334:. These two senses perceive the same objects in the world in different ways, and by combining the two, they help us understand this information better. Vision dominates our perception of the world around us. This is because visual spatial information is one of the most reliable sensory modalities. Visual stimuli are recorded directly onto the retina, and there are few, if any, external distortions that provide incorrect information to the brain about the true location of an object. Other spatial information is not as reliable as visual spatial information. For example, consider auditory spatial input. The location of an object can sometimes be determined solely on its sound, but the sensory input can easily be modified or altered, thus giving a less reliable spatial representation of the object. Auditory information therefore is not spatially represented unlike visual stimuli. But once one has the spatial mapping from the visual information, multisensory integration helps bring the information from both the visual and auditory stimuli together to make a more robust mapping.
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tactile and visual sensations, otherwise one would not be able to comprehend where they were moving their hands, and what they were touching and looking at. An example of this happening is looking at an infant. The infant picks up objects and puts them in his mouth, or touches them to his feet or face. All of these actions are culminating to the formation of spatial maps in the brain and the realization that "Hey, that thing that's moving this object is actually a part of me." Seeing the same thing that they are feeling is a major step in the mapping that is required for infants to begin to realize that they can move their arms and interact with an object. This is the earliest and most explicit way of experiencing sensory integration.
153:. The lobes of the brain are the classifications that divide the brain both anatomically and functionally. These lobes are the Frontal lobe, responsible for conscious thought, Parietal lobe, responsible for visuospatial processing, the Occipital lobe, responsible for the sense of sight, and the temporal lobe, responsible for the senses of smell and sound. From the earliest times of neurology, it has been thought that these lobes are solely responsible for their one sensory modality input. However, newer research has shown that that may not entirely be the case. It is worth noting that in the mid-20th century,
261:. There have been some cases, however, in which individuals have comparable language skills to someone who uses his left hemisphere to process language, yet they mainly use their right or both hemispheres. These cases pose the possibility that function may not follow structure in some cognitive tasks. Current research in the fields of sensory processing and multisensory integration is aiming to hopefully unlock the mysteries behind the concept of
349:. An example of the ventriloquism effect is when a person on the television appears to have his voice coming from his mouth, rather than the television's speakers. This occurs because of a pre-existing spatial representation within the brain which is programmed to think that voices come from another human's mouth. This then makes it so the visual response to the audio input is spatially misrepresented, and therefore misaligned.
141:(The sense of knowing where one is in time or activities). It is important that the information of these different sensory modalities must be relatable. The sensory inputs themselves are in different electrical signals, and in different contexts. Through sensory processing, the brain can relate all sensory inputs into a coherent percept, upon which our interaction with the environment is ultimately based.
954:. Edición facsímil 2010 del Vol. 1 1945, Vol. 2 1950 (Madrid: Inst. S. Ramón y Cajal, CSIC), Suplemento I 1952 (Trab. Inst. Cajal Invest. Biol.) y 1ª ed. Suplemento II. Red Temática en Tecnologías de Computación Artificial/Natural (RTNAC) y Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC). ISBN 978-84-9887-458-7.
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only are not independent, but they are also quite complementary. Where one sensory modality may give information on one part of a situation, another modality can pick up other necessary information. Bringing this information together facilitates the better understanding of the physical world around us.
