869:. Subsequent studies have confirmed the combined role of soil and roots and showed that they were effective at cleaning in higher VOC concentrations, but only at lower concentrations after the process had been "kick-started" by a higher level of exposure. Others have shown that is possible to artificially enrich the soil directly with VOC-degrading bacteria and achieve the same result, and posited that exposure to high VOC levels (or low levels but in bursts) during experiments and the subsequent increase in such bacteria may have been a cause of the large differences seen in the results of various studies. A 2019 review paper calculated that it would require between 10 and 1000 houseplants per square meter to achieve the same level of VOC removal as occurs from passive exchange between indoor and outdoor air.
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sun leaves which contain fewer chloroplasts. Plants which grow in the shade will grow shade leaves, containing more chloroplasts. Horticulturists at Texas A&M University recommend acclimatization, a gradual process in which plants with too much or too little light or heat exposure are balanced accordingly to prevent overexposure. The brightness and strength of the light source under which a plant lives, including how long it spends under that light source, is vital to its survival. Other factors, like humidity and ventilation, must be kept under regular levels to prevent plant failure and susceptibility to disease.
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In the early 20th century, there was a turn against houseplants as they were seen as dated relics of the cluttered
Victorian era. When there were houseplants, the more architecturally shaped cacti and succulents were the most common. In the 1920s, commercial houseplant production began in California,
856:
was set up to research ways to clean the air in sealed environments such as space stations. This included an early study on the ability of potted plants to remove VOCs, which concluded that plants, specifically a combination of their roots and the soil microorganisms, were highly effective. However,
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or live in seasonally dry ecosystems that help them adapt to the dry indoor air and inconsistent watering many houseplants are subject to. Often, houseplants from tropical areas are understory plants, and because they grown in shady conditions naturally, they are often able to thrive in lower-light
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Most houseplants are species that have adapted to survive in a temperature range between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F) year-round, as those adapted for temperate environments require winter temperatures outside of normal indoor conditions. Within that limitation, there are houseplants which
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Selected houseplants are typically of healthy origin, with tidy leaves and upright stems. Houseplants which survive in conditions similar to a homeowner's living space will have a higher probability of survival. Tropical houseplants which grow under high thresholds of heat, for instance, will grow
1004:
The reviewed studies suggest that indoor plants can provide psychological benefits such as stress-reduction and increased pain tolerance. However, they also showed substantial heterogeneity in methods and results. We therefore have strong reservations about general claims that indoor plants cause
450:
By 1960, Florida produced more than 55% of
American houseplants, and has since remained the main producer of houseplants for the American market. Philodendrons, rubber plants and geraniums were mainstays of the postwar era. Many plants entered the United States and the United Kingdom through the
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Houseplants can offer minor recovery from stress when instituted as part of an environment. The presence of a houseplant in an office setting can also increase productivity. A 2004 controlled study discovered that houseplants can improve mental focus, stabilize mood, and raise psychological
992:
Most but not all studies found a positive effect of plants. Each of the above functions was found to be influenced positively by the majority of the studies which measured it. The authors only had enough good-quality comparable data to synthesize six areas, from which they confirmed a
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that began in early 2020. With people forced to spend more time indoors, many sought to fill their homes with houseplants. Plants were mentioned on
Instagram an average of more than 3,000 times a day in July 2021 and the hashtag "#plantmom" had been used more than
908:
There are also many claimed psychological and physiological benefits to having houseplants. A 2022 systematic review with some meta-analyses included 42 studies which together measured the following human functions to study the benefits of indoor plants:
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Some epiphytic plants may be grown mounted, either with their roots in potting mix and their stems attached to supports, or with their roots wrapped in sphagnum moss and attached to a vertical surface with wire. This can also overlap with the practice of
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Ryan, Catherine O.; Browning, William D; Clancy, Joseph O; Andrews, Scott L; Kallianpurkar, Namita B (12 July 2014). "BIOPHILIC DESIGN PATTERNS: Emerging Nature-Based
Parameters for Health and Well-Being in the Built Environment".
