518:
907:
1998:
387:, light, precipitation, and temperature. Foliage-applied herbicides will enter the leaf more readily at high humidity by lengthening the drying time of the spray droplet and increasing cuticle hydration. Light of high intensity may break down some herbicides and cause the leaf cuticle to thicken, which can interfere with absorption. Precipitation may wash away or remove some foliage-applied herbicides, but it will increase root absorption of soil-applied herbicides. Drought-stressed plants are less likely to translocate herbicides. As temperature increases, herbicides' performance may decrease. Absorption and translocation may be reduced in very cold weather.
2595:
of the efficacy of each herbicide component is possible, provided that sufficient time elapses between each application. A disadvantage with sequences is that two separate applications have to be made and it is possible that the later application will be less effective on weeds surviving the first application. If these are resistant, then the second herbicide in the sequence may increase selection for resistant individuals by killing the susceptible plants which were damaged but not killed by the first application, but allowing the larger, less affected, resistant plants to survive. This has been cited as one reason why ALS-resistant
202:
7734:
2436:
In 2017, the USEPA issued a revised
Pesticide Registration Notice (PRN 2017-1), which provides guidance to pesticide registrants on required pesticide resistance management labeling. This requirement applies to all conventional pesticides and is meant to provide end-users with guidance on managing pesticide resistance. An example of a fully executed label compliant with the USEPA resistance management labeling guidance can be seen on the specimen label for the herbicide, cloransulam-methyl, updated in 2022.
1921:
2655:, while good for grazing sheep, compete intensely with wheat. Ryegrasses produce so many seeds that, if left unchecked, they can completely choke a field. Herbicides provided excellent control, while reducing soil disrupting because of less need to plough. Within little more than a decade, ryegrass and other weeds began to develop resistance. In response Australian farmers changed methods. By 1983, patches of ryegrass had become immune to Hoegrass (
2262:, rendering the herbicides ineffective against target plants. Out of 31 known herbicide modes of action, weeds have evolved resistance to 21. 268 plant species are known to have evolved herbicide resistance at least once. Herbicide resistance was first observed in 1957, and since has evolved repeatedly in weed species from 30 families across the globe. Weed resistance to herbicides has become a major concern in crop production worldwide.
27:
7746:
533:. They interfere with the metabolism in the target plants. Herbicides are often classified according to their site of action because as a general rule, herbicides within the same site of action class produce similar symptoms on susceptible plants. Classification based on the site of action of the herbicide is preferable as herbicide resistance management can be handled more effectively. Classification by
6462:
2033:(MNLA) insurgents of cover, potential sources of food and to flush them out of the jungle. Deployment of herbicides and defoliants served the dual purpose of thinning jungle trails to prevent ambushes and destroying crop fields in regions where the MNLA was active to deprive them of potential sources of food. As part of this process, herbicides and defoliants were also sprayed from
1933:
5332:
982:
7770:
35:
2246:, can cause significant drops in bird populations. Even when herbicides which have low toxicity to birds are used, they decrease the abundance of many types of vegetation on which the birds rely. Herbicide use in agriculture in the UK has been linked to a decline in seed-eating bird species which rely on the weeds killed by the herbicides. Heavy use of herbicides in
7758:
455:: These herbicides are applied after weed seedlings have emerged through the soil surface. They can be foliar or root absorbed, selective or nonselective, and contact or systemic. Application of these herbicides is avoided during rain since being washed off the soil makes it ineffective. 2,4-D is a selective, systemic, foliar-absorbed postemergence herbicide.
653:: The discovery of synthetic auxins inaugurated the era of organic herbicides. They were discovered in the 1940s after a long study of the plant growth regulator auxin. Synthetic auxins mimic this plant hormone in some way. They have several points of action on the cell membrane, and are effective in the control of dicot plants.
468:: Herbicides applied to the soil are usually taken up by the root or shoot of the emerging seedlings and are used as preplant or preemergence treatment. Several factors influence the effectiveness of soil-applied herbicides. Weeds absorb herbicides by both passive and active mechanisms. Herbicide adsorption to soil
2450:
genus (wild oat) can often be controlled adequately when herbicides are applied at the 2-3 leaf stage, whereas later applications at the 2-3 tiller stage can fail badly. Patch spraying, or applying herbicide to only the badly infested areas of fields, is another means of reducing total herbicide use.
918:
equipped with long booms, of 60 to 120 feet (18 to 37 m) with spray nozzles spaced every 20–30 inches (510–760 mm) apart. Towed, handheld, and even horse-drawn sprayers are also used. On large areas, herbicides may also at times be applied aerially using helicopters or airplanes, or through
2594:
No mixture is likely to have all these attributes, but the first two listed are the most important. There is a risk that mixtures will select for resistance to both components in the longer term. One practical advantage of sequences of two herbicides compared with mixtures is that a better appraisal
2435:
should be reduced. By relying on diverse weed control methods, including non-herbicide methods of weed control, the selection pressure on weeds to evolve resistance can be lowered. Researchers warn that if herbicide resistance is combatted only with more herbicides, "evolution will most likely win."
2397:
Cross-resistance: In this case, a single resistance mechanism causes resistance to several herbicides. The term target-site cross-resistance is used when the herbicides bind to the same target site, whereas non-target-site cross-resistance is due to a single non-target-site mechanism (e.g., enhanced
2306:
in 41 Missouri counties revealed glyphosate resistance in 69%. Weeds from some 500 sites throughout Iowa in 2011 and 2012 revealed glyphosate resistance in approximately 64% of waterhemp samples. As of 2023, 58 weed species have developed glyphosate resistance. Weeds resistant to multiple herbicides
2140:
Some herbicides cause a range of health effects ranging from skin rashes to death. The pathway of attack can arise from intentional or unintentional direct consumption, improper application resulting in the herbicide coming into direct contact with people or wildlife, inhalation of aerial sprays, or
472:
or organic matter often reduces the amount available for weed absorption. Positioning of the herbicide in the correct layer of soil is very important, which can be achieved mechanically and by rainfall. Herbicides on the soil surface are subjected to several processes that reduce their availability.
2343:
When mutations occur in the genes responsible for the biological mechanisms that herbicides interfere with, these mutations may cause the herbicide mode of action to work less effectively. This is called target-site resistance. Specific mutations that have the most helpful effect for the plant have
2326:
and annual bluegrass share the distinction of the species with confirmed resistance to the largest number of herbicide modes of action, both with confirmed resistance to 12 different modes of action; however, this number references how many forms of herbicide resistance are known to have emerged in
950:
in the early growth stages, when the height similarities between growing trees and growing annual crops yields a similar problem with weed competition. Unlike with annuals however, application is mostly unnecessary thereafter and is thus mostly used to decrease the delay between productive economic
508:
An herbicide is described as having low residual activity if it is neutralized within a short time of application (within a few weeks or months) – typically this is due to rainfall, or reactions in the soil. A herbicide described as having high residual activity will remain potent for the long term
336:
had been first prepared in the 1950s but its herbicidal activity was only recognized in the 1960s. It was marketed as
Roundup in 1971. The development of glyphosate-resistant crop plants, it is now used very extensively for selective weed control in growing crops. The pairing of the herbicide with
3494:
Lock, E. A.; Ellis, M. K.; Gaskin, P; Robinson, M; Auton, T. R.; Provan, W. M.; Smith, L. L.; Prisbylla, M. P.; Mutter, L. C.; Lee, D. L. (1998). "From toxicological problem to therapeutic use: The discovery of the mode of action of 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC),
2388:
Non-target-site resistance: In non-target-site resistance, the genetic change giving resistance is not directly related to the target site, but causes the plant to be less susceptible by some other means. Some mechanisms include metabolic detoxification of the herbicide in the weed, reduced uptake
4518:
Robbins, C.S.; Dowell, B.A.; Dawson, D.K.; Colon, J.A.; Estrada, R.; Sutton, A.; Sutton, R.; Weyer, D. (1992). "Comparison of neotropical migrant landbird populations wintering in tropical forest, isolated forest fragments, and agricultural habitats". In Hagan, John M.; Johnston, David W. (eds.).
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When resistance is first suspected or confirmed, the efficacy of alternatives is likely to be the first consideration. If there is resistance to a single group of herbicides, then the use of herbicides from other groups may provide a simple and effective solution, at least in the short term. For
2334:
released crop seed varieties resistant to both dicamba and glyphosate, allowing for use of a greater variety of herbicides on fields without harming the crops. By 2020, five years after the release of dicamba-resistant seed, the first example of dicamba-resistant Palmer amaranth was found in one
2282:
However, in 2015, an expansive study showed an increase in herbicide resistance as a result of rotation, and instead recommended mixing multiple herbicides for simultaneous application. As of 2023, the effectiveness of combining herbicides is also questioned, particularly in light of the rise of
2136:
are acutely toxic, their use was found to be uncorrelated with any health issues like cancer in a massive US Department of Health study on 90,000 members of farmer families for over a period of 23 years. That is, the study shows lack of chronic toxicity, but cannot question the herbicide's acute
2439:
Optimising herbicide input to the economic threshold level should avoid the unnecessary use of herbicides and reduce selection pressure. Herbicides should be used to their greatest potential by ensuring that the timing, dose, application method, soil and climatic conditions are optimal for good
2298:
is one weed that has developed glyphosate resistance. Glyphosate-resistant weeds are present in the vast majority of soybean, cotton and corn farms in some U.S. states. Weeds that can resist multiple other herbicides are spreading. Few new herbicides are near commercialization, and none with a
427:. The herbicides kill weeds as they grow through the herbicide-treated zone. Volatile herbicides have to be incorporated into the soil before planting the pasture. Crops grown in soil treated with a preplant herbicide include tomatoes, corn, soybeans, and strawberries. Soil fumigants like
2192:; Vacco complained about misleading claims that its spray-on glyphosate-based herbicides, including Roundup, were safer than table salt and "practically non-toxic" to mammals, birds, and fish (though proof that this was ever said is hard to find). Roundup is toxic and has resulted in
930:
Weed-wiping may also be used, where a wick wetted with herbicide is suspended from a boom and dragged or rolled across the tops of the taller weed plants. This allows treatment of taller grassland weeds by direct contact without affecting related but desirable shorter plants in the
491:: These are applied to a portion of the plant above the ground and are absorbed by exposed tissues. These are generally postemergence herbicides and can either be translocated (systemic) throughout the plant or remain at a specific site (contact). External barriers of plants like
128:
relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called "total weed killers") kill plants indiscriminately. The combined effects of herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, and improved cultivars has increased yields (per acre) of major crops by 3x to 6x from 1900 to 2000.