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developed together. This multisensory integration was necessary for early humans in order to ensure that they were receiving proper nutrition from their food, and also to make sure that they were not consuming poisonous materials. There are several other sensory integrations that developed early on
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Hand eye coordination is one example of sensory integration. In this case, we require a tight integration of what we visually perceive about an object, and what we tactilely perceive about that same object. If these two senses were not combined within the brain, then one would have less ability to
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It has been believed for some time that inputs from different sensory organs are processed in different areas in the brain. The communication within and among these specialized areas of the brain is known as functional integration. Newer research has shown that these different regions of the brain
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Research on sensory processing has much to offer towards understanding the function of the brain as a whole. The primary task of multisensory integration is to figure out and sort out the vast quantities of sensory information in the body through multiple sensory modalities. These modalities not
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occur when these models do not match up. For example, where our visual system may fool us in one case, our auditory system can bring us back to a ground reality. This prevents sensory misrepresentations, because through the combination of multiple sensory modalities, the model that we create is
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is the tactile sensation in the context of the visual system. The visual system is very static, in that it does not move around much, but the hands and other parts used in tactile sensory collection can freely move around. This movement of the hands must be included in the mapping of both the
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problems that his patients were having. He used an electrode to stimulate different regions of the brain's cortex, and would ask his still conscious patient what he or she felt. This process led to the publication of his book, The
Cerebral Cortex of Man. The "mapping" of the sensations his
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In the future, research on sensory integration will be used to better understand how different sensory modalities are incorporated within the brain to help us perform even the simplest of tasks. For example, we do not currently have the understanding needed to comprehend how neural circuits
341:. One example of this that has been observed is how the brain compensates for target distance. When you are speaking with someone or watching something happen, auditory and visual signals are not being processed concurrently, but they are perceived as being simultaneous. This kind of
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in the human evolutionary time line. The integration between vision and audition was necessary for spatial mapping. Integration between vision and tactile sensations developed along with our finer motor skills including better hand-eye coordination. While humans developed into
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using an electrode to stimulate different parts of the brain to determine which parts were the cause of the epilepsy. This part could then be surgically removed or altered in order to regain optimal brain performance. While performing these tests, they discovered that the
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are recipients of auditory inputs. There exist studies suggesting deeper multisensory convergences than those at the sensory-specific cortices, which were listed earlier. This convergence of multiple sensory modalities is known as multisensory integration.
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patients felt led
Penfield to chart out the sensations that were triggered by stimulating different cortical regions. Mrs. H. P. Cantlie was the artist Penfield hired to illustrate his findings. The result was the conception of the first sensory
384:. The robot's sensory devices may take in inputs of different modalities, but if we understand multisensory integration better, we might be able to program these robots to convey these data into a useful output to better serve our purposes.
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claimed that a child needs a healthy "sensory diet," which is all of the activities that children engage in, that gives them the necessary sensory inputs that they need to get their brain into improving sensory processing.
380:, and eventually help patients who have lost the use of a limb. Also, by learning more about how different sensory inputs can combine can have profound effects on new engineering approaches using
37:(sensory information) from one's own body and the environment, thus making it possible to use the body effectively within the environment. Specifically, it deals with how the brain processes
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Marrelec G, Bellec P, Krainik A, Duffau H, Pelegrini-Isaac M, et al. (2008). "Multisensory
Regions, systems, and the brain: Hierarchical measures of functional integration in fMRI".
801:"Combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided neuronavigation and intraoperative cortical brain mapping improves targeting of motor cortex stimulation in neuropathic pain"
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much more robust and gives a better assessment of the situation. Thinking about it logically, it is far easier to fool one sense than it is to simultaneously fool two or more senses.
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about the same object, but that is not necessarily the case. This so-called "redundant" information is in fact verification that what we are experiencing is in fact happening.
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was conducting a very bizarre operation at the
Montreal Neurological Institute. Penfield "pioneered the incorporation of neurophysiological principles in the practice of
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of the sensory and motor cortices were similar in all patients. Because of their novelty at the time, these
Homonculi were hailed as the "E=mc² of Neuroscience".
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There have been studies done that show that a dynamic neural mechanism exists for matching the auditory and visual inputs from an event that stimulates multiple
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Sensory processing disorder or sensory discrimination disorder, which is characterized by postural control problems, lack of attentiveness, and disorganization.
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is necessary for almost every activity that we perform because the combination of multiple sensory inputs is essential for us to comprehend our surroundings.
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of the world are based on models that we build of the world. Sensory information informs these models, but this information can also confuse the models.
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conducted research that led him to establish cortical functional gradients where functional specificity would be in gradation throughout the cortex.
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system can help understand how these movements are controlled. This understanding can potentially be used to learn more about how to make better
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Sensory processing deals with how the brain processes sensory input from multiple sensory modalities. These include the five classic senses of
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97:. Using functional neuroimaging, it can be seen that sensory-specific cortices are activated by different inputs. For example, regions in the
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It has been believed for some time that inputs from different sensory organs are processed in different areas in the brain, relating to
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There are still no definitive answers to the questions regarding the relationship between functional and structural asymmetries in the
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is a visual representation of the intensity of sensations derived from different parts of the body. Wilder
Penfield and his colleague
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Macaluso E, Driver J (May 2005). "Multisensory spatial interactions: a window onto functional integration in the human brain".
