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293:) to force their interlocutors (a courtroom defendant or patient) to talk or react in a certain way. Rudeness in everyday speech "is frequently instrumental, and is not merely pragmatic failure". Most rude speakers are attempting to accomplish one of two important instrumental functions: to vent negative feelings, or to get
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However, there is no universal rule about which terms are considered derogatory and which questions are inappropriate under what circumstances. A question or comment that is acceptable between family members might be resented from strangers, just like a question that is acceptable among young people
428:
writes that "A girl in the
Pacific islands wearing hardly any clothes and a Victorian lady completely covered in clothes might both be equally 'modest,' proper, or decent, according to the standards of their own societies"—but that in each culture, the idea of immodest, improper, and indecent dress
367:
a person or group of people, especially for any reason outside their immediate control, such as having a medical condition, being a particular gender, or being poor, is considered rude. Rude speech also includes derogatory terms describing an individual person and asking inappropriate questions or
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in public could be recognized. Instead, polite behaviour demanded that the masked person be treated as a completely unknown person and that no one ever attribute the masked person's actions to the individual who performed them. By contrast, in the modern era, greeting a friend by name while he is
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for favors or gifts by way of communicating either a sense of selfish entitlement or a disregard for the efforts of the giver. Sometimes people will leave very short gaps when speaking that may allow another person to begin speaking on a subject, however that can vary, and sometimes two or more
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Rudeness, "constituted by deviation from whatever counts as politic in a given social context, is inherently confrontational and disruptive to social equilibrium". Forms of rudeness include behaving in ways that are inconsiderate, insensitive, deliberately offensive,
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people speaking at the same time can be considered rude. Which acts and communications require a response from which persons, under which circumstances, and what kind of response is required, depends on the culture and the social situation of the people concerned.
448:, and complete silence is expected at other times, such as during religious ceremonies or performances of classical music. This includes speaking over a presentation or film with no consideration for the other viewers. Similarly, poor
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interpreted rudeness as a defective mode of communication. However, most rudeness serves functional or instrumental purposes in communication, and skillfully choosing when and how to be rude may indicate a person's pragmatic competence.
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that indicates disrespect for the other person. An impolite tone may amplify obviously rude remarks or contradict nominally polite words. A rude person may interrupt a speaker to indicate that the first speaker is unimportant.
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for an occasion, whether by dressing too informally, too formally, immodestly, or otherwise inappropriately (e.g., a young woman in public without a veil in Iran; a young woman in public with a veil in France).
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signals that the person cutting in the line believes themselves to be more important than the people their action delays. Barging into someone else's space without permission, whether that be a violation of
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Failing to speak can also be rude: a rude person might pointedly ignore a legitimate and polite greeting or question to communicate disregard for the other person, or might fail to express appropriate
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are expected to feature loud music, but a conversation at a normal level, either by telephone or in person, might be rude in an environment where a reasonable degree of silence is expected, such as a
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An example of grafitti where a sign has been edited to spell the word "fart". Grafitti and farting are widely considered to be rude, but this rudeness is often seen as having comic potential.
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may all affect the appropriateness of a given behaviour. Consequently, a behaviour that is considered perfectly acceptable by one group of people may be considered clearly rude by another.
483:, if this results in ignoring someone or otherwise indicating that the present company is less interesting or important than the people elsewhere or the text messages they send. Similarly,
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In every culture, it is possible to act rudely, although what constitutes rude behaviour varies. The following are examples of behaviour that many
Western societies would consider
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What constitutes rude speech depends on the culture, the setting, and the speaker's social position in the culture. In every culture, some words or statements are considered
85:. To be unwilling to align one's behavior with these norms known to the general population of what is socially acceptable is to be rude. These norms may resemble a sort of "
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The moral basis for opposing rudeness is that people ought to give some consideration to other people's feelings, and thus avoid causing them needless or undue distress.
