Homestead Acts - Knowledge (XXG)

6031: 6038: 514: 224:, then including the modern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of Wyoming. The Oregon Donation Land Claim Act was passed in 1850 and allowed white settlers to claim 320 acres or 640 to married couples between 1850 and 1855 when the act was repealed. Before it was repealed in 1855, the land was sold for $ 1.25 per acre. After the creation of the Oregon territory in 1848, the US government had passed the most generous land distribution bill in US history. 245: 320:

other half from the patent (certificate) fee. The homesteader did not get a certificate or patent until they or their heirs filed, after 5 years (but before 7 years), further affidavits from two neighbors or "credible witnesses" and an additional $ 8 fee. Those affidavits affirmed the 5 years of residence or cultivation and that "no part of said land has been alienated , and that he has borne true allegiance to the Government of the United States".

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or a "head of household" (such as a parent or surviving sibling supporting a family), a citizen or an immigrant declaring to become a citizen, and a resident on that land for a minimum of 14 months. To get permanent title to the land, the person had to accomplish certain actions, such as continue to reside on it or improve it for at least five years; they could not leave or abandon it for more than six months at a time.

6454: 5882: 559: 878: 67:. In all, more than 160 million acres (650 thousand km; 250 thousand sq mi) of public land, or nearly 10 percent of the total area of the United States, were given away free.(In some states you had to pay ten dollars on top on the regulations to the contract) to 1.6 million homesteaders; most of the homesteads were west of the 640: 112:. It explicitly included Black Americans and encouraged them to participate, and, although rampant discrimination, systemic barriers, and bureaucratic inertia considerably slowed Black gains, the 1866 law was part of the reason that within a generation after its passage, by 1900, one quarter of all Southern Black farmers were farm owners. 40: 545:

is 660 feet long and 330 feet wide, or its equivalent. The property was to be improved with a building. Starting July 1955, improvement was required to be minimum of 400 sq. feet of space. 4,000 previously classified Small Tracts were offered at public auction at fair market value, circa 1958, by the Los Angeles Office of BLM.

231:. Not only did the act use the land taken away from the Indigenous people in the Pacific Northwest, but the act also barred Black citizens from owning land and real estate. The act guaranteed land for White settlers and "half-breed" Indian men to the Oregon territory. This act followed the passing of the 1848 territorial 307:

The Homestead act expanded, rather than changed, the 1841 Preemption Act. The claimed homestead could include the same land which they had previously filed a preemption claim (on up to 160 acres at $ 1.25 per acre, or up to 80 acres of subdivided and surveyed land at $ 2.50 per acre), and they could

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depicts some early homesteaders in Wyoming opposed by a cattle baron who abuses, threatens and terrorizes them, calling them "pig farmers," "sod-busters," "squatters" and other taunts and insults. When the rancher gets violent, the homesteaders are divided over whether to leave or to hold onto their

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In 1938 Congress passed a law, called the Small Tract Act (STA) of 1938, by which it is possible for any citizen to obtain certain lands from the Federal Government for residence, recreation, or business purposes. These tracts may not usually be larger than 5 acres. A 5-acre tract would be one which

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Because the US government did not issue fee waivers, many poor non-reservation Natives were unable to pay filing fees to claim homesteads. Access to such homesteads was further complicated by delays in resolving border disputes due to distance and discord between the US Land Office and the Bureau of

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The homestead application must be "made for his or her exclusive use and benefit, and that said entry is made for the purpose of actual settlement and cultivation, and not either directly or indirectly for the use or benefit of any other person or persons whomsoever". The acquired land would not be

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which allowed any white settler to claim a maximum of six hundred and forty acres. The Land Donation Act, however, also acknowledged women's property rights due to Congress allowing the donation of four hundred acres to settlers—land that could be claimed by heads of households—including women. This

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After filing an affidavit with the government's agent, and paying him a $ 10 fee, the homesteader could begin occupying their claim. The government agent received the same fee for homestead land as he would have received if that land was sold for cash, 1/2 from the homesteader's filing fee and the

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was still a powerful influence in American politics during the 1840–1850s, with many politicians believing a homestead act would help increase the number of "virtuous yeomen". The Free Soil Party of 1848–52, and the new Republican Party after 1854, demanded that the new lands opening up in the west

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The Preemption Act of 1841 allowed settlers to claim up to 160 acres of federal land for themselves and prevent its sale to others including large landowners or corporations; they paid only a low fixed price of $ 1.25 per acre ($ 3.09 per hectare). To qualify, a person had to be either 21 years old

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States' economic power, these tribes had little leverage and millions of acres of land were transferred from their ownership. It was difficult for indigenous people to legally challenge this infringement because they lacked legal rights and legal standing. These treaties were used to naturalize and

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1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres (420,000 sq mi) of federal land for private ownership. This was a total of 10% of all land in the United States. Homesteading was discontinued in 1976, except in Alaska, where it continued until 1986. About 40% of the applicants who

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The time requirement for residence or cultivation was set at 5 years; if it was proven "after due notice" that they moved residence or abandoned the land for more than six months at a time, then the land reverted to the government. A homesteader could also pay the $ 1.25 (or the current rate) per

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emphasized fraudulent episodes, and historians largely turned away from the issue. In recent decades, however, the argument has mostly been that on the whole fraud was a relatively minor element and that strongly positive impacts regarding women and the family have only recently been appreciated.

