1865:
1119:
40:
139:
182:
995:
There is some disagreement as to whether capital and lower case letters are allographs or distinct graphemes. Capitals are generally found in certain triggering contexts that do not change the meaning of a word: a proper name, for example, or at the beginning of a sentence, or all caps in a newspaper
791:
are graphemes because they distinguish two words. This analogical concept is associated with the autonomy hypothesis which holds that writing is a system in its own right and should be studied independently from speech. Both concepts have weaknesses.
1362:
Multigraphs representing a single phoneme are normally treated as combinations of separate letters, not as graphemes in their own right. However, in some languages a multigraph may be treated as a single unit for the purposes of
1355:
have relatively regular (though not always one-to-one) correspondence between graphemes and phonemes, while those of French and
English have much less regular correspondence, and are known as
1343:
in all
Spanish words containing the said letter), and often the rules of correspondence between graphemes and phonemes become complex or irregular, particularly as a result of historical
964:". Since, however, the substitution of either of them for the other cannot change the meaning of a word, they are considered to be allographs of the same grapheme, which can be written
2166:
4808:
2241:
1316:
of such languages entail at least a certain amount of deviation from the ideal of exact grapheme–phoneme correspondence. A phoneme may be represented by a
1588:
1973:
4840:
1899:
327:
230:
5910:
2159:
1551:
1632:
322:
3916:
2228:
1988:
1827:
1822:
1327:
represents a single sound in
English (and sometimes a single grapheme may represent more than one phoneme, as with the Russian letter
5678:
5634:
5664:
4773:
2133:
1202:
653:
123:
4010:
6032:
5896:
4613:
2152:
757:
429:
4336:
3597:
851:
1398:
5903:
4469:
4108:
1837:
1279:
1140:
61:
4578:
4479:
4103:
3161:
2082:
1892:
245:
5889:
5868:
3156:
2931:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2223:
1983:
830:, it is defined as a minimal unit of writing that is both lexically distinctive and corresponds with a linguistic unit (
2542:
1183:
104:
5769:
5748:
4428:
4423:
4118:
4020:
2233:
934:), namely concrete written representations of symbols (and different glyphs representing the same grapheme are called
1155:
76:
795:
Some models adhere to both concepts simultaneously by including two individual units, which are given names such as
5836:
4433:
4000:
1917:
165:
968:. Similarly, the grapheme corresponding to "Arabic numeral zero" has a unique semantic identity and Unicode value
6022:
4086:
3808:
3361:
2948:
2607:
2128:
1136:
474:
57:
1162:
83:
5586:
5572:
4877:
3460:
3263:
1885:
1852:
1847:
1625:
1592:
1317:
362:
5191:
3376:
623:
1566:
Joyce, T. (2011), The significance of the morphographic principle for the classification of writing systems,
5875:
4903:
3516:
3396:
2879:
2783:
2260:
2218:
2175:
2041:
2021:
1998:
1967:
1941:
1842:
1129:
357:
50:
2965:
4593:
4030:
3532:
3522:
3455:
2398:
1750:
1492:
Fedorova, L. (2013), The development of graphic representation in abugida writing: The akshara’s grammar.
1169:
877:
865:
744:, graphemes are interpreted as the smallest units of writing that correspond with sounds (more accurately
683:
280:
235:
205:
90:
5977:
5882:
5671:
5620:
5080:
5002:
4766:
4705:
4259:
4138:
3840:
3572:
3248:
2432:
2420:
2393:
2378:
1817:
1755:
1392:
1321:
1008:
718:
646:
603:
270:
5741:
5492:
5169:
4665:
4568:
4320:
4284:
3689:
3612:
3193:
3022:
3005:
2682:
2321:
1978:
1745:
1299:
1151:
1020:
496:
72:
3112:
3102:
2677:
1019:
to be distinct graphemes, but these are generally analyzed as sequences of graphemes. Non-stylistic
6027:
4464:
4186:
3709:
3092:
3082:
2731:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2415:
1832:
1665:
1618:
1433:
Kohrt, M. (1986), The term 'grapheme' in the history and theory of linguistics. In G. Augst (Ed.),
1271:
516:
352:
337:
210:
2741:
2642:
1864:
1347:
that are not necessarily reflected in spelling. "Shallow" orthographies such as those of standard
6017:
5727:
5704:
5338:
5227:
5217:
5109:
5052:
5038:
4995:
4700:
4583:
4418:
4310:
4269:
4223:
4218:
4113:
4095:
3763:
3694:
3659:
3607:
3440:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3166:
