1975:
1909:
Tonnage Act of 1684 in order to slightly improve conditions. Slaves on board were underfed and brutally treated, causing many to die before even arriving at their destination; dead or dying slaves were dumped overboard. An average of one to two months was needed to complete the journey. The slaves were naked and shackled together with several different types of chains, stored on the floor beneath bunks with little to no room to move. Some captains assigned slave guardians to watch over and keep the other slaves in check. They spent a large portion of time pinned to floorboards, which would wear skin on their elbows down to the bone. Diseases such as
85:
1998:
1897:
2036:
40:
2098:, which significantly increased speed by preventing the growth of marine weed on the hull, which would otherwise cause drag. This was very expensive, and at the time was only commonly fitted to Royal Navy vessels. The speed of slave ships made them attractive ships to repurpose for piracy, and also made them attractive for naval use after capture;
1948:, an advocate for the abolition of slavery. For the first time, limits were placed on the number of slaves that could be carried. Under the terms of the act, ships could transport 1.67 slaves per ton up to a maximum of 207 tons burthen, after which only one slave per ton could be carried. The well-known slave ship
2014:
Disease, specifically malaria and yellow fever, was the most common cause of death among sailors. A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain's interests, as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port. Crew members who survived were frequently
2022:
Black sailors are known to have been among the crews of
British slave ships. These men came from Africa or the Caribbean, or were British-born. Dozens of individuals have been identified by researchers from surviving records. Knowledge of this is incomplete, though, as many captains did not record
1958:, who feared it would establish the idea that the slave trade simply needed reform and regulation, rather than complete abolition. Slave counts can also be estimated by deck area rather than registered tonnage, which results in a lower number of errors and only 6% deviation from reported figures.
1908:
The owners of slave ships embarked as many slaves as possible to make the voyage more profitable. They did so by cramming, chaining, and selectively grouping slaves to maximize the use of space. Slaves began to die of lack of oxygen due to these cramped conditions. Portuguese lawmakers passed the
2010:
In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the sailors on slave ships were often poorly paid and subject to brutal discipline and treatment. Furthermore, a crew mortality rate of around 20% was expected during a voyage, with sailors dying as a result of disease, flogging, or slave uprisings. While
2011:
conditions for the crew were far better than those of the slaves, they remained harsh and contributed to a high death rate. Sailors often had to live and sleep without shelter on the open deck for the entirety of the
Atlantic voyage, as the space below deck was occupied by slaves.
2018:
These aspects of the slave trade were widely known; the notoriety of slave ships amongst sailors meant those joining slave ship crews did so through coercion or because they could find no other employment. This was often the case for sailors who had spent time in prison.
1583:
2087:, Spain, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands also agreed to abolish their slave trade. The trade did not end on legal abolition; between 1807 and 1860 British vessels captured 1,600 slave ships and freed 160,000 slaves.
1954:
was limited to carrying 454 people; it had previously transported as many as 609 enslaved. Olaudah
Equiano was among the supporters of the act, but it was opposed by some abolitionists, such as
1704:
1875:
The most significant routes of the slave ships led from the north-western and western coasts of Africa to South
America and the south-east coast of what is today the United States, and the
1944:, also known as Dolben's Act, regulated conditions on board British slave ships for the first time since the slave trade started. It was introduced to the United Kingdom Parliament by
1568:
1099:
54:
1453:
825:
562:
1189:
830:
522:
2595:
1974:
877:
1864:, on average 15% and up to a third of captives. Often, the ships carried hundreds of slaves, who were chained tightly to plank beds. For example, the slave ship
1423:
1573:
1879:. As many as 20 million Africans were transported by ship. The transportation of slaves from Africa to America was known as the Middle Passage of the
904:
2311:
1650:
402:
2861:
852:
1623:
1443:
616:
2261:
1781:
2638:
2719:
2621:
887:
305:
2896:
2871:
2810:
2789:
2540:
2228:
2068:
1961:
This limited reduction in the overcrowding on slave ships may have reduced the on-board death rate, but this is disputed by some historians.