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The 1862 Homestead Act did not include indigenous peoples, so Congress passed the Indian Homestead Act to give Native family heads the opportunity to purchase homesteads from unclaimed public lands. This was under the condition that the individual relinquished their tribal identity and relations,

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The new act also required that the person "has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid and comfort to its enemies"; unlike the 1848 and 1850 laws, it did not have any provision mentioning race. The act insured adult U.S. citizens 160 acres of land from the government to

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In addition to the previous requirement in the Preemption Act of being either 21 years old or the head of a family, the 1862 act also allowed for persons under 21 who had served in the regular or volunteer forces of the U.S. army or navy for at least 14 days during "the existence of an actual war

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and reservations, causing a gradual decrease in this indigenous land. Many of these land-grabs occurred during and after treaty negotiations between indigenous tribes and the United States. Native Americans often traded their land in exchange for citizenship and civil rights. Due to the United

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If both parents died and all the children were under 21, an executor under state law could sell (for the benefit of the children, and not the estate) an absolute title to the land within two years of the parent's death. The purchaser would pay office fees for a patent to the land.

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The Timber Culture Act granted up to 160 acres of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres (revised to 10) of trees over a period of several years. This quarter-section could be added to an existing homestead claim, offering a total of 320 acres to a settler.

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did not expand the scope of the 1860 Province of Canada Act (which modern day Quebec was part of in 1860), but did provide in 1868 that such lands were exempt from seizure, and chattels thereon were also exempt for the first ten years of occupation. Later known as the

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This Homestead Acts also resulted in tensions between settlers and indigenous people, partly due to settlers moving onto indigenous territory while it was still occupied. Settlements excused Indian removal and culminated in multiple wars waged by settler militia.

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For a number of years individual Congressmen put forward bills providing for homesteading, but it was not until 1862 that the first homestead act was passed. The Homestead Act of 1862 opened up millions of acres. Any adult who had never taken up arms against the

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found that 70 percent of economists and 84 percent of economic historians disagreed with the statement "Nineteenth-century U.S. land policy, which attempted to give away free land, probably represented a net drain on the productive capacity of the country."

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The intent of the Homestead Act of 1862 was to reduce the cost of homesteading under the Preemption Act; after the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861, the Republicans and supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act signed by

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As an indirect, de facto way to secure the dispossessed land, the US government allowed late homesteading during the early twentieth century. This acted as a way to solidify settlements and permanently disrupt tribal land practices in the face of backlash.

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Settlers found land and filed their claims at the regional land office, usually in individual family units, although others formed closer-knit communities. Often, the homestead consisted of several buildings or structures besides the main house.

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had to be cleared. The land was forfeited if they didn't clear enough bush. Further amendments were made in 1877, 1882 and 1885, adding details such as pastoral and perpetual leases and village and special settlements. This contributed to rapid

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It was not very successful, as even the low prices and fees were often too much for the applicants to afford. The land made available was also mostly undeveloped forestry, and only white people had the means to make them productive.

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Some scholars believe the acreage limits were reasonable when the act was written but argue that no one understood the physical conditions of the plains. After a few generations, a family could build up a sizable estate.

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provided for free grants of land upon proof of possession for twenty years prior to 1977, with continuous use for agricultural, business or residential purposes during that time. Similar programs continued to operate in

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in southwestern Alaska. He fulfilled all requirements of the homestead act in 1979 but did not receive his deed until May 1988. He is the last person to receive a title to land claimed under the Homestead Acts.

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of north-central Nebraska required more than 160 acres for a claimant to support a family, Congress passed the Kinkaid Act, which granted larger homestead tracts, up to 640 acres, to homesteaders in Nebraska.

1339: 6194: 434:(from 1905? on), responding to opponents of the nation's Forest Reserves who felt land suited for agriculture was being withheld from private development. Homestead applications were reviewed by the 6015: 186:, African-American soldiers who were key in building the American frontier in the West. They often engaged in wars with Native Americans, led by the government, to take over indigenous land. 3062:

Hansen, Karen V., Grey Osterud, and Valerie Grim. "'Land Was One of the Greatest Gifts': Women's Landownership in Dakota Indian, Immigrant Scandinavian, and African American Communities."

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resources as much of the land they relied on was taken by the federal government and sold to settlers. Native ancestral lands had been limited through history, mainly through

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A massive influx of these new farmers, combined with inappropriate cultivation techniques and misunderstanding of the ecology, led to immense land erosion and eventually the

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of 1976 ended homesteading; by that time, federal government policy had shifted to retaining control of western public lands. The only exception to this new policy was in

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Realty and Resource Protection /bmps.Par.41235.File.dat/Split%20Estate%20Presentation%202006.pdf Split EstatePrivate Surface / Public Minerals: What Does it Mean to You?

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Felix Rohayton, 'Five: The Homestead Act' in Bold Endeavours: How Our Government Built America, And Why It Must Rebuild Now (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), p. 87

365:. In the South, poor farmers and sharecroppers made up the majority of the population so the act sold land at a lower price to decrease poverty among the working class. 6509: 6484: 6161: 6398: 6059: 1521: 840: 6156: 5961: 128: 124: 438:(created in 1905). While at first five years residency was required (per the 1862 Act), in 1913 this act was amended to allow proving up in just three years. 5950: 3205: 393:

along with the land improvement requirements. The federal land title was not officially granted to Native Americans until a period of five years had passed.

