Ventricular assist device

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if trauma to the head occurs, intracranial bleeding may also occur. Bleeding events may require massive blood transfusions and incur certain risks including infection, pulmonary insufficiency, increased costs, right heart failure, allosensitization, and viral transmission, which can prove fatal or preclude transplantation. When bleeding occurs, it impacts the one year Kaplan-Meier mortality. In addition to complexity of the patient population and the complexity of these procedures contributing to bleeding, the devices themselves may contribute to the severe coagulopathy that can ensue when these devices are implanted.

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deoxygenated blood from the patient's veins into an oxygenating device at the patient's bedside, after which a motor powered pump moves the oxygenated blood is back to the body (either into a vein or the arterial system, typically the aorta). There are different ECMO configurations (venoarterial ECMO, venovenous ECMO, etc.) the end goal remains the same; to oxygenate blood and return it to the body. In this sense, the ECMO circuit bypasses one or both ventricles and is therefore not in contact with the patient's native ventricle and is generally not considered a type of VAD.

265:. Both types have a central rotor containing permanent magnets. Controlled electric currents running through coils contained in the pump housing apply forces to the magnets, which in turn cause the rotors to spin. In the centrifugal pumps, the rotors are shaped to accelerate the blood circumferentially and thereby cause it to move toward the outer rim of the pump, whereas in the axial flow pumps the rotors are more or less cylindrical with blades that are helical, causing the blood to be accelerated in the direction of the rotor's axis. 286: 729: 374:

by Anthony "Tony" Martin, a nurse practitioner (NP) and clinical manager of the mechanical circulatory support (MCS) program at Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, N.J. The ICCAC was developed as a 501c3 organization, dedicated to the development of best practices and education related to the care of individuals requiring MCS as a bridge to heart transplantation or as destination therapy in those individuals who don't meet the criteria for heart transplantation.

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fibriliation and high blood pressure may increase risk of stroke and high blood pressure can increase a patient's risk of stroke in the setting of VAD use. However, it is difficult to measure blood pressure in LVAD patients using standard blood pressure monitoring and the current practice is to measure by

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Due to the use of anticoagulation, bleeding is the most common postoperative early complication after implantation or explantation of VADs, necessitating reoperation in up to 60% of recipients. Most commonly bleeding occurs in the gastrointestinal tract resulting in dark or bright red stools, however

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In July 2009 in England, surgeons removed a donor heart that had been implanted in a toddler next to her native heart, after her native heart had recovered. This technique suggests mechanical assist device, such as an LVAD, can take some or all the work away from the native heart and allow it time to

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began in 2005 and included the evaluation of HeartMate II for two indications: Bridge to transplantation (BTT) and destination therapy (DT), or long-term, permanent support. Thoratec Corp. announced that this was the first time the FDA had approved a clinical trial to include both indications in one

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technology based on technique called Coplanar Energy Transfer (CET) which is capable of transferring energy from an external transmitting coil to a small receiving coil that is implanted in the human body. In the early postoperative phase, CET operation was accomplished as expected in both patients,

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in 2007 at the age of 69. Since then, patient Lidia Pluhar has exceeded Houghton's longevity on a VAD, having received a HeartMate II in March 2011 at age 75, and currently continues to use the device. In August 2007 the International Consortium of Circulatory Assist Clinicians (ICCAC) was founded

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Infections in VAD patients occur because the artificial surfaces of the devices serve as a surface for bacterial and or fungal growth. Most infections are classified as driveline infections, which are infections that occur where the device's power cord enters the skin (usually in the upper abdomen)

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In patients with VADs, ischemic strokes and pump thrombosis occur when there is inadequate anticoagulation to counter act the blood's tendency to form blood clots when exposed to the foreign materials in a VAD. Stroke risk varies based on the type of VAD in place and other risk factors. Both atrial

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In September 2009, a New Zealand news outlet, Stuff, reported that in another 18 months to two years, a new wireless device will be ready for clinical trial that will power VADs without direct contact. If successful, this may reduce the chance of infection as a result of the power cable through the

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The REMATCH (Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure) clinical trial began in May 1998 and ran through July 2001 in 20 cardiac transplant centers around the USA. The trial was designed to compare long-term implantation of left ventricular assist

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announced in August 2009 that it had surpassed 50 implants of their HeartWare Ventricular Assist System in their ADVANCE Clinical Trial, an FDA-approved IDE study. The study is to assess the system as bridge-to-transplantation for patients with end-stage heart failure. The study, Evaluation of the

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A phase 1 clinical trial is underway (as of August 2009), consisting of patients with coronary artery bypass grafting and patients in end-stage heart failure who have a left ventricular assist device. The trial involves testing a patch called Anginera which contains cells that secrete hormone-like

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Temporary use of VADs may vary in scale (e.g. days to months) depending on a patient's condition. Certain types of VADS may be used in patients with signs of acute (sudden onset) heart failure or cardiogenic shock as a result of an infarction, valvular disease, among other causes. In patients with

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Obtained CE Mark for distribution in Europe, January 2009. Obtained FDA approval in the U.S., November 2012. Initiated US BTT trial in October 2008 (completed February 2010) and US DT trial in August 2010 (enrollment completed May 2012). FDA approval for BTT in 2012 and DT in 2017. Withdrawn from

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Considering the multitude of risks and lifestyle modifications associated with ventricular assist device implants, it is important for prospective patients to be informed prior to decision making. In addition to physician consult, various Internet-based patient directed resources are available to

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The Harefield Recovery Protocol Study (HARPS) is a clinical trial to evaluate whether advanced heart failure patients requiring VAD support can recover sufficient myocardial function to allow device removal (known as explantation). HARPS combines an LVAD (the HeartMate XVE) with conventional oral

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The majority of VADs on the market today are somewhat bulky. The smallest device approved by the FDA, the HeartMate II, weighs about 1 pound (0.45 kg) and measures 3 inches (7.6 cm). This has proven particularly important for women and children, for whom alternatives would have been too

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Long-term use of VADs may also vary in its scale (i.e. months to permanently). VADs that are intended for long term use are also termed "durable" VADS, due to their design to function for longer periods of time compared to short term VADs (e.g. Impella, etc.). The long-term VADs can be used in a

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According to a retrospective cohort study comparing patients treated with a left ventricular assist device versus inotrope therapy while awaiting heart transplantation, the group treated with LVAD had improved clinical and metabolic function at the time of transplant with better blood pressure,

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of heart failure had significantly improved after six months of LVAD support compared to the pre-LVAD baseline. Although this trial involved bridge-to-transplant indication, the results provide early evidence that continuous flow LVADs have advantages in terms of durability and reliability for

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may require an LVAD). The LVAD is the most common device applied to a defective heart (it is sufficient in most cases; the right side of the heart is then often able to make use of the heavily increased blood flow), but when the pulmonary arterial resistance is high, then an (additional) right

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Following the FDA approval of HeartMate II LVAD for bridge-to-transplantation purposes, a post-approval ("registry") study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of the device in a commercial setting. The study found that the device improved outcomes, both compared to other LVAD treatments and

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was the longest surviving recipient of a VAD for permanent use. He received an experimental Jarvik 2000 LVAD in June 2000. Since then, he completed a 91-mile charity walk, published two books, lectured widely, hiked in the Swiss Alps and the American West, flew in an ultra-light aircraft, and

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and does not require long term anticoagulation (except aspirin); unfortunately, this biologic surface may also predispose the patient to infection through selective reduction of certain types of leukocytes, however this device was phased out of use starting in 2009 in favor of newer devices.