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Wood, Ronald A.; Burchett, Margaret D.; Alquezar, Ralph; Orwell, Ralph L.; Tarran, Jane; Torpy, Fraser (20 July 2006). "The Potted-Plant
Microcosm Substantially Reduces Indoor Air VOC Pollution: I. Office Field-Study".
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for the houseplant trade is a major threat to many species, especially plants with limited native ranges. Plants which are particularly threatened in this way are cacti, succulents, and carnivorous plants, especially
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and in private court collections. At the end of the 18th century, flower tables became part of the salons. Furthermore, nurseries were flourishing in the 18th century, which stocked thousands of plants, including
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With the right care, succulents avoid pests and diseases and achieve optimal growth. By picking the right succulent and taking care of its soil and watering needs, the houseplant lives long to serve its purpose.
2644:
Orwell, Ralph L.; Wood, Ronald A.; Burchett, Margaret D.; Tarran, Jane; Torpy, Fraser (19 September 2006). "The Potted-Plant
Microcosm Substantially Reduces Indoor Air VOC Pollution: II. Laboratory Study".
1005:
beneficial psychological changes. It appears that benefits are contingent on features of the context in which the indoor plants are encountered and on characteristics of the people encountering them.
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People have long ascribed psychological benefits to growing plants; this 1915 caption states that "all your cares flee. As a nerve-soothing, health-giving, enthusing hobby, it has no equal."
620:
are all important factors. Each plant species has different care requirements, and care requirements can vary based on the specific pot, location in a particular home and potting mix used.
217:
brought
Europeans into contact with a wide variety of new plants, especially tropical plants more suited to growing as houseplants. Explorers and botanists brought over 5,000 species to
1856:
Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope. United States
Geological Survey—Biological Resources Division. Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i. January, 2003.Retrieved 31 October 2022.
2949:"Interaction with indoor plants may reduce psychological and physiological stress by suppressing autonomic nervous system activity in young adults: a randomized crossover study"
2372:
198:. Less wealthy people would also grow plants, especially flowers, indoors. Orange trees became less fashionable as international commerce in oranges became more widespread.
892:, increasing the number and diversity of bacteria in homes, while reducing fungal diversity. They tend to increase humidity, reduce temperature swings, and reduce noise.
729:) provide better aeration as air passes laterally through the sides of the pot. Non-porous pots such as glazed or plastic pots tend to hold moisture longer and restrict
3026:
Bringslimark, Tina; Hartig, Terry; Patil, Grete G. (December 2009). "The psychological benefits of indoor plants: A critical review of the experimental literature".
2742:
IAQVEC 2007: Proceedings of the Sixth
International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings: Sustainable Built Environment
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132:
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Performance on various tasks: sorting, productivity, association, reading, information processing, vigilance, reading span, digit span, and the stroop task
1930:
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this study tested plants in ways which are not representative of an indoor environment; in sealed chambers and with highly elevated levels of the VOCs
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210:
In the early 18th century, windows in London became wider and brighter, expanding the opportunities for the lower classes to grow plants indoors.
2109:
447:, houseplants became more common in offices, which began to more closely resemble the domestic environment as more women entered the workforce.
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2409:
2036:
1799:
How To
Decorate a Victorian House with Plants – A brief history of the Victorian obsession with houseplants, which turned parlors into bowers
1752:
1710:
900:
588:. This era saw a larger interest in growing plants with interesting or attractive forms or foliage, rather than focusing solely on flowers.
467:-themed spaces. The postwar years also saw a broader commercialization of houseplants. In the 1960s, plant care labels were introduced, and
667:. Root rot is the most common cause of death for houseplants but keeping houseplants too dry ("under-watering") can also be detrimental.
1830:
2247:
1041:, or the rubber plant, is a common house plant but is also a tree which can grow up to 30–40 metres (98–131 ft) tall in the wild.