249:
to be of practical agricultural use; by 1941, his team succeeded in synthesizing a wide range of chemicals to achieve the same effect at lower cost and better efficacy, including 2,4-D. In the same year, R. Pokorny in the US achieved this as well. Independently, a team under
330:. Under alkaline soil conditions, atrazine may be carried into the soil profile as far as the water table by soil water following rainfall causing the aforementioned contamination. Atrazine is thus said to have "carryover", a generally undesirable property for herbicides.
132:
In the United States in 2012, about 91% of all herbicide usage, determined by weight applied, was in agriculture. In 2012, world pesticide expenditures totaled nearly $ 24.7 billion; herbicides were about 44% of those sales and constituted the biggest portion, followed by
441:: Preemergence herbicides are applied before the weed seedlings emerge through the soil surface. Herbicides do not prevent weeds from germinating but they kill weeds as they grow through the herbicide-treated zone by affecting the cell division in the emerging seedling.
2368:
Target-site resistance: In target-site resistance, the genetic change that causes the resistance directly alters the chemical mechanism the herbicide targets. The mutation may relate to an enzyme with a crucial function in a metabolic pathway, or to a component of an
2270:, neglecting non-herbicide weed control practices, and reliance on one herbicide for weed control. To minimize resistance, rotational programs of herbicide application, where herbicides with multiple modes of action are used, have been widely promoted. In particular,
3236:
Dill, Gerald M.; Sammons, R. Douglas; Feng, Paul C. C.; Kohn, Frank; Kretzmer, Keith; Mehrsheikh, Akbar; Bleeke, Marion; Honegger, Joy L.; Farmer, Donna; Wright, Dan; Haupfear, Eric A. (2010). "Glyphosate: Discovery, Development, Applications, and
Properties".
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Alberto, Diana; Serra, Anne-Antonella; Sulmon, Cécile; Gouesbet, Gwenola; Couée, Ivan (2016). "Herbicide-related signaling in plants reveals novel insights for herbicide use strategies, environmental risk assessment and global change assessment challenges".
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Ryegrass populations were large, and had substantial genetic diversity, because farmers had planted many varieties. Ryegrass is cross-pollinated by wind, so genes shuffle frequently. To control its distribution farmers sprayed inexpensive
Hoegrass, creating
2084:
In general, many questions exist about the health and environmental effects of many herbicides because of the large number of herbicides and the myriad potential targets, mostly unintended. For example, a 1995 panel of 13 scientists reviewing studies on the
2675:. Once again, ryegrass in Australia evolved a kind of "cross-resistance" that allowed it to rapidly break down a variety of herbicides. Four classes of herbicides become ineffective within a few years. In 2013 only two herbicide classes, called
4084:
Andreotti, Gabriella; Koutros, Stella; Hofmann, Jonathan N; Sandler, Dale P; Lubin, Jay H; Lynch, Charles F; Lerro, Catherine C; De Roos, Anneclaire J; Parks, Christine G; Alavanja, Michael C; Silverman, Debra T; Beane
Freeman, Laura E (2018).
892:(WSSA) developed a classification system. Groups in the WSSA and the HRAC systems are designated by numbers and letters, inform users awareness of herbicide mode of action and provide more accurate recommendations for resistance management.
2237:
Bird populations are one of many indicators of herbicide damage.Most observed effects are due not to toxicity, but to habitat changes and the decreases in abundance of species on which birds rely for food or shelter. Herbicide use in
2052:
and U.S soldiers that handled the chemicals. More than 20% of South
Vietnam's forests and 3.2% of its cultivated land were sprayed at least once between during the war. The government of Vietnam says that up to four million people in
2373:. For example, ALS-resistant weeds developed by genetic mutations leading to an altered enzyme. Such changes render the herbicide impotent. Target-site resistance may also be caused by an over-expression of the target enzyme (via
800:
Complementary to mechanism-based classifications, herbicides are often classified according to their chemical structures or motifs. Similar structural types work in similar ways. For example, aryloxphenoxypropionates herbicides
2389:
and translocation, sequestration of the herbicide, or reduced penetration of the herbicide into the leaf surface. These mechanisms all cause less of the herbicide's active ingredient to reach the target site in the first place.
419:: Preplant herbicides are nonselective herbicides applied to the soil before planting. Some preplant herbicides may be mechanically incorporated into the soil. The objective for incorporation is to prevent dissipation through
244:
indicated that "growth substances applied appropriately would kill certain broad-leaved weeds in cereals without harming the crops," though these substances were too expensive and too short-lived in soil due to degradation by
2149:
to contaminate groundwater or distant surface water sources. Generally, the conditions that promote herbicide transport include intense storm events (particularly shortly after application) and soils with limited capacity to
4419:
Solomon, Keith R.; Carr, James A.; Du Preez, Louis H.; Giesy, John P.; Kendall, Ronald J.; Smith, Ernest E.; Van Der Kraak, Glen J. (2008). "Effects of
Atrazine on Fish, Amphibians, and Aquatic Reptiles: A Critical Review".
2265:
Resistance to herbicides is often attributed to overuse as well as the strong evolutionary pressure on the affected weeds. Three agricultural practices account for the evolutionary pressure upon weeds to evolve resistance:
887:
Using the Weed
Science Society of America (WSSA) and herbicide Resistance and World Grains (HRAC) systems, herbicides are classified by mode of action. Eventually the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) and the
2278:
use first began, it was continuously and heavily relied upon for weed control. This caused incredibly strong selective pressure upon weeds, encouraging mutations conferring glyphosate resistance to persist and spread.
302:(grasses). The low cost of 2,4-D has led to continued usage today, and it remains one of the most commonly used herbicides in the world. Like other acid herbicides, current formulations use either an amine salt (often
2220:
Herbicide use generally has negative impacts on many aspects of the environment. Insects, non-targeted plants, animals, and aquatic systems subject to serious damage from herbicides. Impacts are highly variable.
2351:
Recently, incidences of non-target site resistance have increasingly emerged, such as examples where plants are capable of producing enzymes that neutralize herbicides before they can enter the plant's cells –
1701:
2348:. Some mutations conferring herbicide resistance may have fitness costs, reducing the plant's ability to survive in other ways, but over time, the least costly mutations tend to dominate in weed populations.
1880:
2671:. In addition, farmers sometimes diluted the herbicide in order to save money, which allowed some plants to survive application. When resistance appeared farmers turned to a group of herbicides that block
1875:
352:
Herbicides can be classified/grouped in various ways; for example, according to their activity, the timing of application, method of application, mechanism of their action, and their chemical structures.
277:
When 2,4-D was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide, triggering a worldwide revolution in agricultural output. It allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in
4626:
Forouzesh, Abed; Zand, Eskandar; Soufizadeh, Saeid; Samadi
Foroushani, Sadegh (2015). "Classification of herbicides according to chemical family for weed resistance management strategies–an update".
477:
are two common processes that reduce the availability of herbicides. Many soil-applied herbicides are absorbed through plant shoots while they are still underground leading to their death or injury.
2311:
samples were resistant to two different herbicides; 6% resisted three; and 0.5% resisted four. In Iowa 89% of waterhemp samples resist two or more herbicides, 25% resist three, and 10% resist five.
2101:
were too few to accurately assess the risk of many types of cancer from these herbicides, even although evidence was stronger that exposure to these herbicides is associated with increased risk of
2061:
estimates that up to one million people were disabled or have health problems as a result of exposure to Agent Orange. The United States government has described these figures as unreliable.
517:
2299:
molecular mode of action for which there is no resistance. Because most herbicides could not kill all weeds, farmers rotate crops and herbicides to stop the development of resistant weeds.
2196:
after being ingested in quantities ranging from 85 to 200 ml, although it has also been ingested in quantities as large as 500 ml with only mild or moderate symptoms. The manufacturer of
4289:
Talbot, AR; Shiaw, MH; Huang, JS; Yang, SF; Goo, TS; Wang, SH; Chen, CL; Sanford, TR (1991). "Acute poisoning with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide ('Roundup'): A review of 93 cases".
449:
are preemergence herbicides. Weeds that have already emerged before application or activation are not affected by pre-herbicides as their primary growing point escapes the treatment.
1979:
or spray drift may result in herbicide affecting neighboring fields or plants, particularly in windy conditions. Sometimes, the wrong field or plants may be sprayed due to error.
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7774:
3611:
Shaner, D. L.; Leonard, P. (2001). "Regulatory aspects of resistance management for herbicides and other crop protection products". In Powles, S. B.; Shaner, D. L. (eds.).
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4832:
2356:. This form of resistance is particularly challenging, since plants can develop non-target-site resistance to herbicides their ancestors were never directly exposed to.
784:, which protect chlorophyll in plants from being destroyed by sunlight. If this happens, the plants turn white due to complete loss of chlorophyll, and the plants die.
6808:
5104:
Dimaano, Niña Gracel; Iwakami, Satoshi (2021). "Cytochrome <SCP>P450</SCP>-mediated herbicide metabolism in plants: Current understanding and prospects".
3785:
MacKinnon, D. S.; Freedman, B. (1993). "Effects of
Silvicultural Use of the Herbicide Glyphosate on Breeding Birds of Regenerating Clearcuts in Nova Scotia, Canada".
2571:
The use of two or more herbicides which have differing modes of action can reduce the selection for resistant genotypes. Ideally, each component in a mixture should:
3914:
2124:
arising from environmental and occupational exposure over long periods. Much public suspicion of herbicides revolves around a confusion between valid statements of
262:(ARC) to discover methods for improving crop yield. By analyzing soil as a dynamic system, rather than an inert substance, he was able to apply techniques such as
1885:
914:
Most herbicides are applied as water-based sprays using ground equipment. Ground equipment varies in design, but large areas can be sprayed using self-propelled
5639:
2154:
or retain the herbicides. Herbicide properties that increase likelihood of transport include persistence (resistance to degradation) and high water solubility.
