1188:
1242:(giant roundworm), which has been considered the most resistant and common helminth type, fertilized eggs deposited in soil are resistant to desiccation but are, at this stage of development, very sensitive to environmental temperatures: The reproduction of a fertilized egg within the eggshell develops at an environmental soil temperature about 25 °C which is lower than the body temperature of the host (i.e., 37 °C for humans). However, development of the larvae in the egg stops at temperatures below 15.5 °C, and eggs cannot survive temperatures much above 38 °C. If the temperature is around 25 °C, the infectiousness occurs after nearly 10 days of incubation.
1196:
1291:
181:
2284:
42:
1219:. Such soil is often characterized by moist and warm conditions. Therefore, the risk of using contaminated wastewater and sludge in agricultural fields is a real problem, especially in poor countries, where this practice is prevalent. Helminth eggs are regarded as the main biological health risk when applying sewage sludge, fecal sludge or fecal matter on agricultural soils. The eggs are the infective stage of the helminths’ life cycle for causing the disease
1423:
1407:) is not straight forward. In fact, many laboratories in developing countries lack the right equipment or skilled staff required to do so. An important step in the analytical methods is usually the concentration of the eggs in the sample, especially in the case of wastewater samples. A concentration step may not be required in samples of dried feces, e.g. samples collected from
2924:
2186:
1370:(whipworm). Ascaris and whipworm that are identified in reusable wastewater systems can cause certain diseases and complications if ingested by humans and pigs. Hookworms will plant and hatch their larvae into the soil where they grow until maturity. Once the hookworm eggs are fully developed, they infect organisms by crawling through the organism’s skin.
1437:
156:
1402:
For the purpose of setting treatment standards and reuse legislation, it is important to be able to determine the amount of helminth eggs in an environmental sample with some accuracy. The detection of viable helminth eggs in samples of wastewater, sludge or fresh feces (as a diagnostic tool for the
121:
in the host, and poses a global health and economic problem. Parasitic worms cannot reproduce entirely within their host's body; they have a life cycle that includes some stages that need to take place outside of the host. Helminths are able to survive in their mammalian hosts for many years due to
1392:
are used to reduce the amount of helminth ova in areas where there is a large amount. These methods make it possible for helminth ova to be within the healthy requirements of ≤1 helminth ova per liter. Dehydration is used to inactivate helminth ova in fecal sludge. This type of inactivation occurs
1132:
into "alternative activation". Alternatively-activated macrophages are important to maintaining glucose homeostasis (i.e., blood sugar regulation). Helminth infection causes an increase in eosinophils. In the study, the authors fed rodents a high-fat diet to induce metabolic syndrome, and then
1119:
such as hay-fever in developed countries. Removal of parasitic worms from areas is correlated with an increase in autoimmune disorders in those areas. Parasitic worms may be able to damp down the immune system of their host, making it easier for them to live in the intestine without coming under
1137:
Although sparse in blood of persons in developed countries, eosinophils are often elevated in individuals in rural developing countries where intestinal parasitism is prevalent and metabolic syndrome rare. We speculate that eosinophils may have evolved to optimize metabolic homeostasis during
371:
Larvae hatch from eggs, either inside or outside the host, depending on the type of helminth. For eggs in moist soil at optimal temperature and oxygen levels, the embryo develops into an infective larva after 2 to 4 weeks, named "second-stage larva". Once ingested by a host, this larva has the
1276:
where the temperature is increased over 40 °C or moisture is reduced to less than 5%. Best results can be obtained when both of these conditions are combined for an extended period of time. Details about the contact time under these conditions and other related environmental factors are
1127:
in the developed worlds and the largely successful efforts of
Westerners to eliminate intestinal parasites. The work suggests eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in fat tissue play an important role in preventing insulin resistance by secreting interleukin 4, which in turn switches
1235:
have a size between 20 and 90 μm and a relative density of 1.06–1.23. It is very difficult to inactivate helminth eggs, unless temperature is increased above 40 °C or moisture is reduced to less than 5%. Eggs that are no longer viable do not produce any larvae. In the case of
1385:
eggs is often taken as an indicator for all helminth eggs in treatment processes as they are very common in many parts of the world and relatively easy to identify under the microscope. However, the exact inactivation characteristics may vary for different types of helminth eggs.
280:
of adult worms varies tremendously from one species to another but is generally in the range of 1 to 8 years (see following table). This lifetime of several years is a result of their ability to manipulate the immune response of their hosts by secreting immunomodulatory products.
137:, helminth infection, or intestinal worm infection. There is a naming convention which applies to all helminths: the ending "-asis" (or in veterinary science: "-osis") is added at the end of the name of the worm to denote the infection with that particular worm. For example,
297:. There is a large variation in the number of eggs produced by different species of worm at one time; it varies in the range of 3,000 to 700,000. The frequency of egg deposition from an adult helminth is generally daily, and can occur up to six times per day for some
284:
Helminths can be either hermaphroditic (having the sex organs of both sexes), like tapeworms and flukes (not including the blood fluke), or have their sexes differentiated, like the roundworms. All helminths produce eggs (also called ova) for reproduction.
170:
1226:
Due to this strong shell, helminth eggs or ova remain viable in soil, fresh water and sewage for many months. In feces, fecal sludge and sewage sludge they can even remain viable for several years. Helminth eggs of concern in
2406:
1114:
have evolved with parasitic worms, proponents argue they are needed for a healthy immune system. Scientists are looking for a connection between the prevention and control of parasitic worms and the increase in
2442:
334:
Helminth eggs are resistant to various environmental conditions due to the composition of the egg shell. Each helminth egg species has 3 to 4 layers with different physical and chemical characteristics:
3206:
Maya C., Torner-Morales F.J., Lucario E.S., Hernández E., Jiménez B. (2012). "Viability of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs for different conditions of temperature, pH and dryness".
1733:
Maya C., Torner-Morales F.J., Lucario E.S., Hernández E., Jiménez B. (2012). "Viability of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs for different conditions of temperature, pH and dryness".
1269:
Helminth ova cannot be inactivated with chlorine, UV light or ozone (in the latter case at least not with economical doses because >36 mg/L ozone are needed with 1 hour contact time).
130:
during reproduction. These eggs have a strong shell that protects them against a range of environmental conditions. The eggs can therefore survive in the environment for many months or years.
311:, or swimming larvae, develop. This means that one egg may produce thousands of adult worms. Helminth eggs remain viable for 1–2 months in crops and for many months in soil, fresh water, and
372:
ability to get out of the egg, hatch in the small intestine and migrate to different organs. These infective larvae (or "infective eggs") may remain viable in soil for two years or longer.
