Heraldry - Knowledge (XXG)

1198:". To provide for contrast and visibility, metals should never be placed on metals, and colours should never be placed on colours. This rule does not apply to charges which cross a division of the field, which is partly metal and partly colour; nor, strictly speaking, does it prevent a field from consisting of two metals or two colours, although this is unusual. Furs are considered amphibious, and neither metal nor colour; but in practice ermine and erminois are usually treated as metals, while ermines and pean are treated as colours. This rule is strictly adhered to in British armory, with only rare exceptions; although generally observed in continental heraldry, it is not adhered to quite as strictly. Arms which violate this rule are sometimes known as "puzzle arms", of which the most famous example is the arms of the 865:, a diamond-shaped escutcheon, was traditionally used to display the arms of women, on the grounds that shields, as implements of war, were inappropriate for this purpose. This distinction was not always strictly adhered to, and a general exception was usually made for sovereigns, whose arms represented an entire nation. Sometimes an oval shield, or cartouche, was substituted for the lozenge; this shape was also widely used for the arms of clerics in French, Spanish, and Italian heraldry, although it was never reserved for their use. In recent years, the use of the cartouche for women's arms has become general in Scottish heraldry, while both Scottish and Irish authorities have permitted a traditional shield under certain circumstances, and in Canadian heraldry the shield is now regularly granted. 422:, a series of military campaigns undertaken by Christian armies from 1096 to 1487, with the goal of reconquering Jerusalem and other former Byzantine territories captured by Muslim forces during the seventh century. While there is no evidence that heraldic art originated in the course of the Crusades, there is no reason to doubt that the gathering of large armies, drawn from across Europe for a united cause, would have encouraged the adoption of armorial bearings as a means of identifying one's commanders in the field, or that it helped disseminate the principles of armory across Europe. At least two distinctive features of heraldry are generally accepted as products of the crusaders: the 426:, an outer garment worn over the armor to protect the wearer from the heat of the sun, was often decorated with the same devices that appeared on a knight's shield. It is from this garment that the phrase "coat of arms" is derived. Also the lambrequin, or mantling, that depends from the helmet and frames the shield in modern heraldry, began as a practical covering for the helmet and the back of the neck during the Crusades, serving much the same function as the surcoat. Its slashed or scalloped edge, today rendered as billowing flourishes, is thought to have originated from hard wearing in the field, or as a means of deadening a sword blow and perhaps entangling the attacker's weapon. 1739: 286: 3027: 1800:. This was originally a cloth worn over the back of the helmet as partial protection against heating by sunlight. Today it takes the form of a stylized cloak hanging from the helmet. Typically in British heraldry, the outer surface of the mantling is of the principal colour in the shield and the inner surface is of the principal metal, though peers in the United Kingdom use standard colourings (Gules doubled Argent - Red/White) regardless of rank or the colourings of their arms. The mantling is sometimes conventionally depicted with a ragged edge, as if damaged in combat, though the edges of most are simply decorated at the emblazoner's discretion. 1628:

the second is also repeated as the third. The quarters of a personal coat of arms correspond to the ancestors from whom the bearer has inherited arms, normally in the same sequence as if the pedigree were laid out with the father's father's ... father (to as many generations as necessary) on the extreme left and the mother's mother's...mother on the extreme right. A few lineages have accumulated hundreds of quarters, though such a number is usually displayed only in documentary contexts. The Scottish and Spanish traditions resist allowing more than four quarters, preferring to subdivide one or more "grand quarters" into sub-quarters as needed.

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arms to be easily distinguished in combat, heraldic artists designed increasingly elaborate achievements, culminating in the development of "landscape heraldry", incorporating realistic depictions of landscapes, during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century. These fell out of fashion during the mid-nineteenth century, when a renewed interest in the history of armory led to the re-evaluation of earlier designs, and a new appreciation for the medieval origins of the art. In particular, a late use of heraldic imagery has been in

876:, or powdered with small charges. The edges and adjacent parts of the escutcheon are used to identify the placement of various heraldic charges; the upper edge, and the corresponding upper third of the shield, are referred to as the chief; the lower part is the base. The sides of the shield are known as the dexter and sinister flanks, although these terms are based on the point of view of the bearer of the shield, who would be standing behind it; to the observer, and in all heraldic illustration, the dexter is on the left side, and the sinister on the right. 1091:, which is blue-grey on top and white underneath. To form the linings of cloaks, the pelts were sewn together, forming an undulating, bell-shaped pattern, with interlocking light and dark rows. The heraldic fur is depicted with interlocking rows of argent and azure, although the shape of the pelts, usually referred to as "vair bells", is usually left to the artist's discretion. In the modern form, the bells are depicted with straight lines and sharp angles, and meet only at points; in the older, undulating pattern, now known as 270: 242: 188:, compiled in 1486, declares that Christ himself was a gentleman of coat armour. These claims are now regarded as the fantasy of medieval heralds, as there is no evidence of a distinctive symbolic language akin to that of heraldry during this early period; nor do many of the shields described in antiquity bear a close resemblance to those of medieval heraldry; nor is there any evidence that specific symbols or designs were passed down from one generation to the next, representing a particular person or line of descent. 1191:, or the colour of nature. This does not seem to have been done in the earliest heraldry, but examples are known from at least the seventeenth century. While there can be no objection to the occasional depiction of objects in this manner, the overuse of charges in their natural colours is often cited as indicative of bad heraldic practice. The practice of landscape heraldry, which flourished in the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century, made extensive use of non-heraldic colours. 1665: 1701: 7029: 7061: 1635:, a small shield placed in front of the main shield. In Britain this is most often an "escutcheon of pretence" indicating, in the arms of a married couple, that the wife is an heraldic heiress (i.e., she inherits a coat of arms because she has no brothers). In continental Europe an inescutcheon (sometimes called a "heart shield") usually carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or noble whose domains are represented by the quarters of the main shield. 1291: 3011: 336: 20: 3043: 1689: 1064:, representing the black tip of the animal's tail. Ermine was traditionally used to line the cloaks and caps of the nobility. The shape of the heraldic ermine spot has varied considerably over time, and nowadays is typically drawn as an arrowhead surmounted by three small dots, but older forms may be employed at the artist's discretion. When the field is sable and the ermine spots argent, the same pattern is termed 517:, in which they traveled about the country, recording arms borne under proper authority, and requiring those who bore arms without authority either to obtain authority for them, or cease their use. Arms borne improperly were to be taken down and defaced. The first such visitation began in 1530, and the last was carried out in 1700, although no new commissions to carry out visitations were made after the accession of 1653: 7395: 3062: 745: 1713: 1677: 733: 2056: 1321:. Many coats of arms consist simply of a division of the field into two contrasting tinctures. These are considered divisions of a shield, so the rule of tincture can be ignored. For example, a shield divided azure and gules would be perfectly acceptable. A line of partition may be straight or it may be varied. The variations of partition lines can be wavy, indented, embattled, engrailed, 392:, who died in 1151. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffrey's widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a blue shield decorated with six golden lions rampant. He wears a blue helmet adorned with another lion, and his cloak is lined in vair. A medieval chronicle states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, 1553: 285: 415:, who succeeded his father on the throne, is believed to have been the first to have borne the arms of three lions passant-guardant, still the arms of England, having earlier used two lions rampant combatant, which arms may also have belonged to his father. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant (now statant-guardant). 938: 450: 2853:

of arms had not been previously used in Ottoman Empire, it was designed after this request and the final design was adopted by Sultan Abdul Hamid II on April 17, 1882. It included two flags: the flag of the Ottoman Dynasty, which had a crescent and a star on red base, and the flag of the Islamic Caliph, which had three crescents on a green base.

1099:, the bells of each tincture are curved and joined at the base. There is no fixed rule as to whether the argent bells should be at the top or the bottom of each row. At one time vair commonly came in three sizes, and this distinction is sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; if the field contains fewer than four rows, the fur is termed 3210:"There are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If the official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent (white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artist to decide which particular shades they think are appropriate." 540:; but all of the arms granted by the college are granted by the authority of the crown. In Scotland Court of the Lord Lyon King of Arms oversees the heraldry, and holds court sessions which are an official part of Scotland's court system. Similar bodies regulate the granting of arms in other monarchies and several members of the 2377: 174:, who were commanded to gather beneath these emblems and declare their pedigrees. The Greek and Latin writers frequently describe the shields and symbols of various heroes, and units of the Roman army were sometimes identified by distinctive markings on their shields. At least one pre-historic European object, the 103:. It is often claimed that the use of helmets with face guards during this period made it difficult to recognize one's commanders in the field when large armies gathered together for extended periods, necessitating the development of heraldry as a symbolic language, but there is little support for this view. 802:" technically refers to the shield of arms itself, but the phrase is commonly used to refer to the entire achievement. The one indispensable element of a coat of arms is the shield; many ancient coats of arms consist of nothing else, but no achievement or armorial bearings exists without a coat of arms. 2263:

fields are distinctive features of Gallo-British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). Marks of cadency are mandatory in Scotland, where no two persons can own identical arms at a time. It is common to see heraldic

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Ordinaries may appear in parallel series, in which case blazons in English give them different names such as pallets, bars, bendlets, and chevronels. French blazon makes no such distinction between these diminutives and the ordinaries when borne singly. Unless otherwise specified an ordinary is drawn

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in genuine heraldry, as well as the desire to create new and unique designs, the use of these colours for general purposes has become accepted in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Occasionally one meets with other colours, particularly in continental heraldry, although they are not generally

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of England in 1066, and probably commissioned about 1077, when the cathedral of Bayeux was rebuilt, depicts a number of shields of various shapes and designs, many of which are plain, while others are decorated with dragons, crosses, or other typically heraldic figures. Yet no individual is depicted

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The development of the modern heraldic language cannot be attributed to a single individual, time, or place. Although certain designs that are now considered heraldic were evidently in use during the eleventh century, most accounts and depictions of shields up to the beginning of the twelfth century

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The perceived beauty and pageantry of heraldic designs allowed them to survive the gradual abandonment of armour on the battlefield during the seventeenth century. Heraldry has been described poetically as "the handmaid of history", "the shorthand of history", and "the floral border in the garden of

2881:. When al-Masudi talks about Sasanians, he describes their arms as "flags of Persians and their emblems" (رایات الفرس و أعلامهم). In the world of "pahlavans" (پهلوانان) of Iranian national narratives, as same as the world of European knights, each army under the command of a pahlavan from one of the 2852:

Every sultan of the Ottoman Empire had his own monogram, called the tughra, which served as a royal symbol. A coat of arms in the European heraldic sense was created in the late 19th century. Hampton Court requested from Ottoman Empire the coat of arms to be included in their collection. As the coat

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almost simultaneously in the various countries. Originally, heraldic style was very similar from country to country. Over time, heraldic tradition diverged into four broad styles: German-Nordic, Gallo-British, Latin, and Eastern. In addition, it can be argued that newer national heraldic traditions,

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As the rise of firearms rendered the mounted knight increasingly irrelevant during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the tournament faded into history, the military character of heraldry gave way to its use as a decorative art. Freed from the limitations of actual shields and the need for

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In the earliest period, arms were assumed by their bearers without any need for heraldic authority. However, by the middle of the fourteenth century, the principle that only a single individual was entitled to bear a particular coat of arms was generally accepted, and disputes over the ownership of

