494:, Argentina. They killed or captured hundreds of people, ransoming some captives and keeping others as slaves, and much livestock. Mbaya raids in Paraguay during the same decade resulted in the death of 500 Paraguayans and the theft of 6,000 head of livestock. However, Guaycuruan power had reached its zenith. A smallpox epidemic from 1732 to 1736 killed many, especially Mocobis; Spanish settlements were encroaching on the Chaco, and some of the Guaycuruans were adopting Spanish culture and religion. Moreover, the human pressure on the Chaco led to its environmental deterioration and it became less suitable as a habitat for the traditional hunting-gathering culture plus horse and cattle herds of the Chaco peoples.
508:, north of Santa Fe, Argentina in 1743. Several other missions were established among the various ethnic groups of the Guaycuru and the mission population reached a peak of 5,000 to 6,000 in the early 1780s. The population of the missions was unstable as many Guaycuruans returned to their nomadic ways after a residence at a mission. Many Guaycuruans were also, by this time, integrated into the Spanish economy, raising livestock, growing crops, and working for wages--although many also continued smuggling and stealing livestock and remained hostile to the Spanish.
41:
419:"These Indians are great warriors and valiant men, who live on venison, butter, honey, fish, and wild boar...They go daily to the chase for it is their only occupation. They are nimble and quick, so long-winded that they tire out the deer and catch them with their hands...They are kind to their wives...They are much feared by all the other tribes. They never remain more than two days in one place, but quickly remove their houses, made of matting..."
517:
529:
parts of the Gran Chaco. In the independence movement of the 1810s and 1820s some
Guaycuruans served with the colonial independence armies, others resumed their raiding ways and expelled settlers from part of the Argentine Chaco. However, old animosities among the various ethnic groups making up the Guaycuruans led to internecine warfare among Tobas, Macobis, and Albipones. The Mbayas were increasingly absorbed into Brazilian society.
387:
88:
74:
102:
60:
153:
540:
The still-nomadic Tobas and
Mocovis in the Argentine Chaco continued to resist the advancing frontier until 1884, when they were decisively defeated by the army; while a number of them agreed to thereafter live in reductions, thousands of Tobas retreated to isolated regions of Argentina, Paraguay and
473:
In 1542, Cabeza de Vaca responded to the request of the Guaraní to punish the hostile
Guaycuru. He dispatched a large expedition of Spaniard and Guaraní soldiers from Asunción and attacked an encampment of Mbayas, also called Eyiguayegis. The Spanish and Guaraní killed many and took 400 prisoners.
288:
The 16th century
Guaycuru appear to have been a southern band of the Mbaya rather than a separate people. The terms Mbaya and Guaycuru were synonymous to the early Spanish colonists. Guaycuru came to be the collective name applied to all the bands speaking similar languages, called Guaycuruan.
532:
Only a "small, depressed colony" of the once powerful Payaguá still survived near Asunción in 1852. The last known Payaguá, Maria
Dominga Miranda, died in the early 1940s. The Abipón became extinct in the last half of the 19th century. The Mbayas were given land by Brazil for their assistance in the
528:
By the early 19th century, when the South
American countries sought independence from Spain, the Guaycuruan peoples were divided among those who lived in missions and were at least partially integrated into Hispanic and Christian society and those who continued to live as nomads in the more isolated
435:
missions east of the
Paraguay and Parana rivers. Between raids they traded skins, wax, honey, salt, and Guaraní slaves to the Spanish en exchange for knives, hatchets, and other products. The mobility afforded by the horse facilitated Guaycuruan control over other peoples in the Chaco and made
439:
The Payaguá, inhabiting the shores of the
Paraguay River north of the city of Asunción, were an exception to the horse culture of other Guaycuruans. The Payagua plied the river in canoes, fished and gathered edible plants, and raided their agricultural neighbors, the Guaraní, to the east. The
464:
The
Guaycuruan population of the Chaco in pre-Hispanic times has been estimated to be as high as 500,000 people. Although documentation is mostly lacking, the Guaycuruans were impacted by epidemics of European diseases, but possibly less than their settled, agricultural neighbors such as the
410:
When first encountered in the 16th century, the
Guaycuru lived in the Gran Chaco, an inhospitable region for agriculture and settlement in the eyes of the Spanish colonists. They were hunter-gatherers and nomadic, moving from place to place as dictated by seasonal resources. The governor of
346:
and appear to form a linguistic and ethnic continuum. They have been placed together with the Abipón in the "Southern" division, while the Kadiweu are placed by themselves in a "Northern" division. The placement of the Payaguá in this classification is still controversial.
