Gymnastics - Knowledge (XXG)

787:, which is supported by springs generally called a spring floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine for up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event. Depending on the level, the gymnast may choose their own routine; however some levels have compulsory routines, where default music must be played. Levels three to six the music is the same for each levels along with the skills within the routine. However, recently, the levels have switched. Now, levels 6–10 are optional levels and they get to have custom routines made. In the optional levels (levels six to ten) there are skill requirements for the routine but the athlete is able to pick her own music without any words. The routine should consist of tumbling passes, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or pivots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling passes, each of which usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2–3, and in levels 8–10, at least 3–4 tumbling passes are required. 652:

system, the execution score was the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00, except for short exercises. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct this score only. A fall, on or off the apparatus, is a 1.00 deduction in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are where deviation happens most commonly between the intended and actual difficulty scores, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as the difficulty of the skills increase.

525: 77: 447:), which translates as "to train naked or nude," because young men exercised without clothing. In ancient Greece, physical fitness was highly valued among both men and women. It was not until after the Romans conquered Greece in 146BC that gymnastics became more formalized and was used to train men in warfare. On the basis of Philostratus' claim that gymnastics is a form of wisdom, comparable to philosophy, poetry, music, geometry, and astronomy, the people of Athens combined this more physical training with the education of the mind. At the Palestra, a physical education training center, the discipline of educating the body and the mind were combined, allowing for a form of gymnastics that was more aesthetic and individual and that left behind the focus on strictness, discipline, the emphasis on defeating records, and a focus on strength. 451: 721:, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The height of the bars may be adjusted by 5 cm to the size needed by individual gymnasts, although the distance between bars cannot be changed for individual gymnasts in elite competition. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. The bars have been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves that may pass over, under, and between the two bars. At the elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the uneven bars using a 1500:

hoop and clubs are used on the floor area. The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow, expression and aesthetic appeal. A good performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and varied body movements, such as body waves, swings, balances, pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps, and lifts. The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (IFAGG) was established in 2003. The first Aesthetic Group Gymnastics World Championships was held in 2000.

687:, is a commonly performed vault in the higher levels in gymnastics. When performing a Yurchenko, gymnasts round-off so their hands are on the runway while their feet land on the vault board. From the round-off position, the gymnast travels backward so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post-flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet. Less difficult vaults include taking off from the vault board with both feet at the same time and either doing a front handspring or round-off onto the vaulting table. 743: 1156:

Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.

1667:

sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high-performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. "The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic, and well-executed double foot landing." A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.

954:, and apparatus manipulation, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. Gymnasts compete either as individuals or in groups. Individuals perform four separate routines, each using one of the four apparatuses—ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, and formerly, rope—on a floor area. Groups consist of five gymnasts who perform two routines together, one with five of the same apparatus and one with three of one apparatus and two of another; the FIG defines which apparatuses groups use each year. 1323:

three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).

598: 991: 4098: 1518:, named originally EuroTeam. The first official competition was held in Finland in 1996. TeamGym events consist of three sections: women, men and mixed teams. Athletes compete in three different disciplines: floor, tumbling and trampette. In common for the performance is effective teamwork, good technique in the elements and spectacular acrobatic skills. There is no World Championships however there has been a European Championships held since 2010. 820: 695: 661: 1602: 1006: 4920: 872:

then rotates to a standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, how well they stuck the landing, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults.

842:

or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse or landing after a handstand variation.

3557: 769: 926: 1417:

for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12–14 and 15–17 trios and mixed pairs. From 2009, all senior trios and mixed pairs were required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups also perform on this floor. Routines generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category. The World Championships have been held since 1995.

36: 1332: 1128: 1589:, which was first held in 1939. In 1984 gymnastics for all was officially recognized first as a sport program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million. Non-competitive gymnastics is considered useful for its health benefits. 683:

forward or backward off that platform to a two-footed landing (post-flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post-flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos, or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a

1632:

In the US, gymnastics levels for women called the Junior Olympic (JO) Program begins at 1 and goes to 10. The two kinds of levels are Compulsory (levels 1-5) and Optional (levels 6-10). Each level (1-10) has its own set of unique rules that ascend in difficulty level to level. Elite can follow 10 and

1499:

Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger. Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon,

1416:

Aerobic gymnastics (formally sport aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios, groups with 5 people, and aerobic dance and aerobic step(8 people). Strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills are emphasized. Routines are performed

1306:

A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example, in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike, in which a

1178:

Double mini trampoline involves a smaller trampoline with a run-up, two scoring moves are performed per routine. Moves cannot be repeated in the same order on the double-mini during a competition. Skills can be repeated if a skill is competed as a mounter in one routine and a dismount in another. The

1088:

has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body-eye co-ordination, but tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are

957:

Routines are given three sub-scores: difficulty, execution, and artistry. Difficulty is open-ended and based on the value given to the elements performed in the routine, and execution and artistry start at ten points and are lowered for specific mistakes made by the gymnasts. The three sub-scores are

690:

In 2001, the traditional vaulting horse was replaced with a new apparatus, sometimes known as a tongue, horse, or vaulting table. The new apparatus is more stable, wider, and longer than the older vaulting horse, approximately 1 m in length and 1 m in width, giving gymnasts a larger blocking surface.

1690:

Generally, competitors climbed either a 6m (6.1 m = 20 ft in the US) or an 8m (7.6 m = 25 ft in the US), 38 mm diameter (1.5-inch) natural fiber rope for speed, starting from a seated position on the floor and using only the hands and arms. Kicking the legs in a kind of "tride" was

1654:

The current method of scoring, by adding D and E score to give the final score has been in place since 2006. The current method is called "open-end" scoring because there is no theoretical cap (although there is practical cap) to the D-score and hence the total possible score for a routine. Before

1650:

An artistic gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from the start value of a routine's elements. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different

1092:

The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring

1042:

penalized. Fundamental elements of a ribbon routine consist of making continuous shapes with the length of the fabric, such as tight circles (spirals) or waves (snakes), and elements called boomerangs, in which the gymnast tosses the handle, then pulls it back by the end of the ribbon and catches it.

1032:

The hoop comes up to about the gymnast's hip. It may be made of plastic or wood, and it may be covered with adhesive tape either of the same or different color as the hoop, which may be in decorative patterns. Fundamental requirements of a hoop routine include rotation of the hoop around the hand or

782:

The event in gymnastics performed on the floor is called floor exercise. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is FX. In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. The floor event now occurs on a carpeted 12m × 12m square,

1050:

The clubs may be made of wood or synthetic materials, and they are always used in a pair. They may be connected together by inserting the end of one club into the head of the other. The handles and bodies are typically wrapped with decorative tapes. Fundamental elements of a clubs routine including

841:

A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work, however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise

682:

In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, to take off onto a vault board (or perform a roundoff or handspring entry onto a vault board), to land momentarily inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse or vaulting table (pre-flight segment), then propel themselves

560:

gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. Television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can

1725:

Club swinging, a.k.a. Indian clubs, was an event in Men's Artistic Gymnastics sometime up until the 1950s. It was similar to the clubs in both Women's and Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics but much simpler with few throws allowed. It was practice. It was included in the 1904 and 1932 Summer Olympic Games.