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Eighteen-month follow up data on 281 patients who had either reached the study end-point or completed 18 months of post-operative follow-up showed improved survival, less frequent adverse events and greater reliability with continuous flow LVADS compared to pulsatile flow devices. Of the 281

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A very different approach in the early stages of development was the use of an inflatable cuff around the aorta. Inflating the cuff contracts the aorta and deflating the cuff allows the aorta to expand – in effect the aorta becomes a second left ventricle. A proposed refinement is to use the

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to heart transplantation but is expected to improve with the VADs support) , bridge to decision (used to support a patient while their candidacy status is decided), and bridge to recovery (used until a patient’s native heart function improves after which the device would be removed). In some

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Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) – is a form of mechanical circulatory support typically used in critically ill patients in cardiogenic shock that is established by introducing cannula into the arteries and or veins of the neck, axilla or groin. Generally, a venous cannula pulls

318:, a program of the NIH. The early VADs emulated the heart by using a "pulsatile" action where blood is alternately sucked into the pump from the left ventricle then forced out into the aorta. Devices of this kind include the HeartMate IP LVAS, which was approved for use in the US by the 400:

Heidelberg University Hospital reported in July 2009 that the first HeartAssist5, known as the modern version of the DeBakey VAD, was implanted there. The HeartAssist5 weighs 92 grams, is made of titanium and plastic, and serves to pump blood from the left ventricle into the

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The HeartWare HVAD works similarly to the VentrAssist—albeit much smaller and not requiring an abdominal pocket to be implanted into. The device has obtained CE Mark in Europe, and FDA approval in the U.S. The HeartWare HVAD could be implanted through limited access without

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devices with optimal medical management for patients with end-stage heart failure who require, but do not qualify to receive cardiac transplantation. As a result of the clinical outcomes, the device received FDA approval for both indications, in 2001 and 2003, respectively.

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On 27 June 2014 Hannover Medical School in Hannover, Germany performed the first human implant of HeartMate III under the direction of Professor Axel Haverich M.D., chief of the Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery Department and surgeon Jan Schmitto, M.D.,

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In August 2007 The International Consortium of Circulatory Assist Clinicians (ICCAC) was founded by Anthony "Tony" Martin. A nurse practitioner (NP) and clinical manager of the mechanical circulatory support (MCS) program at Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark,

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Currently used in the United States as a bridge to heart transplant under an FDA-approved clinical investigation. In Europe, the Jarvik 2000 has earned CE Mark certification for both bridge-to-transplant and lifetime use. Child version currently being developed.

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In July 2009, 18-month follow-up results from the HeartMate II Clinical Trial concluded that continuous-flow LVAD provides effective hemodynamic support for at least 18 months in patients awaiting transplantation, with improved functional status and quality of

2471:"Medical Aspects of End-Stage Heart Failure: Transplantation and Device Therapies I, Abstract 1762: An Emerging Option for Women with Advanced Heart Failure: Results of the HeartMate II Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Bridge to Transplant Trial" 405:

growth factors stimulating other cells to grow. The patches are seeded with heart muscle cells and then implanted onto the heart with the goal of getting the muscle cells to start communicating with native tissues in a way that allows for regular contractions.

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Based on one-year follow up data from the first 194 patients enrolled in the trial, the FDA approved HeartMate II for bridge-to-transplantation. The trial provided clinical evidence of improved survival rates and quality of life for a broad range of

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FiVAD System with wireless, coplanar energy transfer technology which ameliorates infection risk by driveline elimination while providing successful energy transmission allowing for a substantial (approximately 6 hours) unholstered support of the

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A multicenter study in the United States from 2005 to 2007 with 113 patients (of which 100 reported principal outcomes) showed that significant improvements in function were prevalent after three months, and a survival rate of 68% after twelve

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Hall-of-Fame Baseball Player Rod Carew had congestive heart failure and was fitted with a HeartMate II. He struggled with wearing the equipment, so he joined efforts to help supply the most helpful wear to assist the HeartMate II and HeartMate

192:(DT) which indicates that the VAD will remain implanted indefinitely. VADs as destination therapy are used in circumstances where patients are not candidates for transplantation and will thus rely on the VAD for the remainder of their life. 428:. The grant was renewed for a second year of research in August 2009. The total artificial heart was created using two HeartAssist5 VADs, whereby one VAD pumps blood throughout the body and the other circulates blood to and from the lungs. 2581:

Potapov, EV; Politis, N; Karck, M; Weyand, M; Tandler, R; Walther, T; Emrich, F; Reichenspurrner, H; Bernhardt, A; Barten, MJ; Svenarud, P; Gummert, J; Sef, D; Doenst, T; Tsyganenko, D; Loforte, A; Schoenrath, F; Falk, V (31 March 2022).

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patients, 157 patients had undergone transplant, 58 patients were continuing with LVADs in their body and seven patients had the LVAD removed because their heart recovered; the remaining 56 had died. The results showed that the patients'

302:. The patient was a 37-year-old woman, and a paracorporeal (external) circuit was able to provide mechanical support for 10 days after the surgery. The first successful long-term implantation of an LVAD was conducted in 1988 by Dr. 487:). Several surgical approaches, including interventional decommissioning, off-pump explantation using a custom-made plug and complete LVAD removal through redo sternotomy, have been described with a 5-year survival of up to 80%. 525:

baseline patients. Specifically, HeartMate II patients showed lower creatinine levels, 30-day survival rates were considerably higher at 96%, and 93% reached successful outcomes (transplant, cardiac recovery, or long-term LVAD).

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On June 3, 2021, Medtronic issued an urgent medical device notice stating that their HVAD devices should no longer be implanted due to higher rates of neurological events and mortality with the HVAD vs. other available devices

254:. In some pulsatile pumps (that use compressed air as an energy source), the volume occupied by blood varies during the pumping cycle. If the pump is contained inside the body then a vent tube to the outside air is required. 1281:

Balthazar, Tim; Vandenbriele, Christophe; Verbrugge, Frederik H.; Den Uil, Corstiaan; Engström, Annemarie; Janssens, Stefan; Rex, Steffen; Meyns, Bart; Van Mieghem, Nicolas; Price, Susanna; Adriaenssens, Tom (9 March 2021).