1465:
1142:
914:
1657:
1618:
1261:
2116:
had a notable career in Royal Navy service and was responsible for capturing a number of slave ships and freeing many hundreds of slaves.
1699:
1336:
996:
847:
643:
552:
53:. This same ship had reportedly carried as many as 609 slaves and was 267 tons burden, making 2.3 slaves per ton. Published by the
2703:
2090:
After abolition, slave ships adopted quicker, more maneuverable forms to evade capture by naval warships, one favorite form being the
1719:
1413:
1167:
2465:
Garland, Charles; Klein, Herbert S. (April 1985). "The
Allotment of Space for Slaves aboard Eighteenth-Century British Slave Ships".
2920:
2839:
1541:
1418:
842:
611:
478:
1388:
84:
2060:
1672:
882:
867:
813:
498:
488:
483:
312:
168:
1945:
1667:
1438:
244:
1578:
1137:
1125:
705:
517:
163:
2599:
1709:
1492:
353:
2976:
2071:
took effect on 1 January 1808. After that date, all U.S. and
British slave ships leaving Africa were seen by the law as
1997:
1714:
1558:
1428:
1089:
857:
837:
397:
365:
1774:
1724:
1448:
1366:
493:
274:
94:
31:
2141:
1633:
1485:
1470:
1361:
557:
227:
2926:
2216:
2191:
1729:
1628:
1159:
1147:
737:
710:
215:
2951:
2941:
2651:
Sadler, Nigel (March 2008). "The
Trouvadore Project: The Search for a Slave Ship and its Cultural Importance".
1509:
1378:
931:
720:
205:
106:
385:
2048:
1926:
1848:
into holds with little headroom, so they could transport as many slaves as possible. Unhygienic conditions,
1694:
1433:
1383:
1311:
1084:
862:
806:
789:
220:
2877:
982:
2099:
1901:
1767:
1736:
1241:
894:
742:
466:
432:
427:
2352:"The Guinea Surgeons on the Middle Passage: The Provision of Medical Services in the British Slave Trade"
1904:
depicts a scene below deck of a slave ship headed to Brazil; Rugendas had been an eyewitness to the scene
2269:
2106:
1603:
1458:
1371:
1356:
1038:
1026:
772:
757:
542:
317:
239:
2931:
1933:
resulted in the deaths of slaves on board slave ships. Firsthand accounts from former slaves, such as
2971:
2779:
2723:
2625:
2120:
1941:
1830:
1741:
1645:
1608:
1536:
1480:
1349:
1306:
1120:
1050:
725:
505:
407:
291:
198:
50:
2966:
2720:"Real Pirates: The Untold Story of the Whydah from Slave Ship to Pirate Ship – National Geographic"
2187:
2136:
2056:
1982:
1955:
1841:
1822:
1229:
1209:
1094:
1079:
948:
919:
909:
799:
747:
715:
512:
370:
338:
333:
286:
143:
1896:
2676:
2490:
2438:
2422:
2372:
2331:
2084:
2076:
1950:
1925:, smallpox, yellow fever, scurvy, measles, typhoid fever, hookworm, tapeworm, sleeping sickness,
1475:
1321:
1296:
1286:
1251:
1246:
1214:
1179:
1172:
1113:
1106:
963:
782:
777:
767:
537:
390:
348:
343:
296:
264:
254:
191:
412:
358:
2902:
2892:
2867:
2845:
2835:
2816:
2806:
2785:
2699:
2668:
2536:
2482:
2430:
2224:
2091:
1845:
1563:
1281:
1276:
1219:
1204:
1184:
1006:
1001:
936:
899:
732:
698:
527:
380:
269:
148:
2946:
2660:
2474:
2414:
2364:
2323:
2095:
1918:
1880:
1829:, demand for unpaid labor to work plantations made slave-trading a profitable business. The
1753:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1291:
1256:
1224:
1194:
1067:
1055:
1033:
1011:
958:
794:
762:
64:
2156:
2151:
1934:
1834:
1810:
1662:
1553:
1548:
1301:
1271:
1266:
989:
953:
752:
670:
375:
121:
2857:
2244:
2064:
1987:
1872:. They were confined to cargo holds, with each slave chained with little room to move.