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million times. Plant sales in 2020 were at an all-time high, which brought concerns about the environmental impact of the industry.
1952:
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Houseplants are obtained either by collecting wild specimens of plants, or by growing them in greenhouses or commercial nurseries.
482:
movements in the 1970s; a large indoor garden is characteristic of 1970s design. Leafy plants were popular, particularly ferns and
190:
in 1660, a book which directed indoor plant growing methods. Wealthy British households purchased imported fruit trees, especially
2693:"A lack of consensus in the literature findings on the removal of airborne benzene by houseplants: Effect of bacterial enrichment"
2835:
1798:
1320:
2740:
Tarran, Jane; Torpy, Fraser; Burchett, Margaret (2007). "Use of living pot-plants to cleanse indoor air – research review".
810:
Plants grown for commercial production may be produced from seed, by using traditional propagation techniques, or through
2051:
1867:
831:
559:
million Americans took up plant-related hobbies. In 2017, 30% of American households purchased at least one houseplant.
182:
In the 17th century, fascination in exotic plants grew among the aristocracy of France and England. Inventor and writer
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holes, to reduce the likelihood of over-watering and standing water. Pots are typically broken down into two groups:
640:
Houseplants are typically grown in specialized soilless mixtures called potting compost (in the UK), potting mix, or
519:
In the 1980s, houseplants were often limited to large, lush statement pieces, particularly in bathrooms. The rise of
2437:
1441:
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Blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, blood saturation, blood volume pulse and power spectral density
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243:
plants to bloom out of season, especially bulbs, grew in popularity during the 18th century. The decorative pot or
2321:
596:
2012:
994:
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in normal indoor environments, reducing carbon dioxide levels by 10–25% and carbon monoxide levels by up to 90%.
547:
Beginning in the mid-to-late 2010s, fashionable plants from earlier decades were revitalized and popularized by
3124:
2207:
2085:
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Keeping plants consistently too wet ("overwatering") leads to the roots sitting in water, which often leads to
2452:
140:
2483:"Potted plants do not improve indoor air quality: a review and analysis of reported VOC removal efficiencies"
2069:
1283:
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240:
2373:"Beloved on Instagram, succulents are vanishing from state parks. Officials blame a foreign black market"
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were introduced to Europe when they were used as packing material for the shipment of other rare plants.
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and moral value. Some foliage plants which tolerated the typical gloomy and snug environment inside a
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845:, much of the non-academic reporting on the subject is based on experiments involving the removal of
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2777:"Microbiome interplay: plants alter microbial abundance and diversity within the built environment"
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developed in the late 17th and 18th centuries. These innovations were drawn and presented in the
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There are many species of cacti and succulents that stay small enough to do well as houseplants.
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The history of houseplants is intertwined with the history of container gardening in general.
1692:
814:. In 2002, the wholesale value of foliage plants grown in the United States was roughly $ 700
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2028:
Taming the Potted Beast: The Strange and Sensational History of the Not-So-Humble Houseplant
1666:
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Houseplants have care requirements that differ from plants grown outdoors. Moisture, light,
543:"Living walls", mass planted vertical gardens, emerged as a trend in 21st century interiors.
528:
475:
258:
59:
44:
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million, mostly grown in Florida. In 2018, houseplant growers in the Netherlands produced 1
19:
1744:
1208:
1133:
873:
388:
323:
199:
2836:"Interior plants: their influence on airborne microbes inside energy-efficient buildings"
2230:
Fritz Encke: Kalt- und Warmhauspflanzen. 2. Auflage. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1987,
1989:
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2604:
251:
pot, or a decorative vase) was developed in this era as ceramic manufacturing took off.
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1868:"Management of Cape-ivy (Delairea odorata) in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area"
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105:
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2890:"Effects of Indoor Plants on Human Functions: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses"
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Houseplants do have a statistically significant effect on the concentrations of both
804:
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319:
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114:
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Houseplants are also grown in a variety of media other than potting mix, often in a
3012:
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Although houseplants are commonly considered to have an active, positive effect on
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was introduced in the United States sometime in the 19th century as a houseplant.