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Sensory modulation disorder, in which patients seek sensory stimulation due to an over or under response to sensory stimuli.
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Enhancing
Performance for Action and Perception - Multisensory Integration, Neuroplasticity and Neuroprosthetics, Part I
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Jaekl PM; Harris, LR (2007). "Auditory-visual temporal integration measured by shifts in perceived temporal location".
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Sensory based motor disorder. Patients have incorrect processing of motor information that leads to poor motor skills.
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Sometimes there can be a problem with the encoding of the sensory information. This disorder is known as
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Burr D; Alais D; S. Martinez-Conde (2006). "Chapter 14 Combining visual and auditory information".
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Visual
Perception - Fundamentals of Awareness: Multi-Sensory Integration and High-Order Perception
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The different senses were always thought to be controlled by separate lobes of the brain, called
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Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Meuli R, Honey CJ, et al. . (2008). Friston, Karl J. (ed.).
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Bulkin DA, Groh JM (2006). "Seeing sounds: visual and auditory interactions in the brain".
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Stein BE, Rowland BA (2011). "Organization and plasticity in multisensory integration".
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transform sensory cues into changes in motor activities. More research done on the
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Harrison BJ, Pujol J, Lopez-Sola M, Hernandez-Ribas R, Deus J, et al. (2008).
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can lead to slight misperceptions in the visual-auditory system in the form of the
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Perhaps one of the most studied sensory integrations is the relationship between
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Yang F, Kruggel F (2008). "Automatic segmentation of human brain sulci".
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inputs played an important role in our development into upright walkers.
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organisms, balance became exponentially more essential to survival. The
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181:(SPD). This disorder can be further classified into three main types.
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1468:"The ventriloquist effect results from near-optimal bimodal integration"
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960:(Vols.1 and 2, Supplements I and II), Ediciones CSIC, Open Access
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Pirotte B, Voordecker P, Neugroschl C, et al. (June 2008).
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Seth AK, Dienes Z, Cleeremans A, Overgaard M, Pessoa L (2008).
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555:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 191. pp. 145–63.
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1200:"Why Seeing Is Believing: Merging Auditory and Visual Worlds"
850:"olsen Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex"
1376:"Multisensory Integration: Strategies for Synchronization"
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137:(the sense of knowing one's position in space) Along with
129:(taste). Other sensory modalities exist, for example the
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Miller LJ, Nielsen DM, Schoen SA, Brett-Green BA (2009).
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Huddleston WE, Lewis JW, Phinney RE, DeYoe EA (2008).
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It may seem redundant that we are being provided with
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502:Stein BE, Stanford TR, Rowland BA (December 2009).
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648:Todman D. (2008). "Wilder Penfield (1891-1976)".
33:is the process that organizes and distinguishes
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195:There are several therapies used to treat SPD.
133:sense (balance and the sense of movement) and
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947:Gonzalo, J. (1945, 1950, 1952, 2010, 2023).
898:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1820:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
101:are tied to vision and those on the
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3677:Posterior limb of internal capsule
1815:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
818:10.1227/01.neu.0000333762.38500.ac
561:10.1016/B978-0-444-53752-2.00007-2
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1830:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
1825:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
2082:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
117:(hearing), tactile stimulation (
73:into usable functional outputs.
39:multiple sensory modality inputs
1810:Visual system (sense of vision)
1425:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
750:Vanzetta I, Grinvald A (2008).
3251:Reissner's/vestibular membrane
1533:Samuel AD, Sengupta P (2005).
1286:Perception & Psychophysics
1198:Witten IB, Knudsen EI (2005).
1033:The Body has a Mind of its Own
1029:; Blakeslee, Matthew. (2007).
444:Sensory processing sensitivity
173:Sensory processing sensitivity
1:
3659:Ventral posteromedial nucleus
2994:promontory of tympanic cavity
1952:Auditory perception (hearing)
1249:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)55014-9
479:Two-alternative forced choice
2598:Olfactory reference syndrome
2375:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
1345:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.029
1217:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.020
1103:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
867:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159
520:10.1016/j.heares.2009.03.012
3629:Medial parabrachial nucleus
2984:secondary tympanic membrane
2797:Sensory processing disorder
1967:Gustation (taste or flavor)
1957:Equilibrioception (balance)
1149:Lin SY, Burdine RD (2005).