3097:
2819:
2197:
2087:
1936:
1868:
1701:
1380:
1356:
1224:
613:
469:
275:
240:
4960:
1532:
The
Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, second edition, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 196
5850:
5843:
5815:
5579:
5565:
5477:
5366:
5276:
5255:
5234:
5162:
5094:
4953:
4911:
4863:
4598:
4588:
4233:
4228:
4133:
4128:
4035:
3990:
3890:
3813:
3793:
3783:
3773:
3768:
3704:
3699:
3627:
3562:
3547:
3497:
3492:
3435:
3371:
3329:
3171:
3057:
2980:
2496:
2491:
2368:
1765:
1547:
919:
583:
367:
342:
200:
5984:
5922:
5822:
5776:
5762:
5720:
5595:
5541:
5522:
5456:
5448:
5434:
5427:
5352:
5148:
5123:
5059:
5031:
5017:
4946:
4932:
4849:
4822:
4759:
4670:
4573:
4395:
4238:
3865:
3845:
3835:
3830:
3714:
3470:
3403:
3391:
3356:
3351:
3334:
3273:
3238:
3198:
3000:
2995:
2943:
2894:
2778:
2712:
2652:
2602:
2547:
2464:
2442:
2427:
2373:
2363:
2297:
2112:
1951:
1770:
1721:
1571:
1517:
1497:
1438:
1424:
Coulmas, F. (1996), The
Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 174
1404:
1352:
1348:
1267:
1038:
Identical glyphs may not always represent the same grapheme. For example, the three letters
639:
551:
439:
407:
312:
290:
192:
4643:
5808:
5500:
5441:
5387:
5380:
5359:
5345:
5329:
5307:
5262:
5155:
5130:
5102:
5087:
5010:
4988:
4981:
4939:
4899:
4870:
4558:
4528:
4351:
4274:
4040:
3970:
3880:
3875:
3860:
3823:
3803:
3739:
3729:
3719:
3684:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3552:
3537:
3507:
3502:
3386:
3381:
3228:
3218:
3208:
3072:
3037:
3032:
3012:
2906:
2864:
2804:
2687:
2657:
2567:
2527:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2403:
2383:
2331:
2314:
2302:
1236:
997:
981:
827:
598:
593:
506:
285:
4005:
3188:
4155:
996:
headline. In other contexts, capitalization can determine meaning: compare, for example
5945:
5829:
5713:
5693:
5602:
5470:
5401:
5300:
5248:
5241:
5073:
5066:
5045:
5024:
4925:
4918:
4680:
4608:
4603:
4454:
4438:
4413:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4181:
4055:
4015:
3985:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3895:
3870:
3818:
3758:
3724:
3674:
3622:
3587:
3542:
3512:
3465:
3425:
3324:
3278:
3233:
3151:
3087:
3042:
3027:
2990:
2970:
2938:
2926:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2761:
2746:
2736:
2702:
2692:
2637:
2622:
2587:
2437:
2341:
2289:
2179:
2051:
2036:
1908:
1368:
1260:
1050:
appear identical but each has a different meaning: in order, they are the Latin letter
949:
873:
675:
561:
372:
332:
1176:
97:
6011:
5952:
5801:
5734:
5657:
5627:
5485:
5463:
5394:
5290:
5269:
5116:
4974:
4892:
4885:
4856:
4815:
4730:
4720:
4715:
4690:
4685:
4618:
4502:
4196:
3855:
3798:
3450:
3223:
3107:
3062:
3017:
2985:
2834:
2771:
2751:
2724:
2697:
2627:
2612:
2597:
2552:
2309:
2077:
1796:
1466:
Rezec, O. (2013), Ein differenzierteres
Strukturmodell des deutschen Schriftsystems.
1287:
857:
721:. By comparison, a specific shape that represents any particular grapheme in a given
588:
402:
5408:
5373:
5314:
4801:
4563:
4459:
4372:
4264:
4165:
3975:
3788:
3753:
3734:
3669:
3664:
3557:
3445:
3319:
3243:
3183:
3052:
3047:
2958:
2953:
2889:
2829:
2809:
2766:
2756:
2707:
2592:
2572:
2562:
2410:
2388:
2346:
2107:
1655:
1344:
1275:
1055:
973:
911:
772:
397:
317:
3617:
1521:
5991:
5755:
5686:
4967:
4658:
4518:
4279:
4123:
3980:
3885:
3654:
3582:
3567:
3475:
3268:
3178:
3077:
3067:
2921:
2884:
2839:
2824:
2799:
2719:
2647:
2632:
2336:
1313:
1118:
1001:
942:
667:
608:
531:
421:
39:
1331:
or the
Spanish c). Some graphemes may not represent any sound at all (like the
976:. Italic and bold face forms are also allographic, as is the variation seen in
4648:
4623:
4191:
3634:
3124:
3119:
2975:
2916:
2557:
2092:
1641:
1063:
985:
709:
618:
546:
541:
464:
434:
1442:
5959:
5938:
5931:
4725:
4710:
4547:
4294:
4243:
4210:
4045:
3936:
3485:
3213:
3129:
2854:
2061:
2056:
2046:
1780:
1686:
1501:
1364:
1240:
1228:
1028:
989:
953:
935:
923:
905:
852:
International
Phonetic Alphabet § Brackets and transcription delimiters
823:
714:
704:
151:
138:
4653:
2144:
1575:
4695:
4675:
4638:
4633:
4513:
4474:
4315:
4074:
3959:
3850:
3592:
3480:
3430:
3301:
2814:
2617:
2577:
2358:
2351:
2031:
2026:
2016:
1931:
1801:
1736:
1711:
1305:
1283:
1252:
1244:
1220:
1216:
839:
835:
722:
575:
526:
521:
488:
459:
28:
24:
20:
1453:
Lockwood, D. G. (2001), Phoneme and grapheme: How parallel can they be?