2026:
368:
Other typical Victorian houseplants included mop-head chrysanthemums and yuccas.
3039:
2947:
Lee, Min-sun; Lee, Juyoung; Park, Bum-Jin; Miyazaki, Yoshifumi (28 April 2015).
1538:
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with large skylights created a new place for plants to be grown. In the 1990s,
2965:
2775:
Mahnert, Alexander; Moissl-Eichinger, Christine; Berg, Gabriele (2015-08-28).
2666:
2622:
2498:
1433:
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1127:
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or Pothos is one of the most common houseplants and has many variegated forms.
889:
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67:
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Our fascination with indoor potted plants has a long and colourful history
1738:
555:, with "plantstagram" becoming a major driver of trendy plants. In 2015, 5
62:. Common houseplants are usually tropical or semi-tropical, and are often
1275:
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745:
718:
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664:
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384:
347:
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became popular. The quintessential Victorian plants were palms (such as
1425:
1101:
997:
improvement only in diastolic blood pressure and academic performance.
858:
730:
671:
657:
628:
to succulents and cacti native to deserts. Many houseplants are either
372:
267:
160:
117:, potted plants were shown at garden exhibitions over 2,500 years ago.
2347:"Is Your Pandemic Plant Obsession Driving Rare Species to Extinction?"
1531:
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400:
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283:
279:
263:
226:
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55:
1000:
A critical review of the experimental literature concluded in 2009:
710:. Houseplants do not have access to these nutrients unless they are
151:(15th–16th centuries), plant collectors and affluent merchants from
179:
and the rest of Europe in the 15th century as an ornamental plant.
3055:"Effects of an indoor plant on creative task performance and mood"
2086:"Plantstagram Is a Haven for People Who Bring the Outdoors Inside"
1509:
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2894:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2163:"Houseplants are a massive industry. How green are they, really?"
2138:"Houseplants are a massive industry. How green are they, really?"
1391:
1183:
695:
687:
649:
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605:
354:
and were the most affordable houseplant for the average Briton.
287:
230:
931:
Cortisol level, galvanic skin response (electrodermal activity)
1385:, is known as one of the toughest and most common houseplants.
95:
grew ornamental and fruiting plants in decorative containers.
50:
that is grown indoors. As such, they are found in places like
3001:
International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR
1831:"Potted history of houseplants in our houses and collections"
1010:
motivation when present in otherwise unadorned environments.
247:
specifically for growing houseplants (as opposed to a simple
2565:
Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement
2487:
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
527:
became trendy. The 1990s also brought a wave of interest in
2888:
Han, Ke-Tsung; Ruan, Li-Wen; Liao, Li-Shih (17 June 2022).
371:
At the end of the 19th century, the range already included
2481:
Cummings, Bryan E.; Waring, Michael S. (6 November 2019).
2453:"The growers feeding Britain's booming houseplant habit"
2276:
Home & Garden Information Center, Clemson University
849:(VOCs) from the air, the evidence for which is unclear.
1903:"The Most Iconic Houseplant Trends Through the Decades"
1813:
by Amanda Gutterman from Gardenista, November 11, 2013
23:
An orchid kept as a houseplant on an indoor windowsill
2322:"How to pick a houseplant that will live for decades"
1483:, such as the snake plant or mother-in-law's tongue,
717:
House plants are generally planted in pots that have
624:
are native to many different types of habitats, from
574:
Some of the most popular plants in the 2020s are the
143:, 1633. Indoor citrus trees were popular in this era.
2691:
Sriprapat, Wararat; Strand, Stuart E. (2016-04-01).
1990:"American Style Through the Decades: The Seventies"
1636:MacDonald, Elvin "The World Book of House Plants"
2054:by Gray Chapman, Apartment Therapy, June 18, 2019
772:or semi-hydroponic system. This may overlap with
2686:
2684:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
682:to survive, as well as micronutrients including
3053:Shibata, Seiji; Suzuki, Naoto (November 2004).