812:) appear to all act as ACCase inhibitors. The so-called cyclohexanedione herbicides, which are used against grasses, include the following commercial products
767:
4869:
906:
2431:
Integrated weed management (IWM) approach utilizes several tactics to combat weeds and forestall resistance. This approach relies less on herbicides and so
1963:
1651:
4462:
Laboratory studies have at times overestimated negative impacts on birds due to toxicity, predicting serious problems that were not observed in the field.
618:(SCTs). The ALS biological pathway exists only in plants and microorganisms (but not animals), thus making the ALS-inhibitors among the safest herbicides.
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1997:
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274:. While the full work of the unit remained secret, certain discoveries were developed for commercial use after the war, including the 2,4-D compound.
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were used to control weeds, but these chemicals were either toxic, flammable or corrosive and were expensive and ineffective at controlling weeds.
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Kukorelli, Gábor; Reisinger, Péter; Pinke, Gyula (2013). "ACCase inhibitor herbicides – selectivity, weed resistance and fitness cost: A review".
2869:
4354:
3090:
Hamner, Charles L.; Tukey, H. B. (1944). "The Herbicidal Action of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic and 2,4,5 Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Bindweed".
4569:"Evolutionary and ecological insights from herbicide-resistant weeds: what have we learned about plant adaptation, and what is left to uncover?"
2250:
agricultural areas has been one of many factors implicated in limiting the usefulness of such agricultural land for wintering migratory birds.
2208:) has claimed Tordon 101 has no effects on animals and insects, in spite of evidence of strong carcinogenic activity of the active ingredient,
2017:, its main purpose is to disrupt agricultural food production or to destroy plants which provide cover or concealment to the enemy. During the
259:
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Vats, S. (2015). "Herbicides: history, classification and genetic manipulation of plants for herbicide resistance". In Lichtfouse, E. (ed.).
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2401:
Multiple resistance: In this situation, two or more resistance mechanisms are present within individual plants, or within a plant population.
1870:
4491:
Newton, Ian (2004). "The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: An appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions".
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Retzinger, E. J. Jr.; Mallory-Smith, C. (1997). "Classification of herbicides by site of action for weed resistance management strategies".
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4186:"Cancer mortality in workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins. An expanded and updated international cohort study"
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agriculture, after many Australian sheep farmers began to exclusively grow wheat in their pastures in the 1970s. Introduced varieties of
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example, many triazine-resistant weeds have been readily controlled by the use of alternative herbicides such as dicamba or glyphosate.
2070:
1271:
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4528:
2932:"Herbicides as Weed Control Agents: State of the Art: I. Weed Control Research and Safener Technology: The Path to Modern Agriculture"
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570:(ALS; also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, or AHAS) is part of the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids (
3714:. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17–20 November 1997, British Crop Protection Council. pp. 1133–1140.
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2169:; research has suggested such contamination results in a small rise in cancer risk after occupational exposure to these herbicides.
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Ibrahim MA, Bond GG, Burke TA, Cole P, Dost FN, Enterline PE, Gough M, Greenberg RS, Halperin WE, McConnell E, et al. (1991).
840:. Knowing about herbicide chemical family grouping serves as a short-term strategy for managing resistance to site of action. The
6636:
2621:. Few natural herbicides rival the effectiveness of synthetics. Some plants also produce their own herbicides, such as the genus
2166:
2030:
3866:
2229:
Atrazine has often been blamed for affecting reproductive behavior of aquatic life, but the data do not support this assertion.
2184:
Herbicide manufacturers have at times made false or misleading claims about the safety of their products. Chemical manufacturer
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2704:
1956:
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alter the physical properties of the spray solution and the overall phytotoxicity of the herbicide, increasing translocation.
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2141:
food consumption prior to the labelled preharvest interval. Under some conditions, certain herbicides can be transported via
2090:
322:, was introduced in the 1950s; they have the current distinction of being the herbicide family of greatest concern regarding
2057:
were exposed to the defoliant, and as many as three million people have suffered illness because of Agent Orange, while the
3044:
2322:
collected from a golf course in the U.S. state of Tennessee was found in 2020 to be resistant to seven herbicides at once.
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1901:
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383:
Selectivity is determined by the circumstances and technique of application. Climatic factors affect absorption including
615:
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4664:
Tranel, Patrick J.; Wright, Terry R. (2002). "Resistance of Weeds to ALS-inhibiting Herbicides: What Have We Learned?".
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607:
233:
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Blus, Lawrence J.; Henny, Charles J. (1997). "Field Studies on Pesticides and Birds: Unexpected and Unique Relations".
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Keith G. Watson (2011). "Cyclohexane-1,3-dione Oxime Ether Grass-Specific Herbicides and the Discovery of Butroxydim".
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Van Almsick, A. (2009). "New HPPD-Inhibitors – A Proven Mode of Action as a New Hope to Solve Current Weed Problems".
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are produced and oxidation reactions in excess of those normally tolerated by the cell occur, leading to plant death.
686:, and prevent quinone from binding to this site. Therefore, this group of compounds causes electrons to accumulate on
181:
and flooding were also used to control weeds. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, inorganic chemicals such as
2344:
been shown to occur in separate instances and dominate throughout resistant weed populations. This is an example of
380:
enhance the selectivity by boosting herbicide resistance by the crop but allowing the herbicide to damage the weed.
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The following terms are also used to describe cases where plants are resistant to multiple herbicides at once:
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270:, inhibitors, and other chemicals on the activity of microorganisms in the soil and assess their direct impact on
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220:
as the result of research conducted independently in the United Kingdom and the United States into the potential
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Herbicides interfere with the biochemical machinery that supports plant growth. Herbicides often mimic natural
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1976:
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2022:
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537:(MOA) indicates the first enzyme, protein, or biochemical step affected in the plant following application:
530:
201:
174:
5386:
3338:
Zhou Q, Liu W, Zhang Y, Liu KK (2007). "Action Mechanisms of Acetolactate Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicides".
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7404:
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6609:
6250:
5347:
4896:
2981:
Gianessi, Leonard P.; Reigner, Nathan P. (April 2007). "The Value of Herbicides in U.S. Crop Production".
2442:
2142:
2132:
toxicity at the recommended levels of usage. For instance, while glyphosate formulations with tallowamine
1844:
1331:
499:
etc. affect herbicide absorption and action. Glyphosate, 2,4-D, and dicamba are foliar-applied herbicides.
424:
337:
the resistant seed contributed to the consolidation of the seed and chemistry industry in the late 1990s.
326:. Atrazine does not break down readily (within a few weeks) after being applied to soils of above-neutral
3425:
7750:
7508:
7225:
6843:
6838:
6731:
6546:
6541:
6531:
6511:
6202:
3936:
2724:
2680:
2672:
2271:
1814:
1656:
1522:
1434:
1131:
901:
567:
4986:
714:) are photosystem II inhibitors. Other members of this class are chlorbromuron, pyrazon, isoproturon,
509:
in the soil. For some compounds, the residual activity can leave the ground almost permanently barren.
4703:
4362:
7612:
7553:
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6997:
6858:
6833:
6813:
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6576:
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3099:
2656:
2417:
2353:
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2106:
1356:
1089:
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of the grass plant. The ACCases of grasses are sensitive to these herbicides, whereas the ACCases of
237:
229:
2258:
One major complication to the use of herbicides for weed control is the ability of plants to evolve
7816:
7801:
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7394:
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6803:
6751:
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metabolic detoxification) that entails resistance across herbicides with different sites of action.
2102:
1691:
1636:
1601:
1527:
1454:
1404:
1399:
1384:
1041:
939:, a scheme offering free weed-wiper hire was launched in 2015 in an effort to reduce the levels of
757:
534:
255:
251:
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7486:
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6220:
5677:
5586:
5505:
5129:
4813:
4731:
4681:
4608:
4445:
4322:
4227:"Triazine herbicide exposure and breast cancer incidence: An ecologic study of Kentucky counties"
3810:
3742:
3692:
3520:
3320:
3072:
2998:
2729:
2692:
2668:
2432:
2374:
2315:
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2014:
1992:
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1016:
963:
841:
821:
789:
599:
420:
221:
20:
5725:
4910:
3725:
Mallory-Smith, C. (1999). "Impact of labeling herbicides by site of action: A University view".
2870:"Governments say glyphosate is safe, but some say 'poison' is being sprayed on northern forests"
833:
813:
7009:
6131:
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3250:
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2018:
1988:
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1311:
1101:
1096:
1006:
848:
377:
166:
6182:
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has evolved in Scotland recently (2000), despite the regular use of a sequence incorporating
145:. Herbicide is also used in forestry, where certain formulations have been found to suppress
7738:
7712:
7466:
7230:
7153:
6955:
6903:
6756:
6551:
5259:
5180:"PRN 2017-1: Guidance for Pesticide Registrants on Pesticide Resistance Management Labeling"
5113:
5078:
5038:
4803:
4761:
4715:
4673:
4643:
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217:
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95:
54:
48:
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7128:
7123:
6987:
6938:
6913:
6893:
6536:
5937:
5042:
3175:
Quastel, J. H. (1950). "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) as a Selective Herbicide".
2776:
2618:
2597:
2489:
2382:
2327:
the species at some point, not how many have been found simultaneously in a single plant.
2086:
2034:
1619:
1579:
1449:
1414:
1346:
1286:
1214:
1151:
1051:
694:
reactions in excess of those normally tolerated by the cell occur, killing the plant. The
549:
496:
190:
89:
3760:
2635:; such actions of natural herbicides, and other related chemical interactions, is called
5337:
5255:
5074:
4639:
4389:
4302:
3798:
3710:
Schmidt, R. R. (1997). "HRAC classification of herbicides according to mode of action".
3103:
399:, are used to clear industrial sites, waste grounds, railways, and railway embankments.