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5.5, Impella RP, and others can be introduced to either the left or right ventricle (depending on the patient-specific needs) using a wire and that is introduced through the arteries or veins of the neck, axilla, or groin.

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driven pumps. These pumps have the advantage of greater simplicity resulting in smaller size and greater reliability. These devices are referred to as second-generation VADs. A side effect is that the user will not have a

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Ruden, Serena A. S. Von; Murray, Margaret A.; Grice, Jennifer L.; Proebstle, Amy K.; Kopacek, Karen J. (2012). "The Pharmacotherapy Implications of Ventricular Assist Device in the Patient With End-Stage Heart Failure".

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Iacovetto, MC; Matlock, DD; Mcillvennan, CK; et al. (2014). "Educational resources for patients considering a left ventricular assist device: a cross-sectional review of internet, print, and multimedia materials".

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Starling, RC; Naka, Y; Boyle, AJ; et al. (August 2009). "Initial FDA Post-Approval Study INTERMACS Registry Results with a Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device as a Bridge to Heart Transplantation".

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at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston in 1962. The first LVAD was implanted in 1963 by Liotta and E. Stanley Crawford. The first successful implantation of an LVAD was completed in 1966 by Liotta along with Dr.

314:(NIH) research contract which developed HeartMate, an electronically controlled assist device. This was funded by a three-year $ 6.2 million contract to Thermedics and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, from the 472:

large. As of 2017, HeartMate III has been approved by the FDA. It is smaller than its predecessor HeartMate II and uses a full maglev impeller instead of the cup-and-ball bearing system found in HeartMate II.

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Sef, D; Mohite, P; De Robertis, F; Verzelloni Sef, A; Mahesh, B; Stock, U; Simon, A (September 2020). "Bridge to heart transplantation using the Levitronix CentriMag short-term ventricular assist device".

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Approved for use in European Union and Australia. Company declared bankrupt while clinical trials for FDA approval were underway in 2009. Company now dissolved and intellectual property sold to Thoratec.

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Ventracor was put into liquidation on 3 July 2009, whereby the company's assets including its intellectual property, data from clinical trials, plant and equipment and residual assets will be put up for

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versus 16.6% in the LVAD group; 31.6% of the inotrope group had right heart failure versus 5.6% in the LVAD group; and event-free survival was 15.8% in the inotrope group versus 55.6% in the LVAD group.

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An important issue with continuous flow pumps is the method used to suspend the rotor. Early versions used solid bearings; however, newer pumps, some of which are approved for use in the EU, use either

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ventricular assist device (RVAD) might be necessary to resolve the problem of cardiac circulation. If both an LVAD and an RVAD are needed a BiVAD is normally used, rather than a separate LVAD and RVAD.

183:(BTT) – keeping the patient alive, and in reasonably good condition, and able to await heart transplant outside of the hospital. Other "bridges" include bridge to candidacy (used when a patient has a 3372:

Castagna, Francesco; Stöhr, Eric J.; Pinsino, Alberto; Cockcroft, John R.; Willey, Joshua; Reshad Garan, A.; Topkara, Veli K.; Colombo, Paolo C.; Yuzefpolskaya, Melana; McDonnell, Barry J. (2017).

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Canseco, Diana C.; Kimura, Wataru; Garg, Sonia; Mukherjee, Shibani; Bhattacharya, Souparno; Abdisalaam, Salim; Das, Sandeep; Asaithamby, Aroumougame; Mammen, Pradeep P.A.; Sadek, Hesham A. (2015).

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A series of studies involving the use of the HeartMate II LVAD have proven useful in establishing the viability and risks of using LVADs for bridge-to-transplantation and destination therapy.

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Samuels, LE; Kohout, J; Casanova-Ghosh, E; et al. (2008). "Argatroban as a Primary or Secondary Postoperative Anticoagulant in Patients Implanted with Ventricular Assist Devices".

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Because the VADs generally result in blood flowing over a non-biologic surface (e.g. metal, synthetic polymers, etc.) this can result in formation of blood clots, also referred to as

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VADs may be used to manage a variety of cardiac diseases and can be categorized based on which ventricle the device is assisting, and whether the VAD will be temporary or permanent.

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Approved for use in North America and EU. CE Mark Authorized. FDA approval for BTT in April 2008. Recently approved by FDA in the US for Destination Therapy (as at January 2010).

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Rogers, JG; Butler, J; Lansman, SL; et al. (2007). "Chronic Mechanical Circulatory Support for Inotrope-Dependent Heart Failure Patients Who Are Not Transplant Candidates".

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In a small number of cases left ventricular assist devices, combined with drug therapy, have enabled the heart to recover sufficiently for the device to be able to be removed (

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used in VADs can be divided into two main categories – pulsatile pumps, which mimic the natural pulsing action of the heart, and continuous-flow pumps. Pulsatile VADs use

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Was approved for use in North America, European Union and Japan. Now defunct and no longer supported by the manufacturer. (HeartWare completed acquisition August 2012)

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VADs can further be divided by the duration of their use (i.e. temporary versus permanent). Some VADs are for short-term use, typically for patients recovering from

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Elder, Theresa; Raghavan, Alankrita; Smith, Arvin; Wright, Christina Huang; Wright, James; Burant, Christopher; Sajatovic, Martha; Hoffer, Alan (December 2019).

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Approved for use in the European Union. The child version is approved by the FDA for use in children in USA. Undergoing clinical trials in USA for FDA approval.

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Approved for use in the European Union. The child version is approved by the FDA for use in children in USA. Undergoing clinical trials in USA for FDA approval.

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Slaughter, MS; Pagani, FD; Rogers, JG; et al. (2010). "Clinical management of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices in advanced heart failure".

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CE Mark Authorized. Received FDA approval for BTT in 2004. Authorized only for internal implant, not for paracorporeal implant due to reliability issues.

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On 21 January 2015 a study was published in Journal of American College of Cardiology suggesting that long-term use of LVAD may induce heart regeneration.

46:

A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) pumping blood from the left ventricle to the aorta, connected to an externally worn control unit and battery pack.

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Popov, AF; Hosseini, MT; Zych, B; et al. (2012). "HeartWare Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation Through Bilateral Anterior Thoracotomy".

315: 2677: 2886:"The REMATCH trial: Rationale, design, and end points. Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure" 1006:

Miniature "third generation" device with centrifugal blood path and hydromagnetically suspended rotor that may be placed in the pericardial space.

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There are a number of potential risks associated with VADs. The most common of these are bleeding events, stroke, pump thrombosis, and infections.

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began popularizing the concept that patients could live outside the hospital. Media coverage of outpatients with VADs underscored these arguments.

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Approved for use in European Union. Used on humanitarian approvals on a case-by-case basis in the US. Entered clinical trials in the US in 2009.