2562:Wolverton, B.; Johnson, A.; Bounds, K. (1989).
2538:Foliage plants for improving indoor air quality
2208:"Lighting for indoor plants and starting seeds"
1740:Potted history: the story of plants in the home
1002:
2843:Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences
2404:. Jules Janick. Chichester. 2005. p. 58.
2248:"House Plants | Archives | Aggie Horticulture"
1977:Garden and plant trends over the past 70 years
644:. Most potting mixes contain a combination of
504:sp., usually sold under their former genus of
455:, which featured plants. Tropical plants like
2834:Wolverton, B. C.; Wolverton, John D. (1996).
2297:"How to Care for Indoor Plants (Houseplants)"
1479:spp., including plants formerly in the genus
822:billion houseplants for the European market.
8:
2744:. Tohoku University Press. pp. 249–56.
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
562:Interest in houseplants exploded during the
463:, and philodendrons were popular accents in
2131:
2129:
2065:"Designing plant walls for home and office"
2015:The Middle Sized Garden, November 5th, 2017
1801:by Old House Online Journal, June 21, 2011.
474:A lush display of houseplants fit into the
391:, but also leafy ornamental plants such as
2877:. The Countryside Press. 1915. p. 61.
2432:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2190:"How Much Would You Pay for a Houseplant?"
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1429:(paddle cacti, including the prickly pear)
968:Pain tolerance and pain killer consumption
350:were often placed on window ledges and in
137:Still Life with Lemons, Oranges and a Rose
2974:
2964:
2923:
2905:
2810:
2792:
2749:
2716:
2612:
736:Houseplants experience a range of pests.
888:Plants also appear to affect the indoor
314:saw the first use of houseplants by the
1929:Sandberg-Diment, Erik (12 March 1973).
1603:
1186:and plants treated like ferns, such as
202:, such as aloes, were also cultivated.
2425:
2013:Join the 1970s house plants revolution
951:Neurobehavioral functioning assessment
776:. Materials like sand, gravel, brick,
318:, which were perceived as a symbol of
2953:Journal of Physiological Anthropology
2585:
2583:
2557:
2555:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2371:Farzan, Antonia Noori (3 June 2019).
2184:
2182:
2052:Millennials Didn't Invent Houseplants
1924:
1922:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1672:MaltaWildPlants.com by Stephen Mifsud
725:and non-porous. Porous pots (usually
7:
2875:How to make hotbeds and coldframes..
16:Ornamental plant in a home or office
3028:Journal of Environmental Psychology
608:mixture, temperature, ventilation,
306:, 1816, holding a potted houseplant
3059:Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
1811:5 Houseplants That Changed History
14:
1875:California Invasive Plant Council
937:Critical flicker fusion frequency
600:"Flowers on the Windowsill", 1894
338:, and ferns. Ferns were grown in
3071:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2004.00419.x
2401:Horticultural reviews. Volume 31
1650:"Castle Life - Medieval Gardens"
971:Sick leave, workplace misconduct
471:became ubiquitous in the 1970s.
2161:Carleton, Audrey (2021-08-16).
2136:Carleton, Audrey (2021-08-16).
2084:Bereznak, Alyssa (2017-07-03).
1979:by Homes To Love, April 6, 2018
1901:Wretched Flowers (2021-09-15).
1153:(compact cultivars such as the
780:and styrofoam may be employed.
3013:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i2.436
2718:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.031
2647:Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
2593:Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
2025:Williams, Molly (2022-09-13).
1691:Janick, Jules (6 April 2010).
194:trees, to grow in specialized
124:were displayed in containers.
1:
2031:. Andrews McMeel Publishing.
1654:www.castlesandmanorhouses.com
1279:species (Swiss cheese plants)
428:, later expanding to include
2451:Vooght, Clare (2019-01-25).