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of the disrespected person; in others, the rudeness is only temporary and may be unintentional. For example, it can be rude to use electronic devices, such as
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Additionally, sometimes a rude behavior is chosen to communicate disapproval or disrespect. While it is generally rude to refuse to greet someone, refusing to
743:
Beebe, L. M. (1995). "Polite fictions: Instrumental rudeness as pragmatic competence". In Alatis, J. E.; Straehle, C. A.; Gallenberger, B.; Ronkin, M. (eds.).
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Mere
Christianity: a revised and amplified edition, with a new introduction, of the three books, Broadcast talks, Christian behaviour, and Beyond personality
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Other rude behaviours have the effect of communicating disrespect for other people. In extreme cases, this can rise to complete and deliberate
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or playing loud music. An acceptable level of sound depends on the context: yelling might be the only way to be heard at a noisy
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Rude ways of speaking include inappropriately discouraging a person's participation in a conversation with rude phrases, such as
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168:, rather than the person's health or property. Rude behaviour is a violation of human dignity or of the respect due to others.
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expected within a relationship, social group, or culture. Social norms are established as the essential guidelines of normally
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Politeness in
Parliamentary Discourse: A Comparative Pragmatic Study of British and Moroccan MPs' Speech Acts at Question Time
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124:(i.e., different people may have different views) and contextual (i.e., it depends on the setting). Some actions, such as
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deal with whether a thing is morally good or bad, but at different levels. Unlike morality, which, for example, condemns
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Georgetown
University round table on language teachers: Ethnolinguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic aspects
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The specific actions that are considered polite or rude vary dramatically by place, time, and context. Differences in
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Miss
Manners rescues civilization: from sexual harassment, frivolous lawsuits, dissing, and other lapses in civility
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can create a context where rudeness is temporarily excused or indulged for the purpose of making people laugh.
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wearing a mask, or talking to them later about their costume or activities, is not generally regarded as rude.
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Many behaviours can be rude. These often depend upon the context, including time, place, and culture.
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or a breach of etiquette, though views may vary by culture, setting, or individual circumstances:
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in one culture might be unacceptable to older people or to young people in a different culture.
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A "V sign" with the fingers can mean "peace" in some situations and "up yours" in others.
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Sometimes, people deliberately employ rude behaviours to achieve a goal. Early works in
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Lakoff, Robin (1989). "The limits of politeness: Therapeutic and courtroom discourse".
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as a violation of a person, manners primarily concerns itself with violations of human
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The
Virtues of Our Vices: A Modest Defense of Gossip, Rudeness, and Other Bad Habits
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Cultural differences also appear over time. In the mid-20th century, the meaning of
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as a mechanism to promote verbal abuse resilience and maturity among young people.
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Kasper, Gabriele (April 1990). "Linguistic politeness: Current research issues".
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changed from its older signal of lust and passion to expressing contempt.
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In some places, removing shoes before going indoors is a sign of respect.
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to meet their own needs and desires within smaller settings, such as
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Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black
English vernacular
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776:(1975). "Logic and conversation". In Cole, P.; Morgan, J. (eds.).
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It is considered rude to take up more than one parking space in a
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behavior within a given context, and individuals often establish
747:. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. pp. 154–168.
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2012:
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402:. For example, some black communities in the United States use
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Thomas, Jenny A. (1983). "Cross-cultural pragmatic failure".
919:(Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis). Rabat, Morocco: Mohammed V University.
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existed, and that violating the culture's standard was rude.
105:. In some cases, an act of rudeness can go so far as to be a
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Rude behaviours often disturb other people, such as making
1024:
Westacott, E (2006). "The Rights and Wrongs of
Rudeness".
2008:
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You just don't understand: Men and women in conversation
780:. Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. pp. 41–53.
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943:Conversational style: Analyzing talk among friends
818:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1479:Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
319:, credited with being the world's rudest waiter
249:, it was rude to indicate that a man wearing a
631:. Princeton University Press. pp. 15–21.