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Some devices are designed to support the heart and its various components/function but are not considered VADs, below are some common examples.

2505: 2319: 1952: 2743: 2069:. Columbia University Medical Center. quote: "A patient who is implanted with a HeartMate II usually has a dampened pulse." Viewed 2016-08-27. 3818: 1617: 1023:

HeartWare's MVAD Pump is a development-stage miniature ventricular assist device, approximately one-third the size of HeartWare's HVAD pump.

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device that provides support for cardiac pump function, which is used either to partially or to completely replace the function of a failing

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Savarese, Gianluigi; Becher, Peter Moritz; Lund, Lars H.; Seferovic, Petar; Rosano, Giuseppe M. C.; Coats, Andrew J. S. (18 January 2023).

3619:"Decision making for destination therapy left ventricular assist devices: "there was no choice" versus "I thought about it an awful lot"" 1073:

Pulsatile system includes three major components: Blood pump, cannulae and pneumatic driver (dual drive console or portable VAD driver).

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Pulsatile system includes three major components: Blood pump, cannulae and pneumatic driver (dual drive console or portable VAD driver).

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medications are used to decrease the risk of thrombosis. One device, the HeartMate XVE, is designed with a biologic surface derived from

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Varshney, Anubodh S.; DeFilippis, Ersilia M.; Cowger, Jennifer A.; Netuka, Ivan; Pinney, Sean P.; Givertz, Michael M. (22 March 2022).

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Varshney, Anubodh S.; DeFilippis, Ersilia M.; Cowger, Jennifer A.; Netuka, Ivan; Pinney, Sean P.; Givertz, Michael M. (22 March 2022).

4523: 2681: 4424: 4121: 3716:"A decision aid for Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) for Destination Therapy A device for patients with advanced heart failure" 3811: 1684: 3528:

Holman, WL; Rayburn, BK; McGiffin, DC; et al. (2003). "Infection in ventricular assist devices: Prevention and treatment".

4267: 4126: 4059: 2705: 2187: 1469: 1430: 991: 449:

In December 2018, two clinical cases were performed in Kazakhstan and a fully wireless LVAD system of Jarvik 2000 combine with

135: 130:(RVAD) or the left ventricle (LVAD) or to both ventricles (BiVAD). The type of VAD implanted depends on the type of underlying 2632: 4398: 3530: 3153: 3111: 3067: 2890: 2658: 2546: 3237:"Outcomes After Intracranial Hemorrhage in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices: A Systematic Review of Literature" 2484: 2054: 337:

More recent work has concentrated on continuous-flow pumps, which can be roughly categorized as either centrifugal pumps or

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Goldstein, Daniel J.; Robert B. Beauford (2003). "Left ventricular assist devices and bleeding: adding insult to injury".

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CE Mark Authorized. Received FDA approval for BTT in 1995 and for post-cardiotomy recovery (open heart surgery) in 1998.

4508: 3882: 3766: 2765: 2079: 1093: 905: 319: 207: 1917:

Hoshi, H; Shinshi, T; Takatani, S (2006). "Third-generation Blood Pumps with Mechanical Noncontact Magnetic Bearings".

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Kirkpatrick, James N.; Wieselthaler, Georg; Strueber, Martin; St John Sutton, Martin G.; Rame, J. Eduardo (July 2015).

4308: 4242: 2428:"First human use of a wireless coplanar energy transfer coupled with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device" 2210: 3434:

O'Horo, John C.; Abu Saleh, Omar M.; Stulak, John M.; Wilhelm, Mark P.; Baddour, Larry M.; Rizwan Sohail, M. (2018).

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HeartWare LVAD System for the Treatment of Advanced Heart Failure, is a multi-center study that started in May 2009.

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Continuous-flow VADs are smaller and have proven to be more durable than pulsatile VADs. They normally use either a

3900: 3845: 1643:"Comparisons of infection complications between continuous flow and pulsatile flow left ventricular assist devices" 251: 828:

FDA approval for BTT in 2001 and DT in 2003. CE Mark Authorized. Rarely used anymore due to reliability concerns.

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Fukamachi, Kiyo; Smedira, Nicholas (August 2005). "Smaller, Safer, Totally Implantable LVADs: Fact or Fantasy?".

1108: 804: 180: 170:(introduced to the heart through the skin into a blood vessel rather than through an incision) VADs such as the 4528: 2678:"FDA Approves HeartMate II Mechanical Heart Pump for Heart-Failure Patients Waiting for Organ Transplantation" 2124: 431: 4323: 4166: 4151: 3834: 612: 604: 454: 322:(FDA) in October 1994. These devices began to gain acceptance in the late 1990s as heart surgeons including 285: 99: 4403: 1031: 221:, which are designed to assume cardiac function, and generally require the removal of the patient's heart. 4205: 3374:"The Unique Blood Pressures and Pulsatility of LVAD Patients: Current Challenges and Future Opportunities" 2305: 887: 658: 274: 4408: 4329: 3671: 3623: 3567:"Modification of self-concept in patients with a left-ventricular assist device: an initial exploration" 3566: 2475: 1978: 1600:

Fajdek, B; Krzysztof, J (2–5 September 2014). "Automatic control system for ventricular assist device".

643: 539:. This opens the possibility that some advanced heart failure patients may forgo heart transplantation. 152: 139: 3107:"Bleeding Complications and Blood Product Utilization With Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation" 960: 900:

Approved for use in European Union. FDA granted Humanitarian Device Exemption for US in December 2011.

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which powered the pump and maintained the battery charged to allow medical and nursing procedures. The

416:(NIH) awarded a $ 2.8 million grant to develop a "pulse-less" total artificial heart using two VADs by 2685: 2146:"Extended Mechanical Circulatory Support with a Continuous-Flow Rotary Left Ventricular Assist Device" 459: 450: 4518: 4260: 4080: 1889: 4513: 4303: 4210: 4021: 4016: 4006: 3959: 3876: 3860: 3762:"FDA Alerts Health Care Providers to Stop New Implants of Certain Ventricular Assist Device System" 2747: 2584:"Results from a multicentre evaluation of plug use for left ventricular assist device explantation" 1015: 370: 303: 270: 189: 159:; some are for long-term use (months to years to perpetuity), typically for patients with advanced 103: 4352: 4183: 4116: 4033: 3994: 3969: 3894: 3696: 2215: 1623: 1582: 1331: 1284:"Managing Patients With Short-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support: JACC Review Topic of the Week" 1263: 1219: 425: 357:, to power this device – which would make it truly self-contained. However, a similar operation ( 299: 3190:"Gastrointestinal bleeding in recipients of left ventricular assist devices-a systematic review" 869: 552:

sodium, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. After transplant, 57.7% of the inotrope group had

4455: 4201: 4001: 3979: 3964: 3855: 3688: 3650: 3599: 3547: 3510: 3491:

Gordon, RJ; Quagliarello, B; Lowy, FD (2006). "Ventricular assist device-related infections".