7692:
7682:
7526:
7471:
7461:
7416:
7280:
7255:
7235:
7103:
7098:
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6980:
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6888:
6788:
6615:
6159:
6126:
6073:
5614:
4251:
4226:
4202:
4185:
4111:
4086:
4018:
3993:
2958:
2931:
2734:
2676:
2632:
2364:
Resistance to herbicides can be based on one of the following biochemical mechanisms:
2323:
2307:
with completely different biological action modes are on the rise. In Missouri, 43% of
2146:
2117:
1937:
1741:
1641:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1341:
1036:
749:
679:
669:
303:
26:
3847:
7790:
7687:
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7441:
7350:
7300:
7285:
7220:
7215:
7200:
7170:
7133:
7113:
7073:
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7038:
7004:
6943:
6923:
6908:
6868:
6776:
6602:
6215:
6210:
6032:
5971:
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5854:
5806:
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5520:
5133:
4735:
4504:
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2174:
1756:
1246:
1241:
1236:
994:
633:
625:
595:
587:
526:
446:
267:
246:
182:
5082:
5029:
Powles, S.B.; Yu, Q. (2010). "Evolution in action: plants resistant to herbicides".
4817:
4685:
4612:
4449:
3969:
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : a Political, Social, and Military History
3746:
3324:
3076:
3002:
2930:
Kraehmer, Hansjoerg; Laber, Bernd; Rosinger, Chris; Schulz, Arno (5 November 2014).
7632:
7451:
7431:
7399:
7328:
7315:
7290:
7270:
7240:
6965:
6933:
6711:
6526:
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6404:
6399:
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6305:
6167:
5950:
5652:
5561:
5553:
5495:
5490:
5436:
4719:
4326:
3524:
3179:. Advances in Chemistry. Vol. 1. American Chemical Society. pp. 244–249.
2744:
2699:
2294:
relatively early, but more recently, glyphosate resistance has dramatically risen.
2243:
2239:
2189:
2006:
1789:
1751:
1736:
1567:
1532:
1477:
1196:
1056:
662:
591:
428:
271:
154:
4765:
4041:
Howard I. Morrison; Kathryn Wilkins; Robert Semenciw; Yang Mao; Don Wigle (1992).
590:. They affect grasses and dicots alike. The ALS inhibitor family includes various
5263:
3351:
3316:
3149:
3111:
3017:
732:
to Fdx to NADP, leading to direct discharge of electrons on oxygen. As a result,
7543:
7538:
7323:
7210:
7205:
7195:
7190:
7118:
7108:
6883:
6848:
6828:
6793:
6761:
6446:
6426:
6389:
6192:
6187:
5945:
5927:
5907:
5897:
5889:
5814:
5762:
5715:
5550:
5540:
5510:
5475:
2636:
2421:
2267:
2247:
2045:
1711:
1409:
1389:
1026:
924:
805:
781:
761:
687:
482:
404:
344:
are specifically formulated to degrade within a short period after application.
134:
5313:
A Brief History of On-track Weed Control in the N.S.W. SRA during the Steam Era
4310:
3830:
The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests
3184:
2188:
agreed to change its advertising after pressure from New York attorney general
124:. Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired
7260:
7143:
7078:
7063:
7021:
6898:
6798:
6486:
6436:
6310:
6290:
6270:
6230:
6136:
6096:
5998:
5862:
5844:
5829:
5720:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5591:
5571:
5566:
5530:
5460:
4704:"Herbicide resistance evolution, fitness cost, and the fear of the superweeds"
4433:
4397:
4061:
4042:
3738:
3688:
3508:
3413:
3246:
2275:
2197:
1761:
1517:
1021:
920:
872:
837:
829:
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793:
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729:
725:
683:
641:
629:
583:
579:
474:
373:
333:
6680:
3910:
3068:
2916:
2806:
361:
Chemical structure of the herbicide is of primary affecting efficacy. 2,4-D,
7707:
7670:
7617:
7592:
7250:
6736:
6723:
6715:
6451:
6441:
6419:
6409:
6384:
6375:
6367:
6300:
6275:
6255:
6091:
6013:
5993:
5912:
5839:
5834:
5819:
5700:
5695:
5480:
5154:
Moss, S. R. (2002). "Herbicide-Resistant Weeds". In Naylor, R. E. L. (ed.).
4808:
4791:
3833:
2749:
2648:
2319:
2026:
1829:
1784:
1746:
1696:
1631:
1537:
1001:
981:
971:
932:
876:
817:
809:
703:
691:
603:
553:
442:
396:
341:
263:
142:
138:
5405:
5271:
5125:
5090:
5050:
4773:
4727:
4604:
4441:
4120:
3446:(2nd, rev. and enl. ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH-Verl. pp. 197–276.
3421:
3212:
3119:
2967:
2455:
Agronomic factors influencing the risk of herbicide resistance development
2173:
exposure has been implicated in a likely relationship to increased risk of
34:
4595:
4523:. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. pp. 207–220.
4405:
4318:
4260:
4242:
4211:
4102:
4070:
4027:
3516:
3045:"In the beginning: the multiple discovery of the first hormone herbicides"
2948:
2424:– a number of products combine herbicides with different means of action.
910:
Herbicides being sprayed from the spray arms of a tractor in North Dakota.
369:
control many broadleaf weeds but remain ineffective against turf grasses.
7566:
7493:
7421:
7158:
7033:
6823:
6265:
6116:
6101:
6086:
6064:
6050:
6003:
5985:
5922:
5917:
5824:
5782:
5767:
5705:
5581:
5535:
5515:
5465:
3211:. The Industry Task Force II on 2,4-D Research Data. 2015. Archived from
2784:
2652:
2602:
2331:
2287:
2209:
2170:
2113:
1201:
947:
864:
802:
777:
753:
745:
715:
707:
699:
695:
637:
400:
384:
362:
319:
299:
186:
150:
146:
4833:"Tank mixing herbicides may not be enough to avoid herbicide resistance"
4544:
4009:
2994:
2797:
Appleby, Arnold P.; Müller, Franz; Carpy, Serge (2001). "Weed Control".
2318:
with resistance to six different herbicide modes of action has emerged.
7675:
7637:
7627:
7503:
7180:
7138:
7028:
6394:
6295:
6285:
6177:
5902:
5606:
5576:
5452:
5448:
4752:
Service, R. F. (2013). "What Happens when Weed Killers Stop Killing?".
4545:"Current Status of the International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database"
3814:
2623:
2054:
2002:
915:
868:
860:
658:
575:
469:
432:
366:
178:
170:
4647:
4585:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4087:"Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study"
3596:
935:
sward beneath. The method has the benefit of avoiding spray drift. In
796:, was discovered in the course of developing this class of herbicides.
7367:
7360:
7355:
6771:
6045:
5757:
5470:
2628:
2178:
2151:
2094:
1839:
1819:
1726:
1716:
1424:
741:
711:
571:
295:
291:
5117:
4785:
4783:
3806:
3586:
3569:
3551:
3480:
2770:
Pesticides Industry. Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates
2584:
Have similar persistence in the soil (if it is a residual herbicide)
644:(Roundup) is a systemic EPSPS inhibitor inactivated by soil contact.
208:, the first selective chemical herbicide, was discovered during the
6040:
2853:"Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2008 – 2012 Market Estimates"
7456:
5744:
4929:"Multiple resistant Amaranthus palmeri from United States, Kansas"
2447:
2193:
1996:
1849:
1794:
1186:
936:
905:
856:
845:
780:
breakdown. Tyrosine breakdown products are used by plants to make
654:
648:
557:
516:
307:
283:
279:
225:
205:
200:
117:
33:
25:
552:. Thus, ACCase inhibitors affect cell membrane production in the
7377:
6992:
6172:
6150:
5777:
5772:
2739:
1824:
1071:
1066:
1031:
940:
852:
675:
287:
125:
121:
6684:
6340:
5409:
3568:
Beckie, H. J.; Harker, L. M.; Hall, S. I.; et al. (2006).
7305:
3994:"Weight of the evidence on the human carcinogenicity of 2,4-D"
3941:
2120:
arising from ingestion of a significant quantity rapidly, and
6336:
5396:
4911:"Number of Resistant Species to Individual Active Herbicides"
2440:
activity. In the UK, partially resistant grass weeds such as
173:, salinity, or fertility levels, were used to control weeds.
5369:
4225:
Kettles, MK; Browning, SR; Prince, TS; Horstman, SW (1997).
2381:). A related mechanism is that an adaptable enzyme such as
104:
60:
19:"Weedkiller" redirects here. For the album by Ashnikko, see
4980:
4978:
4947:"Multiple resistant Poa Anna from United States, Tennessee"
4678:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0700:rrowta]2.0.co;2
4478:
10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1125:FSOPAB]2.0.CO;2
3061:
10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0290:ITBTMD]2.0.CO;2
2128:
toxicity as opposed to equally valid statements of lack of
582:). These herbicides slowly starve affected plants of these
327:
72:
3937:"U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam"
3780:
3778:
3636:
5242:
Stokstad, E. (2013). "The War Against Weeds Down Under".
5158:(9th ed.). Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 225–252.
4792:"The "Wicked" Nature of the Herbicide Resistance Problem"
4521:
Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds
2428:
may use herbicides alongside other pest control methods.
66:
4359:
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs
4164:"Facts About Herbicide - Department Of Veterans Affairs"
2659:), a family of herbicides that inhibit an enzyme called
266:. Quastel was able to quantify the influence of various
5363:
4702:
Damalas, Christos A.; Koutroubas, Spyridon D. (2024).
4184:
Kogevinas, M; Becher, H; Benn, T; et al. (1997).
3867:"Agent Orange's Long Legacy, for Vietnam and Veterans"
3761:"Campaign launched to halt Welsh river pesticide rise"
3289:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–192.
5381:
4341:"Complaints halt herbicide spraying in Eastern Shore"
78:
69:
4965:"Resistant Species by # of Sites of Action (Top 15)"
3654:
3133:
Templeman, W. G. (1945). "Harnessing the hormones".