4782:
4289:
4160:
4050:
4025:
3911:
3748:
3602:
3577:
3346:
3253:
2901:
2515:
2326:
2011:
1775:
1716:
1660:
1512:
Meletis, D. (2019), The grapheme as a universal basic unit of writing.
1309:
1256:
1143: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
915:
869:
831:
745:
699:
556:
536:
501:
392:
347:
304:
250:
173:
1479:
Herrick, E. M. (1994), Of course a structural graphemics is possible!
1259:(see next section). For a full discussion of the different types, see
5783:
3527:
3339:
3258:
3203:
2911:
2582:
2097:
1726:
1706:
713:. The concept of graphemes is abstract and similar to the notion in
181:
1266:
There are additional graphemic components used in writing, such as
4150:
4145:
3995:
3778:
3679:
3366:
2277:
2006:
1877:
1760:
1691:
1401: – Synesthesia that associates numbers or letters with colors
1308:
writing systems, many of the graphemes stand in principle for the
1059:
1027:, are distinct graphemes, as are various letters with distinctive
977:
927:
901:
881:
726:
143:
137:
4628:
4523:
2102:
1670:
1328:
1312:(significant sounds) of the language. In practice, however, the
1290:
to disambiguate the meaning of a neighboring (non-silent) word.
1248:
945:
of a collection of glyphs that are all functionally equivalent.
4755:
4545:
4500:
4393:
4072:
3957:
3299:
2513:
2275:
2258:
2148:
1881:
1614:
1544:
Writing
Systems and Their Use: An Overview of Grapholinguistics
1219:(more accurately termed morphograms), which represent words or
922:(and different phones representing the same phoneme are called
1112:
948:
For example, in written
English (or other languages using the
33:
1610:
1004:: the former is a language, the latter is for shining shoes.
1304:
As mentioned in the previous section, in languages that use
771:
defines graphemes analogously to phonemes, i.e. via written
952:), there are two different physical representations of the
1051:
799:
for the grapheme according to the analogical conception (
147:
1589:"Czech Alphabet, Code Page, Keyboard, and Sorting Order"
822:
In newer concepts, in which the grapheme is interpreted
1381:
Alphabetical order § Language-specific conventions
811:
for the grapheme according to the referential concept (
756:
would be a grapheme because it represents the phoneme
5969:
5920:
5860:
5793:
5703:
5649:
5612:
5552:
5533:
5514:
5419:
5325:
5286:
5213:
5140:
4839:
4832:
4793:
4447:
4406:
4365:
4329:
4303:
4252:
4209:
4174:
4094:
4085:
3904:
3312:
3144:
2792:
2535:
2526:
2211:
2190:
2121:
2070:
1997:
1960:
1924:
1810:
1789:
1735:
1679:
1648:
969:
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1371:dictionary, the section for words that start with
884:are sometimes denoted with vertical lines, e.g.
764:that claims that writing merely depicts speech.
1542:Meletis, Dimitrios; Dürscheid, Christa (2022).
1261:Writing system § Functional classification
737:There are two main opposing grapheme concepts.
4767:
2160:
1893:
1626:
1320:(sequence of more than one grapheme), as the
647:
8:
760:. This referential concept is linked to the
1407: – Something that communicates meaning
5137:
4836:
4774:
4760:
4752:
4542:
4497:
4403:
4390:
4091:
4082:
4069:
3954:
3309:
3296:
2532:
2523:
2510:
2272:
2268:
2255:
2187:
2167:
2153:
2145:
1900:
1886:
1878:
1633:
1619:
1611:
864:. This is analogous to the slash notation
654:
640:
160:
1203:Learn how and when to remove this message
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1435:New trends in graphemics and orthography
328:Directed listening and thinking activity
1972:Languages by writing system /
1591:. Old-site.clsp.jhu.edu. Archived from
1417:
941:Thus, a grapheme can be regarded as an
172:
972:but exhibits variation in the form of
926:), the surface forms of graphemes are
5911:American Printing House for the Blind
5687:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
5339:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
1215:The principal types of graphemes are
674:is the smallest functional unit of a
7:
1141:adding citations to reliable sources
453:Reading differences and disabilities
146:representing the lower case letter "
62:adding citations to reliable sources
1828:International scientific vocabulary
1823:English lexicology and lexicography
856:Graphemes are often notated within
707:. The study of graphemes is called
1979:Ancient languages corpuses by size
1255:letters, corresponding roughly to
14:
1546:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 64.
1437:. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 80–96.