1584:

General gymnastics, also known as "gymnastics for all", enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They can perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are separated into age divisions. The

1345:

Acrobatic gymnastics (formerly sport acrobatics), often referred to as acro if involved with the sport, acrobatic sports or simply sports acro, is a group gymnastic discipline for both men and women. Acrobats in groups of two, three and four perform routines with the heads, hands and feet of their

871:

Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a springboard. The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while punching (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast

795:

Scoring for both Junior Olympic and NCAA level gymnastics uses a 10.0 scale. Levels below Level 9 start from a 10.0 automatically if all requirements for an event are met. Levels 9 and 10, and NCAA gymnastics all start below a 10.0 and require gymnastics to acquire bonus points through connections

564:

In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. An A Score (or D score) is the difficulty score, which as of 2009 derives from the eight highest-scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault), in addition to the points awarded for composition requirements; each vault has a

1322:

Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the

856:

The rings are suspended on wire cable from a point 5.75 meters (18.9 ft) from the floor. The gymnasts must perform a routine demonstrating balance, strength, power, and dynamic motion while preventing the rings themselves from swinging. At least one static strength move is required, but some

651:

In 2006, FIG introduced a new point system for artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous

1228:

Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round-off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform

1041:

The ribbon consists of a handle, which may be made of wood, bamboo, or synthetic materials such as fiberglass, and the ribbon itself, which is made of satin. The ribbon is six meters long, and due to its length, it can easily become tangled or knotted; knots must be undone or the gymnast will be

961:

International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth, and Seniors, for women sixteen and over. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties. The

815:

Male gymnasts also perform on a 12meter x 12meter spring floor. A series of tumbling passes are performed to demonstrate flexibility, strength, and balance. Strength skills include circles, scales, and press handstands. Men's floor routines usually have multiple passes that have to total between

759:

The gymnast performs a choreographed routine of up to 90 seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns and dance elements on a padded beam. The beam is 125 centimetres (4 ft 1 in) from the ground, 5 metres (16 ft 5 in) long, and 10.16 centimetres

551:

By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in a modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. In 1930, the first UK mass movement organisation of women in gymnastics, the Women's League of

1670:

A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) represents an external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and affects the gymnasts' linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects

1146:

Trampolining and tumbling consists of four events, individual and synchronized trampoline, double mini trampoline, and tumbling (also known as power tumbling or rod floor). Since 2000, individual trampoline has been included in the Olympic Games. The first World Championships were held in 1964.

1155:

Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points.

1666:

In a tumbling pass, dismount, or vault, landing is the final phase, following take-off and flight This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of

905:(forward or backward revolutions around the bar in the handstand position), release skills, twists, and changes of direction. By using all of the momentum from giants and then releasing at the proper point, enough height can be achieved for spectacular dismounts, such as a triple-back salto. 548:, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was limited, involving only synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928 in Amsterdam. 1023:

The ball may be made of rubber or a similar synthetic material, and it can be of any color. It should rest in the gymnast's hand and not be pressed against the wrist or grasped with the fingers, which incurs a penalty. Fundamental elements of a ball routine include bouncing or rolling the

733:

and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) when performing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnasts' hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to the skin of the hands); dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar.

1457:

On January 28, 2018, parkour, also known as freerunning, was given the go-ahead to begin development as a FIG sport. The FIG was planning to run World Cup competitions from 2018 onwards. The first Parkour World Championships were planned for 2020, but were delayed due to the

796:

and skills to increase their start value to a 10.0. During a routine, deductions will be made by the judges for flaws in the form of the technique of a skill. For example, steps on landings or flexed feet can range from .05–.1 off, depending on the severity of the mistake.

1315:

This is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run, as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be completed.

1089:

the main focus, as opposed to flexibility and dance in women's rhythmic gymnastics. There are a growing number of participants, competing alone and on a team; it is most popular in Asia, especially in Japan where high school and university teams compete fiercely.

760:(4.00 in) wide. This stationary object can also be adjusted, to be raised higher or lower. The gymnast begins the 70–90 seconds exercise by mounting the beam by either a vault or a jump. The event requires balance, flexibility, grace, poise, and strength. 1633:

is generally considered Olympic level. Men's gymnastics or The Junior Olympic Program consists of ten levels of training or competition with multiple age groups at each level creating opportunities for athletes and coaches to participate and or compete.

1059:

The rope is made from hemp or a similar synthetic material; it can be knotted and have anti-slip material at the ends, but it does not have handles. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaping and skipping. In 2011, the

1229:

transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick.

1093:

floor. Points are awarded based a 10-point scale that measures the level of difficulty of the tumbling and apparatus handling. On November 27–29, 2003, Japan hosted the first edition of the men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship.

886:

Men perform on two bars executing a series of swings, balances, and releases that require great strength and coordination. The width between the bars is adjustable depending upon the actual needs of the gymnasts and usually 2 m high.

2369:

Unlike Nadia Comaneci and Olga Korbut, modern gymnasts such as Simone Biles are rewarded for their athleticism more than their artistry... the spellbinding artistry that not only gave the sport its name, but brought it global

1249:

A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round-off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring.

1671:

linear and angular momentum is the time the landing takes. Gymnasts can decrease the impact force by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude.

1651:

for each apparatus. This score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from a maximum of 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by adding the D and E score.

1197:, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 3123: 909:

are usually used to help maintain a grip on the bar, and to prevent rips. While training for this event, straps are often used to ensure that the gymnast does not fall off the bar as they are learning new skills.

1371:

Difficulty – An open score, which is the sum of the difficulty values of elements (valued from the tables of difficulties) successfully performed in an exercise, divided by 100. This score is unlimited in senior

76: 1772:

Gymnastics is one of the most dangerous sports, with a very high injury rate seen in girls age 11 to 18. Some gymnastic movements which were allowed in past competitions are now banned for safety reasons.

425:), whose meaning is to "train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. 3170:

Gittoes, M. J., & Irin, G. (2012). Biomechanical approaches to understanding the potentially injurious demands of gymnastic-style impact landings. Sports Medicine A Rehabilitation Therapy Technology,

524: 1198: 511:

and in Boston, Massachusetts, respectively. Neal was the first American to open a public gymnasium in the US, in Portland, Maine, in 1827. He also documented and promoted these early efforts in the

1290:

The gymnast launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position

2263: 4494: 3161:

Yeow, C., Lee, P., & Goh, J. (2009). Effect of landing height on frontal plane kinematics, kinetics, and energy dissipation at lower extremity joints. Journal of Biomechanics, 1967–1973.

1307:

gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation; or "the miller", in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice.

1164:

Synchronized trampoline is similar except that both competitors must perform the routine together and marks are awarded for synchronization as well as the form and difficulty of the moves.

2469: 691:

This apparatus is thus considered safer than the vaulting horse used in the past. With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table, gymnasts are attempting more difficult vaults.

3926: 1658:

A Code of Points or guidelines of scoring a routine's difficulty and execution is slightly revised for each quadrennium, or period of four years culminating in the Olympics year.

3304:

Benjamin, Holly J.; Engel, Sean C.; Chudzik, Debra (September–October 2017). "Wrist Pain in Gymnasts: A Review of Common Overuse Wrist Pathology in the Gymnastics Athlete".

1116:

Along with the Japanese version of men's rhythmic there is a Spanish version which uses the same format and rules as the FIG recognized form of women's rhythmic gymnastics.

816:

60–70 seconds and are performed without music, unlike the women's event. Rules require that male gymnasts touch each corner of the floor at least once during their routine.

464:—a Spanish colonel born on February 19, 1770, in Valencia, who died on August 8, 1848, in Paris—was the first person to introduce educative gymnastics in France. The German 1691:

normally permitted. Many gymnasts can do this in the straddle or pike position, which eliminates the help generated from the legs though it can be done with legs as well.

2579: 3580: 2964: 4487: 4087: 4037: 3186:

Bergeron, Michael F.; Mountjoy, Margo; Armstrong, Neil; Chia, Michael; Côté, Jean; Emery, Carolyn A.; Faigenbaum, Avery; Hall, Gary; Kriemler, Susi (July 2015).

3063: 3030: 2997: 2442: 2412: 1482: 533: 439:

Gymnastics can be traced to exercises performed in Ancient Greece, specifically in Sparta and Athens. Exercise of that time was documented by Philostratus' work

351: 101: 2763: 1375:

Execution – Judges give a score out of 10.00 for technical performance (how well the skills are executed), which is then doubled to emphasize its importance.