2093:
had divided opinions on the likelihood 2,4-D causes
628:(EPSPS) is used in the synthesis of the amino acids
75:
63:
7648:
7585:
7552:
7314:
6857:
6722:
6624:
6469:
6374:
6243:
6201:
6158:
6149:
6072:
6063:
6031:
6022:
5984:
5959:
5936:
5888:
5879:
5853:
5805:
5796:
5743:
5734:
5686:
5638:
5605:
5549:
5447:
748:) inhibit the FeS to Fdx step of that chain, while
258:made the same discovery. Quastel was tasked by the
101:
98:
57:
4376:Reuber, MD (1981). "Carcinogenicity of Picloram".
4274:"Monsanto Pulls Roundup Advertising in New York".
3563:
3561:
2647:Herbicide resistance became a critical problem in
2242:, used to favor certain types of growth following
2040:The use of herbicides as a chemical weapon by the
521:Herbicides classified by their mechanism of action
318:The triazine family of herbicides, which includes
3570:"A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada"
2901:. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 862.
2385:is redesigned to neutralize the pesticide itself.
2029:in the Malaysian countryside in order to deprive
4870:"Herbicide-resistant weeds raise more questions"
3016:Andrew H. Cobb; John P. H. Reade (2011). "7.1".
2639:. The applicability of these agents is unclear.
626:Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase enzyme
3967:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). "Defoliation".
3712:1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds
3615:. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 279–294.
2605:, a herbicide with a different mode of action.
2581:Be detoxified by different biochemical pathways
407:, and glyphosate are non-selective herbicides.
340:Many modern herbicides used in agriculture and
5317:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin
4378:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
3637:"PROTECTING CROP YIELDS AND QUALITY WORLDWIDE"
3151:A History of Weed Science in the United States
2851:Atwood, Donald; Paisley-Jones, Claire (2017).
2799:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2783:Main page for EPA reports on pesticide use is
2643:Farming practices and resistance: a case study
586:, which eventually leads to the inhibition of
6696:
6352:
5421:
4091:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
2683:inhibitors, were effective against ryegrass.
2590:Synergise the activity of the other component
1957:
395:Non-selective herbicides, generally known as
16:Type of chemical used to kill unwanted plants
8:
7572:List of organic gardening and farming topics
5366:, Information about pesticide-related topics
4659:
4657:
3887:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 263
1983:Use politically, militarily, and in conflict
216:The major breakthroughs occurred during the
5004:Powles, S. B.; Shaner, D. L., eds. (2001).
3495:its toxicology and development as a drug".
665:are examples of synthetic auxin herbicides.
165:Prior to the widespread use of herbicides,
116:, are substances used to control undesired
6703:
6689:
6681:
6359:
6345:
6337:
6155:
6069:
6028:
5885:
5802:
5740:
5428:
5414:
5406:
5008:. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. p. 328.
4852:"The grim reality of herbicide resistance"
4697:
4695:
4136:"8: Fate of herbicides in the environment"
2832:"Nitrogen Cycle and World Food Production"
1964:
1950:
1854:
980:
958:
728:, specifically the normal pathway through
372:Chemical additives influence selectivity.
5392:European Commission pesticide information
5224:"Natural Herbicides: Are they effective?"
4807:
4594:
4584:
4250:
4201:
4110:
4060:
4017:
3595:
3585:
3372:. W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 670.
3363:
3361:
3298:
3296:
2957:
2947:
2617:has come to mean herbicides intended for
2302:A 2008–2009 survey of 144 populations of
5370:National Agricultural Statistics Service
5237:
5235:
5233:
4747:
4745:
4048:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3305:International Journal of Pest Management
3239:Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds
3231:
3229:
2453:
640:. They affect grasses and dicots alike.
30:A field after application of a herbicide
5149:
5147:
5145:
5143:
3899:"Agent Orange Still Haunts Vietnam, US"
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
2899:Encyclopedia of environment and society
2884:"GLYPHOSATE AND THE POLITICS OF SAFETY"
2858:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
2761:
1893:
1857:
970:
3497:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
2553:Approaches to treating resistant weeds
792:are herbicides in this class; a drug,
548:(ACCase) is part of the first step of
5364:National Pesticide Information Center
5043:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112119
5006:Herbicide Resistance and World Grains
3641:Herbicide Resistance Action Committee
3613:Herbicide Resistance and World Grains
3395:"4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase"
3340:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
2274:evolved rapidly in part because when
7:
7757:
2846:
2844:
2720:List of environmental health hazards
616:sulfonylamino carbonyl triazolinones
7769:
4985:Brown, H. Claire (18 August 2021).
4291:Human & Experimental Toxicology
4140:Handbook of Weed Management Systems
2886:. Halifax Examiner. 7 October 2016.
2575:Be active at different target sites
2071:Environmental effects of pesticides
1192:Radium and radon in the environment
774:4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
674:reduce electron flow from water to
5286:"Hoegrass 500 Selective Herbicide"
4889:"Marestail Jumps Glyphosate Fence"
4203:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009069
3287:Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 15
2097:in humans. As of 1992, studies on
2050:impacts upon the Vietnamese people
682:. They bind to the Qb site on the
435:are in use as preplant herbicides.
14:
7827:Chemical anti-agriculture weapons
5400:Pest Management Regulatory Agency
4231:Environmental Health Perspectives
3655:"Weed Science Society of America"
3574:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
2013:Although herbicidal warfare uses
298:(broadleaf plants), but not most
7768:
7756:
7745:
7744:
7732:
6460:
5387:UK Pesticides Safety Directorate
5330:
5067:Science of the Total Environment
4887:Marking, Syl (January 1, 2002).
4505:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00375.x
4190:American Journal of Epidemiology
3444:Modern crop protection compounds
2112:Herbicides have widely variable
2065:Health and environmental effects
2031:Malayan National Liberation Army
1931:
1919:
94:
53:
5083:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.064
4142:. CRC Press. pp. 245–278.
3949:from the original on 2013-03-03
3917:from the original on 2017-03-30
3865:Haberman, Clyde (11 May 2014).
3043:Troyer, James R. (March 2001).
3019:Herbicides and Plant Physiology
2705:Environmental impact assessment
2587:Exert negative cross-resistance
2286:Plants developed resistance to
2157:Cases have been reported where
2025:forces deployed herbicides and
1012:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
890:Weed Science Society of America
764:) inhibit the Fdx to NADP step.
256:Rothamsted Experimental Station
38:Weeds controlled with herbicide
5031:Annual Review of Plant Biology
4720:10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111934
4422:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
3442:Krämer, Wolfgang, ed. (2012).
3177:Agricultural Control Chemicals
2181:relationship remains unclear.
1881:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
946:There is little difference in
294:grass crops, because it kills
157:, as well as pasture systems.
1:
4766:10.1126/science.341.6152.1329
2661:acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase
2578:Have a high level of efficacy
2048:has left tangible, long-term
1352:Electrical resistance heating
851:(IAA). This family includes
690:molecules. As a consequence,
678:at the photochemical step in
546:Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase
260:Agricultural Research Council
6522:Persistent organic pollutant
5264:10.1126/science.341.6147.734
4355:"Tordon 101: picloram/2,4-D"
3935:King, Jessica (2012-08-10).
3897:Stocking, Ben (2007-06-14).
3848:"The legacy of Agent Orange"
3352:10.1016/j.pestbp.2007.04.004
3317:10.1080/09670874.2013.821212
3112:10.1126/science.100.2590.154
2897:Robbins, Paul (2007-08-27).
2283:non-target site resistance.
2075:Health effects of pesticides
1062:Persistent organic pollutant
986:Air pollution from a factory
883:WSSA and HRAC classification
485:are soil-applied herbicides.
234:Imperial Chemical Industries
7603:Index of pesticide articles
6665:Index of pesticide articles
6492:Agricultural spray adjuvant
3469:Outlooks on Pest Management
2779:. Summary in press release
2710:Index of pesticide articles
7843:
6747:Climate-friendly gardening
6660:Integrated Pest Management
6507:Integrated pest management
4987:"Attack of the Superweeds"
4567:Baucom, Regina S. (2019).
4343:. CBC News. June 16, 2009.
4311:10.1177/096032719101000101
3971:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO.
3787:Journal of Applied Ecology
3185:10.1021/ba-1950-0001.ch045
2715:Integrated pest management
2690:
2426:Integrated pest management
2412:Integrated pest management
2409:
2360:Biochemistry of resistance
2068:
2059:Viet Nam Red Cross Society
2005:, most of them victims of
1986:
899:
112:), also commonly known as
18:
7726:
7623:Plant disease forecasting
7577:Vegan organic agriculture
7427:Genetically modified tree
6655:
6557:Paradox of the pesticides
6458:
6160:Photosystem II inhibitors
6074:Photosystem II inhibitors
5194:"Pesticide Product Label"
4434:10.1080/10408440802116496
4398:10.1080/15287398109529973
3739:10.1017/S0890037X00046376
3689:10.1017/S0890037X00043116
3414:10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.015
3370:Biochemistry, 4th Edition
3247:10.1002/9780470634394.ch1
3148:Robert L Zimdahl (2007).
3022:. John Wiley & Sons.
2518:Control in previous years
2371:electron-transport system
1607:War and environmental law
1227:Health effects from noise
1077:Volatile organic compound
955:Misuse and misapplication
529:, enzyme substrates, and
324:groundwater contamination
236:. In 1940, his work with
228:was first synthesized by
185:, arsenic, copper salts,
6597:Pesticide Action Network
6517:Non-pesticide management
6033:Photosystem I inhibitors
5156:Weed management handbook
2872:. CBC News. 2 July 2019.
2807:10.1002/14356007.a28_165
2001:Handicapped children in
1977:Herbicide volatilisation
1232:Marine mammals and sonar
951:cycles of lumber crops.
776:, which are involved in
722:Photosystem I inhibitors
710:) and urea derivatives (
612:pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates
391:Non-selective herbicides
310:of the parent compound.
222:use of herbicides in war
6497:Biological pest control
5106:Pest Management Science
4893:Corn and Soybean Digest
4809:10.1614/WS-D-15-00035.1
4790:Shaw, David R. (2016).
4466:Ecological Applications
4062:10.1093/jnci/84.24.1866
4043:"Herbicides and Cancer"
3998:Environ Health Perspect
3509:10.1023/A:1005458703363
3368:Stryer, Lubert (1995).