3473: 3455: 3411: 3393: 3354: 3346: 3305: 3264: 3256: 3217: 3209: 3170: 3130: 3084: 3047: 3039: 2998: 2990: 2946: 2909: 2860:"Harefield Recovery Protocol Study for Patients With Refractory Chronic Heart Failure (HARPS)" 2812: 2724: 2613: 2563: 2524: 2388: 2266: 2169: 2129: 2005: 1957: 1934: 1818: 1727: 1666: 1613: 1574: 1566: 1527: 1509: 1449: 1403: 1395: 1323: 1315: 1255: 1211: 1203: 1164: 1156: 688: 417: 127: 4313: 3984: 3680: 3640: 3632: 3589: 3581: 3539: 3502: 3493: 3463: 3447: 3401: 3385: 3336: 3295: 3248: 3201: 3162: 3120: 3076: 3029: 2980: 2938: 2899: 2840: 2802: 2714: 2603: 2595: 2555: 2378: 2370: 2159: 1995: 1987: 1926: 1897: 1845: 1810: 1719: 1656: 1605: 1558: 1517: 1499: 1439: 1387: 1305: 1295: 1247: 1195: 1146: 696: 679: 258: 218: 206:

and Internal Cardiac Defibrillators (ICDs) – the function of a VAD differs from that of an

184: 107: 87: 2038: 1184:"Ventricular assist devices for treatment of acute heart failure and chronic heart failure" 41: 4339: 4237: 4111: 3715: 3284:"Activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways with left ventricular assist devices" 1602:

2014 19th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR)

1113: 973: 582: 421: 358: 338: 262: 156: 1773: 892: 2235:"A Study of Anginera in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery" 1991: 1893: 1486:

Chung, Joshua S.; Emerson, Dominic; Megna, Dominick; Arabia, Francisco A. (March 2020).

742:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

4450: 4293: 4070: 3645: 3618: 3468: 3435: 3406: 3373: 2608: 2583: 2383: 2356: 2000: 1973: 1878:"Development of a Compact Maglev Centrifugal Blood Pump Enclosed in a Titanium Housing" 1522: 1488:"Total artificial heart: surgical technique in the patient with normal cardiac anatomy" 1487: 553: 365: 294: 3543: 3506: 3300: 3283: 3166: 2904: 2885: 126:

First, VADs can be categorized based on whether they are designed to assist the right

4502: 4178: 4161: 3617:

Mcillvennan, CK; Allen, LA; Nowels, C; Brieke, A; Cleveland, JC; Matlock, DD (2014).

3585: 3125: 3106: 3080: 2559: 2302:"Evaluation of the HeartWare LVAD System for the Treatment of Advanced Heart Failure" 1930: 1586: 1335: 1267: 637: 500: 327: 160: 131: 95: 3684: 3636: 2282:"$ 2.8 Million Grant Renewed for Development of "Pulse-Less" Total Artificial Heart" 2195: 1849: 1627: 1135:"Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology" 94:. VADs can be used in patients with acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long standing) 4487: 4388: 4255: 4247: 4193: 4131: 4095: 4085: 3989: 3946: 3700: 3325:"Trends and Outcomes of Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy: JACC Focus Seminar" 2969:"Trends and Outcomes of Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy: JACC Focus Seminar" 2844: 2286: 2188:"Heidelberg Cardiac Surgeons implant world's first new DeBakey Heart Assist Device" 2023:"Heart Pump Progress Announced - A promising step in artificial heart technology". 1547:"Mechanical circulatory support devices in advanced heart failure: 2020 and beyond" 1426:"Left Ventricular Assist Device and Drug Therapy for the Reversal of Heart Failure" 1223: 692: 664: 167: 2859: 2662: 2234: 453:

FiVAD (Fully Implantable Ventricular Assist Device) were implanted in humans. The

58: 3451: 2446:"Urgent Medical Device Communication: Notification Letter Medtronic HVAD™ System" 2338:"Thoratec Announces First HeartMate III Human Implant And Start of CE Mark Trial" 1814: 1199: 4470: 4393: 3974: 3188:

Naveed, Ali; Naveed, Bazigh; Khan, Muhammad Atif; Asif, Talal (September 2023).

3034: 3017: 1745: 1661: 1642: 968:

Currently in animal testing, recently completed successful 60-day calf implant.

874: 708: 649: 608: 578: 536: 233: 52: 3341: 3324: 3252: 3205: 2985: 2968: 2942: 2807: 2788: 2374: 2164: 2145: 1562: 1300: 1283: 924: 4477: 4460: 4372: 4288: 4232: 4038: 3389: 1953:"Dr. Denton Cooley and Dr. Michael E. DeBakey: Rock stars of Houston medicine" 1609: 1391: 670: 631:

VAD-related infection can be caused by a large number of different organisms:

616: 574: 477: 203: 3459: 3397: 3350: 3260: 3213: 3043: 2994: 2083: 1731: 1723: 1570: 1513: 1399: 1319: 1207: 1160: 4465: 4347: 4283: 2701:"Use of a Continuous-Flow Device in Patients Awaiting Heart Transplantation" 2599: 1504: 1089:

Versatile wireless system for LVAD. Allow 6-hour of freedom to the patients

354: 331: 323: 3692: 3654: 3603: 3551: 3514: 3477: 3415: 3358: 3268: 3236: 3221: 3189: 3174: 3134: 3088: 3051: 3002: 2950: 2913: 2816: 2728: 2661:. Cardiopulmonary Research Science and Technology Institute. Archived from 2617: 2567: 2392: 2220: 2173: 2066: 2009: 1938: 1822: 1670: 1578: 1546: 1531: 1453: 1407: 1375: 1327: 1259: 1215: 1183: 1168: 3803: 3309: 1151: 1134: 948:

Continuous flow driven by a hydrodynamically suspended centrifugal rotor.

4367: 4318: 4298: 4156: 4075: 3850: 3594: 2719: 2700: 1902: 1877: 1444: 1425: 341: 17: 788: 214:, whereas a pacemaker delivers electrical impulses to the heart muscle. 68: 4482: 4362: 3797: 699:

when blood comes in contact with them. This predisposes the patient to

171: 138:

may require an RVAD, versus those with left ventricular failure from a

1774:"The HeartMate XVE too has a vent line, despite being battery-powered" 1310: 1251: 965:

Continuous flow driven by a magnetically suspended centrifugal rotor.

293:

The first left ventricular assist device (LVAD) system was created by

237:

Close-up illustration of typical left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

3941: 3936: 3714:

Matlock, DD; Allen, LA; Thompson, JS; Mcilvennan, CK (31 July 2014).

1036: 934:

Continuous flow driven by axial rotor supported by ceramic bearings.

879:

Continuous flow driven by a magnetically suspended axial flow rotor.