474:
In the aftermath of the battle, however, the Guaycuruans retained their control of the Chaco and gradually acquired horses, a taste for Spanish beef, and iron weapons and tools. In the 17th century, Guaycuruan raids forced the abandonment of
406:
The Guaycuru people consisted of many bands making up distinct ethnic groups with different but similar languages. The Guaycuruans were never politically united and were often hostile to each other as well as to other peoples.
269:, meaning "savage" or "barbarian", which later was extended to the whole group. It has also been used in the past to include other peoples of the Chaco region, but is now restricted to those speaking a Guaicuruan language.
486:
and other nearby Argentine provinces. Their raids forced the Spanish to abandon some frontier areas. Frequent Spanish military expeditions against the Guaycuruans were only temporarily successful if at all.
482:. In retaliation, in 1677, the Spanish massacred 300 Mbayan traders who were camped near Asunsción. By the early 1700s, bands of up to 400 Guaycuruan warriors were attacking Spanish settlements in
461:) pods which were used to produce a fermented alcoholic beverage. The reunions were used to designate leaders, reinforce relations among the bands, and facilitate courtships and marriages.
560:
In the 1968 census 16,548 Tobas and 1,202 of the closely related Pilagás were counted in Argentina. 2,600 Tobas were living in Bolivia. 3,000 to 6,000 Mocovis lived in Argentina in 1968.
626:, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 3-5. Anthropologists have resisted calling the Guaycuruan ethnic groups "tribes" as no tribal government or distinct tribal territories existed.
553:, Argentina, but was quickly squelched when 500 of them were repulsed after an attack on the town. In 1924, Argentine police and military killed 400 Toba in what was called the
801:
378:
language family, but it is not clear yet whether the similarities between the vocabularies of the two families are due to a common origin or to borrowing.
440:
Payaguá also became great traders, both with the Spanish and other Guaycuruans. The Payaguá menaced Spanish travel on the Paraguay river for 200 years.
423:
The Abipón Guaycuruans acquired horses from the Spanish in the late 16th century and within 50 years developed a horse culture similar to that of the
816:
811:
821:
806:
542:
175:
639:
New York: Verso, pp 49-50. It is unclear what Cabeza de Vaca meant by "butter" as the Guaycuru had no livestock in the 16th century.
412:
272:
First encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, the Guaycuru peoples strongly resisted Spanish control and the efforts of
375:
475:
657:
Saegar, pp. 18-19. The Payaguá may also have given their name to the Paraguay River and the country of Paraguay.
504:
among the Guaycuruans in the early 1600s. Their first successful mission was established among the Mocobis at
367:
427:
of North America. They and other Guaycuruans acquired horses and cattle by raiding Spanish haciendas and
40:
550:
505:
444:
355:
187:
120:
737:
Ganson, Barbara (2017), "The Evueví of Paraguay: Adaptive Strategies and Responses to Colonialism",
351:
554:
483:
479:
399:
252:
697:
Seager, pp. 21-25. There are notable similarities between the defeats of the Guaycuruans and the
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451:. The bands only united on ceremonial occasions, especially during the harvest period for wild
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199:
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521:
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Citro, Silvia (2009), "Los indigenas chaqueños en la mirada de los jesuitas germanos,"
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191:
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The Guaycuruans largest raid came in 1735 when 1,000 Mocobis and Tobas descended upon
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183:
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Guaraní, The Guaycuruan population in the mid 17th century is estimated at 40,000.
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391:
194:
explorers and colonists, the Guaycuru people lived in the present-day countries of
546:
302:
613:, Smithsonian Institution, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 215
593:. Suplemento Antropológico, volume 41 issue 2, pp. 7–132. Asunción, Paraguay.
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Bolivia and retained some level of autonomy into the 20th century. In 1904, a
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211:
179:
195:
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457:
203:
79:
17:
637:
Land without Evil: Utopian Journeys across the South American Watershed,
537:(1864-1870), but survive only as the Kadiweu, numbering 1,400 in 2014..
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Other Guaycuru groups have become extinguished over the last 500 years:
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raiding the Spaniards and their Indian allies a profitable enterprise.
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107:
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432:
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them. They were not fully pacified until the early 20th century.