2272:"Indoor Plants - Soil Mixes"
1953:"Return of the Spider Plant"
832:List of air-filtering plants
3040:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.05.001
2849:(2): 99–105. Archived from
1737:Horwood, Catherine (2007).
1522:Many forced bulbs are also
764:Alternative growing methods
3141:
1957:www.mccarthyandstone.co.uk
1866:Alvarez, Maria E. (1997).
1612:"Definition of houseplant"
1442:Gymnocalycium mihanovichii
1014:List of common houseplants
847:volatile organic compounds
829:
213:The expansion of European
2966:10.1186/s40101-015-0060-8
2781:Frontiers in Microbiology
2667:10.1007/s11270-006-9092-3
2623:10.1007/s11270-006-9124-z
2499:10.1038/s41370-019-0175-9
1931:"New Plant Shops in Town"
995:statistically significant
934:Salivary amylase activity
922:Skin and body temperature
800:Wild collection of plants
516:began to appear as well.
302:The earliest portrait of
103:cultivated laurel trees (
2794:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00887
1030:Tropical and subtropical
2697:Atmospheric Environment
2070:CBS News Sunday Morning
1558:(narcissus or daffodil)
1284:Heptapleurum arboricola
1113:(bromeliads, including
982:Pain killer consumption
778:expanded clay aggregate
31:, sometimes known as a
2907:10.3390/ijerph19127454
2536:Wolverton, BC (1988).
1386:
1366:
1337:(purple wandering Jew)
1308:Stephanotis floribunda
1086:Araucaria heterophylla
1042:
1026:
1007:
905:
826:Effects of houseplants
601:
544:
440:species in the 1940s.
307:
144:
24:
2436:) CS1 maint: others (
2114:Greenhouse Management
2110:"Houseplant comeback"
1703:John Wiley & Sons
1699:Horticultural Reviews
1694:Horticultural Reviews
1578:Saxifraga stolonifera
1372:
1364:
1192:(asparagus fern) and
1189:Asparagus aethiopicus
1105:species and cultivars
1089:(Norfolk Island pine)
1037:
1021:
903:
599:
542:
508:) were also popular.
301:
163:imported plants from
141:Francisco de Zurbarán
135:
120:In the medieval era,
22:
1907:Architectural Digest
1670:(Creeping Groundsel)
1581:(strawberry begonia)
1497:(creeping groundsel)
1486:Dracaena trifasciata
1334:Tradescantia zebrina
1311:(Madagascar jasmine)
1195:Nephrolepis exaltata
1142:Chlorophytum comosum
1137:spp. (prayer plants)
1078:Aphelandra squarrosa
988:Hospitalization days
854:NASA Clean Air Study
626:tropical rainforests
2709:2016AtmEn.131....9S
2659:2006WASP..177...59O
2605:2006WASP..175..163W
2378:The Washington Post
2252:aggie-hort.tamu.edu
2196:. 11 November 2019.
1342:Pilea peperomioides
1254:Chamaedorea elegans
1218:(rubber plant) and
1065:spp. (elephant ear)
1051:(Chinese evergreen)
496:, ferns, aloes and
453:Scandinavian design
342:, an early type of
60:decorative purposes
2194:The New York Times
1789:, 3rd January 2008
1505:(string of pearls)
1502:Senecio rowleyanus
1437:(Christmas cactus)
1387:
1367:
1292:Sinningia speciosa
1257:(parlor palm) and
1094:Aspidistra elatior
1043:
1027:
906:
884:Indoor environment
843:indoor air quality
756:are common pests.
602:
577:Monstera deliciosa
545:
493:Monstera deliciosa
490:hanging planters.