857:

Continuous flow driven by a magnetically suspended axial flow rotor.

700: 586: 1974:"Mechanical circulatory support: registering a therapy in evolution" 1545:

Vieira, Jefferson L.; Ventura, Hector O.; Mehra, Mandeep R. (2020).

1376:"Left Ventricular Assist Device: Indication, Timing, and Management" 1350:"Impella 5.5® with SmartAssist®| Product | Healthcare Professionals" 860:

Pivotal trials for HeartMate III started in 2014 and supported with

2406: 1685:"Panel A shows a first-generation pulsatile flow left ve - Open-i" 704: 346: 232: 211: 91: 2357:"Human Ventricular Unloading Induces Cardiomyocyte Proliferation" 1882:

Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing

978: 695:

components used in the devices cause the deletion of a subset of

4357: 4043: 3436:"Left Ventricular Assist Device Infections: A Systematic Review" 1864:"Magnetic levitation heart pump implanted in first U.S. patient" 1092:

Investigation device, 2 patients trial conduct in Dec 2018 with

1084: 861: 247: 3807: 3800:- Non-branded site with information on decision making for LVAD 3105:

Schaffer, JM; Arnaoutakis, GJ; Allen, JG; et al. (2011).

722: 521:

patients receiving mechanical support for destination therapy.

2097:

Patient Sets World Record for Living with Heart Assist Device

1641:

Schulman, AR; Martens, TP; Christos, PJ; et al. (2007).

929: 910: 1000: 915:

Continuous flow, axial rotor supported by ceramic bearings.

535:

heart failure medications, followed by the novel β2 agonist

996: 852: 841:

Rotor driven continuous axial flow, ball and cup bearings.

820: 310:

Medical Center and Thermedics, Inc. of Woburn, MA, under a

4435:

European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care

3429: 3427: 3425: 1470:"First VentrAssist Heart Recovery Featured on National TV" 983:

Pulsatile, driven by an inflatable cuff around the aorta.

833: 2699:

Miller, LW; Pagani, FD; Russell, SD; et al. (2007).

2320:"HeartWare International Surpasses 50 Implants in the US" 2144:

Pagani, FD; Miller, LW; Russell, SD; et al. (2009).

349:, or that the pulse intensity will be seriously reduced. 2884:

Rose, EA; Moskowitz, AJ; Packer, M; et al. (1999).

2109: 1050:

Thoratec PVAD (Paracorporeal Ventricular Assist Device)

1044:

CE approved, US FDA trials underway as at January 2010.

2789:"Continuous Flow Rotary Left Ventricular Assist Device" 2746:. University of Michigan Health System. Archived from 2340:. Thoratec Corporation. 20 August 2009. Archived from 1424:

Birks, EJ; Tansley, PD; Hardy, J; et al. (2006).

4066:

Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency

3282:

Spanier, Talia; Oz, M; Levin, H; et al. (1996).

3016:

Stansfield, William E.; Rao, Vivek (September 2016).

2962: 2960: 2469:

Bogaev, R; Chen, L; Russell, SD; et al. (2007).

897:

External membrane pump device designed for children.