1869:
1861:
1746:
1640:
532:
210:
173:
131:
44:
2035:
2960:
2680:
2335:
1684:
1613:
1060:
1043:
818:
648:
638:
422:
72:
2442:
2203:
2124:
1689:
1526:
1502:
1408:
1401:
1132:
660:
633:
596:
574:
461:
178:
158:
136:
126:
116:
111:
101:
941:
2024:
1930:
1849:
1801:
specially built or converted from the 17th to the 19th century for transporting
1531:
1519:
872:
675:
665:
623:
437:
2775:
2664:
2418:
2327:
2080:
1798:
1679:
976:
547:
39:
2906:
2820:
2672:
2486:
2312:"The Early Portuguese Slave Ship and the Infrastructure of Racial Capitalism"
1833:
peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century, during and following the
2849:
2745:
1910:
1876:
1853:
924:
589:
451:
2434:
2059:
was outlawed by the United States and the United
Kingdom in 1807. The 1807
2027:. African men (and occasionally African women) also served as translators.
606:
2886:
2800:
2266:
The Middle
Passage – A Slave Ship Speaks: The Wreck of the Henrietta Marie
2829:
2533:
Royal Navy Versus the Slave
Traders: Enforcing Abolition at Sea 1808–1898
2145:
1914:
1826:
1514:
1072:
1016:
968:
628:
473:
328:
234:
17:
2927:
Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
2494:
2426:
1922:
1802:
1497:
579:
259:
76:
2376:
2223:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 304–5.
2127:
taken out on slave ships bringing slaves from Africa to the Americas.
1937:, describe the horrific conditions that slaves were forced to endure.
2072:
1857:
1199:
1021:
601:
584:
446:
281:
249:
2478:
2368:
2921:
Paper on German Transatlantic trade, including list of slave ships
2221:
Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800
2034:
1895:
456:
442:
417:
38:
2722:. Events.nationalgeographic.com. 14 December 2012. Archived from
2351:
2405:
Cohn, Raymond (1985). "Deaths of Slaves in the Middle Passage".
2119:
Attempts have been made by descendants of African slaves to sue
323:
153:
2802:
Black salt : seafarers of African descent on British ships
1809:" because the trade involved human trafficking to and from the
2936:
2831:
Bury the chains : the British struggle to abolish slavery
49:, showing how 454 slaves were accommodated on board after the
27:
Cargo ship carrying slaves onboard from Africa to the Americas
2291:
Shillington, Kevin (2007). "Abolition and the Africa Trade".
1821:
In the early 1600s, more than a century after the arrival of
2268:. Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society, Inc. Archived from
2888:
The Zong : a massacre, the law and the end of slavery
2357:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
55:
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
2531:
Bernard Edwards; Bernard Edwards (Captain.) (2007).
2174:
2172:
1454:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2206:. Historycentral.com. Retrieved on 3 December 2015.
2350:
2937:Voyages — The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
2517:
2515:
2513:
2394:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 20, 21.
2047:before capturing her, January 1829 (painting by
1569:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2698:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 108.
2653:International Journal of Historical Archaeology
2554:
2552:
2696:Ships' Fastenings: From Sewn Boat to Steamship
2023:the ethnicity of crew members in their ship's
1929:, yaws, syphilis, leprosy, elephantiasis, and
1775:
8:
2015:cheated out of their wages on their return.
1574:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2249:The Creation of the British Atlantic World
1782:
1768:
59:
2805:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
2535:. Pen & Sword Books. pp. 26–27.
2349:Sheridan, Richard B. (29 November 1981).
2063:outlawed the slave trade throughout the
1844:, the owners of the ships divided their
1579:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1444:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1424:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
2168:
1900:A painting c.1830 by the German artist
71:
2641:. Exploring Amistad at Mystic Seaport
1868:carried about 200 slaves on the long
1466:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1143:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
2891:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2622:"Slave Ships – The Last Slave Ships"
2322:(4). Duke University Press: 23, 24.