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just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if

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be made available to independent farmers, rather than wealthy planters who would develop it with the use of slaves forcing the yeomen farmers onto

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Combs, H. Jason, Natasha Winfield, and Paul R. Burger. (2019) "Nebraska's Pioneer and Heritage Farms: A Geographical and Historical Perspective."

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Rollings, William Hughes (2004). "Citizenship and Suffrage: The Native American Struggle for Civil Rights in the American West, 1830-1965".

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Robert Higgs argues that the Homestead Act induced no long-term misallocation of resources. In 1995, a random survey of 178 members of the

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Hannah L. Anderson, 'That Settles It: The Debate and Consequences of the Homestead Act of 1862', The History Teacher 45.1 (2011), p. 101

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Wilm, Julius (2020). ""The Indians Must Yield": Antebellum Free Land, The Homestead Act, and the Displacement of Native Peoples".

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Libecap, Gary D.; Hansen, Zeynep K. (September 1, 2001). "U.S. Land Policy, Property Rights, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s".

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Wilm, Julius. "'The Indians must yield': Antebellum Free Land, the Homestead Act, and the Displacement of Native Peoples."

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The Homestead Acts were sometimes abused, but historians continue to debate the extent. In the 1950s and 1960s, historians

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started the process were able to complete it and obtain title to their homesteaded land after paying a small fee in cash.

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The Oregon Land Donation Act of 1850 had many negative effects on Indigenous people as well as Black people in the

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American Singularity: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance, the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts, and the 1944 G.I. Bill

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Chapters in the History of Social Legislation in the United States to 1860 By Henry Walcott Farnam, 2000, P.138

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used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board. There was similar legislation in

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The Lure of the Land: A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal

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Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi

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in 1868, which introduced a conditional scheme to an existing free grant plan previously authorized by the

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who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white farmers.

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Edwards, Richard. (2009) "Changing perceptions of homesteading as a policy of public domain disposal."

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Phillips, Sarah (2000). "Antebellum Agricultural Reform, Republican Ideology, and Sectional Tension".

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act differed from the Homestead Act of 1866 due to the ineligibility of Black citizens from applying.

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The last claim under this Act was made by Ken Deardorff for 80 acres (32 ha) of land on the

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Richard Edwards, "Changing perceptions of homesteading as a policy of public domain disposal."

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famously coined the phrase "Vote Yourself a Farm" in a bid to garner support for the movement.

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Shanks, Trina R.W. "The Homestead Act: A major asset-building policy in American history." in

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Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

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were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of

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on May 20, 1862, which went into effect on Jan. 1st, 1863. Its leading advocates were

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acre price after proof of the less-stringent requirements set in the Preemption Act.

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claims. A drifter working on one of the homesteads reluctantly tries to take action.

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Several additional laws were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The

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The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War

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expand their current ownership to contiguous adjacent land up to 160 acres total.

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could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible.

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who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to

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https://www.archives.gov/files/calendar/genealogy-fair/2014/other-land-acts.pdf

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decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to

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until 1970. In the early 21st century, some land is still being granted in the

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Patterson-Black, Sheryll. "Women homesteaders on the Great Plains frontier."

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Land-grant laws similar to the Homestead Acts had been proposed by northern

79: 17: 2463:(The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol 9), p. 469. Nibley's grandfather, 1702:

Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion

1415:"Late Homesteading: Native Land Dispossession through Strategic Occupation" 1254:"Late Homesteading: Native Land Dispossession through Strategic Occupation" 1195:

Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion

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Edwards, Richard. "To Commute or Not Commute, the Homesteader's Dilemma."

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liable for any debts incurred prior to the issuance of the patent for it.

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Land Acquisition and Dispossession: Mapping the Homestead Act, 1863–1912

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Gates, Paul Wallace. "The homestead law in an incongruous land system."

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Edwards, Richard. "Invited Essay: The New Learning about Homesteading."

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Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act, 1862

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Richard Edwards, "Invited Essay: The New Learning about Homesteading."

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homesteader in South Dakota shortly after the turn of the 20th century.

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prior to Civil War but they had been repeatedly blocked in Congress by

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Arctic Homestead: The True Story of a Family's Survival and Courage...

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Edwards, Richard. “African Americans and the Southern Homestead Act.”

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Muhammad, Andrew; Sichko, Christopher; Olsson, Tore C. (March 2024).

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The Homestead Act of 1862 gave rise later to a new phenomenon, large

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Renewed interest in homesteading was brought about by U.S. President

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Smith, Sherry L. "Single women homesteaders: the perplexing case of

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Some Political Aspects of Homestead Legislation by John Bell Sanborn

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For African Americans that settled in the West and the Midwest, see

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Inclusion in the American Dream:Assets, Poverty, and Public Policy

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Paul Wallace Gates, "Federal Land Policy in the South 1866-1888."

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The Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the

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sought to address land ownership inequalities in the south during

38: 5896: 3217:"Adeline Hornbek and the Homestead Act: A Colorado Success Story" 2806:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

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Black Wealth/white Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality

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New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga.