1282:

The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position.

540:, in 1896. From then until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, 536:(FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first modern 3585: 2869: 1536:

in a large wheel known as the Rhönrad, gymnastics wheel, gym wheel, or German wheel, in the beginning also known as ayro wheel, aero wheel, and Rhon rod.

4480: 4006: 1873: 1210: 1206: 971: 901:

A 2.8 cm thick steel or fiberglass bar raised 2.5 m above the landing area is all the gymnast has to hold onto as he performs giant swings or

578: 3565: 3595: 3868: 3863: 2260: 1222: 3885: 2382: 1350: 1214: 434: 1064:

decided to eliminate the use of rope in senior individual rhythmic gymnastics competitions. It is still sometimes seen in junior group competition.

3900: 3059: 3026: 2993: 2438: 2408: 967: 1889: 2680: 644:, and floor exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed on the rings, high bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in the 401:

Participants in gymnastics-related sports include young children, recreational-level athletes, and competitive athletes at all levels of skill.

3956: 2648: 2083: 1298:

A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single "full" twist, a double twist or a triple twist.

1061: 565:

difficulty score assigned by the FIG. The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution and is given for how well the skills are performed.

4964: 4928: 4001: 3946: 3895: 3820: 3808: 1883: 1848: 2494: 3961: 3951: 3931: 3632: 1645: 1202: 2351: 1258:

The skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault.

713:

On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a timed routine on two parallel horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of

4080: 3680: 2934: 2685: 2653: 2502: 1539:

There are four core categories of exercise: straight line, spiral, vault and cyr wheel. The first World Championships was held in 1995.

1218: 4923: 3985: 3236: 1367:

Currently, acrobatic gymnastics score is marked out of 30.00 for juniors, and can be higher at Senior FIG level based on difficulty:

1364:

All levels require a balance and dynamic routine; 12–18, 13–19, and Seniors are also required to perform a final (combined) routine.

4011: 3880: 3803: 3092: 2322: 2154: 2125: 1354: 2780: 2028: 1572:

which means a pole. Mallakhamba can therefore be translated to English as "pole gymnastics". On April 9, 2013, the Indian state of

2012: 3936: 1967: 503:

brought the first wave of gymnastics to the United States in the 1820s. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the US in 1825 at the

2972: 3990: 3916: 3788: 2843: 2568: 1858: 574: 982:. The first World Championships were held in 1963, and rhythmic gymnastics made its first appearance at the Olympics in 1984. 4954: 4073: 3941: 3875: 3815: 3570: 1915: 1561:

performs feats and poses in concert with a vertical wooden pole or rope. The word also refers to the pole used in the sport.

1274:

A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline.

979: 507:

in Northampton, Massachusetts. Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the US in 1826 at

3253:

Feeley, Brian T.; Agel, Julie; LaPrade, Robert F. (January 2016). "When Is It Too Early for Single Sport Specialization?".

742: 3921: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3451:"Engaging with Cultural Sport Psychology to Explore Systemic Sexual Exploitation in USA Gymnastics: A Call to Commitments" 1636:

Since 2015, Canada has adopted the women’s JO Program, with some modifications, for use in the Provinces and Territories.

1051:

swinging the heads of the clubs in circles, small throws in which the clubs rotate in the air, and asymmetrical movements.

975: 461: 3665: 1853: 1838: 1515: 1036: 1378:

Artistic – Judges give a score out of 10.00 for artistry (the overall performance of the routine, namely choreography).

3996: 3660: 3357:"Association between sports type and overuse injuries of extremities in children and adolescents: a systematic review" 1786: 1709:, but with the performer executing a series of stunts while swinging. It was a gymnastic event sanctioned by both the 1576:

declared mallakhamba as the state sport. In February 2019 the first Mallahkhamb World Championship was held in Mumbai

1045: 2760: 1813:, but it is unlikely that the sport affects their growth. Parents of gymnasts tend also to be shorter than average. 296:. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and 4959: 4032: 1843: 1494: 1054: 1027: 1018: 387: 2736: 4969: 3890: 3600: 3406:

Wolf, Megan R.; Avery, Daniel; Wolf, Jennifer Moriatis (February 2017). "Upper Extremity Injuries in Gymnasts".

2877: 4852: 3625: 1863: 722: 416: 946:

According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of

4517: 3770: 1900: 823: 746: 1714: 1349:

There are four international age categories: 11–16, 12–18, 13–19, and Senior (15+), which are used in the

1173: 2386: 4867: 4595: 4461: 4389: 4374: 4120: 465: 454: 367: 281: 96: 3067: 3034: 3001: 2446: 2416: 2712: 1085: 597: 4842: 4779: 4772: 4532: 4332: 4260: 4211: 3689: 3450: 2891: 2690: 2525: 2356: 1910: 1340: 914: 612:

Artistic gymnastics is usually divided into men's and women's gymnastics. Men compete on six events:

371: 2658: 50: 4949: 4547: 4384: 4280: 4275: 4216: 4130: 4044: 3761: 3699: 3618: 1074: 941: 930: 592: 359: 355: 308: 81: 4752: 4537: 4503: 4152: 3722: 3709: 3694: 3478: 3337: 3286: 3228: 2805: 2065: 1586: 1411: 866: 851: 810: 777: 677: 625: 613: 500: 485: 473: 375: 316: 312: 289: 269: 181: 2117: 1266:

A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion.

990: 913:

As with women, male gymnasts are also judged on all of their events including their execution,

304:

that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.

4827: 4457: 4302: 3470: 3431: 3423: 3388: 3329: 3321: 3278: 3270: 3220: 3212: 2301: 2228: 2150: 2121: 2057: 1790: 1459: 906: 684: 665: 660: 601: 504: 277: 273: 2942: 2048:

Reid, Heather L. (2016). "Philostratus's "gymnastics": The Ethics of an Athletic Aesthetic".

1789:

among children and young adults. Gymnasts are at particular risk of foot and wrist injuries.

354:(FIG). Eight sports are governed by the FIG, including gymnastics for all, men's and women's 4900: 4817: 4747: 4557: 4367: 4135: 4097: 4054: 3981: 3778: 3462: 3415: 3378: 3368: 3313: 3262: 3202: 2293: 1868: 1782: 1554: 1527: 1194: 1188: 1010: 694: 553: 383: 140: 2470:"Gymnastics 101: What to know about scoring, rankings and more before the next GymDog meet" 819: 443:. The original term for the practice of gymnastics is from the related Greek verb γυμνάζω ( 4322: 4317: 3187: 2767: 2622: 2267: 2227:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235–250. 994: 933: 508: 253: 54: 45: 3100: 2330: 2210:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 227–250. 2193:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235–236. 2176:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 232–233. 2909: 2784: 2246:

Barry, William D. (May 20, 1979). "State's Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure".

1781:

Compared to athletes who play other sports, gymnasts are at higher than average risk of

4832: 4737: 4621: 4575: 4441: 4436: 4307: 4167: 4125: 4115: 4101: 3732: 3704: 3383: 3356: 2143: 2110: 1655:

2006, a gymnast's final score is deducted from a possible maximum of 10 for a routine.

1573: 896: 633: 496: 477: 468:

began the German gymnastics movement 1811 in Berlin, which led to the invention of the

410: 340: 301: 216: 2604: 2282:"They had Such a Lot of Fun: The Women's League of Health and Beauty Between the Wars" 2222: 2205: 2188: 2171: 1601: 1033:

body, rolling the hoop on the body or floor, and the gymnast passing through the hoop.