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37:"Impolite" redirects here. For the film, see
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1026:International Journal of Applied Philosophy
755:Politeness: Some universals in language use
30:"Rude" redirects here. For other uses, see
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398:One last form of using rudeness is as a
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1663:International Stand Up to Bullying Day
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285:Robin Lakoff addressed what she named
1504:Society Against Violence in Education
924:Palleschi, Marino (5 December 2005).
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120:The concept of rudeness is somewhat
1268:Bullying and emotional intelligence
304:with a traitor may be justifiable.
208:In other places, shoes may be worn.
510:people with the threat of violence
363:, etc.). In most modern cultures,
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1938:Machiavellianism in the workplace
778:Syntax and semantics: Speech acts
752:Brown, P.; Levinson, S. (1987).
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1891:Kauhajoki School of Hospitality
625:Westacott, Emrys (2013-11-24).
900:. New York: Crown Publishers.
758:. Cambridge University Press.
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2056:Adverse childhood experiences
1933:List of LGBT-related suicides
1834:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
1148:Parental bullying of children
1978:Social dominance orientation
1963:Psychopathy in the workplace
799:10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W
472:without covering the mouth.
1943:Narcissism in the workplace
847:10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.101
419:This includes a failure to
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2265:Abusive power and control
1658:International Day of Pink
1653:Anti-bullying legislation
2340:Psychological projection
2202:Referee and umpire abuse
1983:Suicide among LGBT youth
968:. New York: Ballantine.
879:. : HarperSanFrancisco.
499:Other examples include:
343:(such as using the word
181:Intercultural competence
140:Relationship to morality
2406:Harassment and bullying
1278:Character assassination
894:Martin, Judith (1996).
1668:Think Before You Speak
1562:James O'Higgins Norman
1494:It Gets Better Project
1205:Information technology
456:nearby people, as can
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113:). In many cultures,
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32:Rude (disambiguation)
27:Display of disrespect
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1693:William Arthur Gibbs
1577:Christina Salmivalli
1527:Anna Costanza Baldry
1474:Bystander Revolution
1459:Act Against Bullying
1438:Workplace incivility
1363:Moving the goalposts
1190:Workplace harassment
1118:Displaced aggression
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568:Workplace incivility
175:Cultural differences
109:(e.g., the crime of
2255:Abusive supervision
2182:Psychological abuse
2157:Institutional abuse
1948:Personal boundaries
1923:Emotional blackmail
1603:Louise Burfitt-Dons
1542:David P. Farrington
1388:Psychological abuse
1113:Disability bullying
1103:Abusive supervision
986:Applied Linguistics
964:Tannen, D. (1990).
941:Tannen, D. (1984).
915:Moumni, H. (2005).
573:Worldwide etiquette
421:dress appropriately
79:personal boundaries
2335:Playing the victim
2227:Surveillance abuse
2177:Professional abuse
2098:Cruelty to animals
1958:Playing the victim
1886:Matti Juhani Saari
1878:Jokela High School
1873:Pekka-Eric Auvinen
1717:Nicola Ann Raphael
1648:Anti-Bullying Week
1423:Social undermining
1195:Workplace bullying
1153:Peer victimization
814:Labov, W. (1972).
525:Aggressive driving
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1353:Kiss up kick down
1138:Military bullying
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825:978-0-8122-1051-4
765:978-0-521-31355-1
638:978-0-691-16221-8
438:construction site
353:, using the word
339:or inappropriate
233:cultural identity
16:(Redirected from
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2197:Police brutality
2103:Disability abuse
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1735:Sladjana Vidovic
1623:Lizzie Velásquez
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1273:Cancel culture
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974:
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867:
830:
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811:
782:
770:
764:
749:
738:
735:
732:
731:
719:
717:, p. 159.
707:
705:, p. 154.
695:
683:
671:
667:Palleschi 2005
659:
657:, p. 123.
644:
637:
602:
600:, p. 208.