1541:
Hildersley, Katie A.; McNeilly, Tom N.; Gillan, Victoria; Otto, Thomas D.; Löser, Stephan; Gerbe, François; Jay, Philippe; Maizels, Rick M.; Devaney, Eileen; Britton, Collette (2021).
1339:
and helminths). It means they are relatively hard to destroy through conventional treatment methods. They can survive for 10–12 months in tropical climates. These eggs are also called
1393:
when feces is stored between 1-2 years, a high total solids content (>50-60%) is present, items such as leaves, lime, earth, etc. are added, and at a temperature of 30°C or higher.
2403:
2847:
Capizzi-Banas S., Deloge M., Remy M., Schwartzbrod J. (2004). "Liming as an advanced treatment for sludge sanitisation: helminth eggs elimination - Ascaris eggs as model".
2130:
Feachem, R., Bradley, D., Garelick, H., Mara, D. (1983). Sanitation and
Disease: Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
3241:
2890:
2340:
2276:
1776:
1388:
The technique used for testing depends on the type of sample. When the helminth ova are in sludge, processes such as alkaline-post stabilization, acid treatment, and
2297:
Quilès F., Balandier J.Y., Capizzi-Banas S. (2006). "In situ characterisation of a microorganism surface by Raman microspectroscopy: the shell of
Ascaris eggs".
361:
and proteins and is useful to protect eggs from desiccation, strong acid and bases, oxidants and reductive agents as well as detergent and proteolytic compounds.
204:, many of which are completely unrelated. However, for practical considerations the term is currently used to describe four phyla with superficial similarities:
4420:
1179:
is a laboratory test that determines the number of eggs per gram of feces in patients suspected of having a parasitological infection, such as schistosomiasis.
1381:
is often used to assess the efficiency of diverse wastewater and sludge treatment processes in terms of pathogen removal. In particular, the number of viable
2359:
Bogitsh, Burton J.; Carter, Clint E.; Oeltmann, Thomas N. (2012). "General
Characteristics of the Nematoda (Chapter 15), Intestinal Nematodes (Chapter 16)".
4575:
1250:
In order to physically remove (but not inactivate) helminth eggs from wastewater, processes that remove particles, such as sedimentation, filtration or
1373:
The presence or absence of viable helminth eggs ("viable" meaning that a larva would be able to hatch from the egg) in a sample of dried fecal matter,
4590:
3318:
196:. The term "helminth" is an artificial term. There is no real consensus on the taxonomy (or groupings) of the helminths, particularly within the
1187:
2918:
The
Elimination of Helminth Ova, Fecal Coliforms, Salmonella and Protozoan Cysts by Various Physicochemical Processes in Wastewater and Sludge
2368:
1700:
1642:
3109:"Evaluation of the WHO helminth eggs criteria using a QMRA approach for the safe reuse of wastewater and sludge in developing countries"
3108:
1277:
generally not well-defined for every type of helminth egg species. Helminth eggs are considered highly resistant biological structures.
293:
Generally, thousands or even hundreds of thousands of eggs are produced each time the female worm deposits its eggs - a process called
3273:
2112:
1088:
Draft genomes for all categories of helminth have been sequenced in recent years and are available through the ParaSite sub-portal of
3158:
1175:(also called the Kato-Katz technique) is a laboratory method for preparing human stool samples prior to searching for parasite eggs.
4413:
2723:
375:
The process of larval maturation in the host can take from about two weeks up to four months, depending on the helminth species.
2993:
Koné, Doulaye; Cofie, Olufunke; Zurbrügg, Christian; Gallizzi, Katharina; Moser, Daya; Drescher, Silke; Strauss, Martin (2007).
1543:"Tuft Cells Increase Following Ovine Intestinal Parasite Infections and Define Evolutionarily Conserved and Divergent Responses"
4570:
1263:
1195:
35:
3286:
4600:
2418:
682:
1899:
1290:
1954:"Seasonal Prevalence of Helminthic Infections in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Sheep in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran"
301:
species. Adult trematodes lay smaller numbers of eggs compared to cestodes or nematodes. However, the egg develops into a
72:
2800:
Extent and
Implications of Agricultural Reuse of Untreated, partly Treated and Diluted Wastewater in Developing Countries
4580:
4406:
3777:
1106:
Parasitic worms have been used as a medical treatment for various diseases, particularly those involving an overactive
243:
There may be as many as 300,000 species of parasites affecting vertebrates, and as many as 300 affecting humans alone.
4485:
4114:
3763:
3670:
3311:
2802:. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, Vol 3, No 58, pp 1-15
431:
2013:"Prevalence of Helminthic Infections in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle in Mazandaran Province (Northern Iran)"
4595:
2104:
Guidelines for the Safe Use of
Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 4 Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture
1408:
4368:
4291:
4262:
3265:
184:
Image showing life cycle inside and outside of the human body of one fairly typical and well described helminth:
68:
1346:
Helminth eggs that are found in wastewater and sludge stem from soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) which include
4374:
3455:
3399:
518:
378:
The following table shows the principal morphological and reproductive distinctions for three helminth groups:
1133:
injected them with helminths. Helminth infestation improved the rodents' metabolism. The authors concluded:
4503:
4311:
4092:
4081:
3665:
3605:
3591:
3414:
3393:
1273:
425:
133:
Many of the worms referred to as helminths are intestinal parasites. An infection by a helminth is known as
2283:
2199:
Fairweather I., Threadgold L.T. (1981). "Hymenolepis nana: the fine structure of the embryonic envelopes".