1658:Slave marriages in the United States
1262:Human trafficking in the Middle East
2112:were examples of such vessels. HMS
997:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
2952:Bristol UK Slave Ship Muster Roles
2942:Slave Ships and the Middle Passage
2746:"Slave descendants to sue Lloyd's"
2639:Timeline: The Atlantic Slave Trade
2507:Haines and Shlomowitz 2000, p. 58.
2075:vessels subject to capture by the
2003:View of the same ship's slave deck
1651:last survivors of American slavery
25:
2598:. 7 February 2006. Archived from
2043:(left) fires on the Spanish ship
1805:. Such ships were also known as "
612:Field slaves in the United States
479:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
43:A plan of the British slave ship
2061:Abolition of the Slave Trade Act
1996:
1973:
489:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
484:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
313:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
83:
2863:The Slave Ship: A Human History
2624:. Melfisher.org. Archived from
2407:The Journal of Economic History
2125:underwriting insurance policies
1439:Committee of Experts on Slavery
990:East, Southeast, and South Asia
2596:"1807 U.S. Law on Slave Trade"
2467:The William and Mary Quarterly
2262:"History: The Middle Passages"
2204:Native Americans Prior to 1492
1138:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2094:. Some had hulls fitted with
2310:More, Anna (December 2022).
2031:Abolition of the slave trade
1429:Temporary Slavery Commission
1090:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
2194:; retrieved 24 October 2017
1449:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
494:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
32:Slave ship (disambiguation)
2993:
2123:for playing a key role in
2039:The former slave ship HMS
1986:upon arrival at a port in
1634:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1471:Anti-Slavery International
1236:North Africa and West Asia
29:
2828:Hochschild, Adam (2006).
2665:10.1007/s10761-008-0056-8
2576:Costello (2012), pp.71-72
2419:10.1017/s0022050700034604
2328:10.1215/01642472-10013290
2192:Oxford English Dictionary
1887:Conditions on slave ships
1730:Emancipation Proclamation
1402:Opposition and resistance
1160:Sex trafficking in Europe
1148:Blackbirding in Polynesia
711:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2932:UNESCO — The Slave Route
2455:Hochschild 2005, p. 140.
1510:Compensated emancipation
721:Indian Ocean slave trade
2694:McCarthy, Mike (2005).
2585:Costello (2012), p. 101
2521:Hochschild 2005, p. 114
2390:White, Deborah (2013).
2049:Nicholas Matthews Condy
1434:1926 Slavery Convention
1190:Germany in World War II
807:North and South America
329:Contract of manumission
2885:Walvin, James (2011).
2558:Hochschild 2005, p. 94
2243:Mancke, Elizabeth and
2052:
1905:
1902:Johann Moritz Rugendas
915:British Virgin Islands
467:Circassian slave trade
433:Safavid imperial harem
428:Ottoman Imperial Harem
57:
2799:Costello, R. (2012).
2781:Los pilotos de altura
2038:
1899:
1154:Europe and North Asia
1114:Australia and Oceania
814:Pre-Columbian America
386:Slave raid of Suðuroy
318:Slavery in al-Andalus
240:Black Sea slave trade
169:21st-century jihadism
42:
2866:. New York: Viking.
2628:on 13 November 2007.
1942:Slave Trade Act 1788
1831:Atlantic slave trade
1817:Atlantic slave trade
1609:Indentured servitude
1537:Underground Railroad
1337:United Arab Emirates
726:Zanzibar slave trade
693:By country or region
506:Atlantic slave trade
408:Ma malakat aymanukum
292:Venetian slave trade
51:Slave Trade Act 1788
30:For other uses, see
2977:African slave trade
2567:Rediker 2007, p.138
2178:Walvin 2011, p. 27.