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New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga.

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State and Reservation: New Perspectives on Federal Indian Policy

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Knack, Martha C. (1992). "Utah Indians and the Homestead Laws".

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Indian Affairs. This made white settlements easier to finalize.

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who wanted western lands open for purchase by slave owners. The

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Richard Edwards, Jacob K. Friefeld, and Rebecca S. Wingo, eds.

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series describes her father and family claiming a homestead in

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depicts the homestead development of an eastern Colorado town.

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Free homesteads for all Americans: the Homestead act of 1862

2444:"Small Farms, Externalities, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s" 959:, which describes the trials of homesteaders in what is now 503:

Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal – 1930s

3031:

Edwards, Richard, Jacob K. Friefeld, and Rebecca S. Wingo.

1788: 843:

enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1874 Waste Lands Act in

491:

was passed for settlers seeking 640 acres (260 ha) of

147:

became the first person to file a claim under the new act.

2757:"3. – Land ownership – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 2678:"1. – Land ownership – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 1878:; Tulane University; August 13, 1999; retrieved 11-22-2007 1493:"1841, September 4 - 5 Stat. 453 - Preemption Act of 1841" 776:. Its application was restricted after the passage of the 2703:"Auckland Waste Lands Act 1874 (38 Victoriae 1874 No 16)" 2467:

made his fortune in Oregon lumber, among other resources.

1290:"Homestead National Monument: Frequently Asked Questions" 3084:

Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community

115:

Most homesteading occurred during the period 1900–1930.

1472:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

1413:

Allen, Douglas W.; Leonard, Bryan (February 16, 2024).

899: 446:

Because by the early 1900s much of the prime low-lying

3228:– an exhibit from the University of Washington Library 1607:"The Oregon Donation Act and the National Land Policy" 1324:

US Department of the Interior, National Park Service.

743:

of 1860. It was extended to include settlement in the

2363:

The Transformation of the American Economy, 1865–1914

2085:"The Kinkaid Act and Its Effects on Western Nebraska" 1104:

to drive off settlers and free up real estate on the

662:, for which the law allowed homesteading until 1986. 78:

in law, the Homestead Acts were an expression of the

3183:

U.S. Bureau of Land Management Homesteading Timeline

517:

Typical STA "Jackrabbit" homestead cabin remains in

6376: 6325: 6266: 6208: 6045: 5983: 5845: 5812: 5794: 5746: 5693: 5625: 5552: 5524: 5471: 5413: 5381: 5338: 5320: 5297: 5249: 5196: 5163: 5115: 5062: 5024: 5017: 4881: 4820: 4767: 4686: 4643: 4605: 4537: 4444: 4309: 4199: 4106: 3956: 3850: 3719: 3556: 3549: 3276: 2510:

The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act, 1886

749:

The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act, 1886

3226:Homesteaders and Pioneers on the Olympic Peninsula 2957: 2878:. The Future of Freedom Foundation. Archived from 2239:. Florida Homestead Services. 2006. Archived from 981:feature families homesteading on the Great Plains. 3156:Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth 3108:Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776–1936 2450:, Volume: 112(3). – pp.665–94. – 21 November 2003 269:immigrants and poor Southern whites to the west. 772:in 1872 in order to encourage settlement in the 2023:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 63–91. 135:passed in Congress but was vetoed by President 991:(1917) is a semi-autobiographical story of an 780:in 1930, and it was finally repealed in 1950. 150:Between 1862 and 1934, the federal government 6495:United States federal public land legislation 5912: 3247: 3033:Homesteading the Plains: Toward a New History 2904:. Oxford University Press. pp. 193–195. 2337:Homesteading the Plains: Toward a New History 1031:(1959), features a family that homesteads in 8: 3206:National Archives and Records Administration 1518:National Archives and Records Administration 1225:Melvin L. Oliver; Thomas M. Shapiro (1997). 1084:, features Sam Chisolm, an African American 851:. It gave up to 75 acres (30 ha), with 27:US laws allowing ownership of unclaimed land 6505:History of agriculture in the United States 6226:President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library 3166:Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 2628:, S.N.L. 1991, c. 36, s. 36 , discussed at 587:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5919: 5905: 5897: 5021: 5014: 3553: 3254: 3240: 3232: 2231: 2229: 2206: 2204: 1783: 1781: 1252:Allen, Douglas W.; Leonard, Bryan (2024). 751:, These Acts were consolidated in 1913 in 6016:Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address 2478:The Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868 2438: 2436: 2400: 1969: 1844: 1823: 1772: 1426: 1265: 607:Learn how and when to remove this message 2901:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 2442:Hansen, Zeynep K., and Gary D. Libecap. 2146: 2144: 1958:Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 1760: 466:), which could not be easily irrigated. 6510:Settlement schemes in the United States 6174:1868 impeachment managers investigation 2566:The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1960–61 1856: 1162: 450:along rivers had been homesteaded, the 99:federal government of the United States 2608:Loi sur les terres publiques agricoles 1124:Homestead National Monument of America 811:under its Agricultural Lands Program. 656:Federal Land Policy and Management Act 6485:Economic history of the United States 6221:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 4833:Bibliography of the American frontier 3091:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 2725: 2723: 1512: 1510: 1363:American Journal of Political Science 7: 6195:1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections 4889:Cuisine of the Western United States 2834:"The Land with All Woods and Waters" 2648:Tristin Hopper (February 14, 2014). 2552:The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1951 2538:The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1948 1993:Elkin, Rosetta (November 30, 2023). 1338:Kumar, Priyanka (November 4, 2016). 1231:. Psychology Press. pp. 14–15. 724:Similar laws were passed in Canada: 585:adding citations to reliable sources 5954:Vice President of the United States 2237:"The Florida Homestead Act of 1862" 532:implemented in the 1930s under the 477:Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916 426:This act allowed homesteads within 4625:Confederate Gulch and Diamond City 2187:"The American Experience: Drought" 902:by removing the content or adding 345:The act was enacted to allow poor 25: 6167:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson 4873:Timeline of the American Old West 1419:American Political Science Review 1357:Spirling, Arthur (January 2012). 1258:American Political Science Review 823:provisions for sale of land, the 733:The Free Grants and Homestead Act 711:by illegal claims under the Act. 703:, much of the rainforest west of 6453: 6452: 6216:Andrew Johnson National Cemetery 6036: 6029: 5881: 5880: 2876:"The Free-Soil Movement, Part 1" 2269:St. Martin's Press. p. 21. 1375:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00558.x 876: 557: 6006:1864 U.S. presidential election 4529:First transcontinental railroad 2388:The Journal of Economic History 2050:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 1136:, proposal to help freed slaves 898:Please help Knowledge (XXG) to 729:Legislative Assembly of Ontario 715:Related acts in other countries 509:Subsistence Homesteads Division 210:Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 182:Also involved in the acts were 6384:Bibliography of Andrew Johnson 6185:1866 National Union Convention 6127:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 6055:Inauguration of Andrew Johnson 6011:1864 National Union Convention 5943:President of the United States 1705:. Princeton University Press. 1576:10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0414 1198:. Princeton University Press. 1151:Squatting in the United States 1082:the 1960 film of the same name 785:Legislative Assembly of Quebec 454:was passed in 1909. To enable 442:Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 334:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 328:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 106:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 1: 6147:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 2300:. National Park Service. 2006 1326:"Homesteading by the Numbers" 4704:Battle of the Little Bighorn 3145:Western Historical Quarterly 2580:An Act to Encourage Settlers 2569:, S.O. 1960-61, c. 71, s. 3 2492:The Public Lands Act of 1860 2448:Journal of Political Economy 2083:Reynolds, Arthur R. (1949). 1605:Bergquist, James M. (1957). 1558:Coleman, Kenneth R. (2019). 1328:, accessed February 5, 2010. 