589:
588:
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583:
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532:
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490:personal space
413:
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332:
329:
309:
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291:attack therapy
266:
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207:
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179:Main article:
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
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3:
2:
2418:
2407:
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2370:Victimisation
2368:
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2041:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2011:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Victimisation
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
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1899:Elliot Rodger
1897:
1892:
1889:
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1879:
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1866:
1865:Virginia Tech
1863:
1862:
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1860:Seung-Hui Cho
1858:
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1801:Leelah Alcorn
1799:
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1741:Phoebe Prince
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1724:
1723:Ryan Halligan
1721:
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1699:Kelly Yeomans
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1613:SuEllen Fried
1611:
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1552:Heinz Leymann
1550:
1548:
1547:Shelley Hymel
1545:
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1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
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1489:GRIN Campaign
1487:
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1477:
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1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
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1452:Organizations
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1308:Embarrassment
1306:
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1210:Legal aspects
1208:
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1129:
1128:LGBT bullying
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:Cyberbullying
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1078:
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1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:(2): 91–112.
992:
988:
987:
981:
977:
971:
967:
962:
958:
956:0-19-522181-8
952:
948:
944:
939:
927:
922:
918:
913:
909:
907:0-517-70164-2
903:
899:
898:
892:
888:
886:0-06-065292-6
882:
878:
877:
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868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
827:
821:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
761:
757:
756:
750:
746:
741:
740:
736:
729:, p. 94.
728:
723:
720:
716:
711:
708:
704:
699:
696:
692:
687:
684:
680:
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672:
668:
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629:
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584:
579:
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571:
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561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
505:
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
491:
486:
482:
481:mobile phones
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:table manners
447:
443:
442:rock concerts
439:
435:
430:
427:
422:
417:
411:
409:
407:
406:
401:
396:
393:
387:
384:
383:tone of voice
380:
379:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
330:
328:
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318:
314:
307:
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298:
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292:
288:
283:
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271:
264:
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260:
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245:
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236:
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192:
182:
174:
172:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
139:
137:
135:
131:
127:
126:wearing shoes
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:(also called
60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2325:Minimisation
2320:Manipulation
2300:Exaggeration
2236:
2232:Verbal abuse
2212:Sexual abuse
2192:Social abuse
2162:Intimidation
1968:Scapegoating
1759:Jamie Hubley
1705:Hamed Nastoh
1618:Liam Hackett
1598:Andrea Adams
1572:Debra Pepler
1443:Verbal abuse
1392:
1373:Name calling
1343:Intimidation
1303:Discrediting
1263:Blacklisting
1235:Toxic leader
1050:
1029:
1025:
990:
984:
965:
942:
930:. Retrieved
928:(in Italian)
916:
896:
875:
871:Lewis, C. S.
838:
834:
815:
790:
786:
777:
774:Grice, H. P.
754:
744:
737:Bibliography
722:
710:
698:
686:
679:Wickman 2013
674:
662:
627:
593:
563:Miss Manners
508:intimidating
498:
474:
431:
418:
415:
403:
397:
388:
374:
370:
354:
344:
341:ethnic slurs
334:
324:
322:
299:
286:
284:
276:
256:
237:
225:social class
214:
170:
151:
119:
91:
87:unspoken law
67:social norms
62:
58:
57:
43:
18:Impertinence
2375:Victimology
2350:Psychopathy
2172:Persecution
2147:Humiliation
2137:Gaslighting
2120:Elder abuse
2071:Child abuse
1998:Victimology
1973:Self-esteem
1827:(incidents)
1777:Amanda Todd
1771:Audrie Pott
1729:Megan Meier
1532:Wendy Craig
1469:Bullying UK
1333:Humiliation
1318:Gaslighting
1032:(1): 1–22.
1008:11059/14627
835:Multilingua
793:: 193–218.
