Flood - Knowledge (XXG)

279: 582: 1004: 565: 449:, and over a length of 550 miles (885 km), the river course drops only 236 feet (72 meters), for an average slope of about 5 inches per mile (or 8.2 cm per kilometer). In this very large area, spring snowmelt happens at different rates in different places, and if winter snowfall was heavy, a fast snowmelt can push water out of the banks of a tributary river so that it moves overland, to a point further downstream in the river or completely to another streambed. Overland flooding can be devastating because it is unpredictable, it can occur very suddenly with surprising speed, and in such flat land it can run for miles. It is these qualities that set it apart from simple “overland flow.” 1701: 1019: 1089: 2454: 2064: 2056: 1220: 852: 480:. In one instance, a flash flood killed eight people enjoying the water on a Sunday afternoon at a popular waterfall in a narrow canyon. Without any observed rainfall, the flow rate increased from about 50 to 1,500 cubic feet per second (1.4 to 42 m/s) in just one minute. Two larger floods occurred at the same site within a week, but no one was at the waterfall on those days. The deadly flood resulted from a thunderstorm over part of the drainage basin, where steep, bare rock slopes are common and the thin soil was already saturated. 292: 2421: 264: 226: 1689: 2664: 1231: 710: 241: 7679: 1673: 453: 2678: 47: 1649: 2389:

likely time of its arrival at key locations along a waterway, and it also may allow for the computation of the likely statistical return period of a flood. In many developed countries, urban areas at risk of flooding are protected against a 100-year flood – that is a flood that has a probability of around 63% of occurring in any 100-year period of time.

1180: 1943: 2245:. Conversely, given the observed inundation area of a recent flood and the channel conditions, a model can calculate the flow rate. Applied to various potential channel configurations and flow rates, a reach model can contribute to selecting an optimum design for a modified channel. Various reach models are available as of 2015, either 938:

snow or ice, and some may produce rapid runoff from surfaces including rock, pavement, roofs, and saturated or frozen ground. The fraction of incident precipitation promptly reaching a drainage channel has been observed from nil for light rain on dry, level ground to as high as 170 percent for warm rain on accumulated snow.

2046:, rather than trying to prevent floods altogether. It also involves the management of people, through measures such as evacuation and flood proofing properties. The prevention and mitigation of flooding can be studied on three levels: on individual properties, small communities, and whole towns or cities. 2190:. Because flooded disaster sites are unstable, clean-up workers might encounter sharp jagged debris, biological hazards in the flood water, exposed electrical lines, blood or other body fluids, and animal and human remains. In planning for and reacting to flood disasters, managers provide workers with 2388:

techniques are also important components of good flood forecasting. In areas where good quality data is available, the intensity and height of a flood can be predicted with fairly good accuracy and plenty of lead time. The output of a flood forecast is typically a maximum expected water level and the

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Flood waters typically inundate farm land, making the land unworkable and preventing crops from being planted or harvested, which can lead to shortages of food both for humans and farm animals. Entire harvests for a country can be lost in extreme flood circumstances. Some tree species may not survive

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that grows after an incident. Research suggests that there will be an increase of 30–50% in adverse respiratory health outcomes caused by dampness and mold exposure for those living in coastal and wetland areas. Fungal contamination in homes is associated with increased allergic rhinitis and asthma.

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Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding. The impact on those affected may cause psychological damage to those affected, in particular where deaths, serious injuries and loss of

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Floods can also be a huge destructive power. When water flows, it has the ability to demolish all kinds of buildings and objects, such as bridges, structures, houses, trees, and cars. Economical, social and natural environmental damages are common factors that are impacted by flooding events and the

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may also cause elevation changes in large bodies of water. Elevation of flowing water is controlled by the geometry of the flow channel and, especially, by depth of channel, speed of flow and amount of sediments in it Flow channel restrictions like bridges and canyons tend to control water elevation

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The most important upslope factor in determining flood magnitude is the land area of the watershed upstream of the area of interest. Rainfall intensity is the second most important factor for watersheds of less than approximately 30 square miles or 80 square kilometres. The main channel slope is the

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of complete drainage basins are even more complex. Although many processes are well understood at a point or for a small area, others are poorly understood at all scales, and process interactions under normal or extreme climatic conditions may be unknown. Basin models typically combine land-surface

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is the time required for runoff from the most distant point of the upstream drainage area to reach the point of the drainage channel controlling flooding of the area of interest. The time of concentration defines the critical duration of peak rainfall for the area of interest. The critical duration

194:. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if these buildings are in the natural flood plains of rivers. People could avoid riverine flood damage by moving away from rivers. However, people in many countries have traditionally lived and worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and 2335:

Users can view statistics for rainfall, streamflow, water depth, and flooding every 3 hours, at each 12-kilometer gridpoint on a global map. Forecasts for these parameters are 5 days into the future. Users can zoom in to see inundation maps (areas estimated to be covered with water) in 1-kilometer

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services, should be built in areas least at risk of flooding. Structures, such as bridges, that must unavoidably be in flood hazard areas should be designed to withstand flooding. Areas most at risk for flooding could be put to valuable uses that could be abandoned temporarily as people retreat to

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gives out the advice "Turn Around, Don't Drown" for floods; that is, it recommends that people get out of the area of a flood, rather than trying to cross it. At the most basic level, the best defense against floods is to seek higher ground for high-value uses while balancing the foreseeable risks

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Every year flooding causes countries billions of dollars worth of damage that threatens the livelihood of individuals. As a result, there is also significant socio-economic threats to vulnerable populations around the world from flooding. For example, in Bangladesh in 2007, a flood was responsible

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of the rainfall event was less than the fixed time interval for which measurements are reported. Convective precipitation events (thunderstorms) tend to produce shorter duration storm events than orographic precipitation. Duration, intensity, and frequency of rainfall events are important to flood

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The amount, location, and timing of water reaching a drainage channel from natural precipitation and controlled or uncontrolled reservoir releases determines the flow at downstream locations. Some precipitation evaporates, some slowly percolates through soil, some may be temporarily sequestered as

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In the United States, the Association of State Floodplain Managers works to promote education, policies, and activities that mitigate current and future losses, costs, and human suffering caused by flooding and to protect the natural and beneficial functions of floodplains – all without causing

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Anticipating floods before they occur allows for precautions to be taken and people to be warned so that they can be prepared in advance for flooding conditions. For example, farmers can remove animals from low-lying areas and utility services can put in place emergency provisions to re-route

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which will reduce the height of flood waves moving down the river (during periods of heavy rains), and will reduce or eliminate damage to human structures, at the cost of minor flooding near the dams (often on farmland). Besides this, they also boost wildlife populations and filter pollutants

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measures can be taken to try to slow down or reverse the natural forces that cause many waterways to meander over long periods of time. Flood controls, such as dams, can be built and maintained over time to try to reduce the occurrence and severity of floods as well. In the United States, the

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There have been numerous flood incidents around the world which have caused devastating damage to infrastructure, the natural environment and human life. Flood risks can be defined as the risk that floods pose to individuals, property and the natural landscape based on specific hazards and

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showed that any criterion solely based upon the flow velocity, water depth or specific momentum cannot account for the hazards caused by velocity and water depth fluctuations. These considerations ignore further the risks associated with large debris entrained by the flow motion.

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in the southwest United States and many other names elsewhere. In that setting, the first flood water to arrive is depleted as it wets the sandy stream bed. The leading edge of the flood thus advances more slowly than later and higher flows. As a result, the rising limb of the

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may accumulate on property and in public rights-of-way. It can seep through building walls and floors, or backup into buildings through sewer pipes, cellars, toilets and sinks. There are several types of urban flooding, each with a different cause. City planners distinguish

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are likely to become more severe when they do occur. The interactions between rainfall and flooding are complex. There are some regions in which flooding is expected to become rarer. This depends on several factors. These include changes in rain and snowmelt, but also

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sometimes known as flash flooding. Tidal flooding may include elements of both river and coastal flooding processes in estuary areas. There is also the intentional flooding of land that would otherwise remain dry. This may take place for agricultural, military, or

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that might result from a 100-year storm, although the recurrence interval of a storm is rarely equal to that of the associated flood. Basin models are commonly used in flood forecasting and warning, as well as in analysis of the effects of land use change and

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In areas prone to urban flooding, one solution is the repair and expansion of human-made sewer systems and stormwater infrastructure. Another strategy is to reduce impervious surfaces in streets, parking lots and buildings through natural drainage channels,

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purposes. Furthermore, in so far as the methods used are a form of hydraulic engineering, it may be useful to differentiate between controlled inundations and uncontrolled ones. Examples for controlled inundations include those in the Netherlands under the

1893:(SUDS)). Areas identified as flood-prone can be converted into parks and playgrounds that can tolerate occasional flooding. Ordinances can be adopted to require developers to retain stormwater on site and require buildings to be elevated, protected by 1052:. Climate change leaves soils drier in some areas, so they may absorb rainfall more quickly. This leads to less flooding. Dry soils can also become harder. In this case heavy rainfall runs off into rivers and lakes. This increases risks of flooding. 898:

This has been exacerbated by human activities such as draining wetlands that naturally store large amounts of water and building paved surfaces that do not absorb any water. Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within