4585:
4523:
4209:
3990:
3843:
3533:
3528:
3519:
3495:
3304:
2995:"Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency by faecal sludge dewatering and co-composting in tropical climates"
1499:
1320:
419:
76:
2589:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection)"
4076:
3619:
3500:
3381:
3235:
2884:
2334:
2270:
1924:
1770:
1354:
569:
548:
448:
2936:
Schmidt, G.D., Roberts, L.S. (1981). Foundations of
Parasitology, second ed. C.V. Mosby Company, 795 pp
30:
This article is about the group of organisms. For the infection caused by this group of organisms, see
4342:
4169:
3995:
3969:
3951:
3721:
2856:
2740:
2724:"Eosinophils Sustain Adipose Alternatively Activated Macrophages Associated with Glucose Homeostasis"
2460:
1803:
1742:
1482:
1348:
1259:
1238:
776:
690:
3611:
41:
4605:
4437:
4429:
4381:
4356:
4283:
3936:
3885:
3460:
3441:
3387:
3376:
1389:
1366:
790:
622:
442:
180:
3028:
2917:
1704:
4242:
4228:
4148:
4120:
4100:
4070:
3930:
3905:
3805:
3755:
3646:
3577:
3480:
3257:
3064:
2994:
2694:
2322:
2224:
1360:
1300:
1255:
1124:
1101:
510:
495:
468:
340:
174:
2904:
850:
After hatching, the larvae develop into cysticercoid, which can survive for years in an animal
3475:
3420:
3327:
3269:
3223:
3188:
3180:
3136:
3128:
3056:
3048:
2972:
2872:
2829:
2766:
2731:
2686:
2414:
2364:
2314:
2258:
2216:
2174:
2108:
2052:
2034:
1993:
1975:
1880:
1831:
1758:
1638:
1574:
767:
536:
527:
455:
3029:"Comparison of Techniques for the Detection of Helminth Ova in Drinking Water and Wastewater"
1147:
For medical purposes, the exact number of helminth eggs is less important and therefore most
4475:
4275:
4268:
4134:
3748:
3716:
3296:
3215:
3170:
3120:
3040:
3006:
2962:
2864:
2821:
2756:
2748:
2678:
2306:
2208:
2164:
2042:
2024:
1983:
1965:
1870:
1862:
1821:
1811:
1750:
1630:
1564:
1554:
1294:
Identification and quantification of helminth eggs at UNAM university in Mexico City, Mexico
745:
64:
2076:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Parasites - Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection)"
4549:
4508:
4142:
4088:
4002:
3740:
3690:
3685:
3583:
3568:
3507:
3406:
2812:
Alouini Z., Jemli M. (2001). "Destruction of helminth eggs by photosensitized porphyrin".
2410:
2102:
1469:
1442:
758:
523:
413:
277:
255:
251:
225:
163:
123:
3159:"Helminth ova control in wastewater and sludge for advanced and conventional sanitation"
2860:
2744:
2530:
1807:
1746:
4518:
4513:
4498:
4234:
4197:
4128:
3943:
3922:
3891:
3849:
3728:
3677:
3656:
3625:
3597:
3540:
3467:
2920:. Water Science and Technology, Vol 43, No 12, pp 179-182 (DOI= 10.2166/wst.2001.0733)
2774:
2761:
2494:
2047:
2012:
1988:
1953:
1826:
1791:
1569:
1542:
1491:
1486:
1454:
1428:
1172:
659:
654:
574:
544:
514:
221:
209:
106:
2588:
2558:
2075:
1875:
1850:
1655:
192:
Helminths are a group of organisms which share a similar form but are not necessarily
4564:
4221:
4202:
3962:
3957:
3708:
3696:
3447:
3331:
2799:
2445:(in Spanish), Ediciones Científicas y Técnicas, S. A., Barcelona, Spain, pp 850 - 880
1459:
1450:
1404:
1378:
1220:
1208:
1176:
1107:
1060:
863:
754:
407:
328:
193:
134:
95:
31:
3262:
People, Parasites, and
Plowshares: Learning from Our Body's Most Terrifying Invaders
3068:
2698:
2326:
2243:
4544:
4455:
4361:
4317:
4213:
4106:
3981:
3552:
1251:
663:
582:
564:
552:
320:
80:
2228:
1866:
3219:
3010:
2923:
2868:
2455:
2185:
1754:
1634:
1311:(parasitic worms) are a commonly used indicator organism to assess the safety of
4348:
4333:
4189:
4056:
4037:
4028:
4016:
3870:
3834:
3816:
3783:
3769:
3561:
3487:
3432:
3367:
2637:
1477:
1212:
1168:
1054:
603:
578:
475:
316:
294:
237:
110:
3083:
2666:
1422:
354:
material and serve to give structure and mechanical resistance to the eggs, and
4253:
4175:
4160:
3916:
3875:
2682:
2310:
2244:"Ultrastructure of eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758. I. Egg-shells"
2212:
1790:
Dobson, A.; Lafferty, K. D.; Kuris, A. M.; Hechinger, R. F.; Jetz, W. (2008).
1622:
1559:
1464:
1418:
1316:
1312:
1232:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1160:
1129:
697:
556:
540:
532:
479:
324:
247:
233:
144:
99:
60:
3184:
3132:
3052:
2976:
2038:
1979:
258:, depending on whether they possess a round or flattened body, respectively.
4465:
3861:
3704:
3357:
3352:
3044:
2752:
2153:"Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse"
1816:
1676:
1495:
1324:
1148:
1048:
857:
686:
672:
667:
489:
307:
302:
197:
91:
3291:
3227:
3192:
3140:
3060:
2876:
2833:
2770:
2690:
2441:
Pumarola, A., Rodríguez-Torres, A., García, R.J.A., Piedrola, A.G. (1987).
2318:
2178:
2056:
2029:
1997:
1970:
1884:
1835:
1762:
1597:
1578:
1523:
1453: – the study of parasitic worms and their effects on their
2967:
2262:
2220:
1623:"Immunomodulation by Parasitic Helminths and its Therapeutic Exploitation"
1199:
Analysing for helminth eggs in samples of feces from a dry toilet in Kenya
17:
4528:
4470:
4445:
4302:
4183:
4061:
4010:
3825:
3339:
3175:
3124:
2950:
2642:
2169:
2152:
1473:
1336:
1332:
1308:
1164:
1089:
1066:
798:
560:
261:
229:
217:
213:
205:
159:
114:
98: – thus, they are not classified as helminths, which are
2011:
Nouri, Nasrollah Vahedi; Rahmatian, Reza; Salehi, Alireza (2022-06-07).
4493:
4460:
4450:
3899:
3641:
1382:
1374:
1328:
1120:
attack. This may be one mechanism for their proposed medicinal effect.
1116:
630:
463:
344:
185:
169:
139:
118:
87:
4398:
1952:
Salehi, Alireza; Razavi, Mahsa; Vahedi Nouri, Nasrollah (2022-12-21).
228:
includes two classes of worms of particular medical significance: the
155:
2825:
351:
312:
265:
201:
2531:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Parasites - Ascariasis"
126:
by secreting immunomodulatory products. All parasitic worms produce
2559:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Parasites - Hookworm"
1289:
1194:
1186:
1156:
1111:
876:
5–10 days (after maturing can survive for weeks outside the host)
358:
179:
168:
154:
40:
1598:"CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about parasites"
331:– a period that is much longer compared to other microorganisms.
1152:
4402:
3300:
2609:
113:
and protection while disrupting their hosts' ability to absorb
3292:
World Health
Organisation (WHO) topic page on Intestinal worms
3082:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (2021-01-13).