2137:List of slave ships
2057:African slave trade
1956:William Wilberforce
1695:Slave Route Project
826:Americas indigenous
716:Red Sea slave trade
706:Contemporary Africa
569:Topics and practice
339:Crimean slave trade
334:Bukhara slave trade
287:Genoese slave trade
164:Contemporary Africa
144:Forced prostitution
2726:on 21 October 2012
2602:on 7 February 2006
2392:Freedom on My Mind
2272:on 9 November 2007
2251:. 2005, pages 30-1
2152:Slave ship revolts
2083:. In 1815, at the
2053:
1980:Upper deck of the
1946:Sir William Dolben
1906:
1476:Blockade of Africa
783:Somali slave trade
699:Sub-Saharan Africa
391:Turkish Abductions
349:Khivan slave trade
344:Khazar slave trade
297:Balkan slave trade
255:Prague slave trade
58:
2898:978-0-300-18075-6
2880:on 31 March 2012.
2873:978-0-670-01823-9
2812:978-1-84631-767-5
2791:978-84-667-1681-9
2784:. Madrid: Anaya.
2542:978-1-84415-633-7
2230:978-0-521-62217-2
2121:Lloyd's of London
2092:Baltimore Clipper
2085:Council of Vienna
1792:
1791:
1742:Freedmen's Bureau
1564:Third Servile War
1559:International law
1126:Human trafficking
888:Human trafficking
563:Thirteen colonies
381:Sack of Baltimore
149:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
2984:
2910:
2881:
2876:. Archived from
2853:
2824:
2795:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2258:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2157:Slave Trade Acts
2148:("Slave island")
2096:copper sheathing
2000:
1983:Marie Séraphique
1977:
1965:Sailors and crew
1919:ophthalmoparesis
1881:triangular trade
1813:in West Africa.
1784:
1777:
1770:
1754:Emancipation Day
1587:
1554:Slave Trade Acts
245:Byzantine Empire
87:
60:
21:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2957:
2956:
2947:The Slave Trade
2917:
2899:
2884:
2874:
2858:Rediker, Marcus
2856:
2842:
2834:. London: Pan.
2827:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2774:
2771:
2769:Further reading
2766:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2752:. 29 March 2004
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2479:10.2307/1920430
2464:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:Shammas, Carole
2242:
2238:
2231:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2133:
2033:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1967:
1935:Olaudah Equiano
1927:trypanosomiasis
1894:
1889:
1866:Henrietta Marie
1835:Kongo Civil War
1819:
1788:
1759:
1758:
1663:Slave narrative
1619:Fugitive slaves
1599:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1549:Slave rebellion
1404:
1394:
1393:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1164:United Kingdom
1100:Yankee princess
694:
686:
685:
413:Avret Pazarları
359:Avret Pazarları
228:Medieval Europe
194:
184:
183:
122:Forced marriage
97:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2915:External links
2913:
2912:
2911:
2897:
2882:
2872:
2854:
2840:
2825:
2811:
2796:
2790:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2737:
2711:
2705:978-1585444519
2704:
2686:
2643:
2631:
2613:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2548:
2541:
2523:
2509:
2500:
2457:
2448:
2413:(3): 685–692.
2397:
2382:
2369:10.2307/218228
2363:(4): 601–625.
2341:
2302:
2283:
2253:
2236:
2229:
2217:Thornton, John
2208:
2196:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2065:British Empire
2032:
2029:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:Saint-Domingue
1979:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1870:Middle Passage
1862:mortality rate
1860:led to a high
1818:
1815:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1641:List of slaves
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Dutch Republic
1182:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
986:
985:
980:
973:
972:
971:
966:
956:
951:
946:
945:
944:
934:
929:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
902:
897:
892:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
835:
834:
833:
823:
822:
821:
810:
809:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
786:
785:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
729:
728:
718:
713:
708:
702:
701:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
657:
656:
652:
651:
646:
644:Child soldiers
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
620:
619:
609:
604:
599:
594:
593:
592:
587:
582:
571:
570:
566:
565:
560:
555:
553:Spanish Empire
550:
545:
540:
535:
533:Middle Passage
530:
525:
520:
515:
509:
508:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
395:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
363:
362:
361:
354:Ottoman Empire
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
309:
308:
302:
301:
300:
299:
289:
284:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
230:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
201:
195:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
174:Sexual slavery
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
140:
139:
134:
132:Child marriage
129:
119:
114:
109:
107:Child soldiers
104:
98:
93:
92:
89:
88:
80:
79:
69:
68:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2989:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2841:0-330-48581-4
2837:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2293:History Today
2287:
2284:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2012:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:profitability
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Slave catcher
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Forced labour
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:Abolitionists
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:comfort women
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:Chukri System
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
991:
988:
987:
984:
981:
978:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
943:
940:
939:
938:
935:
933:
932:Latin America
930:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
889:
886:
884:
883:interregional
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
868:prison labour
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
838:United States
836:
832:
829:
828:
827:
824:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
805:
804:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
784:
781:
780:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
700:
697:
696:
690:
689:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
653:
650:
649:White slavery
647:
645:
642:
640:
639:Slave raiding
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
618:
615:
614:
613:
610:
608:
607:Corvée labour
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
573:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
503:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
423:Abbasid harem
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
399:
396:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
367:
366:Barbary Coast
364:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
307:
304:
303:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
188:
187:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
96:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:Forced labour
70:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2887:
2878:the original
2862:
2830:
2801:
2780:
2754:. Retrieved
2749:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:the original
2714:
2695:
2689:
2659:(1): 53–70.
