362:
1282:
1221:
705:
797:, a noted Free State advocate in Kansas before the civil war, a controversial major general of Union forces during the war, and a Republican turned Democrat after the Grant Administration. His national debates on Greenback monetary policy led the party's growth and influence as spokesmen against the post-war redevelopment of monopolistic gold-based capitalism. Ewing's advice to Andrew Johnson had helped point the administration towards an anti-gold-standard Treasury department.
2931:
1241:
1158:
568:
482:
675:
the value of the unbacked currency when circulated side by side with fully functional gold-backed notes, the
Greenback movement argued. Moreover, this differential in values was exploited by speculators, who purchased unbacked currency at a severe discount with gold-backed notes and then pressured Congress into redemption of the same at a 1-to-1 rate — thereby netting the speculator a tidy profit.
551:. Under the plan the government would accumulate a sufficient gold reserve over the next several years through the sale of interest-bearing bonds for gold, using the accumulated metal to redeem the greenback currency on January 1, 1879. This deflationary move further tightened the already contracting economy, moving currency reform higher on the list of objectives of politically minded farmers.
863:, chairman of the national committee, called a second session of the national convention. The second session of the national convention met in Cincinnati on September 12, 1888. Only seven delegates attended. Chairman Jones issued an address criticizing the two major parties, and the delegates made no nominations. With the failure of the convention, the Greenback Party ceased to exist.
516:, which had been previously regarded by the public as worthless to the needs of agriculture due to insufficiencies of the soil as well as the arid climate. Millions of advertising dollars were spent by the railway companies promoting the agricultural development of the land which they had to sell. Populations skyrocketed and marginal lands were sold and settled.
814:
1302:
731:
Democrats or
Republicans to adopt inflationary monetary policy, southern and western leaders of monetary reform met in Indianapolis and proposed the creation of a new political party for currency reform. They would meet again in Cleveland to formally launch the Greenback Party in 1875. The Greenbackers condemned the
669:
The paper currency, commonly called 'legal tenders' or 'greenbacks,' was actually paid out for value received as so much gold, when gold could not be obtained ... But whether our currency will always be on a par with gold or not, ... the commercial and industrial prosperity of a country do not depend
594:
declared themselves free of the two established parties and established themselves as the
Independent Party. One of the founding members, John C. Wilde, is cited several times in a northern Michigan newspaper from 1898 explaining the reasons for the beginning of the Party. The group nominated a slate
393:
not only declared himself sympathetic to the banking industry's desire for restoration of a gold-based currency, but he declared the resumption of gold payments to be his primary aim. In
December 1865, McCulloch formally sought approval from Congress to retire the greenback currency from circulation,
674:
The
Greenback movement argued that the previous effort of using an unbacked currency had been sabotaged by monied interests, which had prevailed upon Congress to restrict the functionality of the notes — declaring them unsuitable for the payment of taxes or national debt. This inevitably depreciated
299:
in the North and a crisis of public confidence in the
Federal government. The government's initial illusions of a quick military victory proved ephemeral and in the wake of Southern victories the federal government found it increasingly difficult to sell the government bonds necessary to finance the
894:
in the
American political system has been the raising of new issues, the testing of their viability amongst the electorate, and the pressuring of established political parties to appropriate these issues as part of their own electoral agenda. In this the Greenback Party and the People's Party which
539:
Pressure was placed on
Congress to alleviate the business crisis through reinflation of the currency, pitting railroad promoters and the iron industry against Eastern bankers and the merchant elite, who favored a stable, gold-based currency. Although those favoring currency expansion won the day in
455:
power exerted by railroads, which used various aggressive pricing mechanisms for its own benefit against the farmers who shipped commodities over its lines. When the
Grangers turned to politics around the start of the 1870s, railroad price reform was chief on its agenda, with currency reform making
385:
during the Civil War. Between the years 1860 and 1865, the cost of living nearly doubled. As is the case in all inflationary periods, there were winners and losers created by the significant fall in currency value, with banks and creditors receiving less real value from the loans repaid by debtors.
800:
Ewing served in
Congress from 1877 to 1881 during the Hayes administration as a leading spokesman for those national politicians who wanted the nation's money supply used to expand commerce and fund westward expansion of the nation, not repay in gold the interest on civil war bonds Eastern bankers
535:
bonds to meet its financial obligations, leading to a default on loans and setting off a financial chain reaction. Runs began on banks, causing a series of bank failures, and manufacturers shuttered their production, laying off workers. Dozens of marginal railroads went bankrupt while unemployment
558:
still discredited in the minds of many Northerners for its pro-Southern orientation and the Republican Party dominated by pro-gold interests, conditions had become ripe for the emergence of a new political organization to challenge the political hegemony of the two established parties of American
507:
A frenzy to complete additional railway lines to open up new frontier areas for development followed, a situation in which the United States government and the great railroad companies of the day maintained a common interest. In an effort to speed such development, Congress granted cash loans and
630:
in November to form a new national political party. The result of this call was an undelegated gathering of individuals held in November in Indianapolis which was more akin to an organizational conference than a formal convention. No new party was formally established, but a governing Executive
747:
of 1875, which mandated that the U.S. Treasury issue specie (coinage or "hard" currency) in exchange for greenback currency upon its presentation for redemption beginning on January 1, 1879, thus returning the nation to the gold standard. Together, these measures created an inflexible currency
730:
to state that the movement offered, "an opportunity to accomplish something for the country at large — not for the farmers merely, but for all who live by their industry, as distinguished from those who live by politics, speculations and class-legislation." Frustrated by their inability to get
634:
Several regional conventions took place in 1875, merging the activities of local political parties towards a single end. Most of those attending these initial gatherings were farmers or lawyers, with few urban wage workers or trade union officials — the union movement having been shattered and
320:, forcing banks there to disburse a substantial part of their hard metal reserves. On December 30, 1861, New York banks suspended the redemption of their banknotes with gold. This spontaneous action was followed shortly by banks in other states suspending payment on their own banknotes and the
427:
movement endorsing a weak greenback-type currency as conducive to the needs of these groups as debtors. A looser currency supply was seen as a way of breaking the perceived stranglehold on the national economy held by banks and wealthy industrialists. Chief among these supporters of so-called
670:
upon the amount of gold and silver there is in circulation. Our prosperity must continually depend upon the industry, the enterprise, and the busy internal trade and a true independence of foreign nations, which a paper circulation, well based on credit, has always been found to promote.
678:
The Greenback Party of 1876 drew the support almost exclusively from farmers — few urban workmen cast ballots for the Greenback ticket. The situation changed somewhat in the summer of 1877, however, when a strike movement erupted across the country, leading to the suppression of local
376:
in January 1863, creating a yet another form of currency, also backed by government bonds rather than gold and redeemable in United States Notes. This non-gold-based currency became the functional equivalent of greenbacks in circulation, further expanding the money supply.
357:
circulated side by side with ostensibly gold-backed currency and gold coin, with the value of the former bearing a discount in trade. The greatest differential in value of these currencies came in 1864, when the value of a gold dollar equaled $ 1.85 in greenback currency.
3396:
683:
by Federal troops and a radicalization of workers. A myriad of local political organizations, independent not only of the Republican and Democratic Parties but also of the fledgling Greenback Party sprung up around the country, concentrated in the states of
1178:
2990:
511:
A great part of this massive stockpile of land needed to be converted into cash by the railways to finance their building activities, since railroad construction was a costly undertaking. New settlement had to be attracted to the virgin lands west of the
848:, only two dozen Greenback candidates ran for the House, apart from another six who ran on fusion tickets. Again, Weaver was the party's only victory. Much of the Greenback news in early 1888 took place in Michigan, where the party remained active.
276:
341:
the establishment of a system of national banks, each empowered to issue banknotes backed not with gold but with federal bonds. This December 1861 proposal was initially ignored by Congress, which in February 1862 decided instead to pass the
361:
2983:
303:
Two 1861 bond sales of $ 50 million each conducted through private banks went without a hitch, but bankers found the market for the 7.3% securities soft for a third bond issue. A general fear arose that the country's
2976:
2397:
2085:
Joint Discussions between Gen. Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, and Gov. Stewart L. Woodford, of New York, on the Finance Question: Held at Circleville, Wilmington, Tifflin, and Columbus, Ohio, October 2, 4, 8, and 9,
398:, calling for the withdrawal of $ 10 million in United States Notes within the first 6 months and an addition $ 4 million per month thereafter. Substantial contraction of the physical money supply followed.
2943:
380:
With the production of consumer goods impacted by the conversion of factories to wartime production and the expansion of the money supply, the United States of America experienced a period of protracted
631:
Committee was named for the prospective "National Independent Party", with the body assigned the task of composing a declaration of principles and issuing another call for a formal founding convention.
540:
Congress, which passed an Inflation Bill calling for a $ 46 million boost in output of National Bank notes that would raise the ceiling on unbacked currency back to $ 400 million, the legislation was
547:
The next Congress moved in the other direction, with the Republican leadership making use of steamroller tactics in order to finally resolve the dual currency situation through passage of the
801:
had bought to fund much of the civil war effort but whose antebellum lending practices to the South had helped slavery flourish. His 1875 national debates with hard money New York Governor
350:. Two additional issues were deemed necessary, approved in June 1862 and January 1863, so that by the end of the war some $ 450 million of this non-gold-backed currency was in circulation.
2232:
2934:
764:
612:
444:
240:
3442:
3416:
845:
830:
492:
The late 1860s and early 1870s were a time of frenetic railway construction and associated land speculation. Rather than a managed system of national railroad construction through
287:
of 1861 to 1865 greatly affected the financial system of the United States of America, creating vast new war-related expenditures while disrupting the flow of tax revenue from the
1876:
626:
The Indiana Independent organization cast its eyes upon a broader existence the following year, issuing a convention call in August 1874 urging all "greenback men" to assemble at
405:
in 1867 helped fuel opposition in Congress to the deflationary redemption program. In February 1868, Congress terminated the Redemption Act and a state of what is today known as
963:
Organized by philanthropist Horace H. Day in protest of March 1875 convention's failure to address labor concerns. Participants voted to fuse with "National Independent Party".
353:
The new United States Notes were popularly known as "greenbacks" due to the vibrant green ink used on the reverse side of the bill. A dual currency system emerged in which this
243:, the organization took the name Greenback Labor Party in 1878 and attempted to forge a farmer–labor alliance by adding industrial reforms to its agenda, such as support of the
448:
2999:
3467:
3462:
748:
controlled by banks rather than the federal government. Greenbacks contended that such a system favored creditors and industry to the detriment of farmers and laborers.
3272:
2784:
459:
The Greenback Party would be an alliance of organized labor and reform-minded farmers intent on toppling the political hegemony of the industrial- and banking-oriented
3452:
2939:
409:
emerged, during which Congress refused to either formally leave the gold standard or to redeem its non-gold currency in circulation. Secretary of the Treasury of the
3457:
2251:
1660:
1426:
389:
A change of heads at the Treasury Department in March 1865 proved the occasion for a change of course in American monetary policy. New Secretary of the Treasury
2225:
1587:
1541:
1532:
1444:
1435:
719:
In the late 1870s, the party controlled local government in a number of industrial and mining communities and contributed to the election of 21 members in the
496:
or leaving the construction of lines strictly to market forces, Congress attempted to spur the growth of the industry through the grant of enormous tracts of
2432:
2624:
1823:
There were a total of 105 American railroad failures during the first year of the crisis. See: Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," pg. 1556.
2709:
2634:
1665:
1546:
1449:
782:
The party seems to have made use of slightly different official names in some states, with the organization appearing on the ballot in the November 1880
141:
997:
Convention united the Greenback Party with the Labor Reform Party to establish the "Greenback Labor Party". Expands platform to include labor concerns.
895:
followed it were ultimately successful, moving the Democratic Party to espouse looser monetary policy and an ultimate abandonment of the gold standard.
851:
In early 1888, it was not clear if the Greenback Party would hold another national convention. The 4th Greenback Party National Convention assembled in
3090:
2654:
1523:
1363:
85:
3315:
3288:
3261:
3234:
3220:
3206:
3192:
3178:
3174:
3147:
3133:
3106:
3079:
3065:
3051:
2869:
2694:
2629:
2477:
2218:
1569:
1509:
1501:
1417:
1268:
1205:
1142:
194:
190:
186:
3363:
3299:
3008:
This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election
2799:
2789:
2482:
2422:
464:
331:
3373:
2759:
2417:
1462:
1372:
1354:
981:
Convention of the "National Independent Party" (Greenback Party) attended by 239 delegates from 17 states. Nominated Peter Cooper for President.
2382:
2242:
834:
174:
2462:
1453:
1408:
1399:
723:
independent of the two major parties. The movement found particular success at the 1874 elections in Wisconsin, California, Iowa and Kansas.
600:
2774:
2554:
1578:
1390:
1381:
258:, commonly known as the "Populists". Later, during the early 20th century, parts of the agenda from both parties were accomplished by the
3368:
2714:
2699:
2367:
2347:
2322:
182:
1880:
3411:
3401:
3348:
3343:
2834:
2669:
2664:
2639:
2614:
2442:
2357:
1902:
History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 1, From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Federation of Labor.
1028:
1002:
968:
254:. The organization faded into obscurity in the second half of the 1880s, with its basic program reborn shortly under the aegis of the
504:
across the North American continent was completed, bringing many localities to within reach of a national market for the first time.
368:, Abraham Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury, was a leading exponent of so-called "greenback" currency during the American Civil War
2864:
2724:
2689:
2306:
3117:
2764:
255:
81:
2157:
The Nomination to the Presidency of Peter Cooper and his Address to the Indianapolis Convention of the National Independent Party.
1940:
The Nomination to the Presidency of Peter Cooper and his Address to the Indianapolis Convention of the National Independent Party.
3447:
3338:
2839:
2749:
2719:
2684:
2457:
2362:
2275:
2268:
767:) and the Greenback movement. For example, both the Grange and the GAP favored a national graduated income tax and proposed that
555:
460:
229:
225:
3406:
501:
325:
3378:
2704:
2619:
2327:
876:
620:
1281:
436:
in 1870 in an effort to advance their political agenda, with an August 1870 convention calling for the establishment of the
2949:
2679:
2674:
2377:
1335:
647:
548:
292:
279:
A $ 5 United States Note of the series of 1862 popularly known as a "greenback" from the color of ink used on the reverse
2794:
2467:
1287:
1041:
818:
732:
92:
2894:
2874:
2854:
2534:
2301:
2286:
1610:
1594:
1554:
1469:
1342:
891:
437:
879:. By the middle of the 1880s, Greenback Labor nationally was losing its labor-based support, in part as a result of
3158:
2844:
2814:
2549:
2412:
146:
2909:
2859:
2734:
2604:
2544:
2387:
2337:
2027:
532:
136:
2155:
3437:
2899:
2040:
2968:
623:
for a two-year term, as well as a number of state legislators, but it never formed a coherent organization.)
3202:
2829:
2372:
2342:
859:, on May 16, 1888. There were so few delegates who attended that no actions were taken. On August 16, 1888,
395:
3353:
2644:
3139:
2502:
2492:
2447:
2437:
2332:
1422:
1220:
720:
704:
528:
343:
338:
321:
288:
209:
2166:
A History of the Greenbacks: With Special Reference to the Economic Consequences of Their Issue, 1862-65.
3280:
3102:
3061:
2769:
2754:
2599:
2594:
2472:
1246:
1020:
616:
386:
Pressure began to build in the financial industry for a rectification of the weak currency situation.
232:
parties. Continued use of unbacked currency, it was believed, would better foster business and assist
2407:
860:
776:
736:
595:
for statewide office, running on a platform which called for expansion of the national currency. (In
429:
3358:
2889:
2609:
2589:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2452:
2352:
2100:
Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development; Union, Party, and State, 1875-1920.
1574:
1566:
1562:
1368:
887:
802:
760:
740:
583:
406:
2210:
394:
a necessary first step towards restoration of the gold standard. In response, Congress passed the
3383:
3253:
3047:
2729:
2584:
1655:
1431:
1386:
1359:
1226:
1183:
651:
591:
508:
some 129 million acres (52.2 million hectares) of publicly owned land to subsidize construction.
413:
347:
284:
213:
205:
117:
416:
formally abandoned the contraction policy and embraced the ongoing state of political inertia.
3284:
2904:
2427:
2392:
2189:
1631:
1520:
1492:
1404:
794:
712:
401:
About $ 44 million in greenback currency was successfully withdrawn from circulation before a
373:
3307:
3245:
3143:
2879:
2809:
2804:
2779:
2539:
2402:
2133:
The True Greenback: Or the Way to Pay the National Debt Without Taxes, and Emancipate Labor.
1583:
1528:
1498:
1169:
837:
seats outright, although they did win one seat in conjunction with Plains States Democrats,
826:
433:
410:
2183:
Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America.
3230:
3216:
3198:
3125:
3075:
3071:
3057:
2954:
2819:
2744:
2739:
2649:
2579:
1973:
Selig Perlman, "Upheaval and Reorganization (Since 1876)," in John Commons et al. (eds.),
1618:
1602:
1477:
1377:
1350:
1307:
1045:
1016:
939:
872:
838:
708:
579:
520:
476:
365:
334:
259:
178:
105:
2193:
1938:
711:, presidential nominee of the Greenback Labor Party, was later a prominent figure in the
2173:
2164:
2131:
2083:
1704:
Paul Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," in Arthur M. Schlesinger (ed.),
1157:
567:
485:
Contemporary news illustration of a run on the 4th National Bank of New York during the
3311:
3212:
3184:
3166:
3129:
3098:
2884:
1637:
1537:
1506:
1486:
1458:
1395:
756:
744:
693:
680:
513:
481:
390:
883:
voluntarism and in part as a result of Irish defections back to the Democratic Party.
3431:
3257:
3226:
1514:
1440:
1413:
1293:
524:
486:
419:
Currency policy emerged as a hot topic in national politics, with politically active
317:
309:
251:
201:
1706:
History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860-1910, The Gilded Age of Politics.
1240:
931:
Meeting of the "Independent Party" of Indiana. Plans to call a national convention.
527:
began with a crisis in the overextended railroad industry, when the brokerage house
3043:
2824:
2574:
1163:
1148:
1033:
989:
973:
923:
768:
689:
659:
655:
639:
627:
571:
493:
1177:
346:, authorizing the production of not more than $ 150 million of these legal tender
3188:
3170:
2259:
1650:
1313:
880:
772:
497:
424:
248:
122:
109:
181:
ideology which was active from 1874 to 1889. The party ran candidates in three
1072:
1056:
955:
852:
787:
783:
752:
751:
In 1880, the Greenback Party broadened its platform to include support for an
354:
244:
578:
The Greenback Party emerged gradually from the consolidation of like-minded
2849:
604:
596:
402:
382:
296:
275:
217:
126:
841:, as well as a handful of other seats by endorsing the Democratic nominee.
17:
1301:
582:-level political organizations of differing names. According to historian
1915:
History of the Labor Movement in the United States," vol. 1, pp. 476-477.
452:
313:
101:
97:
456:
it easier for debtors to repay their loans a distinctly lesser concern.
220:
lowering of prices paid to producers that was entailed by a return to a
2140:
1211:
1007:
643:
587:
239:
Initially an agrarian organization associated with the policies of the
233:
221:
805:
set the stage for a rapid but brief rise in party national influence.
638:
The party nominated its first national ticket at a convention held in
443:
Joining organized labor were the organized farmers in the form of the
1943:
New York: Peter Cooper/Trow's Printing and Bookbinding, 1876; pg. 13.
608:
420:
813:
586:, the origin of the Greenback Party is to be found in the state of
536:
skyrocketed. A lengthy depression ensued, continuing through 1878.
432:(NLU), established in 1866. This and other groups began to turn to
1252:
812:
703:
566:
480:
360:
337:
had already anticipated the coming financial crisis, proposing to
274:
1832:
Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," pp. 1555-1556.
1747:
Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," pp. 1552-1553.
1232:
1189:
856:
821:
of Massachusetts was the Greenback nominee for president in 1884
685:
541:
305:
247:
and opposition to the use of state or private force to suppress
2972:
2214:
793:
Among its national spokesmen, although not the best known, was
603:, also called Liberal Reform Party or People's Reform Party, a
308:
supply was inadequate and that the nation would soon leave the
2195:
The Greenback Movement of 1875-1884 and Wisconsin's Part In It
1788:
Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1931; pp. 3-4.
1786:
The Populist Revolt: A History of the Crusade for Farm Relief.
871:
Many Greenback activists, including 1880 Presidential nominee
790:, city election as the "Greenback Labor and Socialist Party".
2160:
New York: Peter Cooper/Trow's Printing and Bookbinding, 1876.
646:
in May 1876. The party's platform focused upon repeal of the
2125:
The Greenbacks and Resumption of Specie Payments, 1862-1879.
2111:
Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," pg. 1550.
1928:
Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," pg. 1551.
1866:
Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," pg. 1557.
1844:
Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," pp. 1556.
1775:
Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," pg. 1555.
1763:
Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," pg. 1554.
1738:
Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," pg. 1553.
1080:
Only 8 delegates attended and no candidates were nominated.
763:. Ideological similarities also existed between the Grange (
451:. Established in 1867, the Grange concerned itself with the
295:. The act of Southern secession prompted a brief and severe
590:, where early in 1873 a group of reform-minded farmers and
574:
of New York, presidential candidate of the Greenback Party.
3000:
Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets
2060:
Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2008; pg. 290.
658:. The convention nominated New York economics pamphleteer
2935:
State and local political parties (without national body)
1064:
So few delegates in attendance that no action was taken.
825:
The Greenback Party was in decline throughout the entire
2058:
Thomas Ewing Jr.: Frontier Lawyer and Civil War General.
1708:
New York: Chelsea House/R.R. Bowker Co., 1973; pg. 1552.
1482:—Seated June 3, 1882, subsequently died August 12, 1882.
765:
The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
654:
in an effort to restore prosperity through an expanded
500:
to privately owned railway companies. In May 1869, the
890:
has observed that one of the traditional functions of
743:
was in fact the "Crime of '73" to Greenback), and the
2175:
Gold, Prices, and Wages under the Greenback Standard.
1877:"William Robert Taylor, Wisconsin Historical Society"
372:
Congress finally enacted Treasury Secretary Chase's
328:. The gold standard was thus effectively suspended.
3329:
3298:
3271:
3244:
3157:
3116:
3089:
3034:
3013:
2567:
2527:
2520:
2315:
2294:
2285:
2258:
2178:
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1908.
2102:
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986; pg. 87.
116:
91:
77:
59:
41:
32:
3397:Third-party performances in presidential elections
1904:New York: International Publishers, 1947; pg. 476.
779:, was named after the Greenback Party about 1882.
236:by raising prices and making debts easier to pay.
224:-based monetary system, the policy favored by the
1975:History of Labour in the United States: Volume 2.
1957:William D.P. Bliss and Rudolph M. Binder (eds.),
739:of 1863, the harmonization of the silver dollar (
1961:New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1908; pp. 562-563.
1924:
1922:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1734:
1700:
667:
3443:Defunct political parties in the United States
2252:List of political parties in the United States
2127:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931.
1771:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1661:List of political parties in the United States
771:be given to settlers rather than sold to land
423:and representatives of the fledgling national
2984:
2226:
1969:
1967:
216:and shortly afterward. The party opposed the
8:
2001:Greenbacks, Knights of Labor, and Populists,
1334:The following were Greenback members of the
2185:New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
2169:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1903.
2014:Greenback, Knights of Labor, and Populists,
1666:List of 19th century American labor parties
1427:North Carolina's 3rd congressional district
3031:
2991:
2977:
2969:
2564:
2524:
2291:
2233:
2219:
2211:
1588:Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district
1542:Pennsylvania's 25th congressional district
1533:Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district
1445:Pennsylvania's 20th congressional district
1436:Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district
986:Greenback Labor Party Founding Convention
947:Establishes "National Independent Party."
29:
1053:4th Greenback Labor Convention (aborted)
3468:1874 establishments in the United States
3463:Political parties disestablished in 1889
2145:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
1953:
1951:
1949:
1090:
1069:4th Greenback Labor National Convention
902:
324:itself suspending redemption of its own
3453:Left-wing populism in the United States
1676:
1517:, Missouri's 9th congressional district
1480:, Alabama's 8th congressional district.
1029:3rd Greenback Labor National Convention
1003:2nd Greenback Labor National Convention
650:and the renewed use of non-gold-backed
332:United States Secretary of the Treasury
2383:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party
2243:political parties in the United States
2089:Columbus, OH: J.V. Lee, 1876; pg. 100.
1959:The New Encyclopedia of Social Reform.
1634:, lawyer and state legislator in Texas
1524:Missouri's 10th congressional district
1364:Illinois's 15th congressional district
635:atomized following the Panic of 1873.
544:by President Grant on April 22, 1874.
3458:Political parties established in 1874
1570:Indiana's 13th congressional district
1510:Missouri's 7th congressional district
1502:Missouri's 6th congressional district
1418:Missouri's 9th congressional district
1015:Attended by 714 delegates. Nominated
662:as its presidential standard-bearer.
200:The party's name referred to the non-
7:
1495:, Maine's 5th congressional district
1489:, Maine's 4th congressional district
1463:Vermont's 3rd congressional district
1373:Indiana's 7th congressional district
1355:Alabama's 8th congressional district
2368:Freedom Road Socialist Organization
1977:New York: Macmillan, 1918; pg. 240.
1621:, Iowa's 6th congressional district
1614:, March 4, 1887, to March 3, 1889.
1605:, Iowa's 6th congressional district
1598:, March 4, 1885, to March 3, 1887.
1558:, March 4, 1883, to March 3, 1885.
1549:, Texas' 5th congressional district
1473:, March 4, 1881, to March 3, 1883.
936:National Organizational Convention
665:Cooper declared to the convention:
531:found itself unable to sell enough
3412:Progressivism in the United States
3402:Labor history of the United States
3344:Social Democratic Party of America
2940:Presidential nominating convention
2136:Chicago: Alexander Campbell, 1868.
1454:Texas's 5th congressional district
1409:Maine's 5th congressional district
1400:Maine's 4th congressional district
920:Indiana Organizational Conference
27:1874–1889 American political party
25:
2025:Linda Albert, "About Greenback",
1579:Iowa's 4th congressional district
1391:Iowa's 7th congressional district
1382:Iowa's 6th congressional district
1346:, March 4, 1879 - March 3, 1881.
471:1873 economic crisis and response
463:which ruled the North during the
3339:Socialist Labor Party of America
2930:
2929:
1300:
1280:
1239:
1219:
1176:
1156:
761:allowing women the right to vote
599:in the same year, a short-lived
204:paper money, commonly known as "
3407:Liberalism in the United States
2141:Ohio and the Greenback Movement
502:First transcontinental railroad
208:", that had been issued by the
3417:Socialism in the United States
833:, the party failed to win any
1:
2950:Politics of the United States
1336:U.S. House of Representatives
648:Specie Resumption Act of 1875
549:Specie Payment Resumption Act
293:Confederate States of America
2640:Democratic-Republican (1844)
2468:South Carolina Workers Party
1092:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1044:nominated for president and
1037:
1032:
1027:
1011:
1006:
1001:
993:
988:
985:
977:
972:
967:
959:
954:
951:
943:
938:
935:
927:
922:
919:
875:, later participated in the
82:People's Party ("Populists")
65:; 135 years ago
47:; 150 years ago
2028:Maryville-Alcoa Daily Times
1640:, state legislator in Texas
1611:50th United States Congress
1595:49th United States Congress
1555:48th United States Congress
1470:47th United States Congress
1343:46th United States Congress
1322:
1319:
1261:
1258:
1198:
1195:
438:National Labor Reform Party
161:(known successively as the
3484:
2398:National Progressive Party
2323:African People's Socialist
952:Organizational Convention
474:
167:National Independent Party
3392:
3006:
2922:
2850:States Rights (Dixiecrat)
2249:
911:
908:
905:
611:-minded Republicans, and
533:Northern Pacific Railroad
137:Politics of United States
132:
2443:Socialism and Liberation
2198:. Milwaukee: E. B. Usher
2139:McGrane, R. C. (1925). "
1371:(1825–1892), "National"
1042:Benjamin Franklin Butler
615:secured the election of
197:, before it faded away.
175:American political party
3448:History of Indianapolis
3364:Socialist Workers Party
2720:National States' Rights
2575:American (Know Nothing)
2423:Progressive Labor Party
2172:Wesley Clair Mitchell,
2163:Wesley Clair Mitchell,
2045:Sacramento Record-Union
1626:Other elected officials
1547:George Washington Jones
1450:George Washington Jones
969:1st National Convention
829:administration. In the
809:Decline and dissolution
733:National Banking System
529:Jay Cooke & Company
428:"Greenbackism" was the
396:Contraction Act of 1866
118:Political position
3140:William Jennings Bryan
2448:Serve America Movement
2438:Renew America Movement
2041:"Greenback Socialists"
1423:Daniel Lindsay Russell
822:
728:Chicago Weekly Tribune
721:United States Congress
716:
672:
575:
489:
369:
344:First Legal Tender Act
289:Southern United States
280:
266:Organizational history
183:presidential elections
3281:Robert M. La Follette
3203:George R. Kirkpatrick
3103:Charles E. Cunningham
3062:Barzillai J. Chambers
2855:Traditionalist Worker
2535:Democratic-Republican
2473:Social Democrats, USA
2463:Socialist Alternative
1247:Barzillai J. Chambers
1021:Barzillai J. Chambers
816:
707:
621:Governor of Wisconsin
617:William Robert Taylor
570:
484:
465:Reconstruction period
364:
278:
171:Greenback Labor Party
2710:National Renaissance
2635:Constitutional Union
2130:Alexander Campbell,
2031:, February 19, 2000.
1812:The Populist Revolt,
1799:The Populist Revolt,
1087:Presidential tickets
777:Greenback, Tennessee
737:National Banking Act
447:, commonly known as
445:Patrons of Husbandry
430:National Labor Union
411:Grant administration
3359:Communist Party USA
2910:Youth International
2860:Unconditional Union
2765:Populist (People's)
2675:Independence (2007)
2670:Independence (1906)
2630:Constitution (1952)
2605:American Vegetarian
2545:National Republican
2388:Legal Marijuana Now
2338:American Solidarity
1575:Luman Hamlin Weller
1563:Benjamin F. Shively
1369:Gilbert De La Matyr
803:Stewart L. Woodford
741:Coinage Act of 1873
652:United States Notes
592:political activists
348:United States Notes
291:, organized as the
3384:New Alliance Party
3354:Farmer–Labor Party
3349:Independence Party
3300:Progressive (1948)
3273:Progressive (1924)
3254:Theodore Roosevelt
2790:Progressive (1948)
2785:Progressive (1924)
2780:Progressive (1912)
2715:National Socialist
2695:Liberal Republican
2665:Human Rights Party
2625:Communist Workers'
2478:Socialist Equality
1656:United States Note
1432:Hendrick B. Wright
1387:Edward H. Gillette
1360:Albert P. Forsythe
1288:Benjamin F. Butler
1227:James Baird Weaver
1019:for president and
994:February 22, 1878
823:
819:Benjamin F. Butler
717:
576:
490:
414:George S. Boutwell
374:National Bank plan
370:
285:American Civil War
281:
214:American Civil War
3425:
3424:
3332:left-wing parties
3325:
3324:
3285:Burton K. Wheeler
2966:
2965:
2918:
2917:
2835:Social Democratic
2830:Silver Republican
2800:Radical Democracy
2795:Proletarian Party
2563:
2562:
2516:
2515:
2483:Socialist Workers
2373:Freedom Socialist
2343:Christian Liberty
2181:Gretchen Ritter,
2071:Thomas Ewing Jr.,
2056:Ronald D. Smith,
1900:Philip S. Foner,
1632:Harriel G. Geiger
1521:Joseph H. Burrows
1493:Thompson H. Murch
1483:
1405:Thompson H. Murch
1330:Elected officials
1327:
1326:
1121:Vice Presidential
1084:
1083:
795:Thomas Ewing, Jr.
735:, created by the
713:Populist movement
163:Independent Party
155:
154:
142:Political parties
86:Union Labor Party
78:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
3475:
3308:Henry A. Wallace
3144:Thomas E. Watson
3032:
3028:running mate(s))
3026:(candidate(s) /
2993:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2933:
2932:
2845:Socialist (1901)
2565:
2525:
2503:Working Families
2458:Socialist Action
2453:Socialist (1973)
2403:Progressive Dane
2333:American Freedom
2292:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2123:Don C. Barrett,
2112:
2109:
2103:
2098:Gwendolyn Mink,
2096:
2090:
2082:J.V. Lee (Ed.),
2080:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1990:vol. 2, pg. 532.
1988:Give Me Liberty!
1984:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1879:. Archived from
1873:
1867:
1864:
1845:
1842:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1764:
1761:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1709:
1702:
1584:Charles N. Brumm
1529:Charles N. Brumm
1499:Ira S. Hazeltine
1481:
1304:
1284:
1243:
1223:
1180:
1160:
1091:
1038:May 28–29, 1884
1012:June 9–10, 1880
978:May 16–18, 1876
903:
846:election of 1886
831:election of 1884
827:Grover Cleveland
556:Democratic Party
461:Republican Party
434:political action
314:runs on deposits
73:
71:
66:
55:
53:
48:
30:
21:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3438:Greenback Party
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3388:
3331:
3321:
3294:
3267:
3240:
3231:James H. Maurer
3217:Seymour Stedman
3199:Allan L. Benson
3153:
3126:James B. Weaver
3112:
3085:
3076:Absolom M. West
3072:Benjamin Butler
3058:James B. Weaver
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2955:Politics portal
2914:
2840:Socialist Labor
2820:Red Guard Party
2770:Personal Choice
2705:National (1917)
2600:American (1969)
2595:American (1924)
2580:Americans Elect
2559:
2521:Defunct parties
2512:
2311:
2281:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2201:
2199:
2190:Usher, Ellis B.