691:Lakoff 1989
655:Martin 1996
598:Kasper 1990
578:Eye-rolling
426:C. S. Lewis
381:or using a
337:hate speech
302:shake hands
259:eye rolling
244:Renaissance
217:social role
111:hate speech
83:friendships
52:parking lot
2390:Categories
2330:Narcissism
2152:Incivility
2142:Harassment
1904:Isla Vista
1847:Jeff Weise
1807:Conrad Roy
1783:Jadin Bell
1567:Dan Olweus
1557:Gary Namie
1358:Mind games
1338:Incivility
1328:Harassment
1293:Defamation
727:Lewis 2001
715:Beebe 1995
703:Beebe 1995
585:References
548:Incivility
543:Emily Post
538:Dysphemism
412:Behaviours
405:The Dozens
134:first name
122:subjective
63:effrontery
2401:Etiquette
2305:Isolation
2125:Financial
1839:Columbine
1608:Tim Field
1591:Activists
1520:Academics
1464:Ban Bossy
1403:Screaming
1348:Isolation
1017:0142-6001
932:6 January
863:144630209
855:0167-8507
807:0378-2166
516:to people
365:insulting
71:etiquette
2217:Stalking
2130:Marriage
2091:marriage
2086:military
2066:Bullying
1852:Red Lake
1679:suicides
1677:Notable
1499:Kidscape
1433:Taunting
1428:Swatting
1393:Rudeness
1283:Coercion
1258:Betrayal
1251:Elements
1230:Teaching
1220:Medicine
1200:Academia
1089:Bullying
873:(2001).
553:Innuendo
531:See also
520:Snobbery
504:Bullying
470:sneezing
462:coughing
308:Examples
240:medieval
229:religion
158:morality
128:, using
95:impolite
75:accepted
59:Rudeness
2238:more...
2167:Neglect
2076:neglect
1636:Actions
1513:Experts
1398:Sarcasm
1368:Nagging
1225:Nursing
1143:Mobbing
466:farting
458:yawning
454:disgust
446:library
378:shut up
265:Utility
166:dignity
154:manners
99:obscene
2285:Denial
2081:sexual
1906:, 2014
1893:, 2008
1880:, 2007
1867:, 2007
1854:, 2005
1841:, 1999
1815:(2016)
1809:(2014)
1803:(2014)
1797:(2013)
1791:(2013)
1785:(2013)
1779:(2012)
1773:(2012)
1767:(2012)
1761:(2011)
1755:(2011)
1749:(2010)
1743:(2010)
1737:(2008)
1731:(2006)
1725:(2003)
1719:(2001)
1713:(2000)
1707:(2000)
1701:(1997)
1695:(1877)
1323:Gossip
1133:Hazing
1123:Doxing
1015:
972:
953:
904:
883:
861:
853:
822:
805:
762:
635:
440:, and
392:thanks
351:German
331:Speech
247:Europe
231:, and
221:gender
162:murder
115:joking
103:taboos
2396:Abuse
2315:Lying
2048:Types
2040:Abuse
1408:Shame
1096:Types
1051:Slate
859:S2CID
514:Lying
434:noise
359:to a
349:to a
295:power
152:Both
107:crime
1684:List
1163:Rank
1013:ISSN
970:ISBN
951:ISBN
934:2009
902:ISBN
881:ISBN
851:ISSN
820:ISBN
803:ISSN
760:ISBN
633:ISBN
325:rude
251:mask
242:and
156:and
1034:doi
1003:hdl
995:doi
843:doi
795:doi
506:or
492:or
468:or
356:Jap
346:Hun
69:or
2392::
1049:.
1030:20
1028:.
1011:.
1001:.
989:.
949:.
857:.
849:.
837:.
801:.
791:14
789:.
647:^
605:^
464:,
460:,
297:.
227:,
223:,
219:,
97:,
2032:e
2025:t
2018:v
1686:)
1682:(
1081:e
1074:t
1067:v
1053:.
1040:.
1036::
1019:.
1005::
997::
991:4
978:.
959:.
936:.
910:.
889:.
865:.
845::
839:8
828:.
809:.
797::
768:.
693:.
681:.
669:.
641:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