2513:Single modes of action
1707:Freshwater salinization
1627:Agricultural wastewater
734:reactive oxygen species
7562:Biodynamic agriculture
7499:Postharvest physiology
7447:Landscape architecture
7144:Indonesian home garden
6610:The Pesticide Question
5319:, April, 1996 pp99–116
5069:. 569–570: 1618–1628.
4134:Smith (18 July 1995).
3883:Lewy, Guenter (1978),
3828:Bruce Cumings (1998).
2567:Mixtures and sequences
2558:Alternative herbicides
2540:Resistance in vicinity
2443:Alopecurus myosuroides
2212:, in studies on rats.
2161:are contaminated with
2010:
1926:Environment portal
911:
698:herbicides (including
522:
242:naphthaleneacetic acid
213:
149:varieties in favor of
39:
31:
6809:Historic conservation
6512:Maximum residue limit
6482:Environmental effects
4243:10.1289/ehp.971051222
3393:Moran GR (Jan 2005).
2949:10.1104/pp.114.241901
2725:Preemergent herbicide
2691:Further information:
2681:long-chain fatty acid
2673:acetolactate synthase
2420:– a major concern in
2406:Resistance management
2339:Evolutionary insights
2272:glyphosate resistance
2000:
1667:Industrial wastewater
1435:Municipal solid waste
1357:Soil guideline values
909:
902:Pesticide application
900:Further information:
724:steal electrons from
568:Acetolactate synthase
520:
460:Method of application
411:Timing of application
204:
37:
29:
7739:Gardening portal
7638:Aquamog weed remover
7613:List of insecticides
6670:Pesticide categories
5182:. 21 September 2017.
3763:. BBC. 16 April 2015
3402:Arch Biochem Biophys
2510:Many modes of action
2418:herbicide resistance
2354:metabolic resistance
2346:convergent evolution
2260:herbicide resistance
2206:Dow Chemical Company
2107:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
2023:British Commonwealth
1876:Most polluted cities
1528:Overhead power lines
752:herbicides (such as
740:herbicides (such as
6261:aminocyclopyrachlor
6226:sulfometuron methyl
5358:General Information
5291:. Bayer CropScience
5256:2013Sci...341..734S
5075:2016ScTEn.569.1618A
4837:farmers advance.com
4640:2015WeedR..55..334F
4573:The New Phytologist
4390:1981JTEH....7..207R
4303:1991HETox..10....1T
4103:10.1093/jnci/djx233
4010:10.1289/ehp.9196213
3903:The Washington Post
3799:1993JApEc..30..395M
3104:1944Sci...100..154H
2995:10.1614/WT-06-130.1
2768:EPA. February 2011
2456:
2103:soft tissue sarcoma
2015:chemical substances
1692:Ocean acidification
1602:Unexploded ordnance
1523:Advertising clutter
1455:Post-consumer waste
1400:Foam food container
1385:Biodegradable waste
1042:Global distillation
896:Use and application
608:triazolopyrimidines
535:mechanism of action
513:Mechanism of action
314:Further discoveries
252:Juda Hirsch Quastel
169:, such as altering
7807:Soil contamination
7608:List of fungicides
7373:Companion planting
6221:metsulfuron-methyl
5890:Nitrophenyl ethers
4991:The New York Times
3885:America in Vietnam
3871:The New York Times
2775:2015-03-18 at the
2730:Soil contamination
2693:List of herbicides
2669:selection pressure
2482:Cultivation system
2454:
2433:selection pressure
2375:gene amplification
2216:Ecological effects
2159:Phenoxy herbicides
2099:phenoxy herbicides
2011:
1993:Herbicidal warfare
1938:Ecology portal
1563:Herbicidal warfare
1107:Introduced species
1047:Indoor air quality
1017:Chlorofluorocarbon
943:in water courses.
923:systems (known as
912:
844:mimic the natural
842:phenoxyacetic acid
600:metsulfuron-methyl
523:
421:photodecomposition
378:Herbicide safeners
214:
175:Mechanical control
40:
32:
21:Weedkiller (album)
7784:
7783:
7656:Community orchard
7482:drought tolerance
6678:
6677:
6334:
6333:
6239:
6238:
6145:
6144:
6059:
6058:
5980:
5979:
5881:Protox inhibitors
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5798:ACCase inhibitors
5376:Regulatory policy
5250:(6147): 734–736.
5165:978-0-632-05732-0
4648:10.1111/wre.12153
4586:10.1111/nph.15723
4149:978-0-8247-9547-4
4055:(24): 1866–1874.
3978:978-1-85109-961-0
3453:978-3-527-32965-6
3379:978-0-7167-2009-6
3241:. pp. 1–33.
3194:978-0-8412-2442-1
3098:(2590): 154–155.
2615:organic herbicide
2609:Natural herbicide
2550:
2549:
2477:Crop monoculture
2446:(blackgrass) and
2019:Malayan Emergency
1989:Rainbow herbicide
1974:
1973:
1909:
1908:
1575:Nuclear holocaust
1498:Urban heat island
1312:Radioactive waste
1097:Biological hazard
1007:Air quality index
849:indoleacetic acid
542:ACCase inhibitors
306:) or one of many
254:, working at the
238:indoleacetic acid
167:cultural controls
7834:
7772:
7771:
7760:
7759:
7748:
7747:
7737:
7736:
7713:Plant collecting
7649:Related articles
7586:Plant protection
6767:French intensive
6705:
6698:
6691:
6682:
6464:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6338:
6156:
6070:
6029:
5938:Pyrimidinediones
5886:
5803:
5741:
5688:Organophosphorus
5430:
5423:
5416:
5407:
5334:
5333:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5290:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5239:
5228:
5227:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5198:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5151:
5138:
5137:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4982:
4973:
4972:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4895:. Archived from
4884:
4878:
4877:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4856:farmprogress.com
4847:
4841:
4840:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4811:
4802:(SP1): 552–558.
4787:
4778:
4777:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4661:
4652:
4651:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4598:
4588:
4564:
4553:
4552:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4472:(4): 1125–1132.
4460:
4454:
4453:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4361:. Archived from
4351:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4205:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4021:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3894:
3888:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3854:. 29 April 2005.
3844:
3838:
3837:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3589:
3580:(4): 1243–1264.
3565:
3556:
3555:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3424:. Archived from
3399:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3261:
3260:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3209:"2,4-D Benefits"
3205:
3199:
3198:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2942:(3): 1119–1131.
2936:Plant Physiology
2927:
2921:
2920:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2794:
2788:
2766:
2529:Weed infestation
2485:Annual ploughing
2457:
2377:or changes in a
2320:Annual bluegrass
2233:Bird populations
2202:Dow AgroSciences
2186:Monsanto Company
2122:chronic toxicity
1966:
1959:
1952:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1855:
1558:Chemical warfare
1460:Waste management
1420:Industrial waste
1395:Electronic waste
1380:Advertising mail
1362:Phytoremediation
1337:Land degradation
1277:Depleted uranium
1162:Overillumination
1112:Invasive species
984:
974:
959:
651:-like herbicides
622:EPSPS inhibitors
218:Second World War
210:Second World War
197:First herbicides
120:, also known as
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
93:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
52:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7780:
7731:
7722:
7718:Turf management
7703:Lists of plants
7698:List of gardens
7644:
7581:
7548:
7310:
6860:
6853:
6718:
6709:
6679:
6674:
6651:
6620:
6465:
6456:
6370:
6365:
6335:
6330:
6235:
6197:
6141:
6055:
6018:
5976:
5955:
5932:
5867:
5849:
5792:
5730:
5682:
5648:flurochloridone
5634:
5620:copper arsenate
5601:
5545:
5443:
5434:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5315:Longworth, Jim
5309:
5307:Further reading
5304:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5241:
5240:
5231:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5153:
5152:
5141:
5118:10.1002/ps.6040
5103:
5102:
5098:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4969:weedscience.org
4963:
4962:
4958:
4951:weedscience.org
4945:
4944:
4940:
4933:weedscience.org
4927:
4926:
4922:
4915:weedscience.org
4909:
4908:
4904:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4850:Haynes, Betty.
4849:
4848:
4844:
4831:Quinn, Lauren.
4830:
4829:
4825:
4789:
4788:
4781:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4566:
4565:
4556:
4549:weedscience.org
4543:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4278:. Nov 27, 1996.
4273:
4272:
4268:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4196:(12): 1061–75.
4183:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4040:
4039:
4035:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3952:
3950:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3920:
3918:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3878:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3807:10.2307/2404181
3784:
3783:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3727:Weed Technology
3724:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3677:Weed Technology
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3587:10.4141/P05-193
3567:
3566:
3559:
3552:10.1071/CH10366
3537:
3536:
3532:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3481:10.1564/20feb09
3466:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3264:
3257:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2983:Weed Technology
2980:
2979:
2975:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2909:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2777:Wayback Machine
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2695:
2689:
2657:diclofop-methyl
2645:
2619:organic farming
2611:
2598:Stellaria media
2569:
2560:
2555:
2502:Herbicide only
2490:minimum tillage
2471:Cropping system
2414:
2408:
2383:cytochrome P450
2362:
2341:
2316:Palmer amaranth
2256:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2204:, owned by the
2116:in addition to
2087:carcinogenicity
2082:
2077:
2067:
2035:Royal Air Force
1995:
1987:Main articles:
1985:
1970:
1932:
1930:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1702:Pharmaceuticals
1682:Nonpoint source
1622:
1612:
1611:
1580:Nuclear fallout
1553:
1543:
1542:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1450:Packaging waste
1415:Hazardous waste
1375:
1367:
1366:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1287:Nuclear fallout
1282:Nuclear fission
1262:
1252:
1251:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1147:
1145:Electromagnetic
1137:
1136:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1052:Ozone depletion
997:
987:
972:
957:
904:
898:
885:
769:HPPD inhibitors
718:, and terbacil.
594:(SUs) (such as
560:plants are not.