1076:10.1016/j.media.2008.01.003
927:10.1016/j.media.2008.02.002
449:Sensory processing disorder
179:sensory processing disorder
167:Sensory processing disorder
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3994:Anterior olfactory nucleus
2989:prominence of facial canal
2751:Supernumerary phantom limb
2087:Infrared sensing in snakes
1947:Visual perception (vision)
1437:10.1016/j.conb.2006.06.008
1115:10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.008
616:10.1016/j.tins.2005.03.008
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3707:Special visceral afferent
2502:Microwave auditory effect
1669:Transduction (physiology)
1560:10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.021
1493:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.029
1401:10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.022
1176:10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.026
1037:. Random House. pp.
991:10.3389/neuro.07.022.2009
662:10.1007/s00415-008-0915-6
399:Environmental sensitivity
145:Basic structures involved
3858:Primary olfactory cortex
3009:aditus to mastoid antrum
2507:Music-specific disorders
1863:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1466:Alais D, Burr D (2004).
419:Multisensory integration
343:multisensory integration
308:multisensory integration
83:Multisensory integration
4191:Intrafusal muscle fiber
3968:Medial forebrain bundle
3866:Lateral olfactory stria
3849:areas involved in smell
3624:Central tegmental tract
2487:Auditory verbal agnosia
2341:Juxtacapillary receptor
718:10.1073/pnas.0711791105
358:manipulate an object.
310:between visual inputs,
274:multiple sensory inputs
259:hemisphere of the brain
103:superior temporal gyrus
4024:Evolution of olfaction
3986:Medial olfactory stria
2482:Auditory hallucination
2092:Surface wave detection
1697:Multimodal integration
1064:Medical Image Analysis
915:Medical Image Analysis
434:Sensory-motor coupling
314:(balance) inputs, and
3908:Periamygdaloid cortex
3896:Hippocampal formation
3886:EC-hippocampus system
3000:Posterior structures
2741:Phantom limb syndrome
2689:Tactile hallucination
1878:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
1679:Active sensory system
978:Front Integr Neurosci
956:English edition 2023
811:(6 Suppl 3): 941–56.
360:Eye–hand coordination
3241:Cochlear duct /
3205:Perilymphatic space
3105:Auditory tube /
2550:Labyrinthine fistula
2517:Spatial hearing loss
2216:Campaniform sensilla
1931:Somatosensory cortex
1323:Neuroscience Letters
1299:10.3758/PP.70.7.1207
650:Journal of Neurology
429:Occupational therapy
347:ventriloquism effect
263:brain lateralization
95:systems neuroscience
4196:Nuclear chain fiber
4110:Merkel nerve ending
3423:Semicircular canals
3396:Vestibular aqueduct
2336:Nociceptin receptor
2206:Merkel nerve ending
2191:Mechanotransduction
1585:www.sensoryinfo.com
1551:2005CBio...15.R341S
1484:2004CBio...14..257A
1392:2005CBio...15.R339K
1167:2005CBio...15.R343L
709:2008PNAS..105.9781H
459:Sensory deprivation
353:Sensorimotor system
4090:Lamellar corpuscle
3803:Olfactory receptor
3780:Sustentacular cell
3401:endolymphatic duct
3389:Otolithic membrane
3302:Tectorial membrane
3261:Reticular membrane
3066:posterior ligament
3014:pyramidal eminence
2970:Medial structures
2698:Nociception (pain)
2290:Olfactory receptor
2242:Photoreceptor cell
2196:Lamellar corpuscle
2120:Photomorphogenesis
1982:nociception (pain)
1674:Sensory processing
414:Motor coordination
322:Audiovisual system
238:Montreal procedure
31:Sensory processing
4232:
4231:
4201:Nuclear bag fiber
4140:Free nerve ending
4120:Bulbous corpuscle
4100:Tactile corpuscle
4066:Sensory receptors
4032:
4031:
4002:
4001:
3980:
3979:
3891:Entorhinal cortex
3837:Olfactory trigone
3715:
3714:
3690:
3689:
3604:Gustatory nucleus
3545:Fungiform papilla
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3456:crista ampullaris
3406:endolymphatic sac
3338:Vestibular system
3332:
3331:
3214:Cochlear aqueduct
3123:
3122:
3061:superior ligament
3049:anterior ligament
3039:superior ligament
2927:Auricular muscles
2910:intertragic notch
2830:
2829:
2815:Biases and errors
2810:
2809:
2746:Somatoparaphrenia
2715:Pain dissociation
2560:Ménière's disease
2492:Cortical deafness
2370:Visual impairment
2349:
2348:
2211:Bulbous corpuscle
2201:Tactile corpuscle
2169:sensory receptors
2161:
2160:
2044:
2043:
1997:
1996:
1962:Olfaction (smell)
1916:Vestibular cortex
1898:Cerebral cortices
1735:
1734:
1722:Motion perception
1374:King, AJ (2005).