480:, however in 2021 Medtronic discontinued the device. 361:) was tried in the 1990s with disappointing results. 3791: 4443: 4417: 4381: 4338: 4276: 4192: 4144: 4094: 4052: 3921: 3914: 3869: 3794:—Non-branded site with information on various LVADs 3018:"HeartMate 3: Facing the challenge of past success" 2744:"Exciting times for heart-assisting devices at U-M" 2241:. U.S. National Institutes of Health. 27 March 2009 1876:Pai, CN; Shinshi, T; Asama, J; et al. (2008). 134:(e.g. patients with right ventricular failure from 51: 34: 3022:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2430:. Heart and Lung Transplantation. 4 February 2019. 2125:"Transplant shows heart's reparative capabilities" 2055:"No Pulse: How Doctors Reinvented the Human Heart" 1648:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1419: 1417: 1026:HeartWare Completed GLP Studies (September 2011). 369:traveled extensively around the world. He died of 2483:. American Heart Association: 372. Archived from 217:Total Artificial Heart – VADs are distinct from 179:variety of scenarios. First, VADs may be used as 3672:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 3624:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2633:"HeartMate II Pivotal Clinical Trial Fact Sheet" 760:This is a partial list and may never be complete 155:(heart attack) and for patients recovering from 2588:Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery 1465: 1463: 793:Continuous flow driven by an axial flow rotor. 3565:Marcuccilli, L; Casida, J; Peters, RM (2013). 3288:Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 3819: 3329:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2973:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2930:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2794:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2362:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2151:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1803:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 1288:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 687:Other immune system related problems include 8: 3721:. University of Colorado School of Medicine. 3146: 3144: 2858:Miller, Leslie; Aaronson and Pagani (2008). 3100: 3098: 27:Medical device to assist or replace a heart 3918: 3826: 3812: 3804: 1972:Kirklin, JK; Naftel, DC (September 2008). 1066:IVAD—Implantable Ventricular Assist Device 40: 3644: 3593: 3467: 3405: 3340: 3299: 3124: 3033: 2984: 2903: 2806: 2718: 2607: 2382: 2163: 1999: 1901: 1746:"SynCardia TAH pulsatile pump components" 1660: 1521: 1503: 1443: 1309: 1299: 1150: 1041:Magnetically levitated centrifugal pump. 316:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 767: 284: 1125: 353:patient's skeletal muscle, driven by a 289:1966 DeBakey ventricular assist device. 2762:"Thoratec HeartMate II LVAS – P060040" 2529:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2522: 31: 2659:"The HeartMate II LVAS Pivotal Trial" 2439: 2437: 2422: 2420: 2099:. Texas Heart Institute. 6 July 2007. 707:infections necessitating appropriate 7: 4314:Recombinant activated protein C 979:Sunshine Heart (Now "CHF Solutions") 166:acute signs of heart failure, small 4027:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 4012:Acute respiratory distress syndrome 3952:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 1992:10.1161/circheartfailure.108.782599 1866:. "Cardiology Today". October 2008. 1551:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 598:Ischemic Stroke and Pump Thrombosis 64: 25: 4425:Society of Critical Care Medicine 4122:Ventilator-associated lung injury 2260:Hunter, Tim (13 September 2009). 986:Currently available commercially 188:instances, VADs are also used as 3798:DECIDE-LVAD Patient Decision Aid 3586:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04332.x 3126:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.11.007 3081:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.01.100 2676:Mager, Belinda (25 April 2008). 2631:Benton, Susan (19 August 2008). 2560:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.09.055 2194:. 17 August 2009. Archived from 2080:"The First Lifetime-Use Patient" 1931:10.1111/j.1525-1594.2006.00222.x 1492:Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery 1374:Frigerio, Maria (October 2021). 780:Approval Status as of July 2010 764:Referenced additions are welcome 727: 4127:Ventilator-associated pneumonia 4060:Critical illness polyneuropathy 3685:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.114.000892 3637:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000729 2787:Eisen, HJ; Hankins, SR (2009). 2706:New England Journal of Medicine 2211:"VA study: heart-healing patch" 1850:10.1016/j.accreview.2005.06.001 1431:New England Journal of Medicine 1188:Heart (British Cardiac Society) 864:. FDA approval for BTT in 2017 719:List of implantable VAD devices 491:HeartMate II LVAD pivotal study 136:pulmonary arterial hypertension 3531:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 3494:The Lancet Infectious Diseases 3154:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 3112:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 3068:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2891:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2845:10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.06.252 2657:Dewey, Todd (19 August 2008). 2547:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2123:Maugh, Thomas (14 July 2009). 2082:. Jarvik Heart. Archived from 561:Complications and side effects 1: 3906:Geriatric intensive-care unit 3889:Pediatric intensive care unit 3544:10.1016/S0003-4975(03)00479-X 3507:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70522-9 3301:10.1016/s0022-5223(96)70111-3 3167:10.1016/s0003-4975(03)00478-8 2905:10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00042-9 2742:Gavin, Kara (23 April 2008). 2682:NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital 2444:Njoku, Nnamdi (3 June 2021). 2209:Quinn, Dale (4 August 2009). 715:assist in patient education. 414:National Institutes of Health 312:National Institutes of Health 196:Other Cardiac Support Devices 4309:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs 4252:Nutritional supplementation 3883:Neonatal intensive care unit 3767:Food and Drug Administration 3452:10.1097/MAT.0000000000000684 3378:Current Hypertension Reports 2766:Food and Drug Administration 2027:(March): 1,5. 19 March 1988. 1815:10.1016/j.healun.2010.01.011 1712:Journal of Pharmacy Practice 1200:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306789 1096:LVAD in Astana by prof Pya. 320:Food and Drug Administration 208:artificial cardiac pacemaker 4409:Water-electrolyte imbalance 4243:Early goal-directed therapy 3734:Boyd, Tony (13 July 2009). 3574:Journal of Clinical Nursing 3035:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.04.048 1662:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.083 252:positive displacement pumps 4545: 4261:Total parenteral nutrition 4194:Life-supporting treatments 3901:Critical illness insurance 3342:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.01.017 3253:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.211 3206:10.1007/s10741-023-10313-6 2986:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.01.017 2943:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.063 2833:Journal of Cardiac Failure 2808:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.028 2375:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.027 2262:"Meet the Kiwi bionic man" 2165:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.055 1979:Circulation: Heart Failure 1838:ACC Current Journal Review 1563:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.09.003 1301:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.12.054 308:Boston Children's Hospital 4524:Interventional cardiology 4430:Surviving Sepsis Campaign 4226:Ventricular assist device 4221:Intra-aortic balloon pump 4172:Pulmonary artery catheter 3841: 3390:10.1007/s11906-017-0782-6 1610:10.1109/MMAR.2014.6957472 1392:10.1016/j.hfc.2021.05.007 1109:Intra-aortic balloon pump 736:This section needs to be 181:bridge to transplantation 98:, which can occur due to 80:ventricular assist device 65: 39: 35:Ventricular assist device 2057:. Popular Science. 2012. 1724:10.1177/0897190011431635 656:Gram negative bacteria ( 635:Gram positive bacteria ( 110:, and other conditions. 4324:Stress ulcer prevention 4268:Therapeutic hypothermia 4167:Central venous catheter 3835:Intensive care medicine 1505:10.21037/acs.2020.02.09 1139:Cardiovascular Research 974:C-Pulse (Now "Aquadex") 613:arterial blood pressure 605:Doppler ultrasonography 455:Wireless power transfer 432:HeartWare International 420:, initially created by 275:hydrodynamic suspension 100:coronary artery disease 4399:Level of consciousness 4206:mechanical ventilation 4104:Methicillin-resistant 2638:. Thoratec Corporation 2306:Johns Hopkins Hospital 659:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 290: 238: 122:Ventricular Assistance 114:Categorization of VADs 4106:Staphylococcus aureus 3194:Heart Failure Reviews 2600:10.1093/icvts/ivab344 1380:Heart Failure Clinics 288: 236: 153:myocardial infarction 140:myocardial infarction 4081:Stress hyperglycemia 3922:Organ system failure 3856:Medical specialities 3580:(2456–64): 2456–64. 3538:(6 Suppl): S48–S57. 2720:10.1056/NEJMoa067758 2411:carewmedicalwear.com 2086:on 21 November 2010. 1903:10.1299/jamdsm.2.343 1604:. pp. 874–879. 1445:10.1056/NEJMoa053063 1354:www.heartrecovery.eu 1010:market in June 2021 925:MicroMed DeBakey VAD 709:prophylactic therapy 378:Studies and outcomes 210:in that a VAD pumps 4509:Implants (medicine) 4444:Related specialties 4404:Acid–base imbalance 4340:ICU scoring systems 4211:Tracheal intubation 4022:Respiratory failure 4017:Acute liver failure 4007:Acute renal failure 3877:Intensive care unit 3861:Respiratory therapy 3760:FDA (3 June 2021). 