689:Economic History Association 422:Forest Homestead Act of 1906 388:Indian Homestead Act of 1875 357:to become landowners in the 6410:Treason must be made odious 6075:Pardons for ex-Confederates 4729:First Battle of Adobe Walls 4673:Long Branch Saloon gunfight 4668:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 3151:, with additional citations 2960:Andrew Johnson: A Biography 2956:Trefousse, Hans L. (1989). 2808:"Centralisation after 1870" 2782:"Crown Lands Guide | NZETC" 2527:, S.O. 1913, c. 6, Part II 2044:Deutsch, Herman J. (1956). 1937:Journal of Southern History 1644:Chused, Richard H. (1984). 1611:Oregon Historical Quarterly 1564:Oregon Historical Quarterly 1499:http://www.constitution.org 1451:German Historical Institute 938:Little House on the Prairie 792:, it was repealed in 1984. 646:home from a homestead near 489:Stock-Raising Homestead Act 483:Stock-Raising Homestead Act 430:(created from 1891 on) and 6526: 6333:Andrew Johnson and slavery 6248:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum 6200:1868 Democratic Convention 6162:Second impeachment inquiry 4484:Great Western Cattle Trail 3197:Text of 1862 Homestead Act 3118:Michael Sherraden (2005). 3043:American Historical Review 1874:December 17, 2007, at the 506: 480: 404: 376: 373:Timber Culture Act of 1873 337: 331: 213: 198: 29: 6500:1862 in American politics 6419: 6399:Ledger-removal allegation 6157:First impeachment inquiry 6027: 5934: 5876: 5013: 4572:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine 4394:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous 4116:Frederick Russell Burnham 3269: 3099:Richardson, Heather Cox. 2933:10.1215/00021482-74.4.799 2555:, S.O. 1951, c. 71, s. 1 2541:, S.O. 1948, c. 72, s. 2 2411:10.1017/S0022050700040602 2155:Bureau of Land Management 1926:39, no. 2 (2019): 103–30. 1803:"About the Homestead Act" 1428:10.1017/S0003055423001466 1312:The Homestead Act of 1862 1267:10.1017/S0003055423001466 1088:raised on a homestead in 796:Newfoundland and Labrador 519:Wonder Valley, California 401:Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 6404:Buell Commission records 6280:Martha Johnson Patterson 6122:Civil Rights Act of 1866 6080:State of the Union, 1865 3913:"Mysterious Dave" Mather 2832:Pond, Wendy (May 1997). 1995:"The Timber Culture Act" 1939:(1940) 6#3 pp: 303-330. 989:The Homesteader: a Novel 530:Subsistence Homesteading 158:Homestead laws depleted 30:Not to be confused with 6190:Swing Around the Circle 4714:Battle of Washita River 4699:Battle of Glorieta Pass 4577:Lost Ship of the Desert 4519:Southern Emigrant Trail 4479:Great Platte River Road 4146:George Armstrong Custer 3938:William "Bill" Tilghman 3451:Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth) 2874:McElroy, Wendy (2001). 2594:Settlers Protection Act 1805:. National Park Service 1292:. National Park Service 1080:, loosely adapted from 1000:Rodgers and Hammerstein 831:without purchase. Most 790:Settlers Protection Act 631:of the 1880s and '90s. 300:"improve their plot by 216:Donation Land Claim Act 6274:Eliza McCardle Johnson 5975:(1853–1857, 1862–1865) 5962:Senator from Tennessee 4924:Rocky Mountain oysters 3213:– interactive web map. 3168:(Winter 2020): 17–39. 3141:Elinore Pruitt Stewart 3066:38.3 (2018): 251–272. 3064:Great Plains Quarterly 3045:41.4 (1936): 652–681. 3025:38.2 (2018): 129–150. 3023:Great Plains Quarterly 3013:Great Plains Quarterly 3005:29.3 (2009): 179–202. 3003:Great Plains Quarterly 2989:Great Plains Quarterly 2350:Great Plains Quarterly 2320:Great Plains Quarterly 2298:"The Last Homesteader" 1924:Great Plains Quarterly 1898:"Homestead Act (1862)" 1650:Law and History Review 1497:Constitution Society ( 1134:Forty acres and a mule 1092:. His family had been 778:Natural Resources Acts 707:, was acquired by the 651: 521: 452:Enlarged Homestead Act 359:Southern United States 296:domestic or foreign". 258:Jeffersonian democracy 249: 201:Preemption Act of 1841 195:Preemption Act of 1841 48: 43:Norwegian settlers in 6117:Judicial Circuits Act 6065:Judicial appointments 5973:Governor of Tennessee 4759:Wounded Knee Massacre 4709:Battle of San Jacinto 4678:Variety Hall shootout 4653:Battle of Coffeyville 4635:Pike's Peak Gold Rush 4615:Black Hills Gold Rush 4292:Thomas William Sweeny 4156:Samuel P. Heintzelman 3933:John Horton Slaughter 3827:Richens Lacey Wootton 3361:Five Civilized Tribes 3221:National Park Service 3202:Homestead Act of 1862 3051:Gates, Paul Wallace. 2322:29.3 (2009): 179-202 2127:Colorado Encyclopedia 1699:Frymer, Paul (2017). 1192:Frymer, Paul (2017). 1140:Russian Homestead Act 1100:soldiers, hired by a 1077:The Magnificent Seven 774:Northwest Territories 709:Oregon Lumber Company 642: 526:Franklin D. Roosevelt 516: 411:Recognizing that the 247: 240:Homestead Act of 1862 133:Homestead Act of 1860 63:, typically called a 42: 6480:1862 in American law 6180:National Union Party 6132:Tenure of Office Act 5814:Washington Territory 5554:New Mexico Territory 4919:Pacific Northwestern 4838:Cowboys and cowgirls 4620:California Gold Rush 4597:Seven Cities of Gold 4582:Montezuma's treasure 4389:One-room schoolhouse 4237:George E. Goodfellow 4131:Texas Jack Omohundro 3974:"Curly Bill" Brocius 3772:Liver-Eating Johnson 3747:Tomás Vélez Cachupín 3301:Assiniboine (Nakota) 2921:Agricultural History 2786:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz 2735:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz 2524:The Public Lands Act 2263:Cobb, Norma (2000). 2089:Agricultural History 1711:10.2307/j.ctt1vxm7rr 1204:10.2307/j.ctt1vxm7rr 949:. Wilder's daughter 933:Laura Ingalls Wilder 900:improve this section 837:colonial New Zealand 764:Parliament of Canada 753:The Public Lands Act 745:Rainy River District 741:The Public Lands Act 648:Pie Town, New Mexico 581:improve this section 74:An extension of the 6298:Mary Johnson Stover 6137:Command of Army Act 6112:Reconstruction Acts 4802:Pleasant Valley War 4744:Sand Creek massacre 4694:Battle of the Alamo 4567:Long Tom's treasure 4262:Octaviano Larrazolo 4176:Ranald S. Mackenzie 4126:"Buffalo Bill" Cody 3837:"Old Bill" Williams 3787:William John Murphy 3192:Library of Congress 3154:Smith, Henry Nash. 3015:38.1 (2018): 1-23. 2991:39.1 (2019): 59–75. 2896:McPherson, James M. 2882:on November 7, 2002 2631:"Squatter's Rights" 2611:, L.Q. 1982, c. 13 2597:, L.R.Q. , c. P-38 2583:, S.Q. 1868, c. 20 2129:. November 10, 2015 1826:, pp. 450–451. 