1005: 450: 4943: 4905: 4889: 4762: 4426: 4327: 4228: 4221: 4206: 3827: 3727: 3501: 3482: 1810: 1685: 1078: 963: 881: 629: 537: 469: 336: 247: 212: 133: 4472: 3290: 2847: 4847: 4822: 4789: 4784: 4767: 4757: 4704: 4552: 4407: 4342: 4312: 4285: 4255: 4243: 4189: 4184: 3766: 3742: 3717: 3341: 3232: 3188:"International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development" 1895: 1833: 1700: 1346:

partners. They may, subject to regulations (e.g. no lyrics), pick their own music.

1136: 1081: 836: 754: 641: 617: 557: 545: 492: 481: 363: 332: 324: 208: 189: 87: 3466: 3317: 3207: 4742: 4730: 4611: 4196: 3774: 3747: 1991: 1706: 1548: 1358: 708: 637: 621: 605: 395: 347: 328: 320: 204: 185: 1941: 768: 4725: 4709: 4678: 4647: 4580: 4522: 4362: 4201: 4162: 4140: 4027: 3655: 3556: 3419: 3373: 1878: 1828: 1823: 998: 925: 714: 517: 4065: 3474: 3427: 3325: 3274: 3266: 3216: 2305: 2232: 2061: 4862: 4857: 4807: 4652: 4590: 4379: 4357: 4347: 4157: 293: 3435: 3392: 3333: 3282: 3224: 2084:"A History of Gymnastics: From Ancient Greece to Modern Times | Scholastic" 2549: 2297: 1942:"Gymnastics | Events, Equipment, Types, History, & Facts | Britannica" 4894: 4884: 4812: 4616: 4605: 4600: 4585: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4292: 4238: 4233: 4179: 2281: 1533: 718: 2069: 4837: 4688: 4673: 4637: 4542: 4337: 4250: 4147: 4049: 3756: 3533:

International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics official website

3355:

Chéron, Charlène; Le Scanff, Christine; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte (2016).

1905: 1558: 1509: 1452: 784: 391: 379: 297: 285: 17: 1462:, and instead took place from October 15 to 16, 2022 in Tokyo, Japan. 4683: 4642: 4431: 4352: 4174: 947: 117: 113: 3543: 2352:"Lost art: Powerhouse physiques winning out over spellbinding grace" 1331: 1127: 1801:

There have also been recorded cases of emotional and sexual abuse.

857:

gymnasts may include two or three. A routine ends with a dismount.

749:

performing a one-arm press hold during her balance beam mount, 2013

1330: 1126: 1004: 989: 951: 924: 818: 767: 741: 726: 693: 659: 596: 523: 449: 265: 1738:

Team free and Swedish system in the 1912 and 1920 Summer Olympics

4657: 4297: 4265: 3549: 1735:

Team horizontal bar and parallel bar in the 1896 Summer Olympics

1710: 1179:

scores are marked in a similar manner to individual trampoline.

645: 4476: 4069: 3614: 3527: 2681:"Hiroshima to host 1st FIG Parkour World Championships in 2020" 604:

in 1976. The artistry and grace of Comăneci and Soviet gymnast

3670: 1596: 1481:

The following disciplines are not currently recognized by the

29: 3610: 3528:

International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) official website

2965:"Junior Olympic (JO) Competitive Program | Gymnastics Canada" 414: 300:

muscle groups. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the

1968:"A History of Gymnastics, From Ancient Greece to Tokyo 2020" 1763:

Team portable apparatus at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics

521:, helping to establish the American branch of the movement. 1757:

Team exercise at the 1928, 1936, and 1948 Summer Olympics

1585:

largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial

3537: 3532: 3449:

Fisher, Leslee A.; Anders, Allison Daniel (2020-03-03).

3124:"It's Time to Really Make the Code of Points Open-Ended" 2818: 1613: 2910:"USA Gymnastics women Junior Olympic Program Overview" 2649:"Main decisions from the 18th FIG Council in Istanbul" 1353:

and many other events around the world, including the

1557:: मल्लखम्ब) is a traditional Indian sport in which a 958:

added together for the final score for each routine.

544:

which included, for example, synchronized team floor

3148: 3146: 3144: 1213:

it was included as an event for both genders at the

1013:

performing an attitude balance in her ball apparatus

4877: 4800: 4718: 4697: 4666: 4630: 4568: 4510: 4400: 4108: 4020: 3974: 3909: 3853: 3796: 3787: 3679: 3648: 2323:"USA Gymnastics – FIG ×Elite/International Scoring" 2108:Judd, Leslie; De Carlo, Thomas; Kern, René (1969). 1402:The World Championships have been held since 1974. 1073:Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both men's 656:

Competitive events for women in artistic gymnastics

246: 238: 233: 225: 169: 149: 139: 129: 124: 108: 94: 3093:"USA Gymnastics | FIG Elite/International Scoring" 2935:"USA Gymnastics/Men's Jr Olympic Program Overview" 2569:"FIG: 2017–2020 Code of Points Aerobic Gymnastics" 2142: 2109: 1741:Combined and triathlon in the 1904 Summer Olympics 528:Early 20th-century gymnastics in Stockholm, Sweden 307:The most common form of competitive gymnastics is 3552:, the governing body for gymnastics in the Brazil 2876:. Mumbai, India. December 6, 2007. Archived from 2713:"First FIG Parkour World Championships postponed" 800:Competitive events for men in artistic gymnastics 2383:"Vault: Everything You Need to know about Vault" 1514:TeamGym is a form of competition created by the 783:usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of 327:; for men, besides floor and vault, it includes 583:The following disciplines are governed by FIG. 441:Gymnastics: The Ethics of an Athletic Aesthetic 2495:"2022–2024 Code of Points Rhythmic Gymnastics" 4488: 4081: 3626: 3546:, the governing body for gymnastics in the UK 3540:, the governing body for gymnastics in the US 2550:"Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics: A Japan Original" 2317: 2315: 1760:Parallel bars at the 1938 World Championships 1382:There are five competitive event categories: 1084:. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. 8: 2224:A Guide to the History of Physical Education 2207:A Guide to the History of Physical Education 2190:A Guide to the History of Physical Education 2173:A Guide to the History of Physical Education 409:The word gymnastics derives from the common 382:. Disciplines not recognized by FIG include 69: 2611:. FIG/International Gymnastics Federations. 1223:Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships 772:Gymnast doing a stag leap on floor exercise 4495: 4481: 4473: 4088: 4074: 4066: 3793: 3633: 3619: 3611: 3502:"Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique" 3152:Marinsek, M. (2010). basic lending. 59–67. 2844:"Wheel Gymnastics - rene-heftis Webseite!" 1874:Major achievements in gymnastics by nation 1217:. The event has also been contested since 579:Major achievements in gymnastics by nation 350:in gymnastics throughout the world is the 75: 68: 3382: 3372: 3206: 1335:Acrobatic women's pair performing a skill 936:stretching in her warm-up before practice 1744:Side horse vault in 1924 Summer Olympics 1483:Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique 1231: 1215:Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships 435:History of physical training and fitness 352:Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique 102:Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique 27:Sport requiring strength and flexibility 3255:The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2737:"Parkour | World Championships | Tokyo" 2468:Grimsley, Elizabeth (January 5, 2013). 2116:. New York: Association Press. p. 2050:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 1933: 421:), by way of the related verb γυμνάζω ( 162:- other disciplines not governed by FIG 2031:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 2015:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 1966:Magazine, Smithsonian; Solly, Meilan. 636:, while women compete on four: vault, 534:Federation of International Gymnastics 4929:International World Games Association 4002:International Gymnastics Hall of Fame 3181: 3179: 3177: 3128:International Gymnast Magazine Online 2526:"FIG - Rhythmic Gymnastics - History" 2145:The Illustrated History of Gymnastics 1849:International Gymnastics Hall of Fame 1705:Flying rings was an event similar to 7: 3242:from the original on March 11, 2017. 2627:We Are Gymnastics FIG GYMNASTICS.COM 2609:We Are Gymnastics FIG GYMNASTICS.COM 2043: 2041: 1890:NCAA Women's Gymnastics championship 1747:Tumbling in the 1932 Summer Olympics 962:largest events in the sport are the 366:(including double mini-trampoline), 311:(AG); for women, the events include 159:- 1 gymnastic sports governed by FIG 3455:Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 3361:Chiropractic & Manual Therapies 2686:International Gymnastics Federation 2654:International Gymnastics Federation 2585:from the original on March 29, 2017 2503:International Gymnastics Federation 1564:Mallakhamba derives from the terms 1068: 917:, and overall presentation skills. 3195:British Journal of Sports Medicine 2250:. Portland, Maine. pp. 1D–2D. 1884:NCAA Men's Gymnastics championship 552:Health and Beauty, was founded by 177:Women's artistic gymnastics (WAG): 25: 4504:Sports of the World Games program 2149:. London: Stanley Paul & Co. 1131:Double mini-trampoline competitor 725:or a small mat. Gymnasts may use 608:gave the sport global popularity. 4919: 4918: 4096: 3555: 2689:. 23 August 2019. Archived from 1600: 200:Men's artistic gymnastics (MAG): 34: 3306:Current Sports Medicine Reports 2415:. p. II/51. Archived from 1859:List of gymnastics competitions 575:List of gymnastics competitions 3571:New International Encyclopedia 3060:"WAG Code of Points 2009–2012" 3027:"WAG Code of Points 2009–2012" 2994:"WAG Code of Points 2009–2012" 2439:"WAG Code of Points 2009–2012" 2280:Matthews, Jill Julius (1990). 1916:World Gymnastics Championships 1201:, and in 1955 and 1959 at the 462:Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano 1: 3467:10.1080/10413200.2018.1564944 2781:"World Championships | IFAGG" 2221:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923). 2204:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923). 2187:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923). 2170:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923). 1568:which denotes a wrestler and 986:Rhythmic gymnastics apparatus 561:be found on every continent. 513:American Journal of Education 4965:Sports rules and regulations 4007:Major achievements by nation 3318:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000398 3208:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962 3066:. p. 14. Archived from 3033:. p. 13. Archived from 3000:. p. 11. Archived from 2892:"Gymnastics For All History" 2870:"Indian roots to gymnastics" 2445:. p. 29. Archived from 1854:List of acrobatic activities 1839:Glossary of gymnastics terms 1516:European Union of Gymnastics 457:, the "father of gymnastics" 415: 3997:Longines Prize for Elegance 2261:Artistic Gymnastics History 1793:can help prevent injuries. 1787:early sports specialization 1675:Former apparatus and events 60:Proposed since August 2024. 43:It has been suggested that 4986: 4033:Aesthetic group gymnastics 3601:Collier's New Encyclopedia 2770:, Suomen Voimisteluliitto. 1844:Gymnasium (ancient Greece) 1698: 1683: 1643: 1580:Non-competitive gymnastics 1546: 1525: 1507: 1495:Aesthetic group gymnastics 1492: 1489:Aesthetic group gymnastics 1450: 1409: 1338: 1233:Common skills in tumbling 1186: 1171: 1134: 939: 894: 879: 864: 849: 834: 808: 775: 752: 706: 675: 590: 572: 569:FIG-recognized disciplines 432: 388:aesthetic group gymnastics 112:Began in ancient Greece ( 4924:Sports at the World Games 4914: 4511:Artistic and dance sports 4450: 3420:10.1016/j.hcl.2016.08.010 3374:10.1186/s12998-016-0122-y 2567:FIG Executive Committee. 1751: 1729: 1311: 1302: 1294: 1286: 1278: 1270: 1262: 1254: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1069:Men's rhythmic gymnastics 556:in London. At this time, 74: 3581:Gymnastics and Gymnasium 3267:10.1177/0363546515576899 2286:History Workshop Journal 1864:List of gymnastics terms 1752:Other (women's artistic) 1640:Scoring (code of points) 1395:Women's Groups (3-woman) 4518:Artistic roller skating 3586:Encyclopædia Britannica 2141:Goodbody, John (1982). 2033:A Greek-English Lexicon 2017:A Greek-English Lexicon 1785:and injuries caused by 1717:until the early 1960s. 1465:The events consist of: 1420:The events consist of: 1303:Combination somersault 1160:Synchronized trampoline 1096:The events consist of: 346:The governing body for 3589:(11th ed.). 1911. 