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considering only precipitation runoff flowing within unobstructed drainage channels. Debris modification of channel geometry is common when heavy flows move uprooted woody vegetation and flood-damaged structures and vehicles, including boats and

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The Global Flood Monitoring System, "GFMS", a computer tool which maps flood conditions worldwide, is available online. Users anywhere in the world can use GFMS to determine when floods may occur in their area. GFMS uses precipitation data from

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Floods can have devastating impacts to human societies. Flooding events worldwide are increasing in frequency and severity, leading to increasing costs to societies. A large amount of the world's population lives in close proximity to major

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above the restriction. The actual control point for any given reach of the drainage may change with changing water elevation, so a closer point may control for lower water levels until a more distant point controls at higher water levels.

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Each topic presents distinct yet related questions with varying scope and scale in time, space, and the people involved. Attempts to understand and manage the mechanisms at work in floodplains have been made for at least six millennia.

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of a precipitation threshold of interest may be determined from the number of measurements exceeding that threshold value within the total time period for which observations are available. Individual data points are converted to

888:, or other structures that retained the water. Flooding can be exacerbated by increased amounts of impervious surface or by other natural hazards such as wildfires, which reduce the supply of vegetation that can absorb rainfall. 2408:. Many NWS RFCs routinely issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, which indicate the general amount of rainfall that would need to fall in a short period of time in order to cause flash flooding or flooding on larger 2240:

Physical process models of channel reaches are generally well understood and will calculate the depth and area of inundation for given channel conditions and a specified flow rate, such as for use in floodplain mapping and

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Flooding for river management may occur in the form of diverting flood waters in a river at flood stage upstream from areas that are considered more valuable than the areas that are sacrificed in this way. This may be done

2328:, "GPM". Rainfall data from GPM is combined with a land surface model that incorporates vegetation cover, soil type, and terrain to determine how much water is soaking into the ground, and how much water is flowing into 445:, a type of hybrid river/areal flooding can occur, known locally as “overland flooding.” This is different from “overland flow” defined as “surface runoff.” The Red River Valley is a former glacial lakebed, created by 2804:

Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021:

1901:, or designed to withstand temporary inundation. Property owners can also invest in solutions themselves, such as re-landscaping their property to take the flow of water away from their building and installing 610:. Urban flooding can occur regardless of whether or not affected communities are located within designated floodplains or near any body of water. It is triggered for example by an overflow of rivers and lakes, 426:. However, large rivers may have rapid flooding events in areas with dry climates, since they may have large basins but small river channels, and rainfall can be very intense in smaller areas of those basins. 3077: 1061:

Extreme flood events often result from coincidence such as unusually intense, warm rainfall melting heavy snow pack, producing channel obstructions from floating ice, and releasing small impoundments like

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Flooding can bring benefits, such as making the soil more fertile and providing it with more nutrients. For this reason, periodic flooding was essential to the well-being of ancient communities along the

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and diarrheal diseases are very common due to a lack of clean water during a flood. Most of clean water supplies are contaminated when flooding occurs. Hepatitis A and E are common because of the lack of

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Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:

1925:(manure, fertilisers, slurry). UK environment minister Rebecca Pow stated that in the future the beavers could be considered a "public good" and landowners would be paid to have them on their land. 6709: 4265: 2355:

services if needed. Emergency services can also make provisions to have enough resources available ahead of time to respond to emergencies as they occur. People can evacuate areas to be flooded.

1961:(or flood mitigation, protection or alleviation) methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters. Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natural processes, such as 1736:

regions where precipitation can be very unevenly distributed throughout the year and kills pests in the farming land. Freshwater floods particularly play an important role in maintaining

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teams and even people delivering supplies can sustain an injury. Injuries can occur anytime during the flood process; before, during and after. During floods accidents occur with falling

464:, more often occur on smaller rivers, rivers with steep valleys, rivers that flow for much of their length over impermeable terrain, or normally-dry channels. The cause may be localized 2265:, if only because it is available free of charge. Other models such as TUFLOW combine 1D and 2D components to derive flood depths across both river channels and the entire floodplain. 1358:

and water supply, which may result in loss of drinking water or severe water contamination. It may also cause the loss of sewage disposal facilities. Lack of clean water combined with

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Effective flood channel geometry may be changed by growth of vegetation, accumulation of ice or debris, or construction of bridges, buildings, or levees within the flood channel.

5358: 982:. In flooding low lands, elevation changes such as tidal fluctuations are significant determinants of coastal and estuarine flooding. Less predictable events like tsunamis and 872:

Floods are caused by many factors or a combination of any of these generally prolonged heavy rainