1099:, without damaging the delicate surface. Unlike other winter service vehicles, snow sweepers do not compress the snow, leaving a rough, high friction, surface behind them. This makes snow sweepers the most efficient method of snow removal for snow depths below 10 centimetres (3.9 in). Snow deeper than this, however, can clog the brushes, and most snow sweepers cannot be used to clear snow deeper than 15 centimetres (5.9 in). A more advanced version of the snow sweeper is the jet sweeper, which adds an air-blower just behind the brushes, in order to blow the swept snow clear of the pavement and prevent the loosened snow from settling.
833:, to clear snow from tracks and switches. In addition to physically blowing snow with the force of the air, they melt recalcitrant precipitation with exhaust temperatures over 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit (538 °C). Approximately 100 are believed to have been manufactured in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s; they are used so rarely that they are generally maintained indefinitely rather than being replaced. For example, in the Boston area the MBTA uses two model RP-3 Portec RMC Hurricane Jet Snow Blowers, nicknamed "Snowzilla", to clear heavy snows from the
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335:, are built on a far smaller chassis using small tractors or custom made vehicles. These vehicles are often multi-purpose, and can be fitted with other equipment such as brushes, lawnmowers or cranes—as these operations are generally unable to run during heavy snowfalls, there is generally little overlap between the different uses, reducing the size of the fleet required by the agency or contractor.
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other liquid deicer. This speeds de-icing action and helps keep it from bouncing off the pavement into the gutter or ditch. Brine acts faster than solid salt and does not require compression by passing traffic to become effective. The brine is also more environmentally friendly, as less salt is required to treat the same length of road.
513:, allow winter service vehicle drivers to operate without any extra training, most provide supplemental lessons to drivers to teach them the most effective and safe methods of snow removal. Many require that trainee drivers ride-along with more experienced drivers, and some even operate specially designed
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Snow blowers, also known as rotating snowplows or snow cutters, can be used in place of snowplows on winter service vehicles. A snow blower consists of a rapidly spinning auger which cuts through the snow, forcing it out of a funnel attached to the top of the blower. Snow blowers typically clear much
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formation. As a result, gritting and plowing runs are often prioritised in favour of clearing these mountain roads, especially at the start and end of the snow season. The hazardous roads through mountain passes pose additional problems for the large winter service vehicles. The heavy metal frame and
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bodies. These machines allowed the mechanisation of the snow clearing process, reducing the labor required for snow removal and increasing the speed and efficiency of the process. The expansion of the aviation industry also acted as a catalyst for the development of winter service vehicles during the
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vehicles include a plow frame to which a blade can be attached. Winter service vehicles with both a plow frame and a gritting body are known as "all purpose vehicles", and while these are more efficient than using dedicated vehicles, the weight of the hopper often decreases the range of the vehicle.
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is often used as an anti-icer rather than a de-icer. A vehicle carries a tank of brine, which is sprayed on the road surface before or at the onset of the storm. This keeps snow and ice from adhering to the surface and makes mechanical removal by plows easier. Solid salt is also wetted with brine or
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Snow melters are in some ways more environmentally friendly than gritters, as they do not spray hazardous materials, and pollutants from the road surface can be separated from the meltwater and disposed of safely. In addition, because the snow is melted on board, the costs of transporting snow from
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Weather conditions typically vary greatly depending on altitude; hot countries can experience heavy snowfall in mountainous regions yet receive very little in low-lying areas, increasing the accident rate among drivers inexperienced in winter driving. In addition, road surface temperatures can fall
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to improve maneuverability. For smaller applications smaller trucks are used. In Canada, pickup trucks are used with snow removal operations with a blade mounted in front and optional de-icing equipment installed in the rear. Underbody scrapers are also used by some agencies and are mounted between
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A snow-melting vehicle works by scooping snow into a melting pit located in a large tank at the rear of the vehicle. Around the melting pit is a thin jacket full of warm water, heated by a powerful burner. The gases from the burner are bubbled through the water, causing some of the heated water to
982:. In addition, the complicated melting process means that snow melting vehicles have a much lower capacity than the equivalent plow or blower vehicle; the largest snow melter can remove 500 metric tons of snow per hour, compared to the 5,000 metric tons per hour capacity of any large snow blower.
817:(4,900 long tons; 5,500 short tons) of snow per hour, and can cut through far deeper snow drifts than a snowplow can. In addition, snow blowers can remove snow from the roadway completely, rather than piling it at the side of the road, making passage easier for other road users and preventing the
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are commonly used to remove snow especially from sidewalks, parking lots, and other areas too small for using snowplows and other heavy equipment. They are sometimes used as snowplows with a snowplow attachment but commonly have a bucket or snowbasket, which can also be used to load snow into the
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snow rollers, the earliest winter service vehicles, to compress the snow covering roads. The compression increased the life of the snow and eased passage for sleds. Some communities even employed snow wardens to spread or "pave" snow onto exposed areas such as bridges, to allow sleds to use these
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produced by the rotation of the wheel. Surface friction testers are used at airports and on major roadways before ice formation or after snow removal. The vehicle can relay the surface friction data back to the control centre, allowing gritting and clearing to be planned so that the vehicles are
498:. Though the vehicles still use public highways, they are used to keep the road network operational, and forcing them to pay extra tax to do so would discourage private contractors from assisting with snow removal on public roads. Winter service vehicle drivers in the United States must hold a
540:, before and during inclement weather only, with drivers working a 12- to 16-hour shift. Main roads are typically gritted in advance, to reduce the disruption to the network. Salt barns are provided at regular intervals for drivers to collect more grit, and bedding is provided at
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can also be used to plow snow. Either a snowplow attachment can be mounted on the loader's arm in place of the bucket, or the bucket or snowbasket can be used to load snow into the rear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck, which then hauls it away. Snowplows are dangerous to
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or broom to remove snow from walkways and roads. Before motorised transport, snow removal was seen as less of a concern; unpaved roads in rural areas were dangerous and bumpy, and snow and ice made the surface far smoother. Most farmers could simply replace their wagons with
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and the increasing size of cities, snow-paving fell out of favour, as the resultant slippery surfaces posed a danger to pedestrians and traffic. The earliest patents for snowplows date back to 1840, but there are no records of their actual use until 1862, when the city of
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feed, allowing the driver to choose the best areas to treat and to avoid areas in which rain is likely, which can wash away the grit used—the most advanced can even adapt to changing conditions, ensuring optimal gritter and plow settings. Most run on wheels, often with
753:(2.0 lb/1000 sq ft; 0.018 lb/sq yd) is dropped, while thick snow can require up to 40 g/m (8.2 lb/1000 sq ft; 0.074 lb/sq yd) of salt, independent of the volume of sand dropped. The grit is sometimes mixed with
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Airport runways are also de-iced by sprayers fitted with long spraying arms. These arms are wide enough to cross the entire runway, and allow de-icing of the entire airstrip to take place in a single pass, reducing the length of time that the runway is unavailable.
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709:), onto roads. The grit is stored in the large hopper on the rear of the vehicle, with a wire mesh over the top to prevent foreign objects from entering the spreading mechanism and hence becoming jammed. The salt is generally spread across the roadway by an
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A snow sweeper uses brushes to remove thin layers of snow from the pavement surface. Snow sweepers are used after plowing to remove any remaining material missed by the larger vehicles in areas with very low snow-tolerance, such as airport runways and
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to a small onboard engine. However, until the 1970s, the grit was often spread manually using shovels by men riding on the back of the truck, and some older spreading mechanisms still require grit be manually loaded into the impeller from the hopper.
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of metals, so operators should limit gritting to an absolute minimum. The dropped salt is eventually washed away and lost, so it may not be reused or collected after gritting runs. By contrast, the insoluble sand can be collected and recycled by
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to contractors for priority access to vehicles in winter, while cities where snow is a less regular occurrence may simply hire the vehicles as needed. Winter service vehicles in the United
Kingdom are the only road-going vehicles entitled to use
517:, which can safely replicate dangerous winter driving conditions. Other organisations require that all staff have a recognised additional licence or certificate—the United Kingdom Highways Agency for example requires that all staff have both a
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1294:; as grit is scattered across the entire roadway, loose pieces can damage the paintwork and windows of passing cars. Loose salt does not provide sufficient traction for motorcycles, which can lead to skidding, especially around corners.
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Because they have to carry the large water tank and fuel for the burner, snow melting machines tend to be much larger and heavier than most winter service vehicles, at around 18 metres (59 ft), with the largest being hauled by
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A snow groomer is a machine designed to smooth and compact the snow, rather than removing it altogether. Early snow groomers were used by residents of rural areas to compress the snow close to their homes, and consisted of a heavy
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to accelerate the melting of the snow. Early attempts at gritting were resisted, as the salt used encouraged rusting, causing damage to the metal structures of bridges and the shoes of pedestrians. However, as the number of
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The development of more advanced electronic systems in the 1980s allowed manufacturers to produce snow groomers which could work on and replicate a much wider range of terrains, with the most modern even able to produce
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and gritting vehicles are recorded in use as early as 1862. The increase in motor car traffic and aviation in the early 20th century led to the development and popularisation of large motorised winter service vehicles.
614:), onto icy surfaces such as the bodies of aircraft and road surfaces. These prevent ice from forming on the body of the aircraft while on the ground. Ice makes the surface of the wings rougher, reducing the amount of
913:, to ensure that the snow produced is spread evenly across the resort. However, snow groomers have a detrimental effect on the environment within the resort. Regular pressure from the grooming vehicle increases the
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source. As a result, some road maintenance agencies have networks of ice prediction stations, to prevent unnecessary gritting, which not only wastes salt but can also damage the environment and disrupt traffic.
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increased through the 1960s and 1970s, gritting once again came under criticism due to its environmental impact, leading to the development of alternative de-icing chemicals and more efficient spreading systems.
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deployed most efficiently. Surface friction testers often include a water spraying system, to simulate the effects of rain on the road surface before the rain occurs. The sensors are usually mounted to small
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which compacted the snow to make a smooth surface for sledging. With the invention of the motor car, snow groomers were replaced by snowplows and snow blowers on public thoroughfares, but remained in use at
705:, is found on most winter service vehicles. Indeed, the gritter is so commonly seen on winter service vehicles that the terms are sometimes used synonymously. Gritters are used to spread grit (usually
1279:. Although sunlight is generally not intense enough to cause this in polar and temperate regions, salt deposits must kept as far as possible from waterways to avert the possibility of cyanide-tainted
783:. The grit is dropped to provide a protective layer between the road surface and the tires of passing vehicles, which would otherwise damage the road surface by "plucking out" the bitumen-coated
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actuated arms, allowing them to be raised, lowered, and angled to better move snow. Most winter service vehicles include either permanently fixed plows or plow frames: 75% of the UK's
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rear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck. Front end loaders with large box-like front end attachment are used to clear snow in parking lots in malls and other institutions.
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found on mountain slopes are difficult for long vehicles to navigate, winter service vehicles for use in mountainous areas are shortened, usually from six wheels to four.
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relative to the ground so that it partially slides. Sensors attached to the axis of the wheel calculate the friction between the wheel and the pavement by measuring the
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increased, the protests subsided and by the end of the 1920s, many cities in the United States used salt and sand to clear the roads and increase road safety. As
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Gritters are among the winter service vehicles also used in airports, to keep runways free of ice. However, the salt normally used to clear roads can damage the
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or otherwise poses a danger to other traffic, either by straddling lanes or by spreading grit or de-icer. In some areas, such as the
Canadian province of
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In most countries, winter service vehicles usually have amber light bars, which are activated to indicate that the vehicle is operating below the local
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To improve traction and melt ice or snow, winter service vehicles spread granular or liquid ice-melting chemicals and grit, such as sand or gravel.
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Many winter service vehicles can be fitted with snowplows, to clear roads which are blocked by deep snow. In most cases, the plows are mounted on
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the site are eliminated. On the other hand, snow melting can require large amounts of energy, which has its own costs and environmental impact.
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components, replacement of the stock hopper with a specially designed gritting body, the addition of a plow frame, reinforcement of the wheels,
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and roadways. The amount of salt dropped varies with the condition of the road; to prevent the formation of light ice, approximately 10
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1234:, as it does not corrode iron or steel at all, but urea is less effective than salt and can cost up to seven times more, weight-for-weight.
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The surface friction tester is a small fifth wheel attached to a hydraulic system mounted on the rear axle of the vehicle, used to measure
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third-party. A typical modification involves the replacement of steel components of the vehicle with corrosion resistant aluminium or
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Photograph: Road rolling-about 1885-under direction of James Little, overseer of highways, Calumet
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The cab of a winter service vehicle in Boston, Massachusetts, showing the plow-frame, amber lightbar, and retroreflectors
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Video of winter service vehicle using frontal snowplow and underbody scraper in Alaska, with sand hopper mounted at rear
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of aircraft and interferes with the sensitive navigation equipment. As a result, airport gritters spread less dangerous
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may not be used, as it is too fine and dissolves too quickly, so all salt used in gritting comes from salt mines, a
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to help adhesion to the road surface. However, the sweet molasses often attracts livestock, who lick the road.
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early 20th century. Even a light dusting of snow or ice could cause an aeroplane to crash, so airports erected
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In the event that specially designed winter service vehicles are not available for plowing, other service or
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The earliest winter service vehicles were snow rollers, designed to maintain a smooth, even road surface for
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and safe for driving during winter. Airports use winter service vehicles to keep both aircraft surfaces, and
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Military winter service vehicles are heavily armoured to allow for their use in combat zones, especially in
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Therefore, most operators will keep at least a few dedicated plowing vehicles in store for heavy storms.
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2026:"Summary of Responses: Hydrocarbon oil duty – consultation on changes to Excepted Vehicle Schedule"
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crane, allowing the operator to spray the entire aircraft in as little time as possible; an entire
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spill over into the melting pit, melting the snow instantly. The meltwater is discharged into the
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bulky grit makes hill climbing demanding for the vehicle, so vehicles have extremely high torque
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in areas which regularly receive snowfall usually maintain a fleet of their own vehicles or pay
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onto the runways instead, as these do not corrode the aircraft or the airside equipment.
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Gritters can also be used in hot weather, when temperatures are high enough to melt the
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Truck using underbody scraper, showing high contrast cab paint and sand hopper stripe,
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areas often own several winter service vehicles, using them to keep the roads clear of
1503:"Once around the world: Dresden Airport's Winter Service covered about 40,000 km"
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systems to provide enough power to make the climb. Furthermore, because the tight
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2455:"Snowzilla vs. winter's fury: T's Mattapan line relies on giant in worst weather"
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622:. The ice also increases the weight of the aircraft and can affect its balance.
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Winter service vehicles are operated by both government agencies and by private
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Some winter service vehicles, especially those designed for use on footpaths or
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262:
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3013:
1901:"Snow and Ice Control (SNIC) Equipment and Its Use by Military Units Worldwide"
2736:, Aubichon Andre, "Attachment for snow removal", issued 1992-07-14
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Other common changes include the replacement of the factory stock tires with
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was created from a revision of this article dated 6 January 2008
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Kaplan, Mitch (1 November 2006). "snowcat skiing in
Michigan?". Suite 101.
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425:. Military winter service vehicles have been used by the United Nations,
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The first motorised snowplows were developed in 1913, based on truck and
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68:
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Report on the 1998 scanning review of
European winter service technology
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and mixed with new salt crystals to be reused in later batches of grit.
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Some railroads occasionally use air-blowing machines, each powered by a
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Winter
Maintenance Technology and Practices – Learning from Abroad
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316:, winter service vehicles use the blue flashing lights associated with
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1837:, Bernardino Grillo, "Tracked Snowplow", issued 1979-11-20
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Classic New
Hampshire: Preserving the Granite State in Changing Times
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2902:"Surface Friction Measurement & Prediction in Winter Operations"
1738:"Ontario Highway Traffic Act R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER H.8 section 62-31"
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winter service vehicles mounted on caterpillar tracks are known as
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Buckley, Ralph; Pickering, Catherine; Weaver, David Bruce (2003).
2185:"Winter service team at Dresden Airport ready for the cold season"
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for snowboarding. Snow groomers are also used in conjunction with
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can be used instead: among those used by various authorities are
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can be treated in under 10 minutes by a single de-icing vehicle.
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axles, distributing plowing stresses on the chassis more evenly.
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for drivers to use between shifts in heavy or prolonged storms.
509:. Although some agencies in some areas, such as the US state of
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2230:. Local Authority Plants and Vehicles Magazine. Archived from
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1380:. Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec. Archived from
1119:; the extra wheel for testing is clearly visible at the rear.
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qualification and a supplemental Winter
Maintenance Licence.
63:, with adaptations allowing them to carry specially designed
36:
A winter service vehicle clearing roads near Toronto, Ontario
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3333:
Sack, Ronald L.; Izumi, Masanori; Nakamura, Tsutomu (1997).
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Carhart, Wayne. "Snow Removal Equipment Changes Over Time".
3236:
Handbook of Snow: Principles, Processes, Management and Use
2215:
Snow and Ice Control Operations for Local Highway Officials
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in strong sunlight to produce the extremely toxic chemical
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Gravel spread on roads during winter is swept in spring in
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Salt being spread manually from a dump truck by workers in
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Snow and Ice Control: Guidelines for Materials and Methods
1724:"Monashee Manufacturing Ltd. » Under Body Snow Plows"
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runs, although they can also be used as a replacement for
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or mud and snow tires and the shortening of the vehicle's
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Winter service vehicles are usually based on a dump truck
99:
free of snow and ice, which, besides endangering aircraft
3376:
Highway Winter Maintenance: ICE Design and Practice Guide
3354:
Snow and Ice Control Manual for Transportation Facilities
3312:
Snow in the Cities: A History of America's Urban Response
813:
faster than plows, with some clearing in excess of 5,000
67:
equipment. Many authorities also use smaller vehicles on
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Modern winter service vehicles will usually also have a
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An early horse-drawn snowplow at the Rosstag Burggen, a
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which, while harmless in its natural form, can undergo
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Nature-Based Tourism, Environment, and Land Management
633:
Aircraft de-icing vehicles usually consist of a large
269:
to support the heavy blade, and the addition of extra
2668:"Washington and Jefferson College snow response plan"
1865:"High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle Snowplow"
320:, rather than the amber or orange used elsewhere. In
2121:"Winter Service Operations (City & Guilds 6159)"
1572:. Weather Almanac for December 1999. Archived from
629:
Toronto Pearson Airport's Central De-icing Facility
3172:Perry, Allen Howard; Symons, Leslie, eds. (1991).
2982:. Airport Surface Friction Testers. Archived from
2956:. Airport Surface Friction Testers. Archived from
2878:. Airport Surface Friction Testers. Archived from
1669:"Gritting Contractors : History of Gritting"
1127:. The wheel, allowed to roll freely, is slightly
548:rapidly at higher altitudes, precipitating rapid
386:. Snowcats are commonly fitted with snowplows or
146:Although snow removal dates back to at least the
56:. Winter service vehicles are usually based on a
2980:"ASFT T-10 Trailer Road Surface Friction Tester"
2704:"Sanitation to begin winter night plow schedule"
2638:"Transportation Division – Snow Operations"
52:, is a vehicle specially designed or adapted to
3597:Snow clearance at Vnukovo International Airport
897:and then hauled across the area to be groomed.
79:. Road maintenance agencies and contractors in
176:began operating horse-drawn carts fitted with
3253:Pearson, Derek (1990). "Winter Maintenance".
3207:"Driving Safely in Winter Weather Conditions"
2954:"ASFT VW Sharan Road Surface Friction Tester"
8:
3272:Symons, Leslie; Perry, Allen Howard (1991).
2750:
2748:
1663:
1661:
1659:
863:snowcat with grooming blade hauling a roller
536:Winter service vehicle drivers usually work
2847:. GrĂĽnig Industriemaschinen. Archived from
2179:
2177:
2175:
1990:
1988:
1700:. Schofield of Huddersfield. Archived from
1671:. Schofield of Huddersfield. Archived from
1219:, which avoids the environmentally harmful
3052:"New facilities help guard against winter"
2268:"Cambridge Dictionary definition: Gritter"
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
374:or studded tires, but some are mounted on
2783:
2781:
2481:
2479:
2396:
2394:
2321:"New road grit popular – with sheep"
1996:"City may ante up to ensure snow plowing"
1824:Institution of Civil Engineers, pp. 53–54
733:Salt reduces the melting point of ice by
449:deployed a number of tracked vehicles in
150:, early attempts merely involved using a
3537:Real Time update for Gritted Roads in UK
3506:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3489:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2126:. Skills Training Centre. Archived from
1768:"Michigan Legislature – Section 257.698"
1692:
1690:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1349:"How do snowplough drivers get to work?"
1290:Gritting vehicles are also dangerous to
2297:
2295:
1963:"United Nations and NATO Peace Keeping"
1476:United States National Research Council
1449:United States National Research Council
1329:
2815:"Providing Information to Pedestrians"
2708:New York City Department of Sanitation
1820:
1818:
1698:"Gritting Contractors : Vehicles"
1249:In some areas of the world, including
1158:Snow removal § Surface treatments
917:rate of the soil while decreasing the
593:Syracuse Hancock International Airport
3549:Driving in adverse weather conditions
2310:Institution of Civil Engineers, p. 27
2054:
2052:
2050:
1908:United States Army Corps of Engineers
1872:United States Army Corps of Engineers
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
7:
3293:Chemical Deicers and the Environment
2375:. Schmidt Automotive. Archived from
3310:McKelvey, Blake (7 December 1995).
3116:Oregon Department of Transportation
3112:"Winter Road Maintenance Practices"
2614:. Trecan Combustion. Archived from
2588:. Trecan Combustion. Archived from
2562:. Trecan Combustion. Archived from
54:clear thoroughfares of ice and snow
3588:Winter services at Dresden Airport
3234:Gray, Donald; Male, David (1981).
2453:Eric Moskowitz (23 January 2011).
2351:"Gritters to combat melting roads"
532:tank at a service depot in Germany
27:Vehicle used to clear snow and ice
25:
3532:National Snow and Ice Data Center
3335:Snow Engineering: Recent Advances
3058:. 3 December 2004. Archived from
2791:. Egholm Maskiner. Archived from
2710:. 9 November 2006. Archived from
2226:Kengt, Ann-Marie (October 2005).
2191:. 29 October 2004. Archived from
2033:Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs
1616:National Snow and Ice Data Center
3488:
3396:Winter Maintenance and Cycleways
2675:Washington and Jefferson College
1375:"Vehicles used for snow removal"
835:Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line
805:A Zaugg snow blower fitted with
3393:Bergström, Anna (28 May 2002).
2515:Harris, Tom (6 December 2000).
2492:University Press of New England
2002:. 14 April 2007. Archived from
1612:"Have Snow Shovel, Will Travel"
1509:. 19 April 2006. Archived from
584:A de-icing vehicle treating an
211:With the popularisation of the
142:of life in 19th-century Germany
3372:Institution of Civil Engineers
2430:, Public Works. Archived from
2061:"Learning to drive a snowplow"
1744:e-Laws website. Archived from
648:In road snow and ice control,
618:they provide while increasing
167:However, with the increase in
1:
3601:Vnukovo International Airport
3440:Transportation Research Board
3417:Transportation Research Board
3411:Blackburn, Robert R. (2004).
3404:Royal Institute of Technology
3039:British Standards Institution
2213:Cornell Local Roads Program,
1489:Transportation Research Board
1462:Transportation Research Board
433:in Central Europe during the
3255:Highway Maintenance Handbook
2097:. salary.com. Archived from
2095:"Dream Job: Snowplow Driver"
1644:(in German). Rosstag Burggen
1642:"Ein Fest fĂĽr Pferdefreunde"
1180:The most common chemical is
261:, waterproofing any exposed
204:around airfields to prevent
2612:"Economics of Snow Melting"
1115:surface friction tester at
507:commercial driver's license
3654:
3571:Bentley Historical Library
3434:Conger, Steven M. (2005).
3176:. Spon Press. p. 28.
3086:Warrington Borough Council
2402:"Supra 5001 specification"
2373:"Attachable snow clearing"
2273:Cambridge University Press
2228:"Gritty Gritty Bang Bang!"
1230:is sometimes used to grit
1155:
1067:
993:
932:
848:
794:
573:
318:emergency service vehicles
3436:Winter Highway Operations
3291:D'Itri, Frank M. (1992).
3082:"Winter Highway Gritting"
2246:"Airside nozzle sprayers"
1353:BBC News Magazine Monitor
1260:Grit is often mixed with
1257:to pull in at bus stops.
1217:calcium magnesium acetate
821:from blocking driveways.
735:freezing-point depression
107:, can interfere with the
3352:Minsk, L. David (1998).
3337:. Taylor & Francis.
2876:"MK IV rear axle system"
2560:"Principle of Operation"
2353:. BBC News. 12 July 2005
1939:. 4x4 UK. Archived from
1243:Deschutes County, Oregon
1191:street sweeping vehicles
958:Snow melters working at
669:Loader removing snow in
3528:Snow removal site links
3316:University of Rochester
3056:Government News Network
2586:"500-PD specifications"
1793:"Flexible applications"
1533:"Tips on Winter Flying"
1103:Surface friction tester
943:Snow melter working at
825:Jet-powered snow blower
787:from the road surface.
729:of a gritter in Germany
589:McDonnell Douglas MD-80
542:road maintenance depots
394:to smooth and maintain
355:27th Engineer Battalion
350:plow, serving with the
230:environmental awareness
3484:
3464:Listen to this article
2517:"How Snow Makers Work"
2486:Landry, Linda (2003).
1967:Royal Corps of Signals
1937:"Aktiv Snow-Trac Info"
1772:www.legislature.mi.gov
1246:
1174:
1120:
1117:Langley Air Force Base
1083:
1012:
963:
951:
864:
809:
730:
715:hydraulic drive system
674:
630:
599:De-icers spray heated
596:
533:
478:
447:Royal Corps of Signals
365:system connected to a
358:
305:
246:
192:
143:
140:historical reenactment
42:winter service vehicle
37:
3576:Winter driving advice
3483:
2734:US patent 5129169
2642:City of Prince George
2538:. CAB International.
2424:"Snow Plowing Policy"
2067:Iowa State University
1835:US patent 4174578
1742:Government of Ontario
1240:
1165:
1110:
1077:
1029:construction vehicles
1010:
957:
942:
858:
804:
724:
668:
628:
583:
527:
472:
417:, and often based on
341:
299:
244:
191:snow blower from 1955
186:
137:
35:
3618:Engineering vehicles
3582:Airport snow removal
3515:More spoken articles
3062:on 30 September 2007
2986:on 27 September 2007
2882:on 27 September 2007
2684:on 21 September 2006
2494:. pp. 189–191.
2470:Brattleboro Reformer
2428:City of Plymouth, WI
2404:. Schmidt Automotive
2248:. Schmidt Automotive
1622:on 11 September 2006
1513:on 24 September 2006
363:satellite navigation
50:snow removal vehicle
3274:Highway Meteorology
3174:Highway Meteorology
3092:on 28 February 2007
3006:"Street Department"
2924:"Aircraft De-icing"
2618:on 10 November 2006
2592:on 10 November 2006
2566:on 10 November 2006
2379:on 23 December 2009
2301:Pearson, p. 444–445
2234:on 1 December 2007.
2059:Regenold, Michele.
1478:(9 February 1995).
1265:sodium ferrocyanide
603:, most often using
437:, while during the
3485:
3378:. Thomas Telford.
3257:. Thomas Telford.
3144:. pp. 267–277
3016:on 12 January 2007
3010:Town of Estes Park
2934:on 6 February 2009
2825:on 7 February 2009
2766:on 6 February 2009
2714:on 6 February 2009
2648:on 6 February 2007
2331:on 9 February 2007
2280:on 6 February 2009
2195:on 6 February 2009
2160:. pp. 414–421
2133:on 1 December 2007
2006:on 5 December 2007
1881:on 21 October 2004
1748:on 7 February 2007
1424:on 26 January 2007
1387:on 1 December 2007
1247:
1232:suspension bridges
1213:magnesium chloride
1207:The U.S. state of
1175:
1121:
1084:
1013:
964:
952:
865:
810:
731:
693:, also known as a
675:
631:
597:
534:
515:driving simulators
479:
390:, and are used by
376:caterpillar tracks
359:
352:United States Army
306:
247:
226:motoring accidents
193:
144:
38:
3543:Road snow removal
3481:
2795:on 27 August 2014
2035:. 5 December 2005
2031:(Press release).
1943:on 8 October 2007
1610:Cheshire, Laura.
1576:on 15 August 2007
1570:"Moving The Snow"
1355:. 8 February 2007
1273:photodissociation
1125:road slipperiness
1053:Front-end loaders
1008:
766:potassium acetate
678:Front-end loaders
586:American Airlines
519:City & Guilds
473:A salt barn near
419:combat bulldozers
217:gritting vehicles
16:(Redirected from
3645:
3505:
3503:
3492:
3491:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3453:
3430:
3407:
3401:
3389:
3367:
3348:
3329:
3306:
3287:
3268:
3249:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3088:. Archived from
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3048:
3042:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3012:. Archived from
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2930:. Archived from
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2851:on 10 April 2008
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2821:. Archived from
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2762:. Archived from
2752:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2677:. Archived from
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2644:. Archived from
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2327:. Archived from
2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2276:. Archived from
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2070:. Archived from
2056:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2000:Edmonton Journal
1992:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1973:on 3 August 2006
1969:. Archived from
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1910:. Archived from
1905:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1874:. Archived from
1869:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1799:. Archived from
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1704:on 28 March 2007
1694:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1675:on 28 March 2007
1665:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1618:. Archived from
1607:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1543:on 6 August 2007
1539:. Archived from
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1420:. Archived from
1414:"Winter Driving"
1410:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1345:
1277:hydrogen cyanide
1269:anticaking agent
1078:Sand sweeper in
1009:
713:, attached by a
661:Front-end loader
605:propylene glycol
457:border with the
415:mountain warfare
367:weather forecast
333:pedestrian zones
302:Deschutes County
281:for visibility.
21:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3608:
3607:
3592:Dresden Airport
3562:Highways Agency
3519:
3518:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3496:This audio file
3493:
3486:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3450:
3433:
3427:
3410:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3370:
3364:
3356:. McGraw Hill.
3351:
3345:
3332:
3326:
3309:
3303:
3290:
3284:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3233:
3230:
3228:Further reading
3225:
3215:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3196:Pearson, p. 435
3195:
3191:
3184:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3162:Pearson, p. 436
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2960:on 2 April 2007
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2928:Dresden Airport
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2845:"Snow sweepers"
2843:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2760:Dresden Airport
2754:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2457:. Boston Globe.
2452:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2434:on 25 July 2008
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2189:Dresden Airport
2183:
2182:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1917:on 11 June 2007
1914:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1803:on 30 June 2007
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1696:
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1678:
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1667:
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1609:
1608:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1507:Dresden Airport
1501:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1418:Highways Agency
1412:
1411:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1331:
1327:
1300:
1251:Berlin, Germany
1160:
1154:
1105:
1072:
1066:
1021:Highways Agency
1000:
998:
992:
937:
931:
853:
847:
839:Wellington Yard
827:
799:
793:
725:The hopper and
687:
663:
609:ethylene glycol
578:
572:
567:
467:
279:retroreflectors
239:
221:sodium chloride
132:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3651:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3564:
3558:Winter Service
3555:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3508:
3494:
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3553:Highway Code
3435:
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3292:
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3254:
3238:. Pergamon.
3235:
3214:. Retrieved
3210:
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3173:
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3146:. Retrieved
3137:
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3119:. Retrieved
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:the original
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2829:25 September
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2162:. Retrieved
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2137:25 September
2135:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:the original
2093:Furan, Amy.
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:the original
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2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:the original
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:the original
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1480:
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1453:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:the original
1389:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1314:Snow removal
1289:
1281:runoff water
1259:
1248:
1226:altogether.
1206:
1195:
1179:
1176:
1122:
1085:
1064:Snow sweeper
1041:skid loaders
1026:
1014:
984:
977:semi-trailer
973:
969:storm drains
965:
915:infiltration
911:snow cannons
899:
891:snowmobiling
887:snowboarding
866:
845:Snow groomer
828:
811:
774:
759:
741:between car
732:
702:
698:
694:
690:
688:
676:
655:
647:
635:tanker truck
632:
598:
555:transmission
546:
535:
487:Public works
480:
459:Soviet Union
427:Kosovo Force
408:
360:
330:
328:conditions.
307:
283:
248:
210:
194:
166:
161:animal-drawn
145:
113:
109:aerodynamics
89:snow and ice
65:snow removal
49:
45:
41:
39:
29:
3623:Road safety
3216:10 December
3121:13 February
3037:3247:1991,
2438:28 November
2408:10 February
2383:10 February
2252:10 February
2065:Go! –
2029:(§§5.22–24)
1752:13 February
1547:28 November
1391:28 November
1142:estate cars
960:JFK Airport
929:Snow melter
879:ski resorts
807:snow chains
797:Snow blower
791:Snow blower
392:ski resorts
372:snow chains
310:speed limit
255:aftermarket
202:snow fences
169:paved roads
148:Middle Ages
120:horse-drawn
118:, although
3612:Categories
3511:Audio help
3502:2008-01-06
3096:8 February
3066:8 February
2938:9 February
2908:5 December
2904:. SKYbrary
2886:9 February
2622:9 February
2596:9 February
2570:9 February
2357:8 February
2335:9 February
2199:9 February
1777:30 January
1517:9 February
1428:8 February
1359:8 February
1325:References
1319:Wedge plow
1287:or farms.
1156:See also:
1097:tram stops
1068:See also:
1037:bulldozers
962:, New York
935:Snowmelter
903:half-pipes
872:hauled by
831:jet engine
703:salt truck
643:Boeing 737
607:(formerly
595:, New York
496:red diesel
435:Kosovo War
429:, and the
404:chairlifts
400:snowmobile
286:rain tires
263:electronic
259:fibreglass
206:snowdrifts
189:Unimog 401
58:dump truck
3628:Snowplows
1285:fisheries
1283:entering
1186:corrosion
1182:rock salt
1172:Wisconsin
1168:Milwaukee
1152:Materials
1082:, Finland
785:aggregate
707:rock salt
673:, Finland
671:Jyväskylä
565:Equipment
538:part-time
511:Minnesota
491:retainers
465:Operation
357:in Kosovo
290:wheelbase
275:light bar
271:headlamps
213:motor car
178:snowplows
174:Milwaukee
123:snowplows
81:temperate
77:cycleways
73:footpaths
69:sidewalks
3513: ·
3374:(2000).
3148:21 April
3020:19 April
2990:19 April
2964:19 April
2718:18 April
2688:18 April
2652:18 April
2284:20 April
2164:21 April
2105:23 April
2078:20 April
2039:20 April
2010:17 April
1977:22 April
1947:22 April
1921:22 April
1885:22 April
1807:17 April
1797:Multicar
1708:17 April
1679:17 April
1648:17 April
1626:17 April
1580:17 April
1451:(1999).
1309:Snowplow
1298:See also
1292:overtake
1221:chloride
1197:Sea salt
1080:Helsinki
1058:overtake
996:Snowplow
990:Snowplow
779:used in
762:airframe
755:molasses
739:friction
727:impeller
711:impeller
612:was used
576:De-icing
439:Cold War
384:snowcats
380:Off-road
326:whiteout
322:Michigan
164:routes.
97:taxiways
3522:General
3500: (
3471:minutes
3402:(PhD).
3318:Press.
2855:22 July
2799:22 July
2770:22 July
2325:Ananova
1262:hydrous
1146:trailer
1138:compact
1033:graders
945:Sapporo
923:erosion
895:snowcat
861:Italian
819:windrow
781:asphalt
777:bitumen
691:gritter
685:Gritter
570:De-icer
504:Class B
500:Class A
431:US Army
423:Humvees
314:Ontario
267:bumpers
251:chassis
197:tractor
130:History
105:landing
101:takeoff
93:runways
61:chassis
18:Gritter
3638:Trucks
3446:
3423:
3382:
3360:
3341:
3322:
3299:
3280:
3261:
3242:
3180:
2740:
2542:
2498:
1841:
1267:as an
1209:Oregon
1133:torque
1129:turned
883:skiing
870:roller
815:tonnes
695:sander
451:Norway
441:, the
411:Arctic
396:pistes
348:Fisher
344:Humvee
304:Oregon
277:, and
237:Design
152:shovel
75:, and
48:), or
3569:-The
3560:—The
3551:—The
3400:(PDF)
3142:(PDF)
2682:(PDF)
2671:(PDF)
2158:(PDF)
2131:(PDF)
2124:(PDF)
1915:(PDF)
1904:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1868:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1458:(PDF)
1385:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
1255:buses
1211:uses
949:Japan
907:ramps
743:tires
650:brine
550:frost
530:brine
346:with
157:sleds
116:sleds
85:polar
3444:ISBN
3421:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3358:ISBN
3339:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3240:ISBN
3218:2015
3178:ISBN
3150:2007
3123:2007
3098:2007
3068:2007
3022:2007
2992:2007
2966:2007
2940:2007
2910:2011
2888:2007
2857:2007
2831:2007
2819:FHWA
2801:2007
2772:2007
2720:2007
2690:2007
2654:2007
2624:2007
2598:2007
2572:2007
2540:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2440:2007
2410:2007
2385:2007
2359:2007
2337:2007
2286:2007
2254:2007
2201:2007
2166:2007
2139:2007
2107:2007
2080:2007
2041:2007
2012:2007
1979:2007
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