1863:
1117:
251:The active view of reading model
180:
38:
16:Smallest functional written unit
1128:needs additional citations for
49:needs additional citations for
2240:Languages by writing system /
1838:Lexicographic information cost
1231:"&" representing the word
224:Scientific theories and models
1:
5679:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
5635:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
1568:Written Language and Literacy
1522:10.1080/17586801.2019.1697412
1278:such as the space, and other
693: 'write' and the suffix
5890:National Braille Association
5869:Braille Institute of America
5587:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
1984:Undeciphered writing systems
752:in the written English word
5770:Refreshable braille display
5749:Optical braille recognition
5346:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
4878:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
4021:New Epoch Notation Painting
1989:Creators of writing systems
1395: – Primitive data type
6049:
5837:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
1918:Index of language articles
1399:Grapheme–color synesthesia
1297:
1294:Relationship with phonemes
1103:GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA
899:
849:
246:Scarborough's Reading Rope
18:
5573:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
4751:
4554:
4541:
4509:
4496:
4402:
4389:
4087:Chinese family of scripts
4081:
4068:
3966:
3953:
3308:
3295:
3157:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
2522:
2509:
2284:
2271:
2267:
2254:
2242:by first written accounts
2186:
1915:
1861:
1379:. For more examples, see
1243:characters, representing
1090:CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A
910:In the same way that the
809:phonological-fit grapheme
475:Reading for special needs
5560:Chinese semi-syllabaries
4823:Unicode braille patterns
4809:International uniformity
3264:Thomas Natural Shorthand
1974:by first written account
1853:Specialized lexicography
1514:Writing Systems Research
1443:10.1515/9783110867329.80
1007:Some linguists consider
748:). In this concept, the
363:Sustained silent reading
19:Not to be confused with
6033:Linguistics terminology
5897:Blindness organizations
5876:Braille Without Borders
5665:Canadian currency marks
5287:Egyptian lineage family
4470:Southwest Paleohispanic
1942:History of the alphabet
1843:Linguistic prescription
1502:10.2478/linpo-2013-0013
358:Structured word inquiry
5214:Russian lineage family
4614:Great Lakes Algonquian
3523:Greco-Iberian alphabet
3456:Gabelsberger shorthand
2399:Inscriptional Parthian
1751:Hypernymy and hyponymy
1576:10.1075/wll.14.1.04joy
1468:Linguistische Berichte
1077:LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A
1054:, the Cyrillic letter
742:referential conception
281:Phonological awareness
236:Simple view of reading
206:Vocabulary development
158:
5978:Accessible publishing
5904:Schools for the blind
5883:Japan Braille Library
5672:Computer Braille Code
5326:Indian lineage family
4706:Old Persian cuneiform
3573:Carolingian minuscule
2379:Ancient North Arabian
1818:Controlled vocabulary
1756:Meronymy and holonymy
1393:Character (computing)
1375:comes after that for
1058:and the Greek letter
918:are speech sounds or
850:Further information:
762:dependency hypothesis
604:Functional illiteracy
141:
5742:Mountbatten Brailler
5097:(largely reassigned)
4880:(largely reassigned)
4429:Southeastern Iberian
4424:Northeastern Iberian
2322:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1367:; for example, in a
1300:Phonemic orthography
1272:mathematical symbols
1137:improve this article
682:is derived from
497:Alphabetic principle
430:Automatic assessment
58:improve this article
5694:Nemeth braille code
5480:(reassigned vowels)
5005:(extended to 8-dot)
4579:Canadian Aboriginal
4465:Khitan small script
4187:Khitan large script
3377:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
1833:Lexicographic error
1494:Lingua Posnaniensis
1284:logographic scripts
1280:typographic symbols
1062:. Each has its own
1023:, however, such as
956:Latin letter "a": "
876:notation used for
872:. Analogous to the
783:. In this example,
703:and other names of
517:History of printing
353:Reciprocal teaching
338:Independent reading
305:Reading instruction
264:Cognitive processes
211:Vocabulary learning
5728:Braille translator
5705:Braille technology
5681:(science; GS8/GS6)
5650:Symbols in braille
5580:Taiwanese Mandarin
5095:Taiwanese Mandarin
4701:Nwagu Aneke script
4253:Other logosyllabic
4175:Chinese-influenced
4114:Oracle bone script
4096:Chinese characters
4031:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
3421:Eclectic shorthand
3409:Duployan shorthand
3362:Caucasian Albanian
3162:Canadian syllabics
2198:History of writing
2083:Canadian syllabics
1952:Scripts in Unicode
1937:History of writing
1869:Linguistics portal
1373:⟨ch⟩
1357:deep orthographies
1286:often used silent
1225:Chinese characters
1013:⟨sh⟩
797:graphemic grapheme
769:analogical concept
614:Literary criticism
470:Reading disability
276:Phonemic awareness
241:Science of reading
159:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5923:tactile alphabets
5851:William Bell Wait
5844:Sabriye Tenberken
5645:
5644:
5510:
5509:
5495:(Japanese vowels)
5293:-mediated scripts
5220:-mediated scripts
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4599:Ditema tsa Dinoko
4537:
4536:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4205:
4204:
4064:
4063:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3140:
3139:
2505:
2504:
2492:Teeline Shorthand
2250:
2249:
2142:
2141:
2134:In Southeast Asia
1875:
1874:
1766:Lexical semantics
1570:14:1, pp. 58–81.