1747:Charles C. Bolton; 1538:www.historylink.org 953:published a novel, 912:independent sources 682:, Roy Robbins, and 674:Issues and concerns 635:End of homesteading 462:(especially in the 436:U.S. Forest Service 76:homestead principle 6432:Ulysses S. Grant → 6363:William A. Johnson 6343:Elizabeth J. Forby 6286:David T. Patterson 6102:Colorado Territory 6070:Reconstruction era 5627:Oklahoma Territory 4812:Sutton–Taylor feud 4792:Lincoln County War 4787:Johnson County War 4687:Military conflicts 4630:Klondike Gold Rush 4431:Westward expansion 4252:Zephaniah Kingsley 4026:John Wesley Hardin 3923:George Scarborough 3903:"Wild Bill" Hickok 3792:John Wesley Powell 2850:on August 13, 2021 2513:, S.O. 1886, c. 7 2481:, S.O. 1868, c. 8 2459:See Nibley, Hugh. 2352:38.1 (2018): 1-23. 2243:on January 9, 2008 1971:10.1002/aepp.13401 1516:Land Acts (2014). 1468:"Buffalo Soldiers" 1397:Nevada Law Journal 1096:in 1867 by former 1010:Oklahoma land rush 868:In popular culture 821:Treaty of Waitangi 769:Dominion Lands Act 737:Province of Canada 684:Paul Wallace Gates 652: 629:Oklahoma Land Runs 522: 379:Timber Culture Act 290:George Henry Evans 282:George Henry Evans 250: 171:Native Americans. 49: 6490:American frontier 6467: 6466: 6445:Schuyler Colfax → 6440:← Hannibal Hamlin 6425:← Abraham Lincoln 6389:Alcoholism debate 6368:Florence J. Smith 6256:Tennessee Johnson 5996:Southern Unionist 5964:(1857–1862, 1875) 5894: 5893: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5847:Wyoming Territory 5415:Montana Territory 5251:Florida Territory 5064:Arizona Territory 4951:Western lifestyle 4782:Earp-Clanton feud 4724:Chimayó Rebellion 4658:Battle of Lincoln 4464:Butterfield Trail 4414:Vigilante justice 4305: 4304: 4232:John Joel Glanton 4217:Jonathan R. Davis 4212:William H. Boring 3817:Trinidad Swilling 3406:Lenape (Delaware) 3331:Chippewa (Ojibwe) 3263:American frontier 3147:(1991): 163–183. 3131:978-0-19-534709-8 3072:Hyman, Harold M. 2971:978-0-393-31742-8 2911:978-0-19-516895-2 2841:WAITANGI TRIBUNAL 2761:www.teara.govt.nz 2682:www.teara.govt.nz 2655:The National Post 2465:Charles W. Nibley 2276:978-0-312-28379-7 1902:National Archives 1238:978-0-415-91847-3 1106:American frontier 1028:Pioneer, Go Home! 1022:Follow That Dream 929: 928: 845:Auckland Province 819:Despite the 1840 617: 616: 609: 229:Pacific Northwest 69:Mississippi River 16:(Redirected from 6517: 6456: 6455: 6240:Southern Justice 6040: 6033: 5976: 5965: 5957: 5946: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5898: 5884: 5883: 5695:Oregon Territory 5632:Indian Territory 5198:Dakota Territory 5022: 5015: 4914:New Mexico chile 4797:Mason County War 4754:Texas Revolution 4719:Bear Flag Revolt 4469:California Trail 4379:Manifest destiny 4311:Frontier culture 4207:John Jacob Astor 4181:Charley Reynolds 4081:Younger Brothers 4061:Joaquin Murrieta 3948:Harry C. Wheeler 3943:James Timberlake 3832:Henry Wickenburg 3777:Meriwether Lewis 3696:Touch the Clouds 3558:Native Americans 3554: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3233: 3135: 3106:Robbins, Roy M. 2975: 2963: 2952: 2915: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2843:. Archived from 2838: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2727: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2637:on May 15, 2011. 2621: 2615: 2614: 2604: 2598: 2590: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2562: 2556: 2548: 2542: 2534: 2528: 2520: 2514: 2506: 2500: 2488: 2482: 2474: 2468: 2461:Approaching Zion 2457: 2451: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2404: 2384: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2333: 2327: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2233: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2164: 2158: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1999:Arnold Arboretum 1990: 1984: 1983: 1973: 1949: 1943: 1933: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1869:"Horace Greeley" 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1745: 1739: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1530: 1524: 1514: 1505: 1504: 1503:. 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Cooney 4108: 4102: 3994:Dalton Brothers 3952: 3863:Charlie Bassett 3846: 3767:John C. Frémont 3721: 3715: 3681:Snapping Turtle 3545: 3496:Southern Paiute 3461:Pend d'Oreilles 3446:Northern Paiute 3272: 3265: 3260: 3179: 3174: 3132: 3117: 3093:(1976): 67–88. 3082:Lause, Mark A. 2994:Dick, Everett. 2983: 2981:Further reading 2978: 2972: 2955: 2918: 2912: 2894: 2885: 2883: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2629: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2503: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2471: 2458: 2454: 2441: 2434: 2402:10.1.1.482.4975 2382: 2376:Whaples, Robert 2374: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2330: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2246: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2149: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1904:. July 29, 2021 1896: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1876:Wayback Machine 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1789:"Homestead Act" 1787: 1786: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1742: 1730: 1726: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1515: 1508: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1476: 1474: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1448: 1444: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1394: 1390: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1344:Washington Post 1337: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1239: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1175: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1119:Desert Land Act 1115: 1090:Lincoln, Kansas 1064:The 1953 movie 1055:The miniseries 1025:, adapted from 925: 919: 916: 897: 893:popular culture 881: 877: 870: 817: 809:Yukon Territory 757:Canadian Forces 722: 717: 676: 637: 613: 602: 596: 593: 578: 562: 551: 542: 511: 505: 485: 479: 456:dryland farming 444: 428:Forest Reserves 424: 409: 403: 390: 381: 375: 343: 336: 330: 275:Abraham Lincoln 242: 218: 212: 203: 197: 192: 164:land allotments 160:Native American 141:Abraham Lincoln 121: 57:government land 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6523: 6521: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6472: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6428: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6313: 6310:Robert Johnson 