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Another addition that can be made to a coat of arms is the insignia of a baronet or of an order of knighthood. This is usually represented by a collar or similar band surrounding the shield. When the arms of a knight and his wife are shown in one achievement, the insignia of knighthood surround the

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displayed on a ribbon, typically below the shield. The helmet is borne of right, and forms no part of a grant of arms; it may be assumed without authority by anyone entitled to bear arms, together with mantling and whatever motto the armiger may desire. The crest, however, together with the torse

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Until the nineteenth century, it was common for heraldic writers to cite examples such as these, and metaphorical symbols such as the "Lion of Judah" or "Eagle of the Caesars" as evidence of the antiquity of heraldry itself; and to infer therefrom that the great figures of ancient history bore arms

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Quarters are numbered from the dexter chief (the corner nearest to the right shoulder of a man standing behind the shield), proceeding across the top row, and then across the next row and so on. When three coats are quartered, the first is repeated as the fourth; when only two coats are quartered,

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For instance, the arms of Lewes Old Grammar School, granted October 25, 2012: "Murrey within an Orle of eight Crosses crosslet Argent a Lion rampant Or holding in the forepaws a Book bound Azure the spine and the edges of the pages Gold" and those of Woolf, granted October 2, 2015: "Murrey a Snow

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In the early days of heraldry, very simple bold rectilinear shapes were painted on shields. These could be easily recognized at a long distance and could be easily remembered. They therefore served the main purpose of heraldry: identification. As more complicated shields came into use, these bold

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In England, from the time of the Norman conquest, official documents had to be sealed. Beginning in the twelfth century, seals assumed a distinctly heraldic character; a number of seals dating from between 1135 and 1155 appear to show the adoption of heraldic devices in England, France, Germany,

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is characterized by a lack of crests, and uniquely shaped shields. Portuguese heraldry, however, does use crests. Portuguese and Spanish heraldry, which together form a larger Iberian tradition of heraldry, occasionally introduce words to the shield of arms, a practice usually avoided in British

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generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition, as are heraldic furs. One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple

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The modern crest has grown out of the three-dimensional figure placed on the top of the mounted knights' helms as a further means of identification. In most heraldic traditions, a woman does not display a crest, though this tradition is being relaxed in some heraldic jurisdictions, and the stall

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The primary element of a heraldic achievement is the shield, or escutcheon, upon which the coat of arms is depicted. All of the other elements of an achievement are designed to decorate and complement these arms, but only the shield of arms is required. The shape of the shield, like many other

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A charge is any object or figure placed on a heraldic shield or on any other object of an armorial composition. Any object found in nature or technology may appear as a heraldic charge in armory. Charges can be animals, objects, or geometric shapes. Apart from the ordinaries, the most frequent

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Only four lions are visible in this depiction, in which the shield is shown in profile, but judging from their position, there must have been six; the tomb of Geoffrey's grandson, William Longspée, shows him bearing an apparently identical shield, but on this all six lions are at least partly

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True heraldry, as now generally understood, has its roots in medieval Europe. However, there have been other historical cultures which have used symbols and emblems to represent families or individuals, and in some cases these symbols have been adopted into Western heraldry. For example, the

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If the bearer is entitled to the ribbon, collar, or badge of a knightly order, it may encircle or depend from the shield. Some arms, particularly those of the nobility, are further embellished with supporters, heraldic figures standing alongside or behind the shield; often these stand on a

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and corporations, including many cities and towns, assumed or obtained grants of arms, with only nominal military associations. Heraldic devices were depicted in various contexts, such as religious and funerary art, and in using a wide variety of media, including stonework, carved wood,

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heraldry. Latin heraldry is known for extensive use of quartering, because of armorial inheritance via the male and the female lines. Moreover, Italian heraldry is dominated by the Roman Catholic Church, featuring many shields and achievements, most bearing some reference to the Church.

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Since arms pass from parents to offspring, and there is frequently more than one child per couple, it is necessary to distinguish the arms of siblings and extended family members from the original arms as passed on from eldest son to eldest son. Over time several schemes have been used.

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and other related projects. Modern armigers use heraldry to express ancestral and personal heritage as well as professional, academic, civic, and national pride. Little is left of class identification in modern heraldry, where the emphasis is more than ever on expression of identity.

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branches of a family from the senior line. These cadency marks are usually shown smaller than normal charges, but it still does not follow that a shield containing such a charge belongs to a cadet branch. All of these charges occur frequently in basic undifferenced coats of arms.

217: 1986:, apply to the physical and artistic form of newly created arms, and a thorough understanding of these rules is essential to the art of heraldry. Though heraldic forms initially were broadly similar across Europe, several national styles had developed by the end of the 842:

may be displayed. The most elaborate achievements sometimes display the entire coat of arms beneath a pavilion, an embellished tent or canopy of the type associated with the medieval tournament, though this is only very rarely found in English or Scots achievements.

2832:. As they were usually inscribed using heavy and unwieldy instruments, such as knives or brands, and on different surfaces (meaning that their appearance could vary somewhat), tamgas were always simple and stylised, and needed to be laconic and easily recognisable. 1118:, in which alternating rows are reversed, so that the bases of the vair bells of each tincture are joined to those of the same tincture in the row above or below. When the rows are arranged so that the bells of each tincture form vertical columns, it is termed 556:. The opportunity for knights and lords to display their heraldic bearings in a competitive medium led to further refinements, such as the development of elaborate tournament helms, and further popularized the art of heraldry throughout Europe. Prominent 2819:

Unlike European coats of arms, tamgas were not always inherited, and could stand for families or clans (for example, when denoting territory, livestock, or religious items) as well as for specific individuals (such as when used for weapons, or for royal

1008:, from the belief that they were used to represent some dishonourable act, although in fact there is no evidence that this use existed outside of fanciful heraldic writers. Perhaps owing to the realization that there is really no such thing as a 305: 411:, who died in 1189. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an heraldic emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffrey's shield. John's elder brother, 4730: 438:, originally a type of messenger employed by noblemen, assumed the responsibility of learning and knowing the rank, pedigree, and heraldic devices of various knights and lords, as well as the rules governing the design and description, or 1886:

are human or animal figures or, very rarely, inanimate objects, usually placed on either side of a coat of arms as though supporting it. In many traditions, these have acquired strict guidelines for use by certain social classes. On the

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at the beginning of the twelfth century describes their shields of polished metal, devoid of heraldic design. A Spanish manuscript from 1109 describes both plain and decorated shields, none of which appears to have been heraldic. The

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of other colours may also be found. Usually vairé will consist of one metal and one colour, but ermine or one of its variations may also be used, and vairé of four tinctures, usually two metals and two colours, is sometimes found.

2698:, most such devices are not actually coats of arms in the traditional heraldic sense and should therefore, in a strict sense, not be called arms at all. Many communist governments purposely diverged from the traditional forms of 107:

history". In modern times, individuals, public and private organizations, corporations, cities, towns, regions, and other entities use heraldry and its conventions to symbolize their heritage, achievements, and aspirations.

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peoples and by cultures influenced by them. The tamga was normally the emblem of a particular tribe, clan or family. They were common among the Eurasian nomads throughout Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages (including

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There is a separate class of charges called sub-ordinaries which are of a geometrical shape subordinate to the ordinary. According to Friar, they are distinguished by their order in blazon. The sub-ordinaries include the

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identified by a nišān on its flag. Usually, when the pahlavans were presented in the court of the king of Iran, they were distinguishing each troop from another with a flag which had their lords' nišāns on itself.

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during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Since the late nineteenth century, heraldry has focused on the use of varied lines of partition and little-used ordinaries to produce new and unique designs.

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granting rights to arms and recognizing possession of arms as well as protecting against their misuse. Countries without heraldic authorities usually treat coats of arms as creative property in the manner of

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system – often, entire villages or military groups were granted the same coat of arms irrespective of family relationships. In Poland, nearly six hundred unrelated families are known to bear the same

385:, in 1164. Seals from the latter part of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries show no evidence of heraldic symbolism, but by the end of the twelfth century, seals are uniformly heraldic in nature. 2824:). One could also adopt the tamga of one's master or ruler, therefore signifying said master's patronage. Outside of denoting ownership, tamgas also possessed religious significance, and were used as 1574:

two or more coats of arms is to combine them in one shield, to express inheritance, claims to property, or the occupation of an office. This can be done in a number of ways, of which the simplest is

2195:. Dutch heraldry is characterised by its simple and rather sober style, and in this sense, is closer to its medieval origins than the elaborate styles which developed in other heraldic traditions. 3169:

shield; the Scottish Public Register specifies an oval escutcheon for the Lanarkshire Master Plumbers' and Domestic Engineers' Association, and a square shield for the Anglo Leasing organisation.

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of arms, and the precedence of their bearers. As early as the late thirteenth century, certain heralds in the employ of monarchs were given the title "King of Heralds", which eventually became "

3026: 544:, but in most other countries there is no heraldic authority, and no law preventing anyone from assuming whatever arms they please, provided that they do not infringe upon the arms of another. 2980:

uses traditional heraldic symbols to depict the harnessing of atomic power. Locations with strong associations to particular industries may incorporate associated symbols. The coat of arms of

2953:, religious institutions, and the military. Nations and their subdivisions – provinces, states, counties, cities, etc. – continue to build on the traditions of civic heraldry. The 1906:, or higher, he may display a coronet of rank above the shield. In the United Kingdom, this is shown between the shield and helmet, though it is often above the crest in Continental heraldry. 1557: 879:

The placement of various charges may also refer to a number of specific points, nine in number according to some authorities, but eleven according to others. The three most important are

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details, is normally left to the discretion of the heraldic artist, and many different shapes have prevailed during different periods of heraldic design, and in different parts of Europe.

1895:, a few baronets, senior members of orders of knighthood, and some corporate bodies are granted supporters. Often, these can have local significance or a historical link to the armiger. 2733:

in 1989–1991, this style of heraldry was often abandoned for the old heraldic practices, with many new governments reinstating the traditional heraldry that was previously cast aside.

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to protect one from curses (it was believed that, as symbols of family, tamgas embodied the power of one's heritage). Tamgas depicted geometric shapes, images of animals, items, or

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Ancient Greeks were among the first civilizations to use symbols consistently in order to identify a warrior, clan or a state. The first record of a shield blazon is illustrated in

99:, both the form and use of such devices varied widely, as the concept of regular, hereditary designs, constituting the distinguishing feature of heraldry, did not develop until the 2865:

is 𐭥𐭢𐭱𐭠𐭥 which is read as nišān (Persian: نشان). In Islamic sources there are some references to the existence of nišāns in ancient Iran. It is suggested that the words arms,

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placed above the shields. These in turn came to be decorated with fan-shaped or sculptural crests, often incorporating elements from the shield of arms; as well as a wreath or

253: 872:, which may be plain, consisting of a single tincture, or divided into multiple sections of differing tinctures by various lines of partition; and any part of the field may be 2907: 2264:

furs used. In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms. French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under

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crests is also common. The crest is rarely used separately as in British heraldry, but can sometimes serve as a mark of difference between different branches of a family.

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Kalani, Reza. 2017. Multiple Identification Alternatives for Two Sassanid Equestrians on Fīrūzābād I Relief: A Heraldic Approach, Tarikh Negar Monthly, Tehran, p3: note.6

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applies specifically to the colours, rather than to the metals or the furs; but for lack of another term including all three, it is regularly used in this extended sense.