1553:978-3-110-75777-4
1496:55:2, pp. 49–66.
1470:234, pp. 227–254.
1377:⟨h⟩
1268:punctuation marks
1213:
1212:
1205:
1187:
1109:Types of grapheme
1048:⟨Α⟩
1044:⟨А⟩
1040:⟨A⟩
1033:⟨ç⟩
1025:⟨æ⟩
966:⟨a⟩
862:⟨a⟩
767:By contrast, the
740:In the so-called
733:Conceptualization
664:
663:
584:Critical literacy
368:Synthetic phonics
343:Literature circle
231:Dual route theory
201:Reading readiness
156:⟨a⟩
134:
133:
126:
108:
6040:
6023:Learning to read
5994:
5987:
5985:Braille literacy
5980:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5786:
5779:
5777:Slate and stylus
5772:
5765:
5763:Perkins Brailler
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5721:Braille embosser
5716:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5638:
5630:
5623:
5605:
5598:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5545:
5542:American Braille
5526:
5523:Algerian Braille
5503:
5496:
5488:
5481:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5412:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5318:
5310:
5303:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5138:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4837:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4787:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4753:
4543:
4498:
4404:
4396:Semi-syllabaries
4391:
4092:
4083:
4070:
3955:
3310:
3297:
3199:Japanese Braille
2784:Zanabazar square
2653:Nepalese scripts
2543:Bengali–Assamese
2533:
2524:
2511:
2428:Pitman shorthand
2273:
2269:
2256:
2188:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2071:Current examples
2052:Semi-syllabaries
1902:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1867:
1771:Semantic network
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1595:on 15 April 2012
1584:
1578:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1510:
1504:
1490:
1484:
1483:21, pp. 413–424.
1477:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1405:Sign (semiotics)
1378:
1374:
1247:(as in Japanese
1208:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1145:
1121:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1014:
971:
967:
891:
889:
867:
863:
697:by analogy with
656:
649:
642:
552:Written language
440:Readability test
408:Words per minute
323:Concept-oriented
313:Analytic phonics
291:Word recognition
193:Learning to read
184:
161:
157:
154:of the grapheme
129:
122:
118:
115:
109:
107:
66:
42:
34:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6008:
6007:
6006:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5809:Charles Barbier
5807:
5800:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5641:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5559:
5548:
5540:
5534:Frequency-based
5529:
5521:
5506:
5499:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5415:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:Bharati Braille
5327:
5321:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5288:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5215:
5209:
5202:
5197:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4904:Unified English
4898:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4833:Braille scripts
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4735:
4550:
4533:
4529:Stokoe notation
4505:
4484:
4443:
4398:
4377:
4361:
4325:
4304:Logoconsonantal
4299:
4248:
4201:
4170:
4077:
4060:
4041:Siglas poveiras
3962:
3941:
3900:
3804:Younger Futhark
3508:Gregg shorthand
3304:
3283:
3136:
2788:
2518:
2501:
2280:
2263:
2246:
2219:Writing systems
2207:
2182:
2180:writing systems
2173:
2143:
2138:
2117:
2066:
1993:
1968:Writing systems
1956:
1920:
1911:
1909:Writing systems
1906:
1876:
1871:
1857:
1806:
1785:
1731:
1675:
1644:
1639:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1302:
1296:
1237:Arabic numerals
1209:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1146:
1144:
1134:
1122:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1012:
982:Times New Roman
965:
963:
959:
908:
900:Main articles:
898:
887:
885:
861:
854:
848:
828:linguistic sign
735:
660:
631:
630:
599:Family literacy
594:Distant reading
579:
578:
567:
566:
507:Dolch word list
492:
491:
480:
479:
455:
454:
445:
444:
425:
424:
413:
412:
388:
387:
378:
377:
308:
307:
296:
295:
286:Subvocalization
266:
265:
256:
255:
226:
225:
216:
215:
196:
195:
155:
130:
119:
113:
110:
67:
65:
55:
43:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6046:
6044:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6010:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5973:
5971:
5970:Related topics
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5946:New York Point
5942:
5935:
5927:
5925:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5830:Harris Mowbray
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5714:Braille e-book
5709:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5631:
5624:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5497:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5334:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5294:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5223:
5221:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5144:
5142:
5135:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4843:
4841:French-ordered
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4756:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Linear Elamite
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4503:Sign languages
4501:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4480:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4455:Espanca script
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4414:Linear Elamite
4410:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4295:Yi (Classical)
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4121:
4119:Bronze scripts
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3932:Flag semaphore
3929:
3927:New York Point
3924:
3922:Telegraph code
3919:
3917:Maritime flags
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:Visible Speech
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3841:Sorang Sompeng
3838:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Galik alphabet
3722:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3623:Tironian notes
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3468:
3466:Garay alphabet
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Sorang Sompeng
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:Déné syllabics
3169:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Proto-Sinaitic
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2122:Related topics
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1579:
1559:
1552:
1534:
1525:
1505:
1485:
1472:
1459:
1446:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1298:Main article:
1295:
1292:
1288:determinatives
1211:
1210:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1107:
961:
957:
950:Latin alphabet
897:
894:
874:square bracket
858:angle brackets
847:
844:
734:
731:
676:writing system
662:
661:
659:
658:
651:
644:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
574:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
562:Writing system
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
493:
487:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
456:
452:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
432:
426:
420:
419:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
385:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
373:Whole language
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
333:Guided reading
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
303:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
267:
263:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
227:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
203:
197:
191:
190:
189:
186:
185:
177:
176:
170:
169:
132:
131:
46:
44:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6045:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5953:Night writing
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5919:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:Organisations
5859:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5823:Valentin Haüy
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:Louis Braille
5799:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:Braille watch
5732:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5658:Braille music
5655:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5621:Luxembourgish
5618:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:Other scripts
5418:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5212:
5201:
5196:
5193:
5192:Northern Sámi
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:Nordic family
5139:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5081:South African
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5003:Luxembourgish
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4816:ASCII braille
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Attic (Greek)
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4285:Proto-Elamite
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:Elder Futhark
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Old Hungarian
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Masaram Gondi
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Gunjala Gondi
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:Old Sundanese
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:Old Maldivian
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2932:Bilang-bilang
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Sylheti Nagri
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Brahmi script
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
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2448:South Arabian
2446:
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2422:
2419:
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2397:
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2394:Inscriptional
2392:
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2189:
2185:
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2177:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2156:
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2147:
2135:
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2127:
2126:
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2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
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2053:
2050:
2048:
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2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
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1948:
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1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
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1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Function word
1795:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
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1386:
1384:
1382:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:sound changes
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:orthographies
1311:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:word dividers
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:(for example
1222:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1196:
1193:December 2022
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154: –
1153:
1149:
1148:Find sources:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1126:This section
1124:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
955:
951:
946:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:surface forms
907:
903:
895:
893:
883:
879:
875:
871:
859:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:minimal pairs
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
732:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
688:
685:
684:Ancient Greek
681:
677:
673:
669:
657:
652:
650:
645:
643:
638:
637:
635:
634:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Close reading
587:
585:
582:
581:
577:
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
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503:
500:
498:
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484:
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476:
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466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
449:
448:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
417:
416:
409:
406:
404:
403:Speed reading
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
382:
381:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
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344:
341:
339:
336:
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331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
306:
300:
299:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
271:Comprehension
269:
268:
260:
259:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
220:
219:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
194:
188:
187:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
128:
125:
117:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75: –
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
63:
59:
53:
52:
47:This article
45:
41:
36:
35:
30:
26:
22:
5493:Thai and Lao
5170:Scandinavian
4802:1829 braille
4794:Braille cell
4594:Cypro-Minoan
4460:Pahawh Hmong
4373:Sitelen Pona
4337:Hindu-Arabic
3670:Mundari Bani
3244:Pahawh Hmong
3053:Tamil-Brahmi
2959:Eveyla Akuru
2954:Dhives Akuru
2421:Paleo-Hebrew
2288:
2224:undeciphered
2202:
2047:Pictographic
2042:Phonogrammic
1946:
1696:
1656:Lexical item
1597:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1587:Zeman, Dan.
1582:
1567:
1562:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1513:
1508:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1457:27, 307–316.