3506:www.fig-gymnastics.com 2766:June 21, 2014, at the 2266:April 4, 2009, at the 1809:Gymnasts tend to have 1730:Other (men's artistic) 1355:European Championships 1336: 1174:Double mini trampoline 1168:Double-mini trampoline 1132: 1014: 1002: 972:European Championships 937: 827: 773: 750: 699: 698:Gymnast on uneven bars 668: 609: 529: 458: 239:Country or region 4955:Summer Olympic sports 4462:Winter Olympic sports 4390:Greco-Roman wrestling 4102:Summer Olympic sports 3560:Texts on Wikisource: 2270:at fig-gymnastics.com 2248:Maine Sunday Telegram 2112:Exhibition Gymnastics 1334: 1151:Individual trampoline 1130: 1008: 993: 928: 822: 771: 745: 697: 663: 600: 527: 466:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn 455:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn 453: 4801:Past official sports 4780:Competition climbing 4763:Speed roller skating 4533:Acrobatic gymnastics 4401:Discretionary sports 3957:South American Games 3690:Acrobatic gymnastics 3550:Brazilian Gymnastics 3073:on December 19, 2011 3040:on December 19, 2011 3007:on December 19, 2011 2850:on February 12, 2018 2808:, British Gymnastics 2717:www.gymnastics.sport 2530:www.gymnastics.sport 2449:on December 19, 2011 2419:on December 19, 2011 2035:, on Perseus project 2019:, on Perseus project 1972:Smithsonian Magazine 1911:Uniform (gymnastics) 1398:Men's Groups (4-man) 1341:Acrobatic gymnastics 1327:Acrobatic gymnastics 1295:Twisting somersault 1199:1932 Summer Olympics 915:degree of difficulty 53:into this article. ( 4878:Invitational sports 4548:Rhythmic gymnastics 4385:Freestyle wrestling 4281:Rhythmic gymnastics 4276:Artistic gymnastics 4045:Equestrian vaulting 4038:World Championships 4012:Nationality changes 3947:Mediterranean Games 3816:World Championships 3762:Rhythmic gymnastics 3700:Artistic gymnastics 2298:10.1093/hwj/30.1.22 1351:World Championships 1234: 1075:artistic gymnastics 1001:in her hoop routine 968:World Championships 942:Rhythmic gymnastics 921:Rhythmic gymnastics 826:on the pommel horse 593:Artistic gymnastics 587:Artistic gymnastics 360:rhythmic gymnastics 356:artistic gymnastics 309:artistic gymnastics 97:governing body 71: 4538:Aerobic gymnastics 3952:Pan American Games 3932:Commonwealth Games 3695:Aerobic gymnastics 3544:British Gymnastics 2787:on August 19, 2020 2693:on 10 January 2022 2556:. 23 October 2013. 2088:www.scholastic.com 1946:www.britannica.com 1612:. You can help by 1587:World Gymnaestrada 1532:Wheel gymnasts do 1412:Aerobic gymnastics 1406:Aerobic gymnastics 1337: 1287:Triple Somersault 1279:Double somersault 1232: 1203:Pan American Games 1133: 1015: 1003: 938: 867:Vault (gymnastics) 852:Rings (gymnastics) 828: 811:Floor (gymnastics) 778:Floor (gymnastics) 774: 751: 700: 678:Vault (gymnastics) 669: 610: 530: 459: 413:adjective γυμνός ( 270:physical exercises 4960:Individual sports 4937: 4936: 4470: 4469: 4458:Paralympic sports 4303:Modern pentathlon 4131:Marathon Swimming 4063: 4062: 3970: 3969: 3666:Glossary of terms 3122:normile, dwight. 3103:on August 4, 2016 2945:on March 30, 2023 2880:on June 10, 2014. 2474:The Red and Black 2409:"Apparatus Norms" 2389:on April 13, 2014 1791:Strength training 1777:Physical injuries 1768:Health and safety 1630: 1629: 1477:Other disciplines 1460:COVID-19 pandemic 1320: 1319: 1312:Transition skill 980:Grand Prix series 505:Round Hill School 259: 258: 67: 66: 62: 16:(Redirected from 4977: 4970:Acrobatic sports 4922: 4921: 4901:Wheelchair rugby 4818:Beach volleyball 4679:Billiards sports 4667:Precision sports 4497: 4490: 4483: 4474: 4368:Beach volleyball 4109:Mandatory sports 4100: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4067: 4055:Wheel gymnastics 3982:List of gymnasts 3794: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3612: 3605: 3590: 3575: 3559: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3487: 3486: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3386: 3376: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3210: 3192: 3183: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3099:. Archived from 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3072: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3006: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2980: 2971:. Archived from 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2941:. Archived from 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2846:. Archived from 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2819:"UEG Gymnastics" 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2783:. Archived from 2777: 2771: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2657:. Archived from 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2584: 2573: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2385:. Archived from 2379: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2329:. Archived from 2319: 2310: 2309: 2277: 2271: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2148: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2115: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2045: 2036: 2026: 2020: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1938: 1869:List of gymnasts 1783:overuse injuries 1625: 1622: 1604: 1597: 1528:Wheel gymnastics 1522:Wheel gymnastics 1424:Individual Women 1263:Back handspring 1235: 1189:Tumbling (sport) 1086:Stick gymnastics 1011:Galima Shugurova 931:rhythmic gymnast 717:covered in wood 554:Mary Bagot Stack 420: 384:wheel gymnastics 82:Daniele Hypólito 79: 72: 58: 38: 37: 30: 21: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4910: 4873: 4796: 4714: 4698:Strength sports 4693: 4662: 4626: 4564: 4506: 4501: 4471: 4466: 4446: 4396: 4212:Mountain biking 4104: 4094: 4064: 4059: 4016: 3966: 3905: 3886:Four Continents 3849: 3783: 3675: 3644: 3639: 3593: 3578: 3563: 3524: 3519: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3490: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3201:(13): 843–851. 3190: 3185: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2978: 2976: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2768:Wayback Machine 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2721: 2719: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2661:on 14 July 2018 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2623:"Parkour Rules" 2621: 2620: 2616: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2506:. 25 April 2022 2497: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2362: 2360: 2357:Herald Scotland 2350: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2334: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2268:Wayback Machine 2259: 2255: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2027: 2023: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1992:"About the FIG" 1990: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1974: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1819: 1807: 1805:Height concerns 1799: 1779: 1770: 1754: 1732: 1723: 1703: 1697: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1664: 1648: 1642: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1610:needs expansion 1595: 1582: 1551: 1545: 1530: 1524: 1512: 1506: 1497: 1491: 1479: 1455: 1449: 1414: 1408: 1343: 1329: 1191: 1185: 1176: 1170: 1162: 1153: 1144: 1139: 1125: 1119: 1071: 995:Evgenia Kanaeva 988: 944: 934:Irina Tchachina 923: 899: 893: 884: 878: 869: 863: 854: 848: 839: 833: 813: 807: 802: 793: 780: 766: 757: 740: 730: 711: 705: 680: 674: 666:Tsukahara vault 658: 595: 589: 581: 571: 509:Harvard College 437: 431: 407: 292:, artistry and 254:Summer Olympics 221: 202: 195: 179: 165: 125:Characteristics 90: 85: 63: 46:Podium training 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4983: 4981: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4942: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4833:Indoor cycling 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4738:Canoe marathon 4735: 4734: 4733: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4576:Beach handball 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4525: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4410: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4333:Sport climbing 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4177: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4070: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4021:Related sports 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3937:European Games 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3901:South American 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3809:Youth Olympics 3800: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3733:Horizontal bar 3730: 3725: 3720: 3712: 3707: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3661:Code of Points 3658: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3591: 3576: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3538:USA Gymnastics 3535: 3530: 3523: 3522:External links 3520: 3518: 3517: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3461:(2): 129–145. 