2656:
2652:
2646:
2634:
2626:the original
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2600:the original
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2532:
2526:
2503:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2451:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2360:
2356:
2344:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2265:
2256:
2248:
2239:
2220:
2211:
2199:
2183:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2089:
2054:
2045:El Almirante
2044:
2040:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
1981:
1960:
1949:
1939:
1907:
1874:
1865:
1839:
1820:
1811:Guinea coast
1806:
1794:
1793:
1690:Slave patrol
1527:Freedom suit
1503:Sierra Leone
1493:Colonization
1409:Abolitionism
1389:Baháʼí Faith
1362:Christianity
1312:Saudi Arabia
1168:Penal Labour
1133:Blackbirding
1039:Debt bondage
1027:penal system
853:Contemporary
843:Field slaves
831:U.S. Natives
790:South Africa
680:
661:Galley slave
634:Slave market
624:House slaves
597:Blackbirding
575:Conscription
499:21st century
462:Umm al-walad
306:Muslim world
275:Emancipation
179:Wage slavery
159:Penal labour
137:Wife selling
127:Bride buying
112:Conscription
102:Child Labour
95:Contemporary
45:
36:
2972:Slave ships
2923:(in German)
2776:Baroja, Pio
2756:8 September
2730:30 December
2316:Social Text
2299:(3): 20–27.
2188:"Guineaman"
2142:Slave Coast
2102:Nightingale
2025:muster roll
1931:melancholia
1850:dehydration
1799:cargo ships
1797:were large
1795:Slave ships
1705:court cases
1582: [
1532:Slave Power
1520:Manumission
1367:Catholicism
1242:Afghanistan
983:Puerto Rico
895:The Bahamas
873:Slave codes
676:Shanghaiing
666:Impressment
558:Slave Coast
438:Qajar harem
398:Concubinage
371:slave trade
2967:Ship types
2961:Categories
2473:(2): 238.
2276:16 January
2163:References
2114:Black Joke
2109:Black Joke
2081:Royal Navy
2041:Black Joke
1840:To ensure
1720:J.Q. Adams
1710:Washington
1680:Slave name
1629:convention
1604:Common law
977:Encomienda
773:Seychelles
758:Mauritania
681:Slave ship
548:Panyarring
543:New France
192:Historical
2907:758389538
2821:801365216
2681:162019007
2673:1092-7697
2606:10 August
2487:0043-5597
2336:257010396
2107:HMS
2100:USS
2077:U.S. Navy
1911:dysentery
1877:Caribbean
1854:dysentery
1823:Europeans
1807:Guineamen
1715:Jefferson
1372:Mormonism
1307:Palestine
1121:Australia
1051:Indonesia
942:Lei Áurea
925:Code Noir
905:Caribbean
878:Treatment
617:Treatment
590:Devshirme
452:Odalisque
270:In Russia
211:Babylonia
199:Antiquity
18:Guineaman
2860:(2007).
2850:62225209
2778:(2002).