1454:
1449:
1434:
1429:
1420:
1361:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1303:
1265:
1232:
1214:
1199:
1190:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1147:
1135:Please help
1130:verification
1127:
1066:in Unicode:
1037:
1016:
1006:
994:
974:slashed zero
947:
940:
931:
909:
855:
826:as a dyadic
824:semiotically
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
794:
788:
784:
780:
776:
768:
766:
761:
753:
749:
741:
739:
736:
725:is called a
708:
698:
694:
690:
687:
679:
671:
665:
511:
398:Slow reading
386:Reading rate
318:Basal reader
150:"; they are
135:
120:
111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
56:Please help
51:verification
48:
5992:RoboBraille
5816:Róża Czacka
5756:Perforation
5553:Independent
5451:(Bhutanese)
5186:Greenlandic
4857:Azerbaijani
4659:Jindai moji
4548:Syllabaries
4519:SignWriting
4419:Celtiberian
4321:Hieroglyphs
4124:Seal script
4109:Traditional
3981:Blissymbols
3886:Warang Citi
3861:Tolong Siki
3814:Marcomannic
3794:Dalecarlian
3784:Anglo-Saxon
3764:Pau Cin Hau
3655:Medefaidrin
3608:Merovingian
3568:Blackletter
3476:Asomtavruli
3269:Warang Citi
3078:Ulu scripts
3023:New Tai Lue
2966:Mon–Burmese
2820:Bhattiprolu
2648:Nandinagari
2475:ʾEsṭrangēlā
2234:constructed
2062:Syllabaries
2032:Logographic
2027:Ideogrammic
1649:Major terms
1481:LACUS Forum
1455:LACUS Forum
1335:in English
943:abstraction
930:(sometimes
678:. The word
668:linguistics
609:Great books
532:Orthography
422:Readability
6028:Typography
6012:Categories
5544:(obsolete)
5525:(obsolete)
5317:(Pakistan)
5228:Belarusian
5110:Vietnamese
5053:Portuguese
5039:Philippine
4996:Lithuanian
4649:Hentaigana
4644:Man'yōgana
4104:Simplified
3991:Ersu Shaba
3905:Non-linear
3710:Old Uyghur
3700:Old Permic
3695:Old Italic
3628:Visigothic
3563:Beneventan
3498:Glagolitic
3461:Gadabuursi
3125:Kolezhuthu
3120:Vatteluttu
3058:Tanchangya
2981:Saurashtra
2558:Devanagari
2416:Phoenician
2369:Manichaean
2093:Devanagari
1848:Morphology
1642:Lexicology
1412:References
1318:multigraph
1306:alphabetic
1282:. Ancient
1253:alphabetic
1163:newspapers
1152:"Grapheme"
1064:code point
1031:, such as
1029:diacritics
986:sans-serif
936:allographs
924:allophones
710:graphemics
705:emic units
624:Children's
619:Literature
547:Vocabulary
542:Sight word
465:Hyperlexia
435:Legibility
152:allographs
114:April 2020
84:newspapers
73:"Grapheme"
6018:Graphemes
5960:Vibratese
5939:Moon type
5932:Decapoint
5613:Eight-dot
5566:Cantonese
5515:Reordered
5478:Inuktitut
5367:Malayalam
5277:Ukrainian
5256:Mongolian
5235:Bulgarian
5198:Norwegian
5163:Icelandic
4954:Hungarian
4912:Esperanto
4864:Cantonese
4448:Redundant
4260:Anatolian
4211:Cuneiform
4139:bird-worm
4075:Logograms
4046:Testerian
3960:Ideograms
3937:Moon type
3824:Staveless
3715:Mongolian
3660:Molodtsov
3618:Sütterlin
3486:Mkhedruli
3352:Bassa Vah
3302:Alphabets
3274:Mwangwego
3239:Mwangwego
3214:Kharosthi
3167:Blackfoot
3130:Malayanma
3001:Sundanese
2996:Sukhothai
2944:Malayalam
2895:Khom Thai
2855:Goykanadi
2779:Tocharian
2732:ʼPhags-pa
2603:Khudabadi
2548:Bhaiksuki
2443:Samaritan
2374:Nabataean
2229:inventors
2129:In Africa
2113:Mongolian
2057:Shorthand
2017:Alphabets
1947:Graphemes
1790:Functions
1781:Troponymy
1739:relations
1365:collation
1245:syllables
1229:ampersand
1221:morphemes
1217:logograms
1021:ligatures
1011:like the
992:) forms.
990:Helvetica
984:) versus
954:lowercase
906:Allograph
868:used for
719:character
715:computing
5596:Japanese
5457:Georgian
5449:Dzongkha
5435:Armenian
5353:Gujarati
5218:Cyrillic
5149:Estonian
5124:Yugoslav
5060:Romanian
5032:Nigerian
4947:Hawaiian
4933:Ghanaian
4850:Albanian
4711:Sumerian
4676:Linear B
4639:Katakana
4634:Hiragana
4584:Cherokee
4514:ASLwrite
4475:Bopomofo
4330:Numerals
4316:Hieratic
4275:Isthmian
4244:Sumerian
4224:Assyrian
4219:Akkadian
3876:Vithkuqi
3851:Tifinagh
3819:Medieval
3774:Pisidian
3769:Phrygian
3740:Vagindra
3685:Ol Chiki
3593:Interlac
3548:Kayah Li
3538:Jenticha
3493:Veso Bey