3441: 3414:(1): 187–197. 3398: 3347: 3312:(5): 322–329. 3296: 3261:(1): 234–241. 3245: 3173: 3163: 3154: 3140: 3114: 3084: 3051: 3018: 2985: 2969:www.gymcan.org 2956: 2939:USA Gymnastics 2926: 2914:USA Gymnastics 2901: 2883: 2861: 2835: 2823:UEG Gymnastics 2810: 2798: 2772: 2753: 2728: 2704: 2672: 2640: 2614: 2596: 2559: 2541: 2517: 2486: 2460: 2430: 2400: 2374: 2343: 2311: 2272: 2253: 2238: 2213: 2196: 2179: 2162: 2155: 2133: 2126: 2100: 2075: 2037: 2021: 2005: 1983: 1958: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1806: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1699:Main article: 1696: 1693: 1684:Main article: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1663: 1660: 1646:Code of Points 1644:Main article: 1641: 1638: 1628: 1627: 1607: 1605: 1594: 1591: 1581: 1578: 1574:Madhya Pradesh 1547:Main article: 1544: 1541: 1526:Main article: 1523: 1520: 1508:Main article: 1505: 1502: 1493:Main article: 1490: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1451:Main article: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1427:Individual Men 1425: 1410:Main article: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1339:Main article: 1328: 1325: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1187:Main article: 1184: 1181: 1172:Main article: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1135:Main article: 1124: 1121: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021: 987: 984: 950:, gymnastics, 940:Main article: 922: 919: 897:Horizontal bar 895:Main article: 892: 891:Horizontal bar 889: 880:Main article: 877: 874: 865:Main article: 862: 859: 850:Main article: 847: 844: 835:Main article: 832: 829: 809:Main article: 806: 803: 801: 798: 792: 789: 776:Main article: 765: 762: 753:Main article: 747:Dorina Böczögő 739: 736: 728: 707:Main article: 704: 701: 676:Main article: 673: 670: 657: 654: 634:horizontal bar 614:floor exercise 602:Nadia Comăneci 591:Main article: 588: 585: 570: 567: 497:Charles Follen 430: 427: 406: 403: 341:horizontal bar 302:ancient Greeks 268:that includes 257: 256: 250: 244: 243: 240: 236: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 220: 219: 217:horizontal bar 203:floor, vault, 193: 192: 173: 171: 167: 166: 164: 163: 160: 157: 156:- summer sport 153: 151: 147: 146: 143: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 122: 121: 110: 106: 105: 99: 92: 91: 80: 65: 64: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4982: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4890:Flag football 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4868:Weightlifting 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843:Roller hockey 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4684:Boules sports 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Inline hockey 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4427:Flag football 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4375:Weightlifting 4373: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4328:Skateboarding 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4222:Track cycling 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4207:Freestyle BMX 4205: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917:African Games 3915: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854:Championships 3852: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3821:Junior Worlds 3819: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3804:Olympic Games 3802: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3739:Women's only 3738: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3728:Parallel bars 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3115: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2975:on 2021-10-25 2974: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2874:NDTV – Sports 2871: 2865: 2862: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2799: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2505: 2504: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2333:on 2016-08-04 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2156:0-09-143350-9 2152: 2147: 2146: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2127:9780809617043 2123: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2104: 2101: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2006: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1811:short stature 1804: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1721:Club swinging 1720: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1686:Rope climbing 1680:Rope climbing 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1624: 1615: 1611: 1608:This section 1606: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1553:Mallakhamba ( 1550: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1511: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1454: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1405: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1386:Women's Pairs 1385: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1372:competitions. 1370: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1333: 1326: 1324: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1236: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1167: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1150: 1148: 1141: 1138: 1129: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1000: 996: 992: 985: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964:Olympic Games 959: 955: 953: 949: 943: 935: 932: 927: 920: 918: 916: 911: 908: 907:Leather grips 904: 898: 890: 888: 883: 882:Parallel bars 876:Parallel bars 875: 873: 868: 860: 858: 853: 845: 843: 838: 830: 825: 824:Chris Cameron 821: 817: 812: 804: 799: 797: 790: 788: 786: 779: 770: 763: 761: 756: 748: 744: 737: 735: 732: 724: 720: 716: 710: 702: 696: 692: 688: 686: 679: 671: 667: 662: 655: 653: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:parallel bars 627: 623: 619: 615: 607: 603: 599: 594: 586: 584: 580: 576: 568: 566: 562: 559: 555: 549: 547: 543: 539: 538:Olympic Games 535: 526: 522: 520: 519: 514: 510: 506: 502: 499:and American 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470:parallel bars 467: 463: 456: 452: 448: 446: 442: 436: 428: 426: 424: 419: 418: 412: 404: 402: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 342: 338: 337:parallel bars 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 264:is a type of 263: 255: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 228: 224: 218: 214: 213:parallel bars 210: 206: 201: 198: 197: 196: 191: 187: 183: 178: 175: 174: 172: 168: 161: 158: 155: 154: 152: 148: 144: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 98: 93: 89: 83: 78: 73: 61: 56: 52: 48: 47: 41: 32: 31: 19: 4848:Rugby sevens 4823:Bodybuilding 4790:Wakeboarding 4785:Water skiing 4758:Orienteering 4719:Trend sports 4705:Powerlifting 4631:Martial arts 4553:Trampolining 4527: 4454: 4343:Table tennis 4313:Rugby sevens 4286:Trampolining 4270: 4256:Field hockey 4244:Show jumping 4217:Road cycling 4190:Canoe sprint 4185:Canoe slalom 3896:Pan American 3789:Competitions 3771:synchronized 3743:Balance beam 3718:Pommel horse 3641: 3599: 3584: 3569: 3511:November 27, 3509:. Retrieved 3505: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3411: 3408:Hand Clinics 3407: 3401: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3198: 3194: 3166: 3157: 3131:. Retrieved 3127: 3117: 3105:. Retrieved 3101:the original 3096: 3087: 3075:. Retrieved 3068:the original 3054: 3042:. Retrieved 3035:the original 3021: 3009:. Retrieved 3002:the original 2988: 2977:. Retrieved 2973:the original 2968: 2959: 2947:. Retrieved 2943:the original 2938: 2929: 2917:. Retrieved 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2878:the original 2873: 2864: 2854:February 11, 2852:. Retrieved 2848:the original 2838: 2826:. Retrieved 2822: 2813: 2801: 2789:. Retrieved 2785:the original 2775: 2761:Lajiesittely 2756: 2744:. Retrieved 2741:olympics.com 2740: 2731: 2720:. Retrieved 2716: 2707: 2695:. Retrieved 2691:the original 2684: 2675: 2663:. Retrieved 2659:the original 2652: 2643: 2631:. Retrieved 2626: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2589:November 20, 2587:. Retrieved 2575: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2533:. Retrieved 2529: 2520: 2508:. Retrieved 2501: 2489: 2477:. Retrieved 2473: 2463: 2451:. Retrieved 2447:the original 2433: 2421:. Retrieved 2417:the original 2403: 2391:. Retrieved 2387:the original 2377: 2368: 2361:. Retrieved 2355: 2346: 2335:. Retrieved 2331:the original 2326: 2292:(1): 22–54. 