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6252: 6244: 6236: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6060:Foreign policy 6057: 6051: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6021:Kirkwood House 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5991:Homestead Acts 5987: 5985: 5984:Pre-presidency 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5966: 5958: 5947: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5928:Andrew Johnson 5926: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5804:Salt Lake City 5800: 5798: 5796:Utah Territory 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5274:Prospect Bluff 5271: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5019: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4936:Gothic Western 4933: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4514:Santa Fe Trail 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4474:Chisholm Trail 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4419:Western saloon 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4319:American bison 4315: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4277:Emperor Norton 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4247:Andrew Jackson 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3807:Jedediah Smith 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3550:Notable people 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3541:Yuma (Quechan) 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3501:Tohono Oʼodham 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3278:Native Nations 3274: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3214: 3208: 3199: 3194: 3185: 3178: 3177:External links 3175: 3173: 3172: 3162: 3152: 3137: 3130: 3114: 3104: 3097: 3087: 3080: 3070: 3060: 3049: 3039: 3029: 3019: 3009: 2999: 2992: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2953: 2927:(4): 799–822. 2916: 2910: 2892: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2824: 2798: 2773: 2747: 2719: 2694: 2668: 2640: 2616: 2599: 2585: 2571: 2557: 2543: 2529: 2515: 2501: 2483: 2469: 2452: 2432: 2395:(1): 139–154. 2378:(March 1995). 2367: 2365:(1971), p. 92. 2361:Robert Higgs, 2354: 2341: 2328: 2311: 2289: 2275: 2255: 2225: 2200: 2178: 2159: 2140: 2114: 2075: 2036: 2029: 2011: 1985: 1944: 1928: 1915: 1889: 1880: 1861: 1849: 1845:Trefousse 1989 1837: 1828: 1824:McPherson 1998 1816: 1794: 1777: 1775:, p. 193. 1773:McPherson 1998 1765: 1753: 1751:; 1993; p. 67. 1740: 1724: 1691: 1662:10.2307/743910 1636: 1597: 1550: 1525: 1506: 1484: 1459: 1442: 1405: 1388: 1349: 1330: 1317: 1315:; Archives.gov 1303: 1281: 1244: 1237: 1217: 1184: 1173: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1074:The 2016 film 1072: 1062: 1053: 1036: 1013: 996: 985:Oscar Micheaux 982: 964: 927: 926: 891:references to 884: 882: 875: 869: 866: 816: 813: 721: 718: 716: 713: 675: 672: 636: 633: 627:, such as the 615: 614: 565: 563: 556: 550: 547: 541: 538: 528:'s program of 507:Main article: 504: 501: 481:Main article: 478: 475: 473:of the 1930s. 460:marginal lands 443: 440: 423: 420: 405:Main article: 402: 399: 389: 386: 377:Main article: 374: 371: 363:Reconstruction 347:tenant farmers 332:Main article: 329: 326: 286:Horace Greeley 279:Andrew Johnson 263:marginal lands 241: 238: 214:Main article: 211: 208: 199:Main article: 196: 193: 191: 188: 145:Daniel Freeman 137:James Buchanan 120: 117: 110:Reconstruction 53:Homestead Acts 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6522: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6460: 6459: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6353:Henry Johnson 6351: 6349: 6348:Dolly Johnson 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6316:Frank Johnson 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6304:Daniel Stover 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6032: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5887: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:Port Townsend 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5655:Oklahoma City 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5539:Virginia City 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5496:Nebraska City 5494: 5492: 5491:Fort Robinson 5489: 5487: 5486:Fort Atkinson 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5463:Virginia City 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5330:Fort Dearborn 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279:St. Augustine 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5236:Standing Rock 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5155:San Francisco 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5072:Canyon Diablo 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5003:Snap fastener 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4976:Texas country 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4956:Western music 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946:Western genre 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4749:Seminole Wars 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Bozeman Trail 4457: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4409:Train robbery 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4339:Cowboy poetry 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4222:George Flavel 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4166:Calamity Jane 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4105: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4051:Frank McLaury 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3984:Billy Clanton 3982: 3980: 3979:Butch Cassidy 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3964:Billy the Kid 3962: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3908:Bat Masterson 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888:Henry Garfias 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3842:Brigham Young 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3822:Ora Rush Weed 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3812:Jack Swilling 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3757:Davy Crockett 3755: 3753: 3752:William Clark 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3686:Standing Bear 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 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