1048:978-1-4000-6469-4
1027:Blakeslee, Sandra
950:Dinámica Cerebral
768:10.2976/1.2889618
703:(28): 9781–9786.
474:Neurodegeneration
469:Neuroinflammation
439:Predictive coding
282:Sensory illusions
63:vestibular system
16:(Redirected from
4267:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4036:
4019:Olfactory system
3948:Stria terminalis
3928:Habenular nuclei
3924:Stria medullaris
3903:Prepyriform area
3871:
3853:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3719:
3682:Gustatory cortex
3599:Solitary nucleus
3565:
3550:Filiform papilla
3501:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3446:Ampullary cupula
3343:
3273:Stria vascularis
3256:Basilar membrane
3164:
3134:
3078:annular ligament
3044:lateral ligament
2959:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2834:
2477:Auditory agnosia
2409:Optic neuropathy
2358:
2226:Stretch receptor
2174:
2072:Magnetoreception
2067:Electroreception
2055:
1977:mechanoreception
1926:Gustatory cortex
1921:Olfactory cortex
1755:
1746:
1664:Sensory receptor
1647:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1545:(9): R341–R353.
1530:
1524:
1523:
1505:
1495:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1386:(9): R339–R341.
1371:
1365:
1364:
1338:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1292:(7): 1207–1216.
1277:
1271:
1270:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1161:(9): R343–R345.
1146:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1036:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1003:
993:
969:
963:
945:
939:
938:
910:
904:
903:
897:
889:
879:
869:
860:(7): 1479–1493.
845:
839:
838:
820:
796:
790:
789:
779:
747:
741:
740:
730:
720:
688:
682:
681:
656:(7): 1104–1105.
645:
636:
635:
599:
593:
592:
582:
548:
542:
541:
531:
499:
367:Further research
249:Current research
151:projection areas
99:occipital cortex
79:sensory modality
21:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4260:Sensory systems
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4207:
4167:
4163:Thermoreceptors
4149:
4126:
4082:Mechanoreceptor
4068:
4063:
4033:
4028:
3998:
3976:
3956:
3932:
3912:
3881:Piriform cortex
3860:
3841:
3832:Olfactory tract
3795:Olfactory nerve
3789:
3751:
3746:
3716:
3711:
3686:
3663:
3645:
3610:
3556:
3540:Foliate papilla
3535:Vallate papilla
3530:Lingual papilla
3511:
3505:
3475:
3462:
3417:
3413:Ductus reuniens
3328:
3307:Sulcus spiralis
3278:Spiral ligament
3242:
3235:
3199:Cochlear cupula
3179:Vestibular duct
3159:Auditory system
3153:
3119:
3107:Eustachian tube
3106:
3099:
3020:
2963:Tympanic cavity
2948:
2871:
2861:
2831:
2826:
2806:
2755:
2724:
2693:
2645:
2612:
2564:
2526:
2458:
2449:Stereoblindness
2390:Color blindness
2345:
2322:
2299:
2271:
2230:
2178:Mechanoreceptor
2167:
2157:
2153:Machine hearing
2148:Computer vision
2143:Robotic sensing
2129:
2106:
2040:
1993:
1935:
1911:Auditory cortex
1892:
1839:
1802:Sensory systems
1796:
1731:
1683:
1641:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1581:
1576:
1539:Current Biology
1532:
1531:
1527:
1472:Current Biology
1465:
1464:
1460:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1380:Current Biology
1373:
1372:
1368:
1336:10.1.1.519.7743
1320:
1319:
1315:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1259:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1155:Current Biology
1148:
1147:
1140:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1025:
1024:
1017:
971:
970:
966:
946:
942:
912:
911:
907:
890:
847:
846:
842:
798:
797:
793:
749:
748:
744:
690:
689:
685:
647:
646:
639:
604:Trends Neurosci
601:
600:
596:
571:
550:
549:
545:
501:
500:
496:
492:
454:Psychopathology
394:Anna Jean Ayres
390:
369:
355:
324:
291:
251:
243:functional maps
210:Wilder Penfield
206:
197:Anna Jean Ayres
175:
169:
163:
147:
91:
51:auditory system
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4273:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4237:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4186:Muscle spindle
4183:
4177:
4175:
4173:Proprioception
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3815:Olfactory bulb
3812:
3811:
3810:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3577:Solitary tract
3573:
3571:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3351:
3349:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3285:Organ of Corti
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3170:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3115:Torus tubarius
3111:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3093:tensor tympani
3090:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2729:Proprioception
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2305:Thermoreceptor
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Taste receptor
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Proprioception
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1883:Trigeminal (V)
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1759:Sensory organs
1752:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1579:External links
1577:
1575:
1574:
1525:
1478:(3): 257–262.