2289: 2285: 2275: 2256: 2247: 2241: 2223: 2216: 2206: 2199: 2189: 2182: 2172: 2165: 2144: 2136: 2111: 2103: 2091:. Retrieved 2087: 2078: 2053: 2049: 2032: 2024: 2016: 2008: 1996:. Retrieved 1986: 1975:. Retrieved 1971: 1961: 1950:. Retrieved 1948:. 2023-12-22 1945: 1936: 1896:Trampolining 1834:Cheerleading 1808: 1800: 1780: 1771: 1724: 1704: 1701:Flying rings 1695:Flying rings 1689: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1635: 1631: 1618: 1614:adding to it 1609: 1583: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1552: 1538: 1531: 1513: 1498: 1480: 1464: 1456: 1419: 1415: 1401: 1381: 1366: 1363: 1348: 1344: 1321: 1241:Explanation 1227: 1192: 1177: 1163: 1154: 1145: 1142:Trampolining 1137:Trampolining 1123:Trampolining 1118: 1115: 1109:Double Rings 1095: 1091: 1082:martial arts 1072: 960: 956: 945: 912: 902: 900: 885: 870: 855: 840: 837:Pommel horse 831:Pommel horse 814: 794: 781: 758: 755:Balance beam 738:Balance beam 712: 689: 681: 650: 642:balance beam 618:pommel horse 611: 582: 563: 550: 546:calisthenics 541: 531: 516: 512: 493:Charles Beck 490: 482:pommel horse 460: 444: 440: 438: 422: 408: 400: 364:trampolining 345: 333:pommel horse 325:balance beam 306: 290:coordination 261: 260: 209:pommel horse 199: 194: 190:balance beam 176: 145:No, separate 109:First played 88:balance beam 59: 44: 4748:Flying disc 4743:Finswimming 4731:Parachuting 4612:Racquetball 4569:Ball sports 3962:Universiade 3922:Asian Games 3891:Pacific Rim 3845:World Games 3775:double mini 3748:Uneven bars 3714:Men's only 3683:disciplines 2633:February 5, 2093:November 8, 1707:still rings 1549:Mallakhamba 1543:Mallakhamba 1430:Mixed Pairs 1392:Men's Pairs 1389:Mixed Pairs 1359:World Games 846:Still rings 727:chalk (MgCO 723:springboard 709:Uneven bars 703:Uneven bars 638:uneven bars 622:still rings 606:Olga Korbut 542:gymnastics, 486:vault horse 396:mallakhamba 348:competition 321:uneven bars 282:flexibility 205:still rings 186:uneven bars 4950:Gymnastics 4944:Categories 4753:Lifesaving 4726:Air sports 4710:Tug of war 4648:Kickboxing 4581:Canoe polo 4528:Gymnastics 4523:Dancesport 4363:Volleyball 4271:Gymnastics 4229:Equestrian 4202:BMX racing 4163:Basketball 4141:Water polo 4028:Acro dance 3942:Grand Prix 3767:Trampoline 3656:Acrobatics 3642:Gymnastics 3596:Gymnastics 3566:Gymnastics 3133:August 23, 3107:August 23, 3097:usagym.org 3077:October 2, 3044:October 2, 3011:October 2, 2979:2021-05-08 2828:October 7, 2791:October 7, 2722:2024-08-07 2554:Nippon.com 2535:2019-12-24 2479:October 7, 2453:October 2, 2423:October 4, 2393:October 4, 2337:2014-09-08 2327:usagym.org 1977:2024-01-29 1952:2024-02-02 1923:References 1879:Majorettes 1829:Acrobatics 1824:Acro dance 1246:Round-off 999:split leap 715:fiberglass 573:See also: 518:The Yankee 433:See also: 272:requiring 262:Gymnastics 134:No contact 84:performing 70:Gymnastics 4863:Triathlon 4858:Taekwondo 4808:Badminton 4591:Floorball 4455:See also: 4380:Wrestling 4358:Triathlon 4348:Taekwondo 4158:Badminton 4153:Athletics 3927:CAC Games 3828:World Cup 3483:149606211 3475:1041-3200 3428:1558-1969 3326:1537-8918 3275:1552-3365 3217:1473-0480 2605:"Parkour" 2363:8 January 2306:1477-4569 2233:561890463 2062:0065-6801 2056:: 77–90. 1928:Citations 1621:June 2020 1534:exercises 1472:Freestyle 1255:Dismount 976:World Cup 685:Yurchenko 501:John Neal 405:Etymology 372:acrobatic 298:abdominal 294:endurance 242:Worldwide 229:Gymnasium 170:Equipment 141:Mixed-sex 4895:Lacrosse 4885:Duathlon 4813:Baseball 4653:Muaythai 4638:Ju-jitsu 4617:Softball 4606:Lacrosse 4601:Korfball 4586:Fistball 4558:Tumbling 4437:Lacrosse 4417:Softball 4413:Baseball 4408:Breaking 4323:Shooting 4293:Handball 4261:Football 4239:Eventing 4234:Dressage 4180:Canoeing 4136:Swimming 4121:Artistic 4116:Aquatics 3881:European 3869:Rhythmic 3864:Artistic 3860:African 3838:Rhythmic 3833:Artistic 3779:Tumbling 3436:27886834 3393:27872744 3334:28902754 3291:15742871 3283:25825379 3237:Archived 3225:26084524 2949:March 9, 2919:March 9, 2764:Archived 2746:7 August 2697:7 August 2665:7 August 2580:Archived 2264:Archived 2070:44988074 1901:Tricking 1817:See also 1713:and the 1469:Speedrun 1357:and the 1195:tumbling 1183:Tumbling 997:doing a 929:Russian 719:laminate 491:Germans 484:and the 478:high bar 368:tumbling 278:strength 234:Presence 95:Highest 4870:(women) 4838:Netball 4828:Casting 4689:Bowling 4674:Archery 4608:(women) 4543:Parkour 4422:Cricket 4338:Surfing 4318:Sailing 4251:Fencing 4197:Cycling 4148:Archery 4050:TeamGym 3757:Parkour 3604:. 1921. 3574:. 1905. 3494:Sources 3384:5109679 3342:4103946 3233:4984960 2806:TeamGym 2510:5 March 2029:γυμνάζω 1998:May 31, 1906:Turners 1662:Landing 1559:gymnast 1555:Marathi 1510:TeamGym 1504:TeamGym 1453:Parkour 1447:Parkour 1221:at the 1205:. From 1009:Soviet 791:Scoring 785:plywood 445:gumnázō 429:History 423:gymnazo 392:TeamGym 380:parkour 376:aerobic 286:agility 274:balance 248:Olympic 180:floor, 130:Contact 86:on the 55:Discuss 18:Gymnast 4643:Karate 4622:Squash 4442:Squash 4432:Karate 4353:Tennis 4308:Rowing 4175:Boxing 4126:Diving 3777:) and 3773:, and 3649:Basics 3481: 3473: 3434: 3426: 3391: 3381: 3367:: 41. 3340: 3332: 3324: 3289: 3281: 3273: 3231: 3223: 3215: 2304: 2231: 2153: 2124: 2068: 2060: 2013:γυμνός 1593:Levels 1570:khamba 1436:Groups 1238:Skill 1037:Ribbon 948:ballet 903:giants 664:Piked 632:, and 558:Soviet 480:, the 476:, the 417:gymnos 394:, and 378:, and 339:, and 323:, and 215:, and 188:, and 118:Athens 114:Sparta 51:merged 4906:Wushu 4897:(men) 4853:Sambo 4773:Track 3975:Lists 3910:Other 3876:Asian 3723:Rings 3710:Vault 3705:Floor 3479:S2CID 3338:S2CID 3287:S2CID 3240:(PDF) 3229:S2CID 3191:(PDF) 3071:(PDF) 3038:(PDF) 3005:(PDF) 2629:. FIG 2583:(PDF) 2572:(PDF) 2498:(PDF) 2370:fame. 2066:JSTOR 1994:. FIG 1797:Abuse 1566:malla 1439:Dance 1433:Trios 1271:Whip 1112:Group 1103:Clubs 1100:Stick 1079:wushu 1046:Clubs 1024:ball. 952:dance 861:Vault 805:Floor 764:Floor 672:Vault 626:vault 474:rings 411:Greek 329:rings 317:vault 313:floor 266:sport 252:Yes, 226:Venue 182:vault 104:(FIG) 4768:Road 4658:Sumo 4460:and 4298:Judo 4266:Golf 3513:2018 3471:ISSN 3432:PMID 3424:ISSN 3389:PMID 3330:PMID 3322:ISSN 3279:PMID 3271:ISSN 3221:PMID 3213:ISSN 3171:1–9. 3135:2019 3109:2019 3079:2009 3046:2009 3013:2009 2951:2019 2921:2019 2856:2018 2830:2019 2793:2019 2748:2024 2699:2024 2667:2024 2635:2018 2591:2019 2512:2024 2481:2019 2455:2009 2425:2009 2395:2009 2365:2022 2302:ISSN 2229:OCLC 2151:ISBN 2122:ISBN 2095:2019 2058:ISSN 2000:2019 1892:(US) 1886:(US) 1711:NCAA 1442:Step 1219:1976 1211:1998 1207:1974 1106:Rope 1077:and 1055:Rope 1028:Hoop 1019:Ball 978:and 646:USSR 577:and 532:The 515:and 495:and 150:Type 116:and 4168:3x3 3991:WAG 3986:MAG 3797:FIG 3681:FIG 3671:Gym 3598:". 3583:". 3568:". 3463:doi 3416:doi 3379:PMC 3369:doi 3314:doi 3263:doi 3203:doi 3064:FIG 3031:FIG 2998:FIG 2896:FIG 2576:FIG 2443:FIG 2413:FIG 2294:doi 1715:AAU 1616:. 1209:to 1193:In 1062:FIG 648:). 488:. 49:be 4946:: 4415:/ 3504:. 3477:. 3469:. 3459:32 3457:. 3453:. 3430:. 3422:. 3412:33 3410:. 3387:. 3377:. 3365:24 3363:. 3359:. 3336:. 3328:. 3320:. 3310:16 3308:. 3285:. 3277:. 3269:. 3259:44 3257:. 3235:. 3227:. 3219:. 3211:. 3199:49 3197:. 3193:. 3176:^ 3143:^ 3126:. 3095:. 3062:. 3029:. 2996:. 2967:. 2937:. 2912:. 2894:. 2872:. 2821:. 2739:. 2715:. 2683:. 2651:. 2625:. 2607:. 2578:. 2574:. 2552:. 2528:. 2500:. 2472:. 2441:. 2411:. 2367:. 2354:. 2325:. 2314:^ 2300:. 2290:30 2288:. 2284:. 2120:. 2118:17 2086:. 2064:. 2054:61 2052:. 2040:^ 1970:. 1944:. 1485:. 1361:. 1225:. 974:, 970:, 966:, 640:, 628:, 624:, 620:, 616:, 472:, 398:. 390:, 386:, 374:, 370:, 362:, 358:, 343:. 335:, 331:, 319:, 315:, 288:, 284:, 280:, 276:, 211:, 207:, 184:, 4496:e 4489:t 4482:v 4089:e 4082:t 4075:v 3993:) 3984:( 3769:( 3634:e 3627:t 3620:v 3594:" 3579:" 3564:" 3515:. 3485:. 3465:: 3438:. 3418:: 3395:. 3371:: 3344:. 3316:: 3293:. 3265:: 3205:: 3137:. 3111:. 3081:. 3048:. 3015:. 2982:. 2953:. 2923:. 2898:. 2858:. 2832:. 2795:. 2750:. 2725:. 2701:. 2669:. 2637:. 2593:. 2538:. 2514:. 2483:. 2457:. 2427:. 2397:. 2340:. 2308:. 2296:: 2235:. 2159:. 2130:. 2097:. 2072:. 2002:. 1980:. 1955:. 1623:) 1619:( 731:) 729:3 120:) 57:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index