2750:BBC News
2443:21327693
2435:11617312
2219:(1998).
2131:See also
2069:U.S. law
1915:diarrhea
1827:Americas
1747:Iron bit
1737:40 acres
1700:breeding
1515:Freedman
1350:Religion
1210:Portugal
1095:Thailand
1085:Maldives
1080:Malaysia
1073:Kwalliso
1017:Booi Aha
969:Restavek
949:Colombia
920:Trinidad
910:Barbados
800:Zanzibar
748:Ethiopia
629:Saqaliba
523:Database
474:Saqaliba
235:Ancillae
65:a series
63:Part of
2495:1920430
2427:2121762
1951:Brookes
1923:malaria
1825:to the
1725:Lincoln
1598:Related
1498:Liberia
1384:Judaism
1322:Tunisia
1297:Morocco
1287:Lebanon
1252:Bahrain
1247:Algeria
1215:Romania
1180:Denmark
1173:Slavery
1107:Vietnam
778:Somalia
768:Nigeria
743:Comoros
671:Pirates
580:Ghilman
513:Bristol
403:history
376:pirates
265:History
154:Peonage
77:slavery
46:Brookes
2905:
2895:
2870:
2848:
2838:
2819:
2809:
2788:
2702:
2679:
2671:
2539:
2493:
2485:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2377:218228
2375:
2334:
2227:
2073:pirate
2067:. The
1892:Slaves
1858:scurvy
1856:, and
1803:slaves
1646:owners
1282:Kuwait
1277:Jordan
1230:Sweden
1220:Russia
1205:Poland
1200:Norway
1022:Laogai
1007:Brunei
1002:Bhutan
964:revolt
937:Brazil
900:Canada
863:partus
848:female
733:Angola
602:Coolie
585:Mamluk
538:Nantes
518:Brazil
447:Cariye
282:Thrall
250:Kholop
216:Greece
2677:S2CID
2491:JSTOR
2439:S2CID
2423:JSTOR
2373:JSTOR
2332:S2CID
2146:Gorée
1846:hulls
1673:songs
1668:films
1586:]
1542:songs
1379:Islam
1357:Bible
1332:Yemen
1327:Qatar
1317:Syria
1292:Libya
1257:Egypt
1225:Spain
1195:Malta
1068:Korea
1056:Japan
1034:India
1012:China
959:Haiti
819:Aztec
795:Sudan
763:Niger
655:Naval
528:Dutch
457:Qiyan
443:Jarya
418:Harem
260:Serfs
206:Egypt
2903:OCLC
2893:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2846:OCLC
2836:ISBN
2817:OCLC
2807:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2758:2018
2732:2012
2700:ISBN
2669:ISSN
2608:2019
2537:ISBN
2483:ISSN
2431:PMID
2278:2018
2225:ISBN
2105:and
2055:The
1940:The
1624:laws
1486:U.S.
1481:U.K.
1419:U.S.
1414:U.K.
1302:Oman
1272:Iraq
1267:Iran
954:Cuba
858:maps
753:Mali
738:Chad
324:Baqt
221:Rome
117:Debt
75:and
2661:doi
2475:doi
2415:doi
2365:doi
2324:doi
2190:at
2079:or
2963::
2901:.
2844:.
2815:.
2748:.
2675:.
2667:.
2657:12
2655:.
2551:^
2512:^
2489:.
2481:.
2471:42
2469:.
2437:.
2429:.
2421:.
2411:45
2409:.
2371:.
2361:14
2359:.
2355:.
2330:.
2320:40
2318:.
2314:.
2297:57
2295:.
2264:.
2247:.
2171:^
2144:,
1921:,
1917:,
1913:,
1883:.
1852:,
1837:.
1584:fa
67:on
2909:.
2852:.
2823:.
2794:.
2760:.
2734:.
2708:.
2683:.
2663::
2610:.
2545:.
2497:.
2477::
2445:.
2417::
2379:.
2367::
2338:.
2326::
2280:.
2233:.
2051:)
1783:e
1776:t
1769:v
979:)
975:(
445:/
320:
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