550:lipid synthesis
515:
506:
473:Volatility and
462:
413:
393:
359:
350:
316:
230:W. G. Templeman
224:. The compound
199:
191:sodium chlorate
163:
97:
88:
87:
56:
47:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7840:
7838:
7830:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7789:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7766:
7754:
7742:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7693:Garden tourism
7690:
7685:
7683:Groundskeeping
7680:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7663:
7658:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7558:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7472:free-flowering
7469:
7464:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7353:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7320:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6865:
6863:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6789:Groundskeeping
6786:
6785:
6784:
6782:computer-aided
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6685:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6637:European Union
6634:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6616:Toxicity class
6613:
6606:
6599:
6594:
6592:Restricted use
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6502:Gene silencing
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6477:Health effects
6473:
6471:
6470:Related topics
6467:
6466:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6341:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6203:ALS inhibitors
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6164:
6162:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6127:terbuthylazine
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5855:DIM herbicides
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5807:FOP herbicides
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5747:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5640:HPPD inhbitors
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5615:cacodylic acid
5611:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5360:
5359:
5336:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:External links
5322:
5321:
5320:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5277:
5229:
5222:Cheryl Wilen.
5214:
5185:
5171:
5164:
5139:
5096:
5056:
5037:(1): 317–347.
5021:
5014:
4996:
4974:
4956:
4938:
4920:
4902:
4899:on 2009-07-10.
4879:
4876:. 23 May 2023.
4861:
4842:
4823:
4779:
4760:(6152): 1329.
4741:
4691:
4672:(6): 700–712.
4653:
4634:(4): 334–358.
4618:
4596:2027.42/149516
4554:
4536:
4530:978-1560981138
4529:
4510:
4499:(4): 579–600.
4483:
4455:
4428:(9): 721–772.
4411:
4384:(2): 207–222.
4368:
4365:on 2010-03-12.
4346:
4332:
4281:
4266:
4237:(11): 1222–7.
4217:
4176:
4155:
4148:
4126:
4097:(5): 509–516.
4076:
4033:
3984:
3977:
3959:
3927:
3889:
3876:
3857:
3839:
3820:
3793:(3): 395–406.
3774:
3752:
3717:
3702:
3683:(2): 384–393.
3667:
3646:
3628:
3621:
3603:
3557:
3546:(4): 367–372.
3530:
3503:(5): 498–506.
3486:
3459:
3452:
3434:
3431:on 2014-03-03.
3385:
3378:
3357:
3330:
3311:(3): 165–173.
3292:
3262:
3255:
3225:
3200:
3193:
3167:
3160:
3140:
3125:
3082:
3055:(2): 290–297.
3035:
3028:
3008:
2989:(2): 559–566.
2973:
2922:
2907:
2889:
2875:
2861:
2840:
2830:Smil, Vaclav.
2822:
2815:
2789:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Surface runoff
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2685:
2677:Photosystem II
2644:
2641:
2633:tree of heaven
2610:
2607:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2361:
2358:
2340:
2337:
2324:Rigid ryegrass
2292:ALS-inhibitors
2255:
2252:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2147:surface runoff
2118:acute toxicity
2081:
2078:
2066:
2063:
1984:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:Law by country
1868:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:Surface runoff
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:Eutrophication
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1597:Scorched earth
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:Nuclear winter
1587:
1585:Nuclear famine
1582:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1342:Bioremediation
1339:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:Bioremediation
1269:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:Transportation
1218:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:Radio spectrum
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1037:Global dimming
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
977:
976:
968:
967:
956:
953:
897:
894:
884:
881:
798:
797:
765:
750:diphenyl ether
719:
680:photosynthesis
670:Photosystem II
666:
645:
619:
604:imidazolinones
564:ALS inhibitors
561:
527:plant hormones
514:
511:
505:
502:
501:
500:
489:Foliar applied
486:
461:
458:
457:
456:
450:
436:
412:
409:
392:
389:
358:
355:
349:
346:
315:
312:
304:trimethylamine
290:, and similar
268:plant hormones
247:microorganisms
198:
195:
162:
159:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7839:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7777:
7776:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7688:Garden centre
7686:
7684:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7666:Floral design
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7647:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7533:
7532:reforestation
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7442:Intercropping
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7384:
7383:most valuable
7381:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7351:Arboriculture
7349:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
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5972:sulfentrazone
5970:
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5958:
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5658:leptospermone
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5521:pendimethalin
5519:
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5203:. 19 May 2022
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5015:9781420039085
5011:
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4713:
4709:
4708:Plant Science
4705:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4649:
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4633:
4629:
4628:Weed Research
4622:
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4602:
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4320:
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4312:
4308:
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4276:Wichita Eagle
4270:
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4258:
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3886:
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3858:
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3849:
3843:
3840:
3836:. p. 61.
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3622:9781420039085
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3604:
3598:
3593:
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3583:
3579:
3575:
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3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:Aust. J. Chem
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3411:
3408:(1): 117–28.
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3256:9780470410318
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
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3226:
3215:on 2015-11-02
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2523:
2520:
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2509:
2507:Herbicide use
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:Cultural only
2498:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:Good rotation
2473:
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2423:
2419:
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2379:gene promoter
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2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2177:, although a
2176:
2175:breast cancer
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2100:
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2079:
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2060:
2056:
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2043:
2042:U.S. military
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
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1982:
1980:
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1953:
1948:
1947:
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1757:Water quality
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1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Traffic signs
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:Nanomaterials
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:Radioactivity
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1247:Soundproofing
1245:
1243:
1242:Noise control
1240:
1238:
1237:Noise barrier
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
991:
990:
983:
979:
978:
975:
969:
965:
961:
960:
954:
952:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
928:
926:
922:
917:
908:
903:
895:
893:
891:
882:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
766:
763:
759:
758:nitrofluorfen
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
634:phenylalanine
631:
627:
623:
620:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:flazasulfuron
593:
592:sulfonylureas
589:
588:DNA synthesis
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
536:
532:
528:
519:
512:
510:
503:
498:
494:
490:
487:
484:
480:
476:
471:
467:
464:
463:
459:
454:
453:Postemergence
451:
448:
447:pendimethalin
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
414:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
381:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
356:
354:
347:
345:
343:
338:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:
207:
203:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
183:sulfuric acid
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
109:
91:
83:
50:
44:
36:
28:
22:
7773:
7761:
7749:
7730:
7633:Weed control
7597:
7522:horticulture
7452:Olericulture
7432:Hydroculture
7422:Fruticulture
7400:Floriculture
7329:Permaculture
7316:Horticulture
6712:Horticulture
6608:
6601:
6587:Bee toxicity
6527:Pest control
6432:Molluscicide
6414:
6405:Biopesticide
6400:Bioherbicide
6321:pyribenzoxim
6316:prosulfocarb
6306:metam sodium
6168:chlortoluron
5951:saflufenacil
5653:isoxaflutole
5562:aminopyralid
5526:pretilachlor
5496:dimethenamid
5491:diflufenican
5440:
5437:Pest control
5346:
5345:
5344:profile for
5341:
5312:
5293:. Retrieved
5280:
5247:
5243:
5217:
5205:. Retrieved
5200:
5188:
5174:
5155:
5112:(1): 22–32.
5109:
5105:
5099:
5066:
5059:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5005:
4999:
4990:
4968:
4959:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4914:
4905:
4897:the original
4892:
4882:
4874:agupdate.com
4873:
4864:
4855:
4845:
4836:
4826:
4799:
4796:Weed Science
4795:
4757:
4753:
4711:
4707:
4669:
4666:Weed Science
4665:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4579:(1): 68–82.
4576:
4572:
4548:
4539:
4520:
4513:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4363:the original
4358:
4349:
4335:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4275:
4269:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4169:September 1,
4167:. Retrieved
4158:
4139:
4129:
4094:
4090:
4079:
4052:
4046:
4036:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3968:
3962:
3951:. Retrieved
3940:
3930:
3919:. Retrieved
3902:
3892:
3884:
3879:
3870:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3829:
3823:
3790:
3786:
3765:. Retrieved
3755:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3711:
3705:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3649:
3640:
3631:
3612:
3606:
3577:
3573:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3475:(1): 27–30.
3472:
3468:
3462:
3443:
3437:
3426:the original
3405:
3401:
3388:
3369:
3346:(2): 89–96.
3343:
3339:
3333:
3308:
3304:
3286:
3238:
3217:. Retrieved
3213:the original
3203:
3176:
3170:
3154:. Elsevier.
3150:
3143:
3134:
3128:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3052:
3049:Weed Science
3048:
3038:
3018:
3011:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2898:
2892:
2878:
2864:
2825:
2798:
2792:
2764:
2745:Weed control
2700:Bioherbicide
2665:
2646:
2622:
2614:
2612:
2596:
2593:
2570:
2561:
2496:Weed control
2441:
2438:
2430:
2415:
2392:
2363:
2350:
2342:
2329:
2314:As of 2023,
2313:
2301:
2285:
2281:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2244:clearcutting
2240:silviculture
2236:
2228:
2225:Aquatic life
2219:
2190:Dennis Vacco
2183:
2156:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2111:
2083:
2080:Human health
2039:
2012:
2007:Agent Orange
1975:
1845:Point source
1790:Heavy metals
1752:Urban runoff
1737:Sulfur water
1712:Septic tanks
1568:Agent Orange
1478:Space debris
1332:Agricultural
1197:Volcanic ash
1057:Particulates
945:
929:
913:
886:
799:
768:
738:Bipyridinium
721:
668:
663:Aminopyralid
647:
621:
614:(POBs), and
563:
541:
524:
507:
488:
466:Soil applied
465:
452:
439:Preemergence
438:
429:metam-sodium
416:
394:
382:
371:
360:
351:
339:
332:
317:
276:
272:plant growth
215:
164:
155:clearcutting
135:insecticides
131:
114:weed killers
113:
42:
41:
7775:WikiProject
7544:Monoculture
7539:Viticulture
7517:agriculture
7477:propagation
7417:Hügelkultur
7339:sustainable
7324:Agriculture
7266:Therapeutic
7246:Shakespeare
7057:Renaissance
6849:Xeriscaping
6844:Sustainable
6839:Square foot
6829:Proplifting
6794:Garden tool
6762:Foodscaping
6642:New Zealand
6547:Degradation
6542:Formulation
6532:Application
6447:Rodenticide
6427:Insecticide
6390:Bactericide
6193:tebuthiuron
6188:monolinuron
5946:butafenacil
5928:oxyfluorfen
5908:fluorodifen
5898:acifluorfen
5815:chlorazifop
5763:dichlorprop
5716:glufosinate
5678:sulcotrione
5587:pyrithiobac
5541:trifluralin
5511:metolachlor
5506:metazachlor
5476:benfluralin
5295:13 December
4004:: 213–222.