127:
45:
2944:
2942:
1701:"Schistosomiasis Research Group, University of Cambridge, UK"
861:
in snails and longer periods in wet environments as encysted
2096:
2094:
2092:
1656:"Navigating the Phylogeny Wing, University of Berkeley, USA"
63:; adults can generally be seen with the naked eye. Many are
2905:
Treatment of Mexico City Wastewater for Irrigation Purposes
240:), depending on whether or not they have segmented bodies.
1191:
Processed helminth eggs samples from a dry toilet in Kenya
3152:
3150:
3022:
3020:
2988:
2986:
2404:
Human helminthiasis in Mexico. Treatment and prophylaxis
1792:"Homage to Linnaeus:How many parasites? How many hosts?"
702:
Lips, teeth, filariform extremities, and dentary plates
1138:
chronic infections by ubiquitous intestinal parasites….
1123:
One study suggests a link between the rising rates of
147:
is the name of the infection caused by that helminth.
2107:(third ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
1151:
are made simply by identifying the appearance of the
250:
field are the human parasites, and are classified as
2951:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"
4537:
4484:
4436:
4332:
4301:
4252:
4159:
4055:
4027:
3980:
3869:
3860:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3802:
3739:
3655:
3640:
3551:
3518:
3431:
3366:
3351:
3338:
1621:Jirillo, E., Magrone, T., Miragliotta, G. (2014).
2402:Lamonthe Argumedo, R., Garcia Prieto, L. (1988).
1472: – a disease caused by parasitic
3157:Jiménez, B.; Maya, C.; Galván, M. (2007-09-01).
3027:Maya, C.; Jimenez, B.; Schwartzbrod, J. (2006).
1272:Inactivation of helminth ova can be achieved in
264:(dermatophytosis) is actually caused by various
1323:). This is because they are the most resistant
1203:Helminth eggs can reach the soil when polluted
2907:. Environmental Technology, Vol 18, pp 721-730
4414:
3312:
2413:, A.G.T. Editor, S.A., 1st edition, Mexico. (
1947:
1945:
8:
3240:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2889:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2798:Keraita B., Jiménez B., Drechsel P. (2008).
2671:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
2667:"Do We Need Worms to Promote Immune Health?"
2495:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"
2339:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2275:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1775:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1327:of all types of pathogens (pathogens can be
1319:reuse systems (such schemes are also called
1301:Indicator organism § Indicator helminth eggs
715:Estimated > 15,000 Registered > 9,000
537:enterobiasis (pinworm infection, oxyuriasis)
881:60–70 days (from hatching to mature state)
200:. The term "helminth" contains a number of
105:Parasitic worms live in and feed in living
4421:
4407:
4399:
3866:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3652:
3363:
3348:
3319:
3305:
3297:
2717:
2715:
2242:Lýsek H., Malínský J., Janisch R. (1985).
1159:. Due to the large quantity of eggs laid,
913:2–8 weeks (can become dormant for months)
3174:
2966:
2760:
2168:
2046:
2028:
1987:
1969:
1874:
1825:
1815:
1568:
1558:
726:Number of species known to infect humans
507:Pathological conditions caused in humans
2916:Jiménez B., Maya C., Salgado G. (2001).
2722:Wu, Davina; et al. (8 April 2011).
2363:. UK: Academic Press. pp. 269–345.
1625:. In: Pineda, M.A., Harnett, W. (eds.),
816:Some days (eggs can survive for months)
380:
1900:"Ringworm (body) - Symptoms and causes"
1629:(Vol. 2, pp. 175–212), Bentham eBooks,
1627:Immune Response to Parasitic Infections
1512:
143:is the name of a type of helminth, and
122:their ability to manipulate the host's
48:of different species of parasitic worm.
3233:
3107:Navarro, I.; Jiménez, B (2011-04-01).
2882:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2332:
2299:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2268:
2126:
2124:
1768:
898:2 months (from cysticercoid to adult)
339:the 1 to 2 outer layers are formed of
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2443:Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2070:
2068:
2066:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1518:
1516:
7:
2903:Jimenez B., Chavez-Mejia A. (1997).
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1695:
1693:
1617:
1615:
718:Estimated > 800,000 to 1,000,000
2814:Journal of Environmental Monitoring
1524:"CDC - Parasites - About Parasites"
4576:Conditions diagnosed by stool test
3084:"CDC - Soil-Transmitted Helminths"
696:Oral sucker and ventral sucker or
224:(thorny-headed worms). The phylum
25:
79:. Other parasitic worms such as
2922:
2665:Weinstock, Joel (October 2015).
2282:
2184:
2017:Journal of Parasitology Research
1958:Journal of Parasitology Research
1435:
1421:
1299:This section is an excerpt from
86:Some parasitic worms, including
27:Large type of parasitic organism
2499:Parasites - Taeniasis (Biology)
1929:American Academy of Dermatology
1851:"History of Human Parasitology"
1264:upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
357:the inner layer is composed of
315:, or even for several years in
268:, and not by a parasitic worm.
246:Helminths of importance in the
36:Parasitic worm (disambiguation)
4591:Intestinal infectious diseases
2157:Water Science & Technology
117:. This can cause weakness and
1:
1867:10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002
1855:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1266:(UASB) reactors can be used.
807:Timeline of lifecycle stages
350:the middle layers consist of
208:(ringed or segmented worms),
3778:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
3287:Parasitic Roundworm Diseases
3220:10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.014
3163:Water Science and Technology
3113:Water Science and Technology
3011:10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.024
2869:10.1016/j.watres.2004.04.015
1755:10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.014
1635:10.2174/97816080598501140201
4115:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
3764:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
1409:urine-diverting dry toilets
1258:(lagoons), storage basins,
1246:Removal versus inactivation
1167:using as few as one or two
1019:200,000 to 250,000 or more
432:Echinococcus multilocularis
272:Reproduction and life cycle
162:attached to the intestinal
4622:
3033:Water Environment Research
1677:"Tree of Life web project"
1298:
1099:
29:
4504:African sleeping sickness
4369:Capillaria philippinensis
4292:Halicephalobus gingivalis
4263:Strongyloides stercoralis
3266:Columbia University Press
2955:Water Intelligence Online
2949:Von Sperling, M. (2015).
2683:10.1007/s12016-014-8458-3
2638:"Eat worms - feel better"
2311:10.1007/s00216-006-0638-4
2213:10.1017/s0031182000066968
1560:10.3389/fimmu.2021.781108
1256:waste stabilization ponds
1254:are employed. Therefore,
1036:
1006:Number of eggs per event
971:
966:
960:
957:
879:
826:18 days to several weeks
806:
739:
734:
728:
725:
717:
711:
706:
701:
681:
678:
671:
653:
650:
645:
639:
636:
629:
621:
618:
613:
607:
602:
597:
591:
588:
531:
509:
506:
461:
405:
402:
395:
390:
385:
383:
83:reside in blood vessels.
4375:Intestinal capillariasis
3456:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
1802:(Suppl 1): 11482–11489.
1252:coagulation-flocculation
1183:Relevance for sanitation
305:from which thousands of
4550:Priority review voucher
4362:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
4312:Enterobius vermicularis
4093:Cutaneous larva migrans
3666:Echinococcus granulosus
3606:Heterophyes heterophyes
3592:Gastrodiscoides hominis
3415:Trichobilharzia regenti
3045:10.2175/106143005X89571
2753:10.1126/science.1201475
1817:10.1073/pnas.0803232105
1547:Frontiers in Immunology
1274:sewage sludge treatment
921:Lifespan of adult worm
720:Registered > 25,000
583:trichuriasis (whipworm)
519:alveolar echinococcosis
426:Echinococcus granulosus
4571:Worms (obsolete taxon)
4210:Visceral larva migrans
3991:Gnathostoma spinigerum
3844:Dracunculus medinensis
3750:Diphyllobothrium latum
3529:Paragonimus westermani
3496:Opisthorchis viverrini
2456:"Animal diversity web"
1849:Cox, F. E. G. (2002).
1500:Dracunculus medinensis
1321:reuse of human excreta
1295:
1262:, rapid filtration or
1200:
1192:
1140:
553:enterobiasis (pinworm)
337:
194:evolutionarily related
189:
177:
166:
77:gastrointestinal tract
49:
34:. For other uses, see
4601:Parasitic protostomes
4077:Ancylostoma duodenale
3620:Metagonimus yokogawai
2968:10.2166/9781780402086
1398:Environmental samples
1343:in the literature.
1293:
1198:
1190:
1135:
570:Ancylostoma duodenale
449:Schistosoma japonicum
323:(historically called
183:
172:
158:
44:
4343:Trichinella spiralis
4170:Ascaris lumbricoides
3970:Lymphatic filariasis
3952:Wuchereria bancrofti
3176:10.2166/wst.2007.555
3125:10.2166/wst.2011.394
2855:(14–15): 3251–3258.
2461:Animal Diversity Web
2251:Folia Parasitologica
2170:10.2166/wst.2007.046
2030:10.1155/2022/7424647
1971:10.1155/2022/7392801
1483:Lymphatic filariasis
1355:Anclostoma duodenale
1349:Ascaris lumbricoides
1260:constructed wetlands
1239:Ascaris lumbricoides
981:up to 6 times a day
892:Maturation to adult
777:Ascaris lumbricoides
563:infection (includes
232:(tapeworms) and the
4581:Foodborne illnesses
4438:Diseases of poverty
4430:Diseases of poverty
4357:Trichuris trichiura
4284:Trichostrongyliasis
3886:Onchocerca volvulus
3442:Clonorchis sinensis
3377:Schistosoma mansoni
3358:Trematode infection
2861:2004WatRe..38.3251C
2745:2011Sci...332..243W
2610:"WormBase ParaSite"
1898:Mayo Clinic Staff.
1808:2008PNAS..10511482D
1747:2012WatRe..46.4770M
1390:anaerobic digestion
1367:Trichuris trichiura
1143:Human stool samples
961:250,000 to 700,000
791:Trichuris trichiura
443:Schistosoma mansoni
437:Multiceps multiceps
341:mucopolysaccharides
4486:Neglected diseases
4471:Diarrheal diseases
4243:Parascaris equorum
4229:Dioctophyme renale
4149:Oesophagostomiasis
4121:Angiostrongyliasis
4101:Necator americanus
4071:Hookworm infection
3931:Dirofilaria repens
3756:Diphyllobothriasis
3647:Tapeworm infection
3578:Fasciolopsis buski
3258:Dickson Despommier
2409:2014-12-29 at the
2361:Human Parasitology
2151:Jimenez B (2007).
1707:on 13 October 2014
1361:Necator americanus
1296:
1286:Indicator organism
1201:
1193:
1125:metabolic syndrome
1102:Helminthic therapy
958:Eggs laid per day
708:Number of species
511:Tapeworm infection
496:Necator americanus
220:(roundworms), and
190:
178:
167:
50:
4596:Tropical diseases
4558:
4557:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4328:
4327:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3672:E. multilocularis
3636:
3635:
3476:Fasciola hepatica
3328:Parasitic disease
3214:(15): 4770–4782.
3005:(19): 4397–4402.
2961:: 9781780402086.
2739:(6026): 243–247.
2646:. 3 December 2003
2370:978-0-12-415915-0
1741:(15): 4770–4782.
1643:978-1-60805-985-0
1086:
1085:
967:3,000 to 250,000
810:Larval formation
768:Fasciola hepatica
679:Attachment organs
595:Unsegmented plane
456:Fasciola hepatica
16:(Redirected from
4613:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4400:
4277:Trichostrongylus
4269:Strongyloidiasis
4135:Metastrongylosis
3867:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3717:Hymenolepis nana
3653:
3553:Intestinal fluke
3364:
3349:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3298:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3231:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3178:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3119:(7): 1499–1505.
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3024:
3015:
3014:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2946:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2880:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2826:10.1039/b103471p
2809:
2803:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2773:. Archived from
2764:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2555:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2527:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2491:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2464:. September 2001
2452:
2446:
2439:
2422:
2400:
2375:
2374:
2356:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2172:
2163:(1–2): 485–493.
2148:
2131:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2032:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1973:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1703:. Archived from
1697:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1646:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1530:. 20 April 2018.
1520:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1364:(hookworm), and
964:3,000 to 25,000
746:Hymenolepis nana
501:Ancylostoma spp.
381:
254:(nematodes) and
69:soil-transmitted
65:intestinal worms
55:, also known as
21:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4533:
4519:River blindness
4509:Schistosomiasis
4480:
4432:
4427:
4397:
4388:
4324:
4297:
4248:
4155:
4143:Oesophagostomum
4089:Ancylostomiasis
4059:
4043:
4023:
4003:Gnathostomiasis
3976:
3873:
3856:
3807:
3804:
3790:
3741:Pseudophyllidea
3735:
3686:Taenia saginata
3644:
3632:
3584:Fasciolopsiasis
3569:Echinostomiasis
3547:
3514:
3508:Opisthorchiasis
3427:
3407:Schistosomiasis
3401:S. intercalatum
3355:
3353:Fluke/trematode
3344:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3283:
3254:
3252:Further reading
3249:
3232:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3026:
3025:
3018:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2898:
2881:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2636:
2635:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2425:
2411:Wayback Machine
2401:
2378:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2331:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2267:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2150:
2149:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2064:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1767:
1732:
1731:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1620:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1470:Schistosomiasis
1443:Medicine portal
1441:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1304:
1288:
1283:
1248:
1185:
1145:
1108:immune response
1104:
1098:
1096:Use in medicine
1037:Larvae per egg
1012:50,000-100,000
972:Egg deposition
759:Taenia saginata
592:Segmented plane
547:(guinea worm),
524:Schistosomiasis
480:Onchocerca spp.
414:Taenia saginata
397:
392:
387:
369:
364:
291:
274:
256:Platyhelminthes
252:Nemathelminthes
226:Platyhelminthes
210:Platyhelminthes
153:
124:immune response
109:. They receive
53:Parasitic worms
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4619:
4617:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4514:Dracunculiasis
4511:
4506:
4501:
4499:Chagas disease
4496:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4235:Dioctophymosis
4225:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4198:Toxocara canis
4194:
4193:
4192:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4129:Metastrongylus
4125:
4124:
4123:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4083:A. braziliense
4073:
4067:
4065:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4007:
4006:
4005:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3944:Dirofilariasis
3934:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3923:Mansonelliasis
3913:
3912:
3911:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3892:Onchocerciasis
3881:
3879:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3850:Dracunculiasis
3839:
3837:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3729:Hymenolepiasis
3713:
3712:
3711:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3678:Echinococcosis
3661:
3659:
3657:Cyclophyllidea
3650:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3626:Metagonimiasis
3616:
3615:
3614:
3612:Heterophyiasis
3602:
3601:
3600:
3598:Amphistomiasis
3588:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3541:Paragonimiasis
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3468:Dicrocoeliasis
3452:
3451:
3450:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3421:Swimmer's itch
3411:
3410:
3409:
3395:S. haematobium
3372:
3370:
3361:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3281:External links
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:978-0231161954
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3208:Water Research
3198:
3146:
3099:
3074:
3039:(2): 118–124.
3016:
2999:Water Research
2982:
2938:
2929:
2909:
2896:
2849:Water Research
2839:
2820:(5): 548–551.
2804:
2791:
2711:
2677:(2): 227–231.
2657:
2622:
2601:
2571:
2543:
2511:
2475:
2447:
2423:
2376:
2369:
2346:
2305:(2): 249–255.
2289:
2257:(4): 381–384.
2234:
2207:(3): 429–443.
2191:
2132:
2120:
2114:978-9241546850
2113:
2088:
2062:
2003:
1941:
1916:
1890:
1861:(4): 595–612.
1841:
1782:
1735:Water Research
1718:
1689:
1668:
1647:
1611:
1584:
1533:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:caused by the
1492:Dracunculiasis
1489:
1487:filarial worms
1480:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1432:
1429:Biology portal
1416:
1413:
1399:
1396:
1307:The eggs from
1305:
1297:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1247:
1244:
1184:
1181:
1173:Kato technique
1144:
1141:
1100:Main article:
1097:
1094:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
983:
978:
976:
973:
969:
968:
965:
962:
959:
955:
954:
952:
947:
945:Several years
942:
937:
932:
930:Several years
927:
922:
918:
917:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
893:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
852:
847:
845:
844:Larval growth
841:
840:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
811:
808:
804:
803:
795:
786:
781:
772:
763:
750:
741:
737:
736:
733:
730:
727:
723:
722:
716:
713:
710:
704:
703:
700:
694:
680:
676:
675:
670:
660:Hermaphroditic
657:
655:Hermaphroditic
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
637:Digestive tube
634:
633:
628:
625:
620:
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
586:
585:
575:onchocerciasis
545:dracunculiasis
530:
528:swimmer's itch
521:
515:echinococcosis
508:
504:
503:
490:Trichuris spp.
485:Rhabditis spp.
460:
439:
404:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
368:
365:
363:
362:
355:
348:
336:
290:
287:
273:
270:
222:Acanthocephala
152:
149:
61:macroparasites
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4618:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:Helminthiases
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:Miscellaneous
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Leishmaniasis
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4222:Baylisascaris
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3958:Brugia malayi
3954:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:Cysticercosis
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:P. kellicotti
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:Clonorchiasis
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:platyhelminth
3337:
3333:
3332:helminthiases
3329:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2780:on 2016-04-18
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1503:(Guinea worm)
1502:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:Helminthology
1449:
1448:
1444:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:helminthiasis
1397:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1221:helminthiasis
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:sewage sludge
1206:
1197:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1177:Eggs per gram
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:metacercariae
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:3,000-20,000
1027:
1025:
1024:5,000-10,000
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
970:
963:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
920:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
884:
882:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
866:
865:
864:metacercariae
860:
859:
855:5–7 weeks as
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
805:
802:
800:
796:
794:
793:
792:
787:
785:
782:
780:
779:
778:
773:
771:
770:
769:
764:
762:
761:
760:
756:
755:Taenia solium
751:
749:
748:
747:
742:
738:
731:
724:
721:
714:
709:
705:
699:
695:
692:
688:
684:
677:
674:
669:
665:
661:
658:
656:
649:
646:Ends in anus
643:Ends in cecum
642:
635:
632:
626:
624:
619:Body covering
617:
610:
605:
601:
594:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:elephantiasis
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
525:
522:
520:
516:
512:
505:
502:
498:
497:
493:
491:
486:
482:
481:
477:
472:
471:
466:
465:
459:
458:
457:
451:
450:
445:
444:
440:
438:
434:
433:
429:
427:
423:
421:
417:
415:
411:
409:
408:Taenia solium
401:
382:
379:
376:
373:
366:
360:
356:
353:
349:
346:
342:
338:
335:
332:
330:
329:sewage sludge
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
296:
288:
286:
282:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
187:
182:
176:
171:
165:
161:
157:
150:
148:
146:
142:
141:
136:
135:helminthiasis
131:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
100:endoparasites
97:
96:ectoparasites
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
37:
33:
32:Helminthiasis
19:
4545:Malnutrition
4456:Tuberculosis
4382:
4367:
4355:
4341:
4318:Enterobiasis
4310:
4290:
4276:
4261:
4241:
4227:
4220:
4214:Toxocariasis
4203:
4196:
4182:
4168:
4141:
4127:
4113:
4107:Necatoriasis
4099:
4082:
4075:
4036:
4009:
3996:
3989:
3982:Thelazioidea
3963:
3956:
3950:
3937:
3929:
3915:
3906:
3898:
3884:
3842:
3776:
3762:
3749:
3722:
3715:
3697:
3691:
3684:
3671:
3664:
3618:
3604:
3590:
3576:
3567:
3560:
3534:
3527:
3501:
3494:
3482:F. gigantica
3481:
3474:
3461:
3454:
3440:
3413:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3383:S. japonicum
3382:
3375:
3261:
3236:cite journal
3211:
3207:
3201:
3169:(5): 43–51.