308:
175:was introduced in
173:Creeping groundsel
145:
25:
2761:978-4-86163-070-5
2411:978-0-470-65087-5
2212:extension.umn.edu
2038:978-1-5248-8166-5
1994:Apartment Therapy
1935:New York Magazine
1754:978-0-7112-2800-9
1712:978-0-470-65087-5
1668:Senecio angulatus
1494:Senecio angulatus
1349:Scindapsus pictus
1329:(African violets)
1224:(fiddle-leaf fig)
1177:Epipremnum aureum
1097:(cast iron plant)
1023:Epipremnum aureum
863:trichloroethylene
584:, as well as the
564:COVID-19 pandemic
529:artificial plants
461:birds of paradise
259:botanical gardens
89:Ancient Egyptians
3132:
3099:
3098:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3023:
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3016:
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2825:
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2814:
2796:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2616:
2599:(1–4): 163–180.
2587:
2578:
2577:
2574:2060/19930073077
2559:
2550:
2549:
2546:2060/19930073015
2533:
2527:
2526:
2478:
2467:
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2423:
2396:
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2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2343:
2337:
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2334:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2293:
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2268:
2262:
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2259:
2258:
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2222:
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2219:
2218:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1854:Delairea odorata
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1827:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1734:
1717:
1716:
1705:. pp. 50–.
1688:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1608:
1563:Temperate plants
1287:(umbrella plant)
1260:Dypsis lutescens
1206:spp., including
928:Respiratory rate
896:Human well-being
821:
817:
570:
558:
476:environmentalist
389:flamingo flowers
128:Early modern era
78:Cultural history
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3125:Interior design
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3025:
3024:
3020:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2751:10.1.1.534.4181
2739:
2738:
2734:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2614:10.1.1.466.4897
2589:
2588:
2581:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2480:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2424:
2412:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2326:Washington Post
2320:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1781:
1770:
1755:
1745:Frances Lincoln
1736:
1735:
1720:
1713:
1690:
1689:
1676:
1665:
1661:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1588:
1565:
1520:
1395:spp. including
1359:
1251:Palms, such as
1212:(weeping fig),
1209:Ficus benjamina
1032:
1016:
960:Academic grades
898:
886:
874:carbon monoxide
839:
834:
828:
819:
815:
794:
766:
670:Plants require
594:
586:fiddle-leaf fig
568:
556:
537:
420:focused on the
417:
336:cast iron plant
324:Victorian house
296:
208:
130:
85:
80:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3106:External links
3104:
3101:
3100:
3065:(5): 373–381.
3045:
3034:(4): 422–433.
3018:
2990:
2939:
2880:
2866:
2826:
2767:
2760:
2732:
2680:
2653:(1–4): 59–80.
2636:
2579:
2551:
2528:
2493:(2): 253–261.
2468:
2443:
2410:
2391:
2363:
2338:
2313:
2301:Planet Natural
2288:
2263:
2239:
2223:
2199:
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2153:
2125:
2101:
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2056:
2044:
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2017:
2005:
1981:
1969:
1944:
1918:
1886:
1858:
1846:
1835:National Trust
1815:
1803:
1791:
1768:
1753:
1718:
1711:
1674:
1659:
1641:
1629:
1617:Dictionary.com
1602:
1601:
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1519:
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1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1452:Crassula ovata
1448:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1414:(orchid cacti)
1401:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:(satin pothos)
1345:
1338:
1330:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1215:Ficus elastica
1199:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1146:
1145:(spider plant)
1138:
1118:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1052:
1039:Ficus elastica
1031:
1028:
1015:
1012:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:Pain tolerance
973:
972:
969:
962:
961:
958:
955:
954:Brain activity
952:
949:
946:
939:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
919:Pain tolerance
917:
897:
894:
885:
882:
878:carbon dioxide
838:
835:
827:
824:
812:tissue culture
805:Venus flytraps
793:
790:
765:
762:
593:
590:
536:
533:
521:shopping malls
514:bottle gardens
469:garden centers
416:
413:
304:Charles Darwin
295:
292:
255:Plant breeding
207:
204:
188:Garden of Eden
184:Sir Hugh Platt
129:
126:
106:Laurus nobilis
97:Ancient Greeks
84:
81:
79:
76:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3126:
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2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2856:on 2022-01-19
2852:
2848:
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2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
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2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2292:
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2267:
2264:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:3-8001-6191-5
2233:
2227:
2224:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2143:
2139:
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2130:
2126:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2073:, 22 May 2022
2072:
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2060:
2057:
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2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1893:
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1887:
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1795:
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1779:
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1769:
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1756:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1733:
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1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:Popular Books
1633:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1592:Indoor bonsai
1590:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:(English ivy)
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
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1529:
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1525:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
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1487:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:(chin cactus)
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:Snake plant,
1371:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:Streptocarpus
1318:
1317:
1316:Streptocarpus
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:Spathiphyllum
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:(areca palm),
1262:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:(orchid) spp.