2637:allelopathy
2488:Continuous
2422:agriculture
2268:monoculture
2248:neotropical
2046:Vietnam War
2044:during the
2037:aircraft.
1815:Area source
1657:Groundwater
1410:Green waste
1390:Brown waste
1374:Solid waste
1132:Information
1027:Exhaust gas
925:chemigation
822:tralkoxydim
806:chlorazifop
790:sulcotrione
782:carotenoids
762:acifluorfen
726:ferredoxins
688:chlorophyll
584:amino acids
504:Persistence
483:trifluralin
405:glufosinate
374:Surfactants
357:Selectivity
348:Terminology
7817:Toxicology
7802:Pesticides
7797:Herbicides
7791:Categories
7437:Indigenous
7334:stock-free
7306:Zoological
7186:Pollinator
7079:Greenhouse
7022:Sharawadgi
7010:Vietnamese
6971:East Asian
6879:Australian
6834:Raised bed
6799:Green wall
6625:By country
6582:Resurgence
6577:Resistance
6487:Fumigation
6437:Nematicide
6368:Pesticides
6311:metribuzin
6291:indaziflam
6271:bromoxynil
6231:tribenuron
6137:metamitron
6097:hexazinone
6024:Quaternary
5999:fluroxypyr
5863:sethoxydim
5845:quizalofop
5830:fenoxaprop
5726:piperophos
5721:glyphosate
5673:sethoxydim
5668:nitisinone
5663:mesotrione
5607:Arsenicals
5592:quinclorac
5572:clopyralid
5567:chloramben
5531:propachlor
5461:acetochlor
5441:herbicides
4297:(1): 1–8.
3953:2021-12-20
3921:2021-12-20
3733:(3): 662.
3597:10388/9421
3219:2015-11-06
3137:(98): 923.
3135:Ctry. Life
2757:References
2649:Australian
2631:), or the
2466:High risk
2410:See also:
2335:location.
2276:glyphosate
2254:Resistance
2198:Tordon 101
2137:toxicity.
2069:See also:
2027:defoliants
1902:By country
1894:Categories
1785:Pollutants
1762:Wastewater
1732:Stagnation
1677:Monitoring
1652:Freshwater
1518:Air travel
1405:Food waste
1347:Defecation
1157:Ecological
1090:Biological
1022:Combustion
962:Part of a
921:irrigation
873:clopyralid
838:mesotrione
834:profoxydim
830:sethoxydim
826:butroxydim
814:cycloxydim
794:nitisinone
786:Mesotrione
684:D1 protein
672:inhibitors
642:Glyphosate
630:tryptophan
580:isoleucine
497:cell walls
475:photolysis
425:volatility
397:defoliants
334:Glyphosate
177:including
139:fungicides
43:Herbicides
7812:Lawn care
7708:Perennial
7671:Floristry
7618:Pesticide
7598:Herbicide
7593:Fungicide
7487:hardiness
7251:Shrubbery
7231:Sculpture
7052:landscape
6981:Cantonese
6956:Container
6951:Community
6919:Byzantine
6914:Butterfly
6904:Botanical
6804:Guerrilla
6752:Community
6742:Butterfly
6737:Arboretum
6732:Allotment
6724:Gardening
6716:gardening
6562:Poisoning
6452:Slimicide
6442:Piscicide
6420:Defoliant
6415:Herbicide
6410:Fungicide
6385:Acaricide
6376:Pesticide
6301:methazole
6276:clomazone
6256:aclonifen
6132:terbutryn
6112:propazine
6107:prometryn
6092:cyanazine
6065:Triazines
6041:cyperquat
6014:triclopyr
6009:thiazopyr
5994:dithiopyr
5986:Pyridines
5913:fomesafen
5840:haloxyfop
5835:fluazifop
5820:cyhalofop
5701:bialaphos
5696:bensulide
5597:quinmerac
5486:diethatyl
5481:butachlor
5402:of Canada
5348:Herbicide
5134:221101653
4736:265513316
3911:0190-8286
3834:Earthscan
3697:251572710
3069:0043-1745
2917:228071686
2750:Defoliant
2613:The term
2521:Excellent
2330:In 2015,
2309:waterhemp
2304:waterhemp
2296:Marestail
2134:adjuvants
1830:Garbology
1747:Turbidity
1697:Oil spill
1647:Firewater
1632:Biosolids
1538:Vandalism
1297:Poisoning
1292:Plutonium
1267:Actinides
1260:Radiation
1002:Acid rain
973:Pollution
933:grassland
877:triclopyr
818:clethodim
810:fluazifop
704:cyanazine
692:oxidation
554:meristems
531:cofactors
495:, waxes,
443:Dithiopyr
342:gardening
264:perfusion
143:fumigants
7822:Biocides
7751:Category
7661:Features
7567:Grafting
7527:forestry
7509:Tropical
7494:Pomology
7467:cuttings
7462:breeding
7296:Wildlife
7276:Tropical
7226:Scottish
7176:Pleasure
7164:Paradise
7159:Charbagh
7129:Monastic
7124:Medieval
7034:Floating
6988:Japanese
6939:Communal
6929:Colonial
6894:Biblical
6859:Types of
6824:Parterre
6567:Research
6266:Bentazon
6122:simetryn
6117:simazine
6102:prometon
6087:atrazine
6051:paraquat
6004:imazapyr
5923:nitrofen
5918:lactofen
5825:diclofop
5783:mecoprop
5768:fenoprop
5711:fosamine
5706:ethephon
5582:picloram
5551:Aromatic
5536:propanil
5516:oryzalin
5501:flamprop
5466:alachlor
5453:anilines
5449:Anilides
5272:23950526
5126:32776423
5091:27318518
5051:20192743
4818:89070499
4774:24052282
4728:38036222
4686:53132597
4613:73439248
4605:30710343
4450:85648794
4442:18941967
4121:29136183
3947:Archived
3915:Archived
3852:BBC News
3767:17 April
3747:89106416
3422:15581571
3325:83922917
3120:17778584
3077:85637273
3003:86114859
2968:25104723
2773:Archived
2687:See also
2653:ryegrass
2603:mecoprop
2463:Low risk
2332:Monsanto
2288:atrazine
2210:picloram
2171:Triazine
2165:such as
2143:leaching
2114:toxicity
1886:Treaties
1866:Diseases
1722:Shipping
1687:Nutrient
1637:Diseases
1202:Wildfire
948:forestry
916:sprayers
865:picloram
803:diclofop
778:tyrosine
772:inhibit
754:nitrofen
746:paraquat
716:bromacil
708:atrazine
700:simazine
696:triazine
638:tyrosine
606:(IMIs),
493:cuticles
470:colloids
417:Preplant
401:Paraquat
385:humidity
363:mecoprop
320:atrazine
300:monocots
286:(corn),
187:kerosene
151:conifers
147:hardwood
7763:Commons
7676:Ikebana
7628:Pruning
7554:Organic
7504:Roguing
7390:Cutting
7281:Victory
7256:Spanish
7236:Sensory
7181:Prairie
7149:Persian
7139:Orchard
7104:Kitchen
7099:Keyhole
7094:Italian
7089:Islamic
7084:Hanging
7043:French
7029:Fernery
7017:English
6976:Chinese
6961:Cottage
6889:Baroque
6861:gardens
6814:History
6572:Residue
6395:Biocide
6296:juglone
6286:dinoseb
6183:monuron
6178:linuron
6082:ametryn
5903:bifenox
5788:2,4,5-T
5736:Phenoxy
5577:dicamba
5338:Scholia
5252:Bibcode
5244:Science
5207:4 April
5201:epa.gov
5071:Bibcode
4754:Science
4636:Bibcode
4406:7014921
4386:Bibcode
4327:8028945
4319:1673618
4299:Bibcode
4261:9370519
4252:1470339
4212:9199536
4112:6279255
4071:1460670
4028:1820267
4019:1568222
3815:2404181
3795:Bibcode
3660:4 April
3525:6717818
3517:9728330
3100:Bibcode
3092:Science
2959:4226364
2629:walnuts
2624:Juglans
2546:Common
2543:Unknown
2416:Due to
2290:and to
2163:dioxins
2130:chronic
2055:Vietnam
2003:Vietnam
1780:History
1662:Hypoxia
1491:Thermal
1445:Plastic
1307:Uranium
1181:Natural
1126:Digital
1102:Genetic
869:dicamba
861:2,4,5-T
659:2,4,5-T
610:(TPs),
576:leucine
433:dazomet
423:and/or
367:dicamba
179:tillage
171:soil pH
161:History
7513:Urban
7410:Taiwan
7405:Canada
7368:Botany
7361:Saikei
7356:Bonsai
7301:Winter
7286:Walled
7221:School
7216:Sacred
7171:Physic
7134:Mughal
7114:Market
7069:German
7047:formal
7039:Flower
7005:Korean
6924:Cactus
6909:Bottle
6869:Alpine
6819:Native
6772:Garden
6757:Forest
6632:Canada
6552:Misuse
6244:Others
6046:diquat
5758:2,4-DB
5745:Auxins
5471:asulam
5382:US EPA
5340:has a
5270:
5162:
5132:
5124:
5089:
5049:
5012:
4816:
4772:
4734:
4726:
4684:
4611:
4603:
4527:
4448:
4440:
4404:
4325:
4317:
4259:
4249:
4210:
4146:
4119:
4109:
4069:
4026:
4016:
3975:
3909:
3813:
3745:
3695:
3619:
3523:
3515:
3450:
3420:
3376:
3323:
3253:
3191:
3158:
3118:
3075:
3067:
3026:
3001:
2966:
2956:
2915:
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