(PDF) 2441:S2CID 2196:Paarl 2148:arête 2092:setts 1903:plane 1753:India 1716:emery 1703:jambs 1699:sills 1681:(see 1679:Cairo 1659:Aswan 1624:Egypt 1542:radon 1482:is a 1460:Cecil 1428:+ 4 H 1408:+ 9 H 1400:+ 2 H 1375:alter 1310:fault 1306:dykes 1137:micas 1042:crust 1014:dikes 975:domes 665:14.42 640:72.04 599:near 504:> 478:below 466:micas 413:, or 357:field 292:Latin 226:, or 213:dikes 193:magma 6047:List 5470:Tufa 5415:Marl 5330:Coal 5262:Tuff 4644:Type 4577:ISBN 4558:ISBN 4536:ISBN 4513:2022 4490:2020 4444:2022 4422:2020 4343:2020 4330:ISBN 4181:ISBN 4132:ISSN 4068:ISBN 4041:ISBN 4020:link 3959:2020 3933:PMID 3764:2022 3739:2022 3708:ISBN 3689:2014 3662:2014 3360:ISBN 3052:ISBN 2822:2020 2809:ISBN 2782:ISBN 2755:ISBN 2736:2021 2495:ISBN 2386:ISBN 1916:CMMs 1850:The 1766:and 1764:Elba 1721:The 1649:(c. 1618:The 1601:Uses 1518:and 1510:and 1494:and 1453:and 1424:(OH) 1387:grus 1350:Grus 971:tors 886:The 852:0.05 834:0.12 788:0.71 770:1.22 745:1.68 727:1.82 709:3.69 687:4.12 370:The 311:mica 238:mica 199:and 163:GRAN 5833:Wad 4709:SiO 4696:SiO 4679:SiO 4666:SiO 4653:SiO 4381:doi 4377:112 4266:doi 4224:doi 4122:doi 3923:PMC 3913:doi 3618:doi 3606:310 3551:doi 3539:155 3504:doi 3452:doi 3440:145 3413:doi 3313:doi 3276:doi 3237:doi 3194:doi 3156:doi 3117:doi 2995:doi 2945:doi 2861:doi 2692:doi 2628:doi 2532:doi 2433:doi 2411:148 2338:doi 1981:in 1854:in 1677:in 1622:of 1432:SiO 1145:tin 993:or 977:or 892:tor 844:MnO 809:0.3 798:TiO 780:MgO 737:FeO 719:CaO 629:SiO 601:STP 527:or 502:CaO 441:or 433:or 378:or 240:or 165:-it 6292:: 4480:. 4405:. 4375:. 4301:. 4262:59 4260:. 4256:. 4244:^ 4230:. 4220:34 4218:. 4130:. 4120:. 4116:. 4112:. 4016:}} 4012:{{ 3979:. 3931:. 3921:. 3911:. 3901:48 3899:. 3895:. 3858:. 3781:. 3730:. 3678:. 3646:. 3624:. 3616:. 3604:. 3557:. 3549:. 3537:. 3533:. 3510:. 3502:. 3492:99 3490:. 3466:^ 3450:. 3438:. 3434:. 3407:. 3311:. 3301:31 3299:. 3274:. 3264:99 3262:. 3258:. 3235:. 3225:26 3223:. 3200:. 3190:70 3188:. 3164:. 3152:49 3150:. 3146:. 3123:. 3115:. 3105:95 3103:. 3099:. 3024:^ 3011:. 3001:. 2993:. 2983:48 2981:. 2977:. 2951:. 2943:. 2933:32 2931:. 2899:^ 2855:. 2851:. 2727:. 2723:. 2690:. 2680:42 2678:. 2674:. 2657:14 2655:. 2651:. 2624:27 2622:. 2618:. 2588:. 2555:11 2553:. 2530:. 2520:24 2518:. 2481:^ 2471:. 2467:. 2453:^ 2439:. 2431:. 2421:. 2409:. 2334:54 2332:. 2142:, 2065:, 2053:, 2049:, 2033:, 1958:. 1950:, 1751:, 1701:, 1697:, 1637:. 1628:c. 1594:. 1416:Si 1404:CO 1225:. 1164:, 1160:, 973:, 942:, 918:, 874:. 755:Fe 697:Na 650:Al 579:. 506:Al 500:+ 494:Na 492:+ 480:. 453:. 409:, 367:. 351:. 309:, 305:, 183:, 172:) 108:, 89:, 55:, 51:, 6220:) 6216:( 5867:e 5860:t 5853:v 4858:e 4851:t 4844:v 4738:: 4731:: 4724:: 4711:2 4698:2 4689:– 4681:2 4668:2 4655:2 4618:e 4611:t 4604:v 4585:. 4566:. 4544:. 4515:. 4492:. 4446:. 4424:. 4387:. 4383:: 4345:. 4311:. 4288:, 4274:. 4268:: 4238:. 4226:: 4203:. 4189:. 4163:. 4138:. 4124:: 4118:7 4097:. 4076:. 4049:. 4022:) 4008:. 3961:. 3939:. 3915:: 3907:: 3880:. 3862:/ 3837:. 3816:. 3791:. 3766:. 3741:. 3716:. 3691:. 3664:. 3632:. 3620:: 3612:: 3565:. 3553:: 3545:: 3518:. 3506:: 3498:: 3460:. 3454:: 3446:: 3419:. 3415:: 3409:7 3368:. 3319:. 3315:: 3307:: 3284:. 3278:: 3270:: 3243:. 3239:: 3231:: 3208:. 3196:: 3172:. 3158:: 3131:. 3119:: 3111:: 3060:. 2997:: 2989:: 2959:. 2947:: 2939:: 2869:. 2863:: 2857:5 2824:. 2790:. 2763:. 2738:. 2700:. 2694:: 2686:: 2636:. 2630:: 2603:. 2565:. 2538:. 2534:: 2526:: 2503:. 2473:1 2447:. 2435:: 2417:: 2394:. 2369:. 2344:. 2340:: 1626:( 1438:3 1434:4 1430:4 1426:4 1422:5 1420:O 1418:2 1414:2 1410:2 1406:3 1402:2 1398:8 1396:O 1394:3 926:) 825:5 823:O 821:2 819:P 800:2 761:3 759:O 757:2 701:O 699:2 679:O 677:2 675:K 656:3 654:O 652:2 631:2 569:2 565:2 561:3 559:O 557:2 545:2 541:2 537:3 535:O 533:2 521:2 517:2 512:3 510:O 508:2 498:O 496:2 490:O 488:2 486:K 156:/ 153:t 150:ɪ 147:n 144:æ 141:r 138:ɡ 135:ˈ 132:/ 128:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index