3481:Nuskhuri
3471:Georgian
3441:Formosan
3436:Etruscan
3431:Enochian
3387:Cyrillic
3372:Coelbren
3330:Armenian
3229:Meroitic
3219:Mandombe
3209:Jenticha
3073:Tigalari
3038:Tai Viet
3033:Tai Tham
3013:Tagbanwa
2865:Javanese
2815:Baybayin
2805:Balinese
2793:Southern
2688:Pracalit
2683:Pachumol
2658:Bhujimol
2618:Mahajani
2578:Gurmukhi
2568:Gujarati
2536:Northern
2516:Abugidas
2497:Ugaritic
2485:Maḏnḥāyā
2359:Tifinagh
2352:Solitreo
2290:Numerals
2203:Grapheme
2191:Overview
2022:Featural
2012:Abugidas
1932:Language
1925:Overview
1802:Headword
1746:Antonymy
1737:Semantic
1712:Morpheme
1697:Grapheme
1680:Elements
1599:31 March
1387:See also
1310:phonemes
1257:phonemes
1241:syllabic
1009:digraphs
916:phonemes
870:phonemes
846:Notation
840:morpheme
836:syllable
775:such as
746:phonemes
723:typeface
691:(gráphō)
680:grapheme
672:grapheme
576:Literacy
527:Morpheme
522:Language
512:Grapheme
489:Language
460:Dyslexia
166:a series
164:Part of
142:Various
29:Graphyne
25:Graphane
21:Graphene
5501:Tibetan
5442:Burmese
5428:Amharic
5411:(India)
5388:Sinhala
5381:Punjabi
5360:Kannada
5308:Persian
5263:Russian
5203:Swedish
5181:Finnish
5156:Faroese
5131:Zambian
5103:Turkish
5088:Spanish
5011:Maltese
4989:Latvian
4982:Italian
4961:Iñupiaq
4940:Guarani
4900:English
4871:Catalan
4788:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
4783:Braille
4666:Kikakui
4604:Eskayan
4589:Cypriot
4439:Dunging
4311:Demotic
4290:Tenevil
4234:Hittite
4229:Elamite
4182:Jurchen
4161:Sawndip
4156:Chữ Nôm
4056:Zapotec
4051:Yerkish
4026:Nsibidi
4011:Miꞌkmaw
4001:Isotype
3971:Adinkra
3912:Braille
3896:Zaghawa
3866:Vellara
3846:Sunuwar
3836:Sidetic
3831:Shavian
3759:Osmanya
3749:Ol Onal
3603:Kurrent
3588:Insular
3578:Fraktur
3553:Klingon
3543:Kaddare
3517:Archaic
3426:Elbasan
3414:Chinook
3404:Deseret
3392:Bosnian
3347:Avoiuli
3335:Avestan
3325:Ariyaka
3254:Tengwar
3152:Bharati
3113:Serawai
3103:Pasemah
3088:Lampung
3043:Lai Tay
3028:Tai Noi
2991:Sinhala
2971:Pallava
2939:Makasar
2927:Lontara
2902:Kulitan
2875:Kannada
2870:Kadamba
2860:Hanunoo
2850:Grantha
2845:Fakkham
2762:Tibetan
2747:Soyombo
2742:Siddhaṃ
2737:Sharada
2713:Litumol
2703:Tirhuta
2693:Ranjana
2678:Kvemmol
2638:Multani
2623:Marchen
2588:Kalinga
2528:Brahmic
2465:Sogdian
2404:Psalter
2384:Pahlavi
2364:Mandaic
2342:Cursive
2327:Elymaic
2298:Aramaic
2088:Chinese
2037:Numeral
1776:Synonym
1717:Phoneme
1687:Chereme
1661:Lexicon
1353:Finnish
1349:Spanish
1339:or the
1322:digraph
1251:); and
1177:scholar
1100:Α
1087:А
1056:Azǔ/Азъ
988:(as in
980:(as in
960:" and "
860:: e.g.
832:phoneme
807:), and
700:phoneme
557:Writing
537:Phoneme
502:Braille
393:Fluency
348:Phonics
174:Reading
98:scholar
5921:Other
5794:People
5784:Braigo
5603:Korean
5471:Hebrew
5402:Telugu
5301:Arabic
5291:Arabic
5249:Kyrgyz
5242:Kazakh
5176:Danish
5074:Slovak
5067:Samoan
5046:Polish
5025:Navajo
4926:German
4919:French
4786:
4731:Yugtun
4721:Woleai
4671:Kpelle
4654:Sōgana
4574:Byblos
4352:Muisca
4270:Cretan
4239:Luwian
4197:Tangut
4016:Mixtec
3986:Dongba
3891:Yezidi
3881:Wancho
3856:Todhri
3809:Gothic
3789:Cipher
3730:Manchu
3720:Evenki
3705:Orkhon
3650:Manchu
3645:Lydian
3640:Lycian
3583:Gaelic
3533:Hanifi
3528:Hangul
3503:Gothic
3451:Fraser
3446:Fox II
3382:Coptic
3357:Carian
3340:Pazend
3313:Linear
3259:Thaana
3204:Sarati
3145:Others
3108:Rejang
3093:Lembak
3083:Incung
3063:Telugu
3018:Tai Le
2912:Langdi
2835:Chakma
2725:Karani
2698:Tamyig
2673:Kummol
2668:Himmol
2663:Golmol
2643:Nagari
2628:Meitei
2613:Lepcha
2598:Khojki
2583:Kaithi
2470:Syriac
2458:Musnad
2337:Ashuri
2332:Hebrew
2315:Elifba
2310:Arabic
2303:Hatran
2278:Abjads
2098:Hangul
2078:Arabic
2007:Abjads
1811:Fields
1727:Sememe
1707:Lexeme
1692:Glyphs
1550:
1227:, the
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1097:
1095:U+0391
1084:
1082:U+0410
1074:A
1071:
1069:U+0041
1002:polish
998:Polish
970:U+0030
932:graphs
928:glyphs
920:phones
896:Glyphs
890:|
886:|
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