1458:
1431:(4): 415–419.
1415:
1366:
1329:(3): 219–224.
1313:
1272:
1257:
1231:
1210:(3): 489–496.
1190:
1138:
1109:(8): 314–321.
1089:
1070:(4): 442–451.
1054:
1047:
1015:
964:
958:Brain Dynamics
940:
921:(4): 484–496.
905:
840:
791:
742:
683:
637:
610:(5): 264–271.
594:
569:
543:
493:
491:
488:
487:
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481:
476:
471:
466:
464:Gut–brain axis
461:
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389:
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323:
320:
316:proprioception
290:
287:
250:
247:
236:developed the
234:Herbert Jasper
208:In the 1930s,
205:
202:
193:
192:
189:
186:
165:Main article:
162:
159:
146:
143:
135:proprioception
90:
87:
43:proprioception
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4272:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:Motor control
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4199:
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4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
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4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
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4015:
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4009:
4005:
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3992:
3991:
3989:
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3969:
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3959:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
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3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
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3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3637:
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3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
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3613:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3588:
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3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3551:
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3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3324:Spiral limbus
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Tympanic duct
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:mastoid cells
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2942:pars flaccida
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Hallucination
2785:
2783:
2782:Derealization
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Asomatognosia
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Hyperesthesia
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Astereognosis
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Labyrinthitis
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2277:Chemoreceptor
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:Photoreceptor
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Slit sensilla
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2036:Visceral pain
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1988:
1987:thermoception
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Visual cortex
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Olfactory (I)
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1850:spinal nerves
1847:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Consciousness
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1258:9780444519276
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
965:
961:
959:
953:
952:, Open Access
951:
944:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
906:
901:
895:
887:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
792:
787:
783:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
743:
738:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
642:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
595:
590:
586:
581:
576:
572:
570:9780444537522
566:
562:
558:
554:
547:
544:
539:
535:
530:
525:
521:
517:
514:(1–2): 4–15.
513:
509:
505:
498:
495:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
424:Music therapy
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
366:
364:
361:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
288:
286:
283:
279:
275:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
219:
215:
211:
203:
201:
198:
190:
187:
184:
183:
182:
180:
174:
168:
160:
158:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:(smell), and
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
74:
72:
68:
67:interoception
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
18:Insensitivity
4224:Baroreceptor
4096:Light touch
3972:Hypothalamus
3952:Hypothalamus
3825:mitral cells
3756:Microanatomy
3702:Basic tastes
3634:Hypothalamus
3306:
2979:round window
2720:Phantom pain
2705:Hyperalgesia
2679:Hypoesthesia
2497:Hearing loss
2318:TRP channels
2295:Osmoreceptor
2262:Photopigment
2186:Baroreceptor
2125:Gravitropism
2097:Frog hearing
2077:Echolocation
1873:Facial (VII)
1673:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1240:
1234:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1158:
1154:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1032:
981:
977:
967:
957:
949:
943:
918:
914:
908:
894:cite journal
857:
854:PLOS Biology
853:
843:
808:
805:Neurosurgery
804:
794:
762:(2): 79–98.