3166:
3162:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3091:. Retrieved
3087:
3077:
3036:
3032:
3002:
2998:
2958:
2954:
2932:
2912:
2899:
2885:cite journal
2852:
2848:
2842:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2775:the original
2736:
2730:
2702:. Retrieved
2674:
2670:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2641:
2613:. Retrieved
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2562:. Retrieved
2534:. Retrieved
2502:. Retrieved
2498:
2466:. Retrieved
2459:
2450:
2360:
2335:cite journal
2302:
2298:
2292:
2271:cite journal
2254:
2250:
2237:
2204:
2201:Parasitology
2200:
2194:
2160:
2156:
2103:
2101:WHO (2006).
2079:. Retrieved
2023:: e7424647.
2020:
2016:
2006:
1964:: e7392801.
1961:
1957:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1893:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1771:cite journal
1738:
1734:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:the original
1680:. Retrieved
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1650:
1626:
1602:. Retrieved
1550:
1546:
1536:
1527:
1498:
1478:schistosomas
1460:Anthelmintic
1401:
1379:fecal sludge
1372:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1306:
1281:Measurements
1271:
1268:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1215:are used as
1202:
1169:fecal smears
1146:
1136:
1122:
1105:
1087:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1011:
997:
992:
987:
980:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
912:
907:
902:
897:
885:
880:
875:
870:
862:
856:
854:
849:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
797:
789:
788:
783:
775:
774:
766:
765:
753:
752:
744:
743:
735:> 12,000
719:
707:
664:schistosomes
598:Cylindrical
573:infection),
568:
565:Necatoriasis
500:
494:
488:
484:
474:
469:
464:Ascaris spp.
462:
454:
453:
447:
441:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
398:(Nematodes)
393:(Trematodes)
377:
374:
370:
333:
321:fecal sludge
306:
298:
292:
283:
275:
260:
245:
242:
238:blood flukes
236:(flukes and
191:
188:lumbricoides
138:
132:
104:
85:
81:schistosomes
59:, are large
56:
52:
51:
4383:C. hepatica
4349:Trichinosis
4334:Adenophorea
4190:Anisakiasis
4057:Strongylida
4038:Gongylonema
4029:Spiruroidea
4017:Thelaziasis
3997:G. hispidum
3871:Filarioidea
3835:Camallanida
3817:Secernentea
3784:Sparganosis
3770:Sparganosis
3723:H. diminuta
3692:T. asiatica
3562:Echinostoma
3502:O. felineus
3488:Fasciolosis
3433:Liver fluke
3368:Blood fluke
3088:www.cdc.gov
2468:17 December
1904:Mayo Clinic
1711:19 December
1682:19 December
1661:19 December
1604:28 November
1528:www.cdc.gov
1352:(Ascaris),
1213:human waste
1155:or eggs in
1130:macrophages
1058:), 250,000
1055:Schistosoma
935:8–10 years
908:2–3 months
903:3–4 months
871:10–14 days
836:15–30 days
604:Body cavity
579:trichinosis
476:Filarioidea
420:Hymenolepis
295:oviposition
111:nourishment
92:monogeneans
4606:Sanitation
4565:Categories
4254:Rhabditida
4176:Ascariasis
4161:Ascaridida
3938:D. immitis
3917:Mansonella
3909:filariasis
3876:Filariasis
3803:Roundworm/
3520:Lung fluke
3389:S. mekongi
3330:caused by
3093:2021-04-27
2704:25 October
2594:13 January
2564:13 January
2536:13 January
2504:22 January
2419:9684630514
2081:13 January
1925:"Ringworm"
1553:: 781108.
1508:References
1485:caused by
1465:Parasitism
1403:infection
1317:wastewater
1313:sanitation
1233:irrigation
1229:wastewater
1217:fertilizer
1205:wastewater
1161:physicians
975:Frequency
940:1–2 years
925:4–6 weeks
821:9–15 days
698:acetabulum
693:with hooks
666:which are
557:filariasis
541:filariasis
533:Ascariasis
470:Enterobius
396:Roundworms
388:(Cestodes)
325:night soil
248:sanitation
234:trematodes
145:ascariasis
18:Helminthic
4466:Pneumonia
3964:B. timori
3862:Spirurida
3808:infection
3705:Taeniasis
3698:T. solium
3462:D. hospes
3345:infection
3340:Flatworm/
3185:0273-1223
3133:0273-1223
3053:1554-7531
2977:1476-1777
2039:2090-0023
1980:2090-0023
1496:roundworm
1474:flatworms
1325:pathogens
1309:helminths
1231:used for
1149:diagnoses
1117:allergies
1049:cercariae
886:5–6 days
858:cercariae
831:1–2 days
784:Hookworm
691:rostellum
687:bothridia
673:Dioecious
668:dioecious
662:, except
403:Examples
386:Tapeworms
352:chitinous
308:cercariae
303:miracidia
214:flatworms
198:nematodes
160:Hookworms
115:nutrients
67:that are
57:helminths
4529:Trachoma
4303:Oxyurida
4184:Anisakis
4062:hookworm
4011:Thelazia
3826:Spiruria
3806:Nematode
3268:, 2016 (
3228:22794801
3193:17881836
3141:21508556
3069:46046758
3061:16566519
2877:15276741
2834:11695127
2784:18 April
2771:21436399
2699:22950215
2691:25326880
2643:BBC News
2615:15 April
2407:Archived
2327:39350893
2319:16900382
2179:17305174
2057:35711670
1998:36588778
1885:12364371
1836:18695218
1763:22794801
1579:34880874
1415:See also
1337:protozoa
1333:bacteria
1165:diagnose
1090:WormBase
1067:Fasciola
799:Toxocara
740:Species
627:Tegument
623:Tegument
614:Present
561:hookworm
345:proteins
278:lifetime
262:Ringworm
230:cestodes
218:Nematoda
206:Annelida
175:pinworms
151:Taxonomy
4494:Cholera
4461:Measles
4451:Malaria
4204:T. cati
3907:Loa loa
3900:Loa loa
3642:Cestoda
2857:Bibcode
2762:3144160
2741:Bibcode
2732:Science
2650:13 July
2263:4085927
2221:7243350
2048:9197603
1989:9797291
1827:2556407
1804:Bibcode
1743:Bibcode
1570:8646091
1476:called
1383:Ascaris
1375:compost
1329:viruses
950:1 year
631:Cuticle
327:), and
186:Ascaris
140:Ascaris
119:disease
88:leeches
4476:Plague
3700:(pork)
3272:
3226:
3191:
3183:
3139:
3131:
3067:
3059:
3051:
2975:
2875:
2832:
2769:
2759:
2697:
2689:
2417:
2367:
2325:
2317:
2261:
2229:222626
2227:
2219:
2177:
2111:
2055:
2045:
2037:
1996:
1986:
1978:
1934:4 July
1909:4 July
1883:
1876:126866
1873:
1834:
1824:
1761:
1641:
1577:
1567:
1171:. The
1112:humans
998:daily
993:daily
988:daily
689:, and
683:Sucker
391:Flukes
367:Larvae
359:lipids
313:sewage
299:Taenia
164:mucosa
94:, are
73:infect
3065:S2CID
2778:(PDF)
2727:(PDF)
2695:S2CID
2323:S2CID
2247:(PDF)
2225:S2CID
1600:. CDC
1455:hosts
1157:feces
1110:. As
712:6000
589:Shape
422:spp.,
317:feces
266:fungi
202:phyla
107:hosts
4446:AIDS
4279:spp.