2188:
2120:
2118:Further reading
2115:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2039:
2035:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1784:John D. Hicks,
1783:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1712:
1703:
1678:
1674:
1647:
1628:
1567:Anti-Monopolist
1478:William M. Lowe
1378:James B. Weaver
1351:William M. Lowe
1332:
1308:Absolom M. West
1305:
1285:
1244:
1224:
1181:
1161:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1089:
1077:Sept. 12, 1888
1046:Absolom M. West
1017:James B. Weaver
960:September 1875
901:
873:James B. Weaver
869:
861:George O. Jones
839:James B. Weaver
817:Representative
811:
709:James B. Weaver
702:
565:
521:economic bubble
479:
477:Long Depression
473:
366:Salmon P. Chase
335:Salmon P. Chase
273:
268:
159:Greenback Party
151:
108:
106:Monetary reform
104:
100:
98:Anti-monopolism
84:
69:
67:
64:
51:
49:
46:
37:
36:
35:Greenback Party
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3379:Citizens Party
3376:
3374:People's Party
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3312:Glen H. Taylor
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3224:
3213:Eugene V. Debs
3210:
3196:
3185:Eugene V. Debs
3182:
3167:Eugene V. Debs
3163:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3137:
3130:James G. Field
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3099:Alson Streeter
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3069:
3055:
3048:Samuel F. Cary
3040:
3038:
3029:
3020:one percent of
3011:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2937:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:Young Patriots
2892:
2887:
2885:White Panthers
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:People's Party
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Liberty (1840)
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Gold Democrats
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2555:National Union
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2186:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2154:Peter Cooper,
2152:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2104:
2091:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2033:
2018:
2005:
1992:
1979:
1963:
1945:
1937:Peter Cooper,
1930:
1918:
1906:
1893:
1868:
1846:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1765:
1749:
1740:
1710:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:Robert A. Kerr
1635:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1538:James Mosgrove
1535:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1507:Theron M. Rice
1504:
1496:
1490:
1487:George W. Ladd
1484:
1466:
1465:
1459:Bradley Barlow
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1396:George W. Ladd
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1298:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1237:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1184:Samuel F. Cary
1174:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1013:
1010:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
992:
987:
983:
982:
979:
976:
971:
965:
964:
961:
958:
953:
949:
948:
945:
942:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:Nov. 25, 1874
926:
921:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
900:
897:
877:Populist Party
868:
865:
810:
807:
775:. The town of
757:eight-hour day
745:Resumption Act
701:
698:
681:strike actions
607:of Democrats,
564:
561:
514:Missouri River
475:Main article:
472:
469:
391:Hugh McCulloch
326:Treasury notes
312:. In December
297:business panic
272:
269:
267:
264:
256:People's Party
153:
152:
150:
149:
144:
139:
133:
130:
129:
120:
114:
113:
95:
89:
88:
79:
75:
74:
61:
57:
56:
43:
39:
38:
34:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3480:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:Liberty Party
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:Other notable
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3309:
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3303:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:
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3259:
3258:Hiram Johnson
3255:
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3249:
3247:
3243:
3236:
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3228:
3227:Norman Thomas
3225:
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2890:White Patriot
2888:
2886:
2883:
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2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Patriot Party
2753:
2751:
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2738:
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2610:Black Panther
2608:
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2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:American Nazi
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:Third parties
2566:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:Major parties
2526:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2508:Workers World
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Working Class
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Transhumanist
2486:
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2378:Forward Party
2376:
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2363:Freedom Party
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2303:
2300:
2299:
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2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Third parties
2284:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2260:Major parties
2257:
2253:
2248:
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2222:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2202:September 25,
2197:
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2159:
2158:
2153:
2151:(4): 526–542.
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2019:
2015:
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2002:
1996:
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1976:
1970:
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1883:on 2018-10-01
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1516:
1515:Nicholas Ford
1513:
1511:
1508:
1505:
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1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1475:
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1472:
1471:
1464:
1461:(1814–1889),
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:(1828–1903),
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:(1834–1895),
1442:
1441:Seth H. Yocum
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:(1845–1908),
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:(1833–1897),
1415:
1414:Nicholas Ford
1412:
1410:
1407:(1838–1886),
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:(1818–1892),
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:(1840–1918),
1388:
1385:
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1380:(1833–1912),
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1376:
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1362:(1830–1906),
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1356:
1353:(1842–1882),
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1339:
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1309:
1303:
1299:
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1294:Massachusetts
1290:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:Indianapolis
1273:
1271:
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1266:
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1256:
1254:
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1234:
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1110:
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1103:
1098:
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1074:
1067:
1063:
1061:May 16, 1888
1058:
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918:
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896:
893:
892:third parties
889:
888:Paul Kleppner
884:
882:
878:
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866:
864:
862:
858:
854:
849:
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842:
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778:
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766:
762:
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749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
726:This led the
724:
722:
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706:
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695:
691:
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682:
676:
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663:
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629:
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618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
589:
585:
584:Paul Kleppner
581:
573:
569:
563:Establishment
562:
560:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:In 1873, the
517:
515:
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
488:
487:Panic of 1873
483:
478:
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329:
327:
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322:U.S. Treasury
319:
318:New York City
315:
311:
310:gold standard
307:
301:
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277:
270:
265:
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257:
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207:
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198:
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192:
188:
184:
180:
179:anti-monopoly
176:
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148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
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128:
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119:
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111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
62:
58:
44:
40:
31:
19:
3044:Peter Cooper
3035:
3024:popular vote
3022:the national
3018:won at least
3016:tickets that
3014:Presidential
2875:Union (1936)
2870:Union (1861)
2865:Union (1850)
2730:New Alliance
2690:Labor (1996)
2685:Labor (1919)
2659:
2645:Farmer–Labor
2585:Anti-Masonic
2358:Constitution
2274:
2267:
2200:. Retrieved
2194:
2182:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2132:
2124:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2078:
2073:pp. 331-332.
2070:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1958:
1939:
1933:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:the original
1871:
1828:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1743:
1705:
1619:James Weaver
1609:
1608:
1603:James Weaver
1593:
1592:
1553:
1552:
1468:
1467:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1311:
1306:
1291:
1286:
1267:
1250:
1245:
1230:
1225:
1204:
1187:
1182:
1167:
1164:Peter Cooper
1162:
1149:Indianapolis
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1114:Presidential
1113:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1034:Indianapolis
990:Toledo, Ohio
974:Indianapolis
924:Indianapolis
885:
870:
850:
843:
824:
799:
792:
781:
769:public lands
750:
727:
725:
718:
690:Pennsylvania
677:
673:
668:
664:
660:Peter Cooper
656:money supply
640:Indianapolis
637:
633:
628:Indianapolis
625:
601:Reform Party
577:
572:Peter Cooper
553:
546:
538:
518:
510:
506:
498:public lands
494:public works
491:
458:
442:
418:
400:
388:
379:
371:
352:
330:
302:
300:war effort.
282:
260:Progressives
238:
218:deflationary
199:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
3189:Emil Seidel
3171:Ben Hanford
3091:Union Labor
2905:Young Lords
2725:Natural Law
2428:Prohibition
2307:Libertarian
1651:Producerism
1314:Mississippi
944:March 1875
906:Convention
899:Conventions
881:craft union
773:speculators
700:Development
425:trade union
212:during the
202:gold backed
123:Center-left
112:(initially)
110:Agrarianism
18:Greenbacker
3432:Categories
3246:Bull Moose
2880:U.S. Labor
2815:Red Guards
2810:Readjuster
2805:Raza Unida
2750:Opposition
2615:Boston Tea
2540:Federalist
2276:Republican
2269:Democratic
2003:pp. 20–21.
1887:2012-08-03
1216:June 1880
1107:Convention
1100:Convention
1073:Cincinnati
1057:Cincinnati
956:Cincinnati
886:Historian
853:Cincinnati
788:California
784:Sacramento
753:income tax
559:politics.
449:the Grange
355:fiat money
271:Background
245:8-hour day
230:Democratic
226:Republican
206:greenbacks
3159:Socialist
3036:Greenback
2745:Nullifier
2740:New Union
2735:New Party
2660:Greenback
2650:Free Soil
2408:Marijuana
2353:Communist
2241:National
1672:Footnotes
1277:May 1884
1153:May 1876
1123:Candidate
1116:Candidate
940:Cleveland
915:Comments
909:Location
605:coalition
597:Wisconsin
554:With the
525:The Panic
403:recession
383:inflation
316:began in
173:) was an
147:Elections
127:left-wing
60:Dissolved
3118:Populist
2775:Populist
2620:Citizens
2418:People's
2348:Citizens
2328:Alliance
2192:(1911).
2047:, pg. 3.
1913:Foner,
1645:See also
1320:175,096
1259:305,997
1170:New York
1095:Election
1048:for VP.
1023:for VP.
694:New York
613:Grangers
453:monopoly
407:gridlock
339:Congress
177:with an
169:and the
102:Laborism
93:Ideology
2900:Workers
2680:Justice
2393:Liberal
2316:Smaller
2069:Smith,
2016:pg. 22.
1986:Foner,
1814:pg. 15.
1810:Hicks,
1797:Hicks,
1212:Chicago
1196:83,726
1135:Percent
1128:Popular
1008:Chicago
844:In the
644:Indiana
588:Indiana
523:burst.
421:farmers
252:strikes
234:farmers
222:bullion
68: (
50: (
42:Founded
2825:Silver
2433:Reform
2413:Pirate
2295:Larger
2012:Hild,
1999:Hild,
1801:pg. 5.
867:Legacy
759:, and
692:, and
609:reform
542:vetoed
241:Grange
165:, the
2493:Unity
2302:Green
2086:1875.
1323:1.7%
1262:3.3%
1253:Texas
1130:votes
1109:dates
912:Date
835:House
755:, an
580:state
249:union
210:North
185:, in
3316:1948
3289:1924
3262:1912
3235:1932
3221:1920
3207:1916
3193:1912
3179:1908
3177:and
3175:1904
3148:1896
3134:1892
3107:1888
3080:1884
3066:1880
3052:1876
2944:List
2550:Whig
2204:2013
1269:1884
1233:Iowa
1206:1880
1190:Ohio
1143:1876
1102:city
857:Ohio
686:Ohio
306:gold
283:The
228:and
195:1884
193:and
191:1880
187:1876
157:The
70:1889
63:1889
52:1874
45:1874
2143:".
1199:1%
619:as
125:to
3434::
2149:11
2147:.
2043:,
1966:^
1948:^
1921:^
1849:^
1837:^
1768:^
1752:^
1713:^
1679:^
1586:,
1577:,
1565:,
1540:,
1531:,
1434:,
1338::
855:,
786:,
696:.
688:,
642:,
467:.
440:.
262:.
189:,
3318:)
3314:(
3310:/
3291:)
3287:(
3283:/
3264:)
3260:(
3256:/
3237:)
3233:(
3229:/
3223:)
3219:(
3215:/
3209:)
3205:(
3201:/
3195:)
3191:(
3187:/
3181:)
3173:(
3169:/
3150:)
3146:(
3142:/
3136:)
3132:(
3128:/
3109:)
3105:(
3101:/
3082:)
3078:(
3074:/
3068:)
3064:(
3060:/
3054:)
3050:(
3046:/
2992:e
2985:t
2978:v
2946:)
2942:(
2234:e
2227:t
2220:v
2206:.
1890:.
1316:)
1312:(
1296:)
1292:(
1255:)
1251:(
1235:)
1231:(
1192:)
1188:(
1172:)
1168:(
715:.
72:)
54:)
20:)
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