759:
756:HFSP Journal
755:
745:
700:
696:
686:
653:
649:
607:
603:
597:
552:
546:
511:
507:
497:
374:sensorimotor
370:
356:
336:
325:
292:
271:
267:
252:
227:
214:neurosurgery
207:
194:
176:
148:
108:
92:
75:
30:
29:
4181:Golgi organ
4155:Temperature
4145:Nociceptors
3785:Tufted cell
3507:Anatomy of
3290:stereocilia
3243:scala media
3184:Helicotrema
2974:oval window
2863:Anatomy of
2802:Synesthesia
2710:Hypoalgesia
2684:Paresthesia
2669:Formication
2664:CMT disease
2631:Hypergeusia
2454:Visual snow
2429:Photophobia
2424:Papilledema
2414:Oscillopsia
2400:Hemeralopia
2267:Aureochrome
2102:Toad vision
2026:Suffocation
1940:Perceptions
1503:2158/202581
404:Ideasthesia
378:prosthetics
278:Perceptions
4239:Categories
4219:Hair cells
4086:Vibration
3763:Epithelium
3441:Horizontal
3379:Kinocilium
3144:membranous
3137:Labyrinths
2954:Middle ear
2905:antitragus
2822:Pareidolia
2777:Allochiria
2760:Multimodal
2641:Parageusia
2636:Hypogeusia
2608:Phantosmia
2588:Hyperosmia
2532:Vestibular
2512:Palinopsia
2472:Amblyaudia
2419:Palinopsia
2404:Nyctalopia
2328:Nociceptor
2135:Artificial
1858:Optic (II)
1689:Perception
1638:Processes
1630:perception
490:References
312:vestibular
230:Homonculus
223:Homunculus
171:See also:
131:vestibular
41:, such as
4250:Neurology
4245:Cognition
4106:Pressure
3820:glomeruli
3525:Taste bud
3436:Posterior
3347:Vestibule
3295:tip links
3268:Endolymph
3229:Boettcher
3209:Perilymph
3129:Inner ear
3088:stapedius
2922:Ear canal
2895:antihelix
2877:Outer ear
2618:Gustatory
2570:Olfactory
2434:Photopsia
2380:Amaurosis
2354:Disorders
2247:Cone cell
2166:Types of
1777:Inner ear
1712:Cognition
1702:Awareness
1651:Sensation
1626:Sensation
1331:CiteSeerX
835:207141116
508:Hear. Res
299:olfaction
295:olfactory
127:gustation
123:olfaction
113:(sight),
59:olfactory
35:sensation
4116:Stretch
3944:Amygdala
3669:cerebrum
3651:thalamus
3639:Amygdala
3451:Ampullae
3431:Superior
3317:internus
3312:externus
3224:Claudius
3194:Modiolus
3084:Muscles
3026:Ossicles
2603:Parosmia
2593:Hyposmia
2583:Dysosmia
2522:Tinnitus
2464:Auditory
2439:Polyopia
2395:Diplopia
2252:Rod cell
2050:Nonhuman
2003:Internal
1844:Sensory
1750:External
1659:Stimulus
1642:concepts
1569:15886093
1512:14761661
1453:11042371
1445:16837186
1410:15886092
1353:17428607
1308:18927004
1267:17027392
1226:16269365
1185:15886094
1133:18606562
1084:18325826
1010:19826493
935:18396441
886:18597554
827:18695580
786:19404475
737:18621692
678:36953396
670:18500490
624:15866201
589:21741550
538:19345256
388:See also
382:robotics
332:audition
289:Examples
161:Problems
115:audition
89:Overview
4007:General
3569:medulla
3384:Otolith
3367:Saccule
3355:Utricle
3174:Cochlea
3167:General
3034:Malleus
2932:Eardrum
2915:earlobe
2885:Auricle
2869:balance
2865:hearing
2772:Agnosia
2651:Tactile
2626:Ageusia
2578:Anosmia
2540:Vertigo
2444:Scotoma
2385:Anopsia
1846:cranial
1717:Feeling
1547:Bibcode
1520:3125842
1480:Bibcode
1388:Bibcode
1361:7420746
1163:Bibcode
1124:2767381
1001:2759332
877:2443193
777:2645573
728:2474491
705:Bibcode
632:5685282
580:3245961
529:2787841
304:bipedal
218:seizure
204:History
155:Gonzalo
55:tactile
3808:neuron
3773:mucosa
3768:glands
3517:Tongue
3372:macula
3360:macula
3220:Cells
3073:Stapes
2900:tragus
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