3270:ISBN
3242:link
3224:PMID
3189:PMID
3181:ISSN
3137:PMID
3129:ISSN
3057:PMID
3049:ISSN
2973:ISSN
2891:link
2873:PMID
2830:PMID
2786:2011
2767:PMID
2706:2020
2687:PMID
2652:2011
2617:2016
2596:2015
2566:2015
2538:2015
2506:2015
2470:2014
2415:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2341:link
2315:PMID
2277:link
2259:PMID
2217:PMID
2175:PMID
2109:ISBN
2083:2015
2053:PMID
2035:ISSN
2021:2022
1994:PMID
1976:ISSN
1962:2022
1936:2018
1911:2018
1881:PMID
1832:PMID
1796:PNAS
1777:link
1759:PMID
1713:2014
1684:2014
1663:2014
1639:ISBN
1606:2014
1575:PMID
1315:and
1163:can
1153:worm
1046:300
801:spp.
640:None
611:None
608:None
567:and
343:and
289:Eggs
276:The
173:Two
128:eggs
90:and
75:the
71:and
46:Eggs
3216:doi
3171:doi
3121:doi
3041:doi
3007:doi
2963:doi
2865:doi
2822:doi
2757:PMC
2749:doi
2737:332
2679:doi
2307:doi
2303:386
2209:doi
2165:doi
2043:PMC
2025:doi
1984:PMC
1966:doi
1871:PMC
1863:doi
1822:PMC
1812:doi
1800:105
1751:doi
1631:doi
1565:PMC
1555:doi
1377:or
1341:ova
1211:or
732:16
729:40
685:or
651:Sex
216:),
4567::
4212:/
4201:/
4091:/
4080:/
3994:/
3961:/
3955:/
3720:/
3707:/
3695:/
3689:/
3669:/
3532:/
3499:/
3479:/
3459:/
3398:/
3392:/
3386:/
3380:/
3276:).
3264:,
3260:,
3238:}}
3234:{{
3222:.
3212:46
3210:.
3187:.
3179:.
3167:56
3165:.
3161:.
3149:^
3135:.
3127:.
3117:63
3115:.
3111:.
3086:.
3063:.
3055:.
3047:.
3037:78
3035:.
3031:.
3019:^
3003:41
3001:.
2997:.
2985:^
2971:.
2957:.
2953:.
2941:^
2887:}}
2883:{{
2871:.
2863:.
2853:38
2851:.
2828:.
2816:.
2765:.
2755:.
2747:.
2735:.
2729:.
2714:^
2693:.
2685:.
2675:49
2673:.
2669:.
2640:.
2625:^
2574:^
2546:^
2514:^
2497:.
2478:^
2458:.
2426:^
2379:^
2349:^
2337:}}
2333:{{
2321:.
2313:.
2301:.
2273:}}
2269:{{
2255:32
2253:.
2249:.
2223:.
2215:.
2205:82
2203:.
2173:.
2161:55
2159:.
2155:.
2135:^
2123:^
2091:^
2065:^
2051:.
2041:.
2033:.
2019:.
2015:.
1992:.
1982:.
1974:.
1960:.
1956:.
1944:^
1927:.
1902:.
1879:.
1869:.
1859:15
1857:.
1853:.
1830:.
1820:.
1810:.
1798:.
1794:.
1773:}}
1769:{{
1757:.
1749:.
1739:46
1737:.
1721:^
1692:^
1637:,
1614:^
1587:^
1573:.
1563:.
1551:12
1549:.
1545:.
1526:.
1515:^
1411:.
1358:,
1335:,
1331:,
1223:.
1207:,
1092:.
1082:1
1079:1
1076:1
1073:1
1070:)
1043:1
1040:1
581:,
577:,
559:,
555:,
551:,
543:,
539:,
535:,
526:,
517:,
513:,
499:,
487:,
483:,
478:,
473:,
467:,
452:,
446:,
435:,
319:,
102:.
4422:e
4415:t
4408:v
4364:)
4360:(
4064:)
4060:(
3878:)
3874:(
3649:)
3645:(
3360:)
3356:(
3320:e
3313:t
3306:v
3244:)
3230:.
3218::
3195:.
3173::
3143:.
3123::
3096:.
3071:.
3043::
3013:.
3009::
2979:.
2965::
2959:6
2893:)
2879:.
2867::
2859::
2836:.
2824::
2818:3
2788:.
2751::
2743::
2708:.
2681::
2654:.
2619:.
2598:.
2568:.
2540:.
2508:.
2472:.
2421:)
2373:.
2343:)
2329:.
2309::
2279:)
2265:.
2231:.
2211::
2181:.
2167::
2117:.
2085:.
2059:.
2027::
2000:.
1968::
1938:.
1913:.
1887:.
1865::
1838:.
1814::
1806::
1779:)
1765:.
1753::
1745::
1715:.
1686:.
1665:.
1645:.
1633::
1608:.
1581:.
1557::
1303:.
1064:(
1052:(
757:/
492:,
428:,
416:,
410:,
347:,
212:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