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:(Boston fern)
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:Dieffenbachia
1166:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:(zebra plant)
1080:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
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1036:
1029:
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1020:
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984:
981:
978:
977:
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959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
945:Reaction time
944:
943:
942:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
916:Reaction time
915:
914:
913:
910:
902:
895:
893:
891:
883:
881:
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875:
870:
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611:
607:
598:
591:
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587:
583:
579:
578:
572:
565:
560:
554:
551:, especially
550:
541:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
484:spider plants
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:influence of
448:
446:
441:
439:
438:
433:
432:
427:
423:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:, ornamental
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
366:
364:
360:
355:
353:
352:drawing rooms
349:
345:
341:
340:Wardian cases
337:
333:
332:parlour palms
329:
325:
321:
320:social status
317:
313:
312:Victorian era
305:
300:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
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2457:inews.co.uk
1542:(amaryllis)
1539:Hippeastrum
1481:Sansevieria
1419:Mammillaria
1383:trifasciata
1379:Sansevieria
1326:Saintpaulia
1237:Orchidaceae
1155:Meyer lemon
941:Cognition:
837:Air quality
774:aquascaping
714:regularly.
654:vermiculite
614:fertilizers
486:, often in
422:Kentia palm
409:rubber tree
405:snake plant
215:colonialism
169:East Indies
157:Netherlands
149:Renaissance
147:During the
111:earthenware
3114:Categories
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2462:2022-07-22
2357:2022-07-22
2332:2024-03-31
2307:2019-05-05
2282:2022-07-17
2257:2023-05-17
2217:2024-08-13
2172:2022-07-18
2147:2021-08-17
2119:2022-07-22
2095:2022-07-18
2090:The Ringer
1999:2022-07-18
1963:2022-07-22
1912:2022-07-18
1880:2022-11-03
1840:2022-07-18
1743:. London:
1623:2022-07-10
1598:References
1550:(hyacinth)
1547:Hyacinthus
1434:Zygocactus
1411:Epiphyllum
1377:(formerly
1357:Succulents
1295:(gloxinia)
1172:(dumbcane)
1128:Goeppertia
1115:air plants
985:Sick leave
964:Behavior:
890:microbiome
830:See also:
792:Production
770:hydroponic
727:terracotta
712:fertilized
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580:and other
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457:bromeliads
393:silver fir
363:German ivy
272:mignonette
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200:Succulents
196:orangeries
186:published
165:Asia Minor
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45:ornamental
29:houseplant
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2746:CiteSeerX
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2609:CiteSeerX
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2507:1559-064X
2428:cite book
2420:644264104
1763:155682753
1555:Narcissus
1524:temperate
1468:Haworthia
1460:Echeveria
1404:Cactaceae
1398:Aloe vera
1245:Peperomia
1070:Anthurium
1062:Colocasia
1048:Aglaonema
852:The 1989
746:mealybugs
692:manganese
680:potassium
676:phosphate
630:epiphytes
553:Instagram
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397:asparagus
377:cineraria
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348:Geraniums
344:terrarium
235:Australia
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1476:Dracaena
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1276:Monstera
1180:(pothos)
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975:Health:
786:kokedama
719:drainage
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610:humidity
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