1894:2008JAMDS...2..343P 1152:10.1093/cvr/cvac013 383:Recent developments 371:acute kidney injury 304:William F. Bernhard 271:magnetic levitation 190:destination therapy 104:atrial fibrillation 4353:Glasgow Coma Scale 4304:Intravenous fluids 4184:Screening cultures 4152:Arterial blood gas 4117:Refeeding syndrome 4034:Neonatal infection 3995:Vasodilatory shock 3970:Distributive shock 3895:Coronary care unit 3740:Business Spectator 3241:World Neurosurgery 2864:ClinicalTrials.gov 2511:on 10 January 2018 2344:on 7 October 2014. 2239:ClinicalTrials.gov 2216:Arizona Daily Star 1476:. 19 October 2006. 677:Fungi, especially 300:Michael E. DeBakey 291: 239: 4496: 4495: 4456:Internal medicine 4202:Airway management 4140: 4139: 3980:Obstructive shock 3965:Cardiogenic shock 3335:(11): 1092–1107. 2979:(11): 1092–1107. 2326:. 20 August 2009. 2267:Manawatu Standard 2223:on 7 August 2009. 2130:Los Angeles Times 1958:Houston Chronicle 1919:Artificial Organs 1689:openi.nlm.nih.gov 1619:978-1-4799-5081-2 1438:(18): 1873–1884. 1252:10.1111/aor.13709 1240:Artificial Organs 1194:(14): 1091–1096. 1145:(17): 3272–3287. 1100: 1099: 961:www.mitiheart.com 757: 756: 689:immunosuppression 499:The HeartMate II 219:artificial hearts 88:electromechanical 76: 75: 16:(Redirected from 4536: 4217:Cardiac devices 4071:Decubitus ulcers 3985:Neurogenic shock 3919: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3805: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3648: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3471: 3431: 3420: 3419: 3409: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3344: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3294:(4): 1090–1097. 3279: 3273: 3272: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3200:(5): 1163–1175. 3185: 3179: 3178: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3128: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3075:(5): 1651–1655. 3062: 3056: 3055: 3037: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2988: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2907: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2810: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2722: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2684:. Archived from 2673: 2667: 2666: 2665:on 13 July 2007. 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2637: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2528: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2510: 2504:. Archived from 2503: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2386: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2290:. 6 August 2009. 2278: 2272: 2271: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2219:. Archived from 2206: 2200: 2199: 2198:on 18 July 2011. 2184: 2178: 2177: 2167: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2025:Children's Today 2020: 2014: 2013: 2003: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1873: 1867: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1778: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1750: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1664: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1525: 1507: 1483: 1477: 1467: 1458: 1457: 1447: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1313: 1303: 1294:(9): 1243–1256. 1278: 1272: 1271: 1246:(9): 1006–1008. 1234: 1228: 1227: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1154: 1130: 1085:Leviticus Cardio 862:CarewMedicalWear 768: 752: 749: 743: 731: 730: 723: 460:Leviticus Cardio 451:Leviticus Cardio 259:centrifugal pump 185:contraindication 108:valvular disease 69:edit on Wikidata 61: 44: 32: 21: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4529:Medical devices 4499: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4439: 4413: 4377: 4334: 4294:Antithrombotics 4272: 4256:Enteral feeding 4238:Kidney dialysis 4188: 4136: 4112:Oxygen toxicity 4090: 4048: 3910: 3865: 3837: 3832: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3433: 3432: 3423: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2768:. 23 April 2008 2760: 2759: 2755: 2750:on 10 May 2008. 2741: 2740: 2736: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2521: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2499:"Archived copy" 2497: 2496: 2492: 2487:on 8 June 2011. 2468: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2418: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2052: 2048: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2021: 2017: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1961:. 3 April 2014. 1951: 1950: 1946: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1857: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1620: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1468: 1461: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1114:Pump thrombosis 1105: 888:Excor Pediatric 762: 753: 747: 744: 741: 732: 728: 721: 583:anticoagulation 581:abnormalities, 577:. Due to these 563: 545: 532: 493: 422:Michael DeBakey 385: 380: 359:cardiomyoplasty 283: 263:axial flow pump 244: 231: 157:cardiac surgery 116: 72: 57: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4542: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4501: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4453: 4451:Anesthesiology 4447: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4348:APACHE II 4344: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4198: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4179:Blood cultures 4176: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3928:Shock sequence 3925: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3846:Health science 3842: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3787: 3786:External links 3784: 3781: 3780: 3752: 3724: 3706: 3660: 3609: 3557: 3520: 3483: 3446:(3): 287–294. 3421: 3364: 3315: 3274: 3227: 3180: 3140: 3119:(3): 740–749. 3094: 3057: 3028:(3): 683–685. 3008: 2956: 2937:(8): 741–747. 2919: 2898:(3): 723–730. 2876: 2850: 2822: 2801:(4): 322–324. 2779: 2753: 2734: 2713:(9): 885–896. 2691: 2688:on 8 May 2008. 2668: 2649: 2623: 2594:(4): 683–690. 2573: 2554:(2): 674–676. 2536: 2490: 2461: 2433: 2416: 2398: 2369:(9): 892–900. 2347: 2329: 2311: 2293: 2273: 2252: 2226: 2201: 2179: 2158:(4): 312–321. 2136: 2115: 2110:"Home | ICCAC" 2101: 2089: 2071: 2059: 2046: 2040:Electric Heart 2030: 2015: 1964: 1944: 1925:(5): 324–338. 1909: 1888:(3): 343–355. 1868: 1862:Smart, Frank. 1855: 1828: 1793: 1765: 1737: 1718:(2): 232–249. 1701: 1676: 1655:(3): 841–842. 1633: 1618: 1592: 1557:(5): 630–639. 1537: 1478: 1459: 1413: 1386:(4): 619–634. 1366: 1341: 1273: 1229: 1174: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 994: 988: 987: 984: 981: 976: 970: 969: 966: 963: 958: 954: 953: 949: 946: 943: 939: 938: 935: 932: 927: 921: 920: 916: 913: 908: 902: 901: 898: 895: 890: 884: 883: 880: 877: 872: 866: 865: 858: 855: 850: 849:HeartMate III 846: 845: 842: 839: 836: 830: 829: 826: 823: 818: 817:HeartMate XVE 814: 813: 810: 807: 802: 798: 797: 794: 791: 786: 782: 781: 778: 775: 772: 755: 754: 735: 733: 726: 720: 717: 691:. Some of the 685: 684: 675: 654: 615:monitoring in 562: 559: 554:kidney failure 544: 541: 531: 528: 527: 526: 522: 513: 509: 505: 492: 489: 469: 468: 464: 447: 443: 440: 436: 429: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 384: 381: 379: 376: 366:Peter Houghton 295:Domingo Liotta 282: 279: 273:("maglev") or 243: 240: 230: 227: 115: 112: 74: 73: 66: 63: 62: 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4541: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418:Organisations 4416: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4368:SAPS III 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4162:Arterial line 4160: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053:Complications 4051: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4002:Organ failure 4000: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3942:Severe sepsis 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870:General terms 3868: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3753: 3741: 3737: 3728: 3725: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3679:(6): 905–11. 3678: 3674: 3673: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3631:(3): 374–80. 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3595:2027.42/99069 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501:(7): 426–37. 3500: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3440:ASAIO Journal 3437: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2780: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2634: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2526: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2462: 2447: 2440: 2438: 2434: 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1686: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474:Ventracor.com 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1367: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1129: 1126: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1002: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 971: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957:MTIHeartLVAD 956: 955: 950: 947: 944: 941: 940: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 863: 859: 856: 854: 851: 848: 847: 843: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 827: 824: 822: 819: 816: 815: 811: 808: 806: 803: 800: 799: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785:HeartAssist5 784: 783: 779: 776: 774:Manufacturer 773: 770: 769: 766: 765: 761: 751: 739: 734: 725: 724: 718: 716: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 682: 681: 676: 673: 672: 667: 666: 661: 660: 655: 652: 651: 646: 645: 644:Staph. aureus 641:, especially 640: 639: 638:Staphylococci 634: 633: 632: 629: 625: 624: 620: 618: 614: 611:and invasive 610: 606: 600: 599: 595: 591: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 570: 566: 560: 558: 555: 549: 542: 540: 538: 529: 523: 519: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501:pivotal trial 498: 497: 496: 490: 488: 486: 481: 479: 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