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65:
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missionaries made unsuccessful attempts to establish missions or
27:
Family of ethnic groups of the Gran Chaco, central South America
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The bands and family groups making up the Guaycuruans were
45:
Debret's depiction of the Guaycuru cavalry during an attack
741:, Vol 74, Issue 52, p. 463. Downloaded from Project Muse.
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in the North American West, erupted among the Mocovis of
261:). It was originally an offensive epithet given to the
190:. In the 16th century, the time of first contact with
624:
The Chaco Mission Frontier: The Guaycuruan Experience
138:
126:
114:
50:
765:https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/kadiweu/260
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292:The major extant branches of the Guaycuru are:
390:The Guaycuru peoples lived mostly west of the
402:in Argentina northward to Brazil and Bolivia.
340:The Mocoví, Toba, and Pilagá call themselves
8:
174:is a generic term for several ethnic groups
33:
415:, said in the 1540s of the Guaycuru :
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591:Los pueblos del Gran Chaco y sus lenguas
752:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abipon
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579:
577:
575:
573:
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767:, accessed 21 Nov 2017; Saegar, p. 178
763:"Kadiweu", Povos Indigenas no Brasil,
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802:Indigenous peoples of the Gran Chaco
51:Regions with significant populations
370:, have joined the Guaycuru and the
607:Handbook of South American Indians
478:, Argentina and the relocation of
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622:Saegar, James Schofield (2000),
605:Steward, Julian H., ed. (1946),
336:, also known as Evueví or Evebe.
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86:
72:
58:
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817:Indigenous peoples in Argentina
812:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
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822:Indigenous peoples in Bolivia
807:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
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596:, accessed on 15 Nov 2017.
413:Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
330:(ancestral to the Kadiweu)
265:people of Paraguay by the
159:
545:, similar to that of the
156:Guaycuru nomads by Debret
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131:
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160:Not to be confused with
754:, accessed 21 Nov 2017
635:Gott, Richard (1993),
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476:Concepción del Bermejo
421:
403:
350:Some authors, such as
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519:
389:
155:
139:Related ethnic groups
585:Alain Fabre (2006),
551:San Javier, Santa Fe
543:millenarian movement
217:The name is written
188:Guaicuruan languages
121:Guaicuruan languages
785:Saegar, pp. 178-179
776:Saegar, pp. 176-177
719:Saegar, pp. 166-169
611:The Marginal Tribes
480:Santa Fe, Argentina
186:, speaking related
35:
526:
524:, Argentina, 1892.
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372:Mataguay languages
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701:of North America.
670:, Vol 104, p. 399
200:Santa Fe Province
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455:and algarroba (
396:Paraguay Rivers
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376:Mataco–Guaycuru
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206:, Bolivia, and
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162:Guaycura people
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535:Paraguayan War
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492:Salta Province
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589:, Part 3 of
587:Los guaykurú
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30:Ethnic group
547:Ghost Dance
796:Categories
750:"Abipón",
609:, Vol. 1,
564:References
506:San Javier
502:reductions
445:matrilocal
411:Paraguay,
253:Portuguese
242:guaicurúes
236:guaycurúes
210:(south of
198:(north of
182:region of
180:Gran Chaco
176:indigenous
668:Anthropos
520:Tobas in
449:exogamous
364:Greenberg
284:Divisions
258:guaicurus
196:Argentina
115:Languages
94:Argentina
18:Guaycurus
458:Prosopis
400:Santa Fe
299:(Mocobi)
274:Catholic
255:(plural
248:guaicuru
233:(plural
226:guaicurú
220:guaycurú
204:Paraguay
172:Guaykuru
168:Guaycuru
127:Religion
80:Paraguay
34:Guaycuru
512:Decline
484:Tucuman
469:History
429:Guaraní
382:Culture
352:Quevedo
334:Payaguá
313:Kadiweu
267:Guarani
245:), and
231:Spanish
212:Corumbá
192:Spanish
178:to the
145:Guarani
133:Animism
108:Uruguay
498:Jesuit
433:Jesuit
392:Parana
323:Abipón
308:Pilagá
297:Mocoví
208:Brazil
105:
91:
77:
66:Brazil
63:
453:honey
398:from
360:Mason
328:Mbayá
263:Mbayá
557:.
447:and
394:and
366:and
356:Hunt
303:Toba
343:qom
251:in
239:or
229:in
223:or
214:).
202:),
170:or
798::
572:^
362:,
358:,
354:,
164:.
97:,
83:,
69:,
20:)
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