2176:. Any person could develop and use a coat of arms if they wished to do so, provided they did not usurp someone else's arms, and historically, this right was enshrined in 1847:

is a phrase or collection of words intended to describe the motivation or intention of the armigerous person or corporation. This can form a pun on the family name as in

1855:. Mottoes are generally changed at will and do not make up an integral part of the armorial achievement. Mottoes can typically be found on a scroll under the shield. In 1126:, which is similar to vair in pale, but diagonal. When alternating rows are reversed as in counter-vair, and then displaced by half the width of one bell, it is termed 1060:, a type of weasel, in its white winter coat, when it is called an ermine. It consists of a white, or occasionally silver field, powdered with black figures known as 241: 299:, a medieval copy of a Late Roman register of military commands. However, it is likely the art on the shields are made to fit the time/age and not from the original. 2894:

Today, institutions, companies, and private persons continue using coats of arms as their pictorial identification. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the English

773: 1142:-shaped figure, known as a potent from its resemblance to a crutch. Although it is really just a variation of vair, it is frequently treated as a separate fur. 1624:) after the 13th century. As the name implies, the usual number of divisions is four, but the principle has been extended to very large numbers of "quarters". 1134:, in which each vair bell is divided in half vertically, with half argent and half azure. All of these variations can also be depicted in the form known as 532:, through which all new grants of arms would eventually be issued. The college currently consists of three Kings of Arms, assisted by six Heralds, and four 1758:

the word "crest" is commonly (but erroneously) used to refer to an entire heraldic achievement of armorial bearings. The technical use of the heraldic term

1348:. Unless otherwise specified they extend to the edges of the field. Though ordinaries are not easily defined, they are generally described as including the 972:, representing gold and silver, respectively, although in practice they are usually depicted as yellow and white. Five colours are universally recognized: 5797: 140:

Various symbols have been used to represent individuals or groups for thousands of years. The earliest representations of distinct persons and regions in

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is optional. Heraldic courtoisie is observed: that is, charges in a composite shield (or two shields displayed together) usually turn to face the centre.

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twice bearing the same arms, nor are any of the descendants of the various persons depicted known to have borne devices resembling those in the tapestry.

1589:– combining the dexter half of one coat with the sinister half of another – because dimidiation can create ambiguity between, for example, a 2969: 6085: 4033: 2717:, when many other communist states were established. Even a few non-socialist states have adopted the style, for various reasons—usually because 6427: 2977: 1876: 2448:. Marks of cadency are almost unknown, and shields are generally very simple, with only one charge. Many heraldic shields derive from ancient 2180:. As a result, many merchant families had coats of arms even though they were not members of the nobility. These are sometimes referred to as 4618: 2903: 5277:

The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time

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incorporate symbols such as guns, airplanes, or locomotives. Some scientific institutions incorporate symbols of modern science such as the

1738: 6391: 389: 340: 1943:, or rules governing word order, which becomes essential for comprehension when blazoning a complex coat of arms. The verb comes from the 1184:

Considerable latitude is given to the heraldic artist in depicting the heraldic tinctures; there is no fixed shade or hue to any of them.

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is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as

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Hartemink R. 1996. South African Civic Heraldry-Bophuthatswana. Ralf Hartemink, The Netherlands. Accessed October 19, 2006. Available at

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Because most shields are widest at the chief, and narrow to a point at the base, fess point is usually slightly higher than the midpoint.

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plate of Lady Marion Fraser in the Thistle Chapel in St Giles, Edinburgh, shows her coat on a lozenge but with helmet, crest, and motto.

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This was undertaken by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and half-brother of William I, whose conquest of England is commemorated by the tapestry.

403:, but the earliest evidence of the association of lions with the English crown is a seal bearing two lions passant, used by the future 5857: 5695: 3970: 3246: 2968:

Many of these institutions have begun to employ blazons representing modern objects. For example, some heraldic symbols issued by the

2847: 2470: 766: 144:

art show the use of standards topped with the images or symbols of various gods, and the names of kings appear upon emblems known as

5743: 5716: 5660: 5638: 5587: 5472: 5453: 5434: 5405: 5386: 5363: 5230: 4977: 4937: 3042: 2984:

in Sweden incorporates a hydrocarbon molecule, alluding to the historical significance of the petrochemical industry in the region.

1828: 4889: 1871: 1807:. Members of the clergy may display appropriate headwear. This often takes the form of a small crowned, wide brimmed hat called a 945:

One of the most distinctive qualities of heraldry is the use of a limited palette of colours and patterns, usually referred to as

2930: 2678: 1664: 2800:). Similar "tamga-like" symbols were sometimes also adopted by sedentary peoples adjacent to the Pontic-Caspian steppe both in 2726: 2674: 49: 3010: 2328:

Trees are frequent charges in Latin arms. Charged bordures, including bordures inscribed with words, are seen often in Spain.

1344:

shapes were set apart in a separate class as the "honourable ordinaries". They act as charges and are always written first in

6143: 4866: 1790: 1700: 231:

3100 BC. The top row depicts four men carrying standards. Directly above them is a serekh containing the name of the king,

5220: 1910:

husband's arms only, and the wife's arms are customarily surrounded by an ornamental garland of leaves for visual balance.

1187:

Whenever an object is depicted as it appears in nature, rather than in one or more of the heraldic tinctures, it is termed

470:

arms seems to have led to gradual establishment of heraldic authorities to regulate their use. The earliest known work of

29:

was made in the late 15th century and illustrates the German practice of repeating themes from the arms in the crest. (See

7404: 4535: 3084: 2713:

was the first state to use this type of emblem, beginning at its creation in 1922. The style became more widespread after

759: 496:. The continued proliferation of arms, and the number of disputes arising from different men assuming the same arms, led 2929:

Heraldic societies abound in Africa, Asia, Australasia, the Americas and Europe. Heraldry aficionados participate in the

6665: 6660: 3158: 1939:

To "blazon" arms means to describe them using the formal language of heraldry. This language has its own vocabulary and

1165:

Three additional furs are sometimes encountered in continental heraldry; in French and Italian heraldry one meets with

5648: 4921: 4760: 3332: 3140:

The term "coat of arms" is sometimes used to refer to the entire achievement, of which the shield is the central part.

2911: 2718: 382: 3149:

There are exceptions to this rule, in which the shape of the escutcheon is specified in the blazon; for example, the

2445: 2869:, and nišān are oscillating on a same semantic context as they all satisfy a similar need: Heraldic identification. 2172:

were not controlled by an official heraldic system like the two in the United Kingdom, nor were they used solely by

2882: 1863:, it is usually shown on a scroll above the crest, and may not be changed at will. A motto may be in any language. 1781:. Crest-coronets are generally simpler than coronets of rank, but several specialized forms exist; for example, in 353: 126: 5317: 4967: 3566: 2950: 1412:

with straight lines, but each may be indented, embattled, wavy, engrailed, or otherwise have their lines varied.

1295: 6247: 1688: 1056:, but over the course of centuries each has developed a number of variations. Ermine represents the fur of the 388:

One of the earliest known examples of armory as it subsequently came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of

7224: 6720: 5093: 5066: 3089: 2981: 2412: 1835:

tradition, clergy members may pass crests on to their offspring, but rarely display them on their own shields.

5556: 5141: 5120: 5039: 1831:. Orthodox and Presbyterian clergy do sometimes adopt other forms of headgear to ensign their shields. In the 1504:. Eagles are almost always shown with their wings spread, or displayed. A pair of wings conjoined is called a 211:. These too are readily dismissed as fanciful inventions, rather than evidence of the antiquity of heraldry. 4998:ТАМГА (к функции знака). В.С. Ольховский (Историко-археологический альманах, No 7, Армавир, 2001, стр. 75-86) 3201:

Wolf's Head erased proper on a Chief Argent a Boar's Head coped at the neck between two Fleurs de Lys Azure."

2652:, which helped identify the wearer while they were concealed by armour. These devices sometimes incorporated 195:

for various knights and lords from history and literature. Notable examples include the toads attributed to

152:, of whom the king was regarded as the earthly incarnation. Similar emblems and devices are found in ancient 7387: 7349: 6680: 6620: 6007: 5952: 5917: 3150: 2962: 2813: 2669: 2283: 2246: 1804: 1793:

military coronet (for descendants of members of Loyalist regiments) or Loyalist civil coronet (for others).

1501: 541: 479: 330: 122: 552:

Although heraldry originated from military necessity, it soon found itself at home in the pageantry of the

6123: 6100: 6056: 5995: 5850: 5814:

The Scandinavian Heraldry Society (one of the oldest and largest societies dedicated to heraldic research)

5620: 2919: 2899: 2486: 2192: 2147: 2068: 2042: 2004: 1786: 1211: 831: 698: 623: 598: 557: 525: 518: 57: 1004:, an orange or dark yellow to brown colour. These last two are quite rare, and are often referred to as 6128: 6078: 6073: 6051: 5935: 2954: 2482: 2131: 1975: 1967: 1617: 1579: 1575: 1285: 1181:, or vair bellies, depicted as brown and furry; all of these probably originated as variations of vair. 862: 852: 787: 642: 553: 404: 400: 374: 65: 5497:

Scotland's Herauldrie: the Science of Herauldrie treated as a part of the Civil law and Law of Nations

1601:, "right") means to the right from the viewpoint of the bearer of the arms and "sinister" (from Latin 7247: 6034: 6000: 5892: 5826:

The history of heraldry, knighthood and chivalry, glossary of the blazon, themes, coats of arms, etc.

5720: 5422: 4012: 2988: 2509: 2453: 2265: 2242: 1199: 412: 366: 200: 184: 7028: 7242: 7105: 7019: 6903: 6885: 6675: 6258: 6210: 6185: 5887: 2730: 2689: 2339: 2295: 2291: 2210: 2075: 1812: 1652: 1610: 1488: 1338: 1314: 946: 932: 513: 501: 483: 408: 381:

Spain, and Italy. A notable example of an early armorial seal is attached to a charter granted by

377:

illustration of the window before it was destroyed shows no heraldic design on any of the shields.

116: 5832:

Founded in 1987, the Society of Heraldic Arts was the first organisation of its kind in the world.

5774: 4037: 1620:, division of the field by both vertical and horizontal lines. This practice originated in Spain ( 826:

or coronet from which it arises, must be granted or confirmed by the relevant heraldic authority.

7299: 7272: 6600: 6545: 6495: 6406: 6396: 6333: 6308: 6243: 6218: 6190: 6090: 5877: 5564: 5516: 5007:

Kalani, Reza. 2022. Indo-Parthians and the Rise of Sasanians, Tahouri Publishers, Tehran, pp85,88

4731:"Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 26th and 32nd Presidents of the United States" 3292: 2973: 2915: 2756: 2347: 2279: 2072: 2046: 2038: 1990:, and artistic and blazoning styles today range from the very simple to extraordinarily complex. 1888: 1712: 1676: 1594: 1528: 1456: 1365: 497: 488: 393: 361: 294: 7060: 2625:

in European heraldic tradition, which likewise are used to identify individuals and families.

1220:

of a shield, or less often a charge or crest, is sometimes made up of a pattern of colours, or

7427: 7216: 7138: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 6530: 6366: 6238: 6177: 6155: 6133: 6017: 5969: 5843: 5749: 5739: 5675: 5656: 5634: 5606: 5583: 5548: 5468: 5449: 5430: 5401: 5382: 5359: 5338: 5260: 5226: 4973: 4933: 4862: 4826: 4711: 4614: 4455: 3767: 3001: 2699: 2359: 2351: 2343: 2250: 2218: 2206: 2008: 1892: 1856: 1816: 1763: 1729: 1643: 1520: 1421: 1397: 1318: 1145:

When the same patterns are composed of tinctures other than argent and azure, they are termed

1049: 806: 790:, the coat of arms, or simply coat, together with all of its accompanying elements, such as a 718: 705: 684: 612: 69: 2706:

that they usually replaced, with actual coats of arms being seen as symbols of the monarchs.

2268:. English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than other European countries. 1041:, commonly used to represent flesh in French heraldry. A more recent addition is the use of 6984: 6972: 6893: 6695: 6500: 6447: 6442: 6376: 6361: 6303: 6268: 6118: 6113: 6046: 6012: 5940: 5483: 2764: 2630: 2478: 2367: 2363: 2303: 2299: 2287: 2230: 2222: 2214: 2151: 2103: 2091: 2083: 2050: 2030: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1759: 1755: 1733: 1512: 1497: 1440: 1436: 1401: 1393: 1306: 1273: 1217: 1195: 869: 791: 691: 663: 649: 335: 312: 100: 73: 3978: 1891:, there are often fewer restrictions on the use of supporters. In the United Kingdom, only 1290: 1272:. Semés, or patterns of repeated charges, are also considered variations of the field. The 19: 7399: 7311: 6996: 6841: 6826: 6821: 6756: 6437: 6401: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6228: 6200: 5974: 5897: 5735:

Woodward's a treatise on heraldry, British and foreign: with English and French glossaries

5504: 5414:

Hart, Vaughan. 'London's Standard: Christopher Wren and the Heraldry of the Monument', in

5250: 5145: 4929: 4893: 4443: 3364: 3251: 3067: 2923: 2878: 2874: 2862: 2722: 2685: 2371: 2355: 2309: 2234: 2177: 2034: 2026: 1639: 1590: 1536: 1496:

can often be found rampant (standing on the left hind foot). Another frequent position is

1464: 1432: 1385: 1373: 1361: 1357: 1326: 749: 562: 529: 349: 319:. The shields look heraldic, but do not seem to have been personal or hereditary emblems. 316: 192: 166: 130: 96: 5733: 5570:

An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland

5332: 5254: 4886: 1605:, "left") means to the bearer's left. The dexter side is considered the side of greatest 1299: 903:, running along the upper part of the shield from left to right, above the honour point; 56:. Armory, the best-known branch of heraldry, concerns the design and transmission of the 5791: 5465:

A European Armorial: An Armorial of Knights of the Golden Fleece and 15th Century Europe

148:, representing the king's palace, and usually topped with a falcon representing the god 7323: 7289: 7282: 6836: 6801: 6593: 6520: 6505: 6485: 6223: 6063: 5957: 5945: 5687: 3154: 2987:

Heraldry in countries with heraldic authorities continues to be regulated generally by

2801: 2797: 2776: 2618: 2498: 2457: 2254: 2238: 2226: 2188: 2187:

and it is thought that most arms of this type were adopted while the Netherlands was a

2161: 2143: 2022: 1999: 1944: 1743: 1505: 992:, or purple; and most heraldic authorities also admit two additional colours, known as 835: 462: 370: 224: 175: 81: 25: 5321: 7421: 7371: 7306: 7277: 6937: 6861: 6793: 6741: 5882: 5786: 5568: 5375: 5284: 5272: 4447: 3336: 3095: 2997: 2821: 2772: 2768: 2657: 2160:

were great centres of heraldry in medieval times. One of the famous armorials is the

2157: 2064: 1848: 839: 566: 204: 141: 85: 5158: 1762:

refers to just one component of a complete achievement. The crest rests on top of a

500:

to issue a proclamation in 1419, forbidding all those who had not borne arms at the

7361: 7339: 7294: 7191: 7172: 7147: 6831: 6736: 6298: 6263: 6108: 6041: 5964: 5902: 2895: 2866: 2805: 2714: 2710: 2694: 2622: 2522: 2182: 1632: 1560: 1532: 1381: 1088: 799: 726: 631: 537: 443: 95:

Although the use of various devices to signify individuals and groups goes back to

61: 30: 2259:

The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of

521:

in 1689. There is little evidence that Scottish heralds ever went on visitations.

360:

Similarly, an account of the French knights at the court of the Byzantine emperor

3004:, where most of the components of its heraldic system are otherwise unregulated. 434:

The spread of armorial bearings across Europe gave rise to a new occupation: the

7366: 7181: 6705: 6685: 6553: 6253: 6195: 5296: 3162: 3017: 2958: 2934: 2721:—but also when no apparent connection to a Communist nation exists, such as the 2169: 2119: 2115: 2087: 1987: 1963: 1832: 1586: 1564: 582: 533: 471: 208: 153: 41: 5703:

von Warnstedt, Christopher (October 1970). "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe".

5352: 4547: 805:

From a very early date, illustrations of arms were frequently embellished with

7200: 6866: 6856: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6751: 6625: 6583: 6563: 6535: 6515: 5912: 4459: 4000: 3667: 3101: 3075: 3057: 2946: 2809: 2789: 2449: 2079: 2055: 1883: 1766:

which itself rests on the most important part of the achievement: the shield.

1742:

German heraldry has examples of shields with numerous crests, as this arms of

1480: 1256:. For further variations, these are sometimes combined to produce patterns of 1177:, in which it is decorated with scales. In German heraldry one may encounter 585: 578: 570: 508: 454: 171: 5679: 3078: – Pictorial image that epitomizes a concept or that represents a person 528:, the various heralds employed by the crown were incorporated into England's 348:

contain little or no evidence of their heraldic character. For example, the

7267: 6871: 6851: 6846: 6655: 6640: 6457: 6162: 5134: 4715: 4707: 2870: 2793: 2504: 1552: 1493: 1448: 891:, located midway between fess point and the base. The other points include 795: 656: 276: 196: 77: 53: 7384:

Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)

5538: 5264: 732: 3104: – Monumental carvings by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest 2594:

refer specifically to emblems used to identify a family. An authoritative

2452:. At least fifteen per cent of all Hungarian personal arms bear a severed 156:

art of the same period, and the precursors of heraldic beasts such as the

7356: 7117: 6898: 6783: 6761: 6710: 6690: 6635: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6138: 2942: 2825: 2703: 2432: 2400: 2385: 2173: 1797: 1585:

and putting one whole coat in each half. Impalement replaced the earlier

1516: 818: 677: 419: 45: 5805: 2439:. Eastern coats of arms are characterized by a pronounced, territorial, 2191:(1581–1806). This heraldic tradition was also exported to the erstwhile 7008: 6773: 6766: 6700: 6670: 6650: 6645: 6630: 6610: 6525: 6490: 6469: 6464: 6452: 6432: 6422: 6381: 6345: 6278: 6233: 6029: 5990: 3161:

use an escutcheon in the shape of a stone arrowhead, while the arms of

2785: 2633:

in Western literature, another European heraldic device similar to the

2436: 2420: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2313: 2107: 2099: 2060: 1919: 1778: 1540: 1524: 1476: 1472: 1452: 1405: 1389: 1369: 1294:

A shield parted per pale and per fir twig fess. Coat of arms of former

814: 486:. The most celebrated armorial dispute in English heraldry is that of 449: 423: 157: 4956:. Orbis, 2002; Brook 154; Franklin and Shepard 120-121; Pritsak 78-79. 2961:

churches, and other religious institutions maintain the traditions of

1646:

in combined coats usually turn to face the centre of the composition.

1240:, depending on the direction of the stripes. Other variations include 937: 7344: 7318: 7093: 6925: 6778: 6715: 6605: 6588: 6558: 6371: 6338: 6293: 6283: 6024: 5907: 3367:, i. 2, 18, 52; ii. 2, 34; quoted by William Sloane Sloane-Evans, in 3166: 2841: 2648: 2642: 2582:

emblems used to decorate and identify an individual or family. While

2474: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2381: 2111: 1966:. The blazon includes a description of the arms contained within the 1955: 1940: 1934: 1903: 1860: 1808: 1796:

When the helm and crest are shown, they are usually accompanied by a

1782: 1747: 1606: 1345: 1322: 1310: 504:

from assuming arms, except by inheritance or a grant from the crown.

458: 435: 275:

A reconstruction of a shield that would have been carried by a Roman

232: 145: 5444:

Innes of Learney, Thomas (1978). Innes of Edingight, Malcolm (ed.).

5185: 5081: 5054: 4969:

Pre-modern Russia and Its World: Essays in Honor of Thomas S. Noonan

3852: 3829: 3410: 1224:. A pattern of horizontal (barwise) stripes, for example, is called 1194:

One of the most important conventions of heraldry is the so-called "

5768: 5138: 5108: 5027: 3875: 2816:

are sometimes referred to as "tamgas" and have similar appearance.

7208: 6960: 6615: 6288: 6167: 6150: 5817: 5782:, an overview of thousands of coats of arms of towns and countries 5621:

Siebmacher's Grosses und Allgemeines Wappenbuch Vermehrten Auglage

5172:

Heraldry of South African families: coats of arms/crests/ancestry.

4704:

Familiewapens, oud en nieuw. Een inleiding tot de Familieheraldiek

2926:, due to its origins as a 17th-century colony of the Netherlands. 2906:

continue making grants of arms. There are heraldic authorities in

2829: 2781: 2742: 2673: 2610:(it is however well acknowledged that there exist lost or obscure 2606:

may belong to multiple categories), with 5116 distinct individual

2579: 2376: 2375: 2321: 2317: 2124: 2067:, Finland, has been drawn up in honour of the headquarters of the 2054: 1979: 1899: 1870: 1844: 1824: 1820: 1774: 1737: 1556:

An extravagant example of marshalling: the 719 quarterings of the

1551: 1428: 1349: 1289: 1057: 936: 822: 810: 712: 670: 448: 334: 161: 149: 89: 18: 5829: 5310:

Fairbairn's Crests of the Families of Great Britain & Ireland

861:

One shape alone is normally reserved for a specific purpose: the

369:

contained a window commemorating the knights who embarked on the

7069: 7064: 6510: 6386: 6273: 5820:

Introducing Heraldry for Kids with free heraldry activity sheets

5771:

catalogues a large number of European noble titles and heraldry.

5753: 5463:

Le Févre, Jean (1971). Pinches, Rosemary; Wood, Anthony (eds.).

5342: 2993: 2440: 2260: 1460: 1444: 1353: 1053: 399:

The earlier heraldic writers attributed the lions of England to

5839: 5790: 5692:

Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms

4634: 4632: 4630: 3724:

Shield and Crest: An Account of the Art and Science of Heraldry

2481:, along with such traditional Western heraldic elements as the 1811:

with the colours and tassels denoting rank; or, in the case of

1013:

regarded among the standard heraldic colours. Among these are

1000:, a dark red or mulberry colour between gules and purpure, and 291:

Shields from the "Magister Militum Praesentalis II". From the

247:

Fresco depicting a shield of a type common in Mycenaean Greece.

6746: 5573:. Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons – via Internet Archive. 1803:

Clergy often refrain from displaying a helm or crest in their

1468: 1173:, in which the field appears to be covered with feathers, and 4567:

Davies, T. R. (Spring 1976). "Did National Heraldry Exist?".

2918:, Spain, and Sweden that grant or register coats of arms. In 923:

along the lower part of the shield, below the nombril point.

536:, or junior officers of arms, all under the authority of the 511:

of England, the English Kings of Arms were commanded to make

492:(1390), in which two different men claimed the right to bear 5823: 5326:. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack – via Internet Archive. 2391:

Eastern European heraldry is in the traditions developed in

5835: 5811: 5123:

from the original on Aug 18, 2023 – via academia.edu.

5096:

from the original on Aug 19, 2023 – via academia.edu.

5069:

from the original on Aug 18, 2023 – via academia.edu.

5042:

from the original on Jan 17, 2023 – via academia.edu.

4928:(in Danish). Editor and translator from English to Danish: 2586:

is an encompassing term that may refer to any such device,

1228:, while a pattern of vertical (palewise) stripes is called 887:, located midway between fess point and the chief; and the 60:. The achievement, or armorial bearings usually includes a 5256:

Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry

1962:

countries today was developed by heraldic officers in the

418:

The origins of heraldry are sometimes associated with the

396:, in 1128; but this account probably dates to about 1175. 373:

in 1147, and was probably made soon after the event; but

4613:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Karttakeskus. pp. 133–134. 4544:

Journalists' & Authors' Guide to Heraldry and Titles

1431:– with its hundreds of variations – and the 911:, on the sides approximately level with fess point; and 3080:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2922:, the right to armorial bearings is also determined by 2646:) also incorporated elements similar to crests, called 1138:, in which the shape of the vair bell is replaced by a 1130:, or wave-vair. A form peculiar to German heraldry is 834:, typically a mound of earth and grass, on which other 3371:, John Russell Smith, London (1854), p. ix (quoted by 2976:

or particular scientific instruments. The arms of the

2168:, written between 1370 and 1414. Coats of arms in the 2134:

are somewhat more frequent in Germany than elsewhere.

1486:

Animals are found in various stereotyped positions or

5779: 2941:

Heraldry continues to build on its rich tradition in

2598:

reference compiles Japan's 241 general categories of

949:. These are divided into three categories, known as 3763: 3761: 3759: 2094:, and is the third coat of arms affixed to the city. 1875:

Flags as supporters and orders in the armory of the

1048:

There are two basic types of heraldic fur, known as

343:, one of the earliest depictions of modern heraldry. 178:, is also thought to serve as a heraldic precursor. 7332: 7260: 7233: 7157: 7126: 7080: 7018: 6947: 6912: 6884: 6792: 6729: 6544: 6478: 6415: 6354: 6209: 6176: 6099: 5983: 5928: 5159:

Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada

4373:. (W.W. Norton & Company, New York: 1993), 148. 3746: 3744: 2090:. The coat of arms was originally used without the 1076:; and when the field is sable and the ermine spots 821:. To these elements, modern heraldry often adds a 5597:Reid of Robertland, David; Wilson, Vivien (1977). 5398:The Art of Heraldry: Origins, Symbols, and Designs 5374: 5351: 5137:for quarterly samplings of English grants and the 1276:applies to all semés and variations of the field. 883:, located in the visual center of the shield; the 868:The whole surface of the escutcheon is termed the 182:representing their noble status and descent. The 76:, together with any accompanying devices, such as 5801:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 311–330. 4162: 4160: 4158: 4068: 4066: 4034:"American Heraldry Society - Arms of Connecticut" 1045:as a metal in one or two Canadian coats of arms. 4904: 4902: 4812: 4788: 4776: 4653: 4472: 4418: 4272: 3680:George Squibb, "The Law of Arms in England", in 3509: 1823:. Benedict broke with tradition to substitute a 1631:The third common mode of marshalling is with an 1202:, consisting of gold crosses on a silver field. 798:, and other heraldic embellishments. The term " 5511:. London and Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons. 4233: 4217: 4166: 4072: 3710: 3616: 3577: 3497: 3485: 3455: 2719:communists had helped them to gain independence 2688:often followed a unique style characterized by 1982:and other insignia. Complex rules, such as the 5553:Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition 5448:(3rd ed.). London: Johnston & Bacon. 5323:The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopedia of Armory 4932:. Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. p. 158. 4856: 4827:"Aincent Greek Shields Struck Fear Into Enemy" 4599:. (Mika Publishing Company, Belleville: 1981). 4454:. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 20. 4177: 4175: 3588: 3586: 2571: 2558: 2545: 2532: 1819:in 2005, an elaborate triple crown known as a 1479:, and other monsters appear as charges and as 1313:in heraldry can be divided into more than one 1232:. A pattern of diagonal stripes may be called 16:Heraldic achievements' design and transmission 5851: 4800: 4638: 4583: 3726:, MacGibbon & Kee, London (1960), p. 386. 767: 8: 4908: 4689: 4611:Suomen kuntavaakunat. Kommunvapnen i Finland 4382: 4256: 4254: 4145: 4143: 4141: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3651: 3649: 3466: 3464: 3247:Webster's Third New International Dictionary 3048:Military coat of arms, with a red locomotive 3032:2022 arms of Castagneto, showing chestnuts ( 2731:the other communist states in Eastern Europe 2660:, were well-known for their helmet designs. 2078:; this was stationed in the city during the 1859:, where the motto is granted as part of the 1122:; in continental heraldry one may encounter 630:External devices in addition to the central 5601:. Vol. Second. Edinburgh: Lyon Office. 5416:RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics 4525:. (MacGibbon & Kee, London: 1960), 358. 4497: 3960:, Weathervane Books, New York (1968), p. 9. 3896: 3815: 3779: 2965:for clergy, religious orders, and schools. 292: 170:refers to the standards and ensigns of the 6909: 6206: 5858: 5844: 5836: 4649: 4647: 4357: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4260: 4245: 4221: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4132: 3932: 3913: 3830:"Heraldry on American Patriotic Postcards" 3803: 3750: 3735: 3698: 3655: 3640: 3628: 3604: 3592: 3562: 3533: 3470: 3443: 3431: 3384: 3372: 3352: 3320: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3229: 3092: – Heraldry in Tolkien's Middle-earth 2873:writes that nišāns (Arabic: شعار) used by 2602:based on structural resemblance (a single 1998:The emergence of heraldry occurred across 1037:, a bright violet-red or pink colour; and 774: 760: 607: 5732:Woodward, John; Burnett, George (1892) . 5358:. Cranbury, NJ: A.S. Barnes and Company. 5109:"Postcard from the Supreme Court, London" 4665: 4595:Alan Beddoe, revised by Strome Galloway. 4509: 4084: 3791: 3481: 3479: 2702:in order to distance themselves from the 1388:, the tressure, the double tressure, the 203:, and the various arms attributed to the 5509:Simple Heraldry - Cheerfully Illustrated 5488:Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe 5222:Heraldic Design: A Handbook for Students 3853:"Heraldry on German Patriotic Postcards" 2970:United States Army Institute of Heraldry 1777:of twisted cloth and sometimes within a 1746:featuring a total of seven crests. Some 1539:may be added to a shield to distinguish 817:, from which depended the lambrequin or 5495:Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, George (1680). 4767:. (Blandford Press, Dorset: 1979), 192. 4677: 4452:Simple Heraldry, Cheerfully Illustrated 4430: 4149: 4096: 4057: 3944: 3411:"Pre-heraldry on the Sangerhausen Disc" 3308: 3222: 3114: 3006: 1648: 1325:, or made into myriad other forms; see 1087:Vair represents the winter coat of the 619: 213: 5780:Heraldry of the World (civic heraldry) 5521:Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning 5206: 4120: 4108: 4036:. Americanheraldry.org. Archived from 3886:(3): 1–3, 12 – via academia.edu. 3684:vol. II, no. 15 (Spring 1953), p. 244. 3550: 3521: 2978:United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority 2456:, referring to their wars against the 1072:rather than argent, the fur is termed 5738:. Edinburgh: W. & A. B. Johnson. 5613:. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing. 5499:. Edinburgh: Heir of Andrew Anderson. 5279:. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing. 4488:. (Versus Aureus, Vilnius: 2005), 38. 4406: 4394: 3233: 786:A heraldic achievement consists of a 7: 5727:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5655:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Omega Books. 5653:Heraldry – Customs, Rules and Styles 5618:Siebmacher, Johann. J. (1890–1901). 5559:" series. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 5543:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 5540:A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry 5418:, vol.73/74, Autumn 2020, pp. 325-39 4348:, Gerrards Cross, Buckingham (1994). 3547:Monumental Effigies of Great Britain 2011:, have emerged in the 20th century. 1950:, itself a derivative of the French 1500:, or walking, like the lions of the 390:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 341:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 5523:. Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill. 5331:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1909). 5186:"Gathering the clans in California" 4710:: Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie. 3421:(2): 1, 9 – via academia.edu. 2614:that are not in this compilation). 407:during the lifetime of his father, 259:Vase with Greek soldiers in armor, 5624:. Nürnberg: Von Bauer & Raspe. 5196:(1): 1–6 – via academia.edu. 3863:(2): 1–5 – via academia.edu. 3840:(1): 1–3 – via academia.edu. 3254:, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1960). 2848:Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire 2471:coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire 14: 5532:. Edinburgh: T & A Constable. 5139:Chief Herald of Ireland's webpage 4369:Stephen Friar and John Ferguson. 3971:"About the Flag and Coat of Arms" 3299:, Macdonald, London (1973), p. 2. 1750:coins display as many as fifteen. 1252:. Wave shaped stripes are termed 7393: 7059: 7027: 6068: 5775:Heraldry of Greatlitvan Nobility 5337:. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack. 5303:. London: Buckland Publications. 4546:. Baronage.co.uk. Archived from 3768:College of Arms official website 3060: 3041: 3025: 3009: 2931:Society for Creative Anachronism 2679:State Emblem of the Soviet Union 1954:meaning "shield". The system of 1898:If the armiger has the title of 1773:The crest is usually found on a 1711: 1699: 1687: 1675: 1663: 1651: 1153:of those tinctures, rather than 743: 731: 430:Heralds and heraldic authorities 304: 284: 268: 252: 240: 216: 5696:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 5291:. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. 5225:. Genealogical Publishing Com. 2617:The devices are similar to the 941:Table of the tinctures and furs 5580:European Nobility and Heraldry 5253:(1890). Aveling, S. T. (ed.). 5082:"Elvis Presley's Coat of Arms" 4966:Noonan, Thomas Schaub (2006). 4825:Claus, Patricia (6 May 2022). 4813:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 4789:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 4777:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 4654:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 4473:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 4419:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 3510:Woodcock & Robinson (1988) 1: 5756:– via Internet Archive. 5631:The Complete Book of Heraldry 5345:– via Internet Archive. 5267:– via Internet Archive. 5219:Child, Heather (1976-01-01). 4751:. (Balkema, Cape Town: 1956). 4234:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 4218:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 4167:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 4073:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3711:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3617:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3578:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3498:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3486:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3456:Woodward & Burnett (1892) 3369:A Grammar of British Heraldry 1867:Supporters and other insignia 524:In 1484, during the reign of 44:, together with the study of 7150:(metal in the United States) 5725:The Oxford Guide to Heraldry 5649:von Volborth, Carl-Alexander 5490:. New York: Clarkson Potter. 5373:Friar, Stephen, ed. (1987). 5334:A Complete Guide to Heraldry 4972:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 4922:von Volborth, Carl-Alexander 3876:"Heraldry on German Notgeld" 3157:; in the United States, the 2996:, offering protection under 482:, a professor of law at the 478:, was written about 1350 by 199:, the cross and martlets of 5396:Gwynn-Jones, Peter (1998). 5381:. New York: Harmony Books. 5259:. London: Frederick Warne. 4926:Alverdens heraldik i farver 4761:Carl-Alexander von Volborth 3333:Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk 3252:C. & G. Merriam Company 2912:Canadian Heraldic Authority 2692:. Although commonly called 2130:Coats consisting only of a 1616:A more versatile method is 1439:. Other common animals are 1107:; if of six or more, it is 548:Later uses and developments 383:Philip I, Count of Flanders 160:can also be found. In the 7444: 5633:. New York: Hermes House. 5528:Nisbet, Alexander (1984). 5467:. London: Heraldry Today. 5400:. London: Parkgate Books. 5318:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles 5312:. New York: Bonanza Books. 5174:(Balkema, Cape Town: 1972) 5135:College of Arms newsletter 5055:"Heraldry on Crate Labels" 4597:Beddoe's Canadian Heraldry 3155:Republic of Bophuthatswana 2861:The word of "arms" in the 2845: 2839: 2740: 2667: 2520: 2496: 2337: 2277: 2204: 2141: 2020: 1932: 1917: 1815:until the inauguration of 1727: 1419: 1336: 1283: 1209: 930: 850: 604:Elements of an achievement 596: 507:Beginning in the reign of 328: 325:Origins of modern heraldry 191:The medieval heralds also 127:Origin of the coat of arms 120: 114: 7380: 5873: 5808:Introduction and examples 5507:; Pottinger, Don (1953). 5350:Franklyn, Julian (1968). 5308:Fairbairn, James (1986). 4857: 4735:American Heraldry Society 2951:professional associations 2760: 2656:, and some figures, like 2629:are often referred to as 2572: 2559: 2546: 2533: 2332:Eastern European heraldry 5670:Wagner, Anthony (1946). 5629:Slater, Stephen (2003). 5429:. London: Tabard Press. 5377:A Dictionary of Heraldry 5289:The Heraldic Imagination 5148:for recent Irish grants. 4852: 4749:Heraldiek in Suid-Afrika 4486:Heraldry Past to Present 3958:The Elements of Heraldry 3770:, accessed 3 March 2016. 3549:(1817) pl. 2, illus. in 3090:Heraldry of Middle-earth 2982:Stenungsund Municipality 2727:fall of the Soviet Union 2446:Jastrzębiec coat of arms 1914:Differencing and cadency 1670:Dimidiation (worst case) 339:Enamel from the tomb of 7388:List of oldest heraldry 5798:Encyclopædia Britannica 5578:Pinches, J. H. (1994). 5184:Eiland, Murray (2018). 5107:Eiland, Murray (2012). 5080:Eiland, Murray (2018). 5053:Eiland, Murray (2015). 5026:Eiland, Murray (2014). 4273:Innes of Learney (1978) 3874:Eiland, Murray (2010). 3851:Eiland, Murray (2019). 3828:Eiland, Murray (2018). 3409:Eiland, Murray (2003). 3343:, Thomas Nelson (1953). 2963:ecclesiastical heraldry 2904:Chief Herald of Ireland 2670:Socialist state emblems 2473:incorporated the royal 2284:Ecclesiastical heraldry 2247:Northern Irish heraldry 1787:United Empire Loyalists 1694:Impalement (worst case) 1597:. "Dexter" (from Latin 1502:coat of arms of England 1206:Variations of the field 542:Commonwealth of Nations 480:Bartolus de Saxoferrato 331:List of oldest heraldry 207:and the Knights of the 123:List of oldest heraldry 5806:International heraldry 5537:Parker, James (1970). 5301:Cardinals and Heraldry 4702:de Boo, J. A. (1977). 4609:Jussi Iltanen (2013). 4015:. US Heraldic Registry 4013:"US Heraldic Registry" 3187:Technically, the word 3098: – Study of seals 3000:. This is the case in 2900:Lord Lyon King of Arms 2767:tamga) is an abstract 2682: 2464:Quasi-heraldic emblems 2388: 2199:Gallo-British heraldry 2148:South African heraldry 2095: 2043:Liechtenstein heraldry 2015:German-Nordic heraldry 1880: 1789:are entitled to use a 1751: 1706:Escutcheon of pretence 1567: 1302: 1280:Divisions of the field 1212:Variation of the field 1114:A common variation is 942: 599:Achievement (heraldry) 472:heraldic jurisprudence 466: 344: 293: 34: 5721:Robinson, John Martin 5607:Rietstap, Johannes B. 5423:Humphery-Smith, Cecil 4765:Heraldry of the World 3975:Government of Nunavut 3669:De Insigniis et Armis 3643:, pp. 17–18, 383 2955:Roman Catholic Church 2933:, medieval revivals, 2846:Further information: 2677: 2379: 2058: 1874: 1805:heraldic achievements 1785:, descendants of the 1741: 1555: 1317:, as can the various 1293: 1286:Division of the field 940: 853:Escutcheon (heraldry) 476:De Insigniis et Armis 452: 413:Richard the Lionheart 401:William the Conqueror 338: 22: 5769:EuropeanHeraldry.org 5530:A system of Heraldry 5297:Elvins, Mark Turnham 5028:"Cigar box heraldry" 4952:Ottfried Neubecker. 4801:von Warnstedt (1970) 4639:von Warnstedt (1970) 4584:von Warnstedt (1970) 4323:, pp. 75, 87–88 4135:, pp. 89, 96–98 3935:, pp. 57, 60–61 3297:An Heraldic Alphabet 3159:arms of North Dakota 2510:Seven Against Thebes 2380:Coat of arms of the 2243:New Zealand heraldry 2059:The coat of arms of 1296:Finnish municipality 1200:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1068:; when the field is 593:Heraldic achievement 201:Edward the Confessor 185:Book of Saint Albans 58:heraldic achievement 7400:Heraldry portal 6827:Hastings/Hungerford 6114:Crowns and coronets 6086:National traditions 5672:Heraldry in England 5599:An Ordinary of Arms 5565:Paul, James Balfour 5517:Neubecker, Ottfried 4909:von Volborth (1981) 4690:von Volborth (1981) 4383:von Volborth (1981) 3266:, pp. 1, 57–59 2690:communist symbolism 2681:(1956–1991 version) 2340:Belarusian heraldry 2296:Portuguese heraldry 2292:Monegasque heraldry 2211:Australian heraldry 2076:C. G. E. Mannerheim 1813:Papal coats of arms 1611:dexter and sinister 1339:Ordinary (heraldry) 933:Tincture (heraldry) 750:Heraldry portal 581:commemorations and 554:medieval tournament 502:Battle of Agincourt 484:University of Padua 352:, illustrating the 117:History of heraldry 6784:Waterlily/Seeblatt 6008:Ancient and modern 5582:. Heraldry Today. 5557:Abrams Discoveries 5549:Pastoureau, Michel 5427:General Armory Two 5190:The Armiger's News 5144:2006-10-04 at the 5113:The Armiger's News 5086:The Armiger's News 5059:The Armiger's News 5032:The Armiger's News 4892:2016-10-28 at the 4729:McMillan, Joseph. 4498:Gwynn-Jones (1998) 4184:, pp. 104–105 3956:William Whitmore, 3899:, pp. 113–121 3897:Gwynn-Jones (1998) 3880:The Armiger's News 3857:The Armiger's News 3834:The Armiger's News 3818:, pp. 110–112 3816:Gwynn-Jones (1998) 3794:, pp. 253–258 3780:Gwynn-Jones (1998) 3595:, pp. 173–174 3415:The Armiger's News 3399:, Bodleian Library 3397:Notitia Dignitatum 3293:John Brooke-Little 3085:Heraldic societies 2683: 2640:Japanese helmets ( 2389: 2348:Hungarian heraldry 2280:Brazilian heraldry 2096: 2047:Norwegian heraldry 2039:Icelandic heraldry 1893:peers of the realm 1889:European continent 1881: 1752: 1580:dividing the field 1568: 1303: 943: 489:Scrope v Grosvenor 467: 367:Abbey of St. Denis 345: 295:Notitia Dignitatum 172:children of Israel 35: 7415: 7414: 7256: 7255: 7194:(color in Canada) 6880: 6879: 5818:Heraldry for Kids 5812:Heraldisk Selskab 5688:Wagner, Anthony R 5484:Maclagan, Michael 4803:, pp. 129–30 4620:978-952-266-092-3 4521:Julian Franklyn. 4358:Fox-Davies (1909) 4333:Fox-Davies (1909) 4321:Fox-Davies (1909) 4309:Fox-Davies (1909) 4297:Fox-Davies (1909) 4285:Fox-Davies (1909) 4261:Fox-Davies (1909) 4246:Fox-Davies (1909) 4222:Fox-Davies (1909) 4220:, p. 61–62; 4206:Fox-Davies (1909) 4194:Fox-Davies (1909) 4182:Fox-Davies (1909) 4133:Fox-Davies (1909) 3933:Fox-Davies (1909) 3914:Fox-Davies (1909) 3804:Fox-Davies (1909) 3751:Pastoureau (1997) 3736:Fox-Davies (1909) 3722:Julian Franklyn, 3699:Fox-Davies (1909) 3656:Fox-Davies (1909) 3641:Fox-Davies (1909) 3629:Fox-Davies (1909) 3605:Pastoureau (1997) 3593:Fox-Davies (1909) 3563:Pastoureau (1997) 3534:Fox-Davies (1909) 3471:Fox-Davies (1909) 3444:Fox-Davies (1909) 3432:Fox-Davies (1909) 3385:Fox-Davies (1909) 3373:Fox-Davies (1909) 3353:Fox-Davies (1909) 3321:Fox-Davies (1909) 3281:Fox-Davies (1909) 3264:Fox-Davies (1909) 3230:Fox-Davies (1909) 3153:, and the former 3016:2022 arms with a 2700:European heraldry 2664:Socialist emblems 2360:Romanian heraldry 2352:Albanian heraldry 2344:Croatian heraldry 2251:Scottish heraldry 2219:Canadian heraldry 2207:American heraldry 2098:Coats of arms in 2009:Canadian heraldry 1877:Prince of Vergara 1857:Scottish heraldry 1817:Pope Benedict XVI 1730:Helmet (heraldry) 1422:Charge (heraldry) 1017:, or ash-colour; 813:, or sometimes a 784: 783: 7435: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7236: 7223: 7215: 7207: 7199: 7189: 7179: 7171: 7168: 7160: 7145: 7137: 7129: 7116: 7113: 7104: 7101: 7092: 7089: 7063: 7031: 7007: 7004: 6995: 6992: 6983: 6980: 6971: 6968: 6959: 6956: 6936: 6933: 6924: 6921: 6910: 6894:Rule of tincture 6611:Griffin/Keythong 6207: 5898:Officers of arms 5860: 5853: 5846: 5837: 5802: 5794: 5792:"Heraldry" 5757: 5728: 5717:Woodcock, Thomas 5712: 5705:The Coat of Arms 5699: 5683: 5666: 5644: 5625: 5614: 5611:Armorial General 5602: 5593: 5574: 5560: 5544: 5533: 5524: 5512: 5505:Moncreiffe, Iain 5500: 5491: 5478: 5459: 5440: 5411: 5392: 5380: 5369: 5357: 5346: 5327: 5313: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5251:Boutell, Charles 5237: 5236: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5181: 5175: 5170:Cornelius Pama. 5168: 5162: 5155: 5149: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4963: 4957: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4897: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4860: 4859: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4833:. Greek Reporter 4822: 4816: 4815:, pp. 28–32 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4791:, pp. 24–30 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4666:Neubecker (1976) 4663: 4657: 4651: 4642: 4636: 4625: 4624: 4606: 4600: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569:The Coat of Arms 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4532: 4526: 4523:Shield and Crest 4519: 4513: 4510:Neubecker (1976) 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4484:Edmundas Rimša. 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4444:Moncreiffe, Iain 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4335:, pp. 85–87 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4311:, pp. 83–85 4306: 4300: 4299:, pp. 80–85 4294: 4288: 4287:, pp. 84–85 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4263:, pp. 79–83 4258: 4249: 4248:, pp. 77–79 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4215: 4209: 4208:, pp. 70–74 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4170: 4164: 4153: 4147: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4087:, pp. 72–77 4085:Neubecker (1976) 4082: 4076: 4075:, pp. 54–58 4070: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3977:. Archived from 3967: 3961: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3917: 3916:, pp. 57–59 3911: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3806:, pp. 87–88 3801: 3795: 3792:Neubecker (1976) 3789: 3783: 3782:, pp. 18–20 3777: 3771: 3765: 3754: 3753:, pp. 39–41 3748: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3701:, pp. 21–22 3696: 3685: 3682:The Coat of Arms 3678: 3672: 3665: 3659: 3658:, pp. 27–29 3653: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3631:, pp. 17–18 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3560: 3554: 3545:C. A. Stothard, 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3474: 3473:, pp. 14–16 3468: 3459: 3458:, pp. 29–31 3453: 3447: 3446:, pp. 11–16 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3362: 3356: 3355:, pp. 19–26 3350: 3344: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3243: 3237: 3227: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3081: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3045: 3029: 3013: 2812:, whose ancient 2777:Eurasian nomadic 2762: 2686:Communist states 2577: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2368:Serbian heraldry 2364:Russian heraldry 2308:The heraldry of 2304:Vatican heraldry 2300:Spanish heraldry 2288:Mexican heraldry 2231:English heraldry 2223:Cornish heraldry 2215:Belgian heraldry 2152:Belgian heraldry 2104:Nordic countries 2092:Mannerheim Cross 2084:Continuation War 2051:Swedish heraldry 2031:Finnish heraldry 1984:rule of tincture 1960:English-speaking 1734:Crest (heraldry) 1715: 1703: 1691: 1679: 1667: 1655: 1622:Castile and León 1513:English heraldry 1427:charges are the 1319:heraldic charges 1274:Rule of tincture 1196:rule of tincture 988:, or green; and 840:heraldic banners 776: 769: 762: 748: 747: 746: 735: 608: 494:azure, a bend or 308: 298: 288: 272: 256: 244: 220: 101:High Middle Ages 86:heraldic banners 7443: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7394: 7392: 7376: 7328: 7252: 7234: 7229: 7221: 7213: 7205: 7197: 7187: 7177: 7169: 7166: 7158: 7153: 7143: 7135: 7127: 7122: 7114: 7111: 7102: 7099: 7090: 7087: 7076: 7014: 7005: 7002: 6993: 6990: 6981: 6978: 6969: 6966: 6957: 6954: 6943: 6934: 6931: 6922: 6919: 6908: 6876: 6842:Hungerford knot 6812:Cavendish/Savoy 6788: 6725: 6540: 6474: 6411: 6350: 6205: 6172: 6095: 5979: 5924: 5869: 5864: 5785: 5765: 5760: 5746: 5731: 5715: 5702: 5686: 5669: 5663: 5647: 5641: 5628: 5617: 5605: 5596: 5590: 5577: 5563: 5547: 5536: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5494: 5481: 5475: 5462: 5456: 5443: 5437: 5421: 5408: 5395: 5389: 5372: 5366: 5349: 5330: 5316: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5169: 5165: 5156: 5152: 5146:Wayback Machine 5132: 5128: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4930:Sven Tito Achen 4920: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4900: 4894:Wayback Machine 4880: 4876: 4869: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4759: 4755: 4747:Cornelius Pama 4746: 4742: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4628: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4566: 4562: 4553: 4551: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4173: 4169:, p. 59–60 4165: 4156: 4148: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3920: 3912: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3757: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3721: 3717: 3713:, p. 35–36 3709: 3705: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3561: 3557: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3477: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3387:, pp. 6–10 3383: 3379: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3341:Simple Heraldry 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3291: 3287: 3283:, pp. 1–18 3279: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3244: 3240: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3151:arms of Nunavut 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3079: 3068:Heraldry portal 3066: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3037: 3030: 3021: 3014: 2924:Roman Dutch law 2892: 2890:Modern heraldry 2863:Pahlavi scripts 2859: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2755:"stamp, seal" ( 2745: 2739: 2723:emblem of Italy 2672: 2666: 2569: 2556: 2543: 2530: 2525: 2519: 2501: 2495: 2477:as part of its 2466: 2374: 2372:Slovak heraldry 2356:Polish heraldry 2338:Main articles: 2334: 2310:southern France 2306: 2278:Main articles: 2274: 2257: 2235:French heraldry 2205:Main articles: 2201: 2178:Roman Dutch law 2154: 2142:Main articles: 2140: 2053: 2035:German heraldry 2027:Danish heraldry 2021:Main articles: 2017: 1996: 1994:National styles 1978:where present, 1970:or shield, the 1937: 1931: 1922: 1916: 1869: 1841: 1736: 1728:Main articles: 1726: 1719: 1716: 1707: 1704: 1695: 1692: 1683: 1680: 1671: 1668: 1659: 1656: 1640:German heraldry 1550: 1424: 1418: 1341: 1335: 1327:Line (heraldry) 1288: 1282: 1214: 1208: 1080:, it is termed 964:The metals are 935: 929: 855: 849: 780: 744: 742: 737: 736: 730: 723: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 606: 601: 595: 550: 530:College of Arms 432: 354:Norman invasion 350:Bayeux Tapestry 333: 327: 320: 317:Bayeux Tapestry 309: 300: 289: 280: 273: 264: 257: 248: 245: 236: 223:Reverse of the 221: 167:Book of Numbers 138: 133: 131:Equestrian seal 119: 113: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7441: 7439: 7431: 7430: 7420: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7324:Trophy of arms 7321: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7292: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7283:banner of arms 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7239: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7219: 7211: 7203: 7195: 7185: 7175: 7163: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7141: 7132: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7109: 7097: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7000: 6988: 6976: 6964: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6929: 6916: 6914: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6890: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6867:Tristram/Bowen 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6044: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5953:Ecclesiastical 5950: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5787:Barron, Oswald 5783: 5777: 5772: 5764: 5763:External links 5761: 5759: 5758: 5744: 5729: 5713: 5700: 5684: 5667: 5661: 5645: 5639: 5626: 5615: 5603: 5594: 5588: 5575: 5561: 5545: 5534: 5525: 5513: 5501: 5492: 5479: 5473: 5460: 5454: 5446:Scots Heraldry 5441: 5435: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5393: 5387: 5370: 5364: 5347: 5328: 5314: 5305: 5293: 5285:Dennys, Rodney 5281: 5273:Burke, Bernard 5269: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5211: 5199: 5176: 5163: 5150: 5126: 5099: 5072: 5045: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4991: 4978: 4958: 4945: 4938: 4913: 4898: 4874: 4867: 4844: 4831:Greek Reporter 4817: 4805: 4793: 4781: 4769: 4753: 4740: 4721: 4694: 4682: 4678:Pinches (1994) 4670: 4658: 4643: 4626: 4619: 4601: 4588: 4576: 4560: 4550:on Aug 5, 2012 4536:"Differencing 4527: 4514: 4512:, pp. 186 4502: 4490: 4477: 4465: 4448:Pottinger, Don 4435: 4431:Boutell (1890) 4423: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4371:Basic Heraldry 4362: 4360:, pp. 101 4350: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4210: 4198: 4186: 4171: 4154: 4150:Boutell (1890) 4137: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4097:Boutell (1890) 4089: 4077: 4062: 4060:, pp. 6–7 4058:Boutell (1890) 4050: 4025: 4004: 3992: 3962: 3949: 3945:Boutell (1890) 3937: 3918: 3901: 3889: 3866: 3843: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3755: 3740: 3728: 3715: 3703: 3686: 3673: 3660: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3582: 3570: 3555: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3475: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3357: 3345: 3325: 3313: 3309:Boutell (1890) 3301: 3285: 3268: 3256: 3238: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3203: 3193: 3180: 3171: 3142: 3133: 3123: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3082: 3072: 3071: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3040: 3038: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3015: 3008: 2998:copyright laws 2891: 2888: 2883:noble families 2858: 2855: 2840:Main article: 2837: 2834: 2808:, such as the 2802:Eastern Europe 2798:Turkic peoples 2741:Main article: 2738: 2735: 2668:Main article: 2665: 2662: 2637:in function. 2521:Main article: 2518: 2515: 2499:Greek heraldry 2497:Main article: 2494: 2491: 2465: 2462: 2458:Ottoman Empire 2333: 2330: 2273: 2272:Latin heraldry 2270: 2255:Welsh heraldry 2239:Irish heraldry 2227:Devon heraldry 2200: 2197: 2193:Dutch colonies 2174:noble families 2162:Gelre Armorial 2144:Dutch heraldry 2139: 2138:Dutch heraldry 2136: 2023:Czech heraldry 2016: 2013: 2000:western Europe 1995: 1992: 1945:Middle English 1933:Main article: 1930: 1927: 1918:Main article: 1915: 1912: 1868: 1865: 1840: 1837: 1744:Saxe-Altenburg 1725: 1724:Helm and crest 1722: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1650: 1549: 1546: 1420:Main article: 1417: 1414: 1337:Main article: 1334: 1331: 1284:Main article: 1281: 1278: 1238:bendy sinister 1210:Main article: 1207: 1204: 1132:alternate vair 1111:, or miniver. 931:Main article: 928: 925: 909:sinister flank 901:sinister chief 851:Main article: 848: 845: 838:, symbols, or 788:shield of arms 782: 781: 779: 778: 771: 764: 756: 753: 752: 739: 738: 724: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 639: 638: 635: 634: 627: 626: 617: 616: 605: 602: 597:Main article: 594: 591: 549: 546: 463:Windsor Castle 431: 428: 371:Second Crusade 326: 323: 322: 321: 310: 303: 301: 290: 283: 281: 274: 267: 265: 258: 251: 249: 246: 239: 237: 225:Narmer Palette 222: 215: 176:Nebra sky disc 137: 134: 115:Main article: 112: 109: 26:Hyghalmen Roll 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7440: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7373: 7372:Sigillography 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7212: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7193: 7186: 7183: 7176: 7174: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7110: 7107: 7098: 7095: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7068: 7067: 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5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5662:0-907853-47-1 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5640:9781844772247 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5589:0-900455-45-4 5585: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5482:Louda, Jiří; 5480: 5476: 5474:9780900455131 5470: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5455:9780717942282 5451: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5436:9780806305837 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5407:9780760710821 5403: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5388:9780517566657 5384: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5367: 5365:9780498066832 5361: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5234: 5232:9780806300719 5228: 5224: 5223: 5215: 5212: 5209:, p. 238 5208: 5207:Slater (2003) 5203: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4981: 4979:9783447054256 4975: 4971: 4970: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4939:87-567-1685-0 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4848: 4845: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4671: 4668:, p. 158 4667: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4641:, p. 129 4640: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4586:, p. 128 4585: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4539: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4500:, p. 124 4499: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4433:, p. 311 4432: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4409:, p. 330 4408: 4403: 4400: 4397:, p. 259 4396: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346:Or and Argent 4341: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4224:, pp. 74 4223: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4123:, p. 231 4122: 4121:Slater (2003) 4117: 4114: 4110: 4109:Slater (2003) 4105: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4040:on 2012-07-22 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4014: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3981:on 2006-04-27 3980: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3551:Wagner (1946) 3548: 3542: 3539: 3536:, pp. 62 3535: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3522:Wagner (1946) 3518: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3375:, pp. 6. 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3236:, p. 183 3235: 3232:, p. 1; 3231: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3207: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3096:Sigillography 3094: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3058: 3053: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2949:, guilds and 2948: 2944: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2898:, Scotland's 2897: 2896:Kings of Arms 2889: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2843: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2814:royal symbols 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2695:coats of arms 2691: 2687: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2658:Date Masamune 2655: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:coats of arms 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2568: 2555: 2542: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2493:Greek symbols 2492: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158:Low Countries 2153: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2132:divided field 2128: 2126: 2121: 2118:and northern 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065:South Savonia 2062: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2005:South African 2001: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958:arms used in 1957: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1902:, hereditary 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:Ne vile velis 1850: 1849:Thomas Nevile 1846: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1714: 1709: 1702: 1697: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1554: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 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7173:Bleu celeste 7159:Rare colours 6852:Ormonde/Wake 6737:Fleur-de-lis 6299:Inescutcheon 6264:Crozier head 6109:Coat of arms 5996:Augmentation 5903:King of Arms 5866: 5796: 5734: 5724: 5708: 5704: 5691: 5671: 5652: 5630: 5619: 5610: 5598: 5579: 5569: 5552: 5539: 5529: 5520: 5508: 5496: 5487: 5464: 5445: 5426: 5415: 5397: 5376: 5353: 5333: 5322: 5309: 5300: 5288: 5276: 5255: 5243:Bibliography 5221: 5214: 5202: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5171: 5166: 5153: 5129: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4983:. 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After the 2715:World War II 2711:Soviet Union 2708: 2693: 2684: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2566: 2553: 2540: 2527: 2526: 2523:Mon (emblem) 2508: 2502: 2467: 2390: 2335: 2327: 2307: 2275: 2258: 2202: 2183:burgher arms 2181: 2165: 2155: 2129: 2097: 2069:Finnish Army 2063:, a city of 2018: 1997: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1923: 1908: 1897: 1882: 1852: 1843:An armorial 1842: 1802: 1795: 1772: 1768: 1753: 1658:Dimidiation 1637: 1633:inescutcheon 1630: 1626: 1615: 1602: 1598: 1582: 1571: 1569: 1533:fleur-de-lis 1510: 1487: 1485: 1425: 1410: 1382:inescutcheon 1378: 1342: 1304: 1300:Varpaisjärvi 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1124:vair in bend 1123: 1120:vair in pale 1119: 1116:counter-vair 1115: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089:red squirrel 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1062:ermine spots 1061: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029:, sky blue; 1027:bleu de ciel 1026: 1023:bleu-céleste 1022: 1021:, or brown; 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980:, or black; 977: 973: 969: 965: 963: 958: 954: 950: 944: 920: 916: 912: 908: 905:dexter flank 904: 900: 897:center chief 896: 893:dexter chief 892: 888: 885:honour point 884: 880: 878: 873: 867: 860: 856: 828: 804: 800:coat of arms 785: 727:Coat of arms 725: 717: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 632:coat of arms 620: 575: 551: 538:Earl Marshal 523: 512: 506: 493: 487: 475: 468: 444:King of Arms 439: 433: 417: 398: 387: 379: 375:Montfaucon's 359: 346: 260: 228: 193:devised arms 190: 183: 180: 165: 154:Mesopotamian 139: 105: 94: 62:coat of arms 37: 36: 31:Roll of arms 24: 7367:Vexillology 7128:Rare metals 7108:(blood red) 6706:Winged lion 6686:Sea-griffin 6621:Hippocampus 6554:Allocamelus 6196:Fimbriation 6124:Compartment 6101:Achievement 6069:Marshalling 6035:distinction 5893:Law of arms 5878:Authorities 5674:. Penguin. 4887:listed here 4152:, p. 8 4099:, p. 9 3985:October 19, 3947:, p. 6 3524:, p. 8 3512:, p. 1 3434:, p. 6 3323:, p. v 3311:, p. 5 3163:Connecticut 3018:hydrocarbon 2487:compartment 2454:Turk's head 2450:house marks 2170:Netherlands 2120:Switzerland 2116:Czech lands 2088:Lapland War 1988:Middle Ages 1964:Middle Ages 1718:Quartering 1587:dimidiation 1565:Stowe House 1548:Marshalling 1258:barry-bendy 1097:vair ancien 984:, or blue; 917:middle base 913:dexter base 832:compartment 699:Compartment 643:Escutcheon 624:achievement 534:Pursuivants 526:Richard III 519:William III 514:visitations 455:pursuivants 315:, from the 313:King Harold 209:Round Table 42:vexillology 23:The German 7312:equestrian 7096:(mulberry) 6822:Harrington 6752:Quatrefoil 6681:Salamander 6626:Hippogriff 6584:Cockatrice 6564:Amphiptere 6536:Wolfsangel 6516:Portcullis 6428:Black swan 6382:Camelopard 6211:Ordinaries 6129:Escutcheon 6079:impalement 6074:quartering 6057:variations 5975:Attributed 5913:pursuivant 5694:. London: 5119:(3): 2–4. 5065:(3): 1–4. 5038:(1): 1–4. 4985:2016-06-13 4881:Some 6939 4868:434003102X 4554:2012-06-19 4460:1119559413 4044:2012-06-19 4019:2012-06-19 3565:, p. 3218:References 3165:require a 3102:Totem pole 3076:Emblematic 2947:government 2902:, and the 2810:East Slavs 2790:Sarmatians 2704:monarchies 2507:' tragedy 2483:escutcheon 2384:county in 2080:Winter War 1976:supporters 1968:escutcheon 1884:Supporters 1682:Impalement 1642:, animate 1618:quartering 1609:(see also 1576:impalement 1494:Quadrupeds 1481:supporters 1449:wild boars 1372:, and the 1333:Ordinaries 1262:paly-bendy 976:, or red; 881:fess point 796:supporters 611:Part of a 586:propaganda 571:embroidery 509:Henry VIII 329:See also: 136:Precursors 121:See also: 78:supporters 7405:resources 7350:socialist 7273:Hatchment 7268:Bookplate 7248:Carnation 7235:Realistic 7048:Erminites 6886:Tinctures 6837:Hinckaert 6802:Bourchier 6656:Ouroboros 6641:Manticore 6546:Legendary 6521:Reremouse 6458:Przepaska 6387:Hind/stag 6377:Dog/hound 6186:Attitudes 6163:Supporter 6091:Societies 6052:divisions 6001:abatement 5824:Heraldica 5680:878505764 4708:The Hague 4574:(97): 16. 3337:Pottinger 3109:Footnotes 2879:Sasanians 2875:Parthians 2871:al-Masudi 2826:talismans 2794:Scythians 2757:Mongolian 2592:mondokoro 2554:mondokoro 2505:Aeschylus 2413:Lithuania 2166:Wapenboek 1956:blazoning 1851:'s motto 1558:Grenville 1489:attitudes 1406:flaunches 1222:variation 1175:papelonné 1109:menu-vair 1101:gros vair 1093:vair ondé 1039:carnation 1035:columbine 947:tinctures 927:Tinctures 657:Supporter 579:patriotic 440:blazoning 405:King John 362:Alexius I 277:Legionary 197:Pharamond 97:antiquity 7428:Heraldry 7422:Category 7357:Logotype 7300:Illyrian 7182:Brunâtre 7106:Sanguine 7043:Erminois 7011:(purple) 6904:Hatching 6899:Tricking 6862:Stafford 6762:Shamrock 6711:Woodwose 6691:Sea-lion 6661:Pantheon 6636:Lindworm 6579:Chollima 6574:Biscione 6569:Basilisk 6491:Crapaudy 6392:Kangaroo 6254:Componée 6248:Łękawica 6144:pavilion 6139:Mantling 6018:courtesy 6013:Alliance 5941:dominion 5936:National 5867:Heraldry 5789:(1911). 5754:02020303 5723:(1988). 5690:(1967). 5651:(1981). 5609:(1967). 5567:(1903). 5551:(1997). 5519:(1976). 5486:(1981). 5425:(1973). 5354:Heraldry 5343:09023803 5320:(1904). 5299:(1988). 5287:(1975). 5275:(1967). 5157:See the 5142:Archived 5133:See the 5121:Archived 5094:Archived 5092:(1): 6. 5067:Archived 5040:Archived 4954:Heraldik 4924:(1972). 4890:Archived 4861:. 2004. 4837:10 March 4716:63382927 4540:Cadency" 4450:(1953). 3189:tincture 3131:visible. 3054:See also 3034:castagne 3020:molecule 2959:Anglican 2943:academia 2775:used by 2649:datemono 2580:Japanese 2485:and the 2433:Slovakia 2401:Bulgaria 2386:Slovakia 2266:Napoleon 2189:republic 2086:and the 2003:such as 1833:Anglican 1829:his arms 1798:mantling 1791:Loyalist 1603:sinistra 1583:per pale 1561:Armorial 1517:crescent 1477:griffins 1473:unicorns 1453:martlets 1315:tincture 1242:chevrony 1171:plumetty 1074:erminois 1031:amaranth 1019:brunâtre 994:sanguine 819:mantling 678:Mantling 621:Heraldic 558:burghers 457:wearing 420:Crusades 409:Henry II 142:Egyptian 54:pedigree 46:ceremony 38:Heraldry 7333:Related 7201:Cendrée 7184:(brown) 7038:Ermines 7009:Purpure 6999:(green) 6975:(black) 6948:Colours 6928:(white) 6832:Heneage 6774:Thistle 6767:Trefoil 6701:Unicorn 6676:Phoenix 6671:Pegasus 6666:Panther 6651:Musimon 6646:Mermaid 6631:Lampago 6601:Enfield 6594:Chinese 6531:Serpent 6526:Scallop 6496:Dolphin 6470:Pelican 6465:Martlet 6453:Szaszor 6423:Alerion 6397:Leopard 6372:Bull/ox 6346:Saltire 6334:Roundel 6309:Lozenge 6279:Flaunch 6244:Chevron 6234:Bordure 6219:Annulet 6191:Erasure 6178:Charges 6042:Canting 6030:Cadency 5991:Armiger 5965:Burgher 5918:private 5888:History 5265:6102523 4853:日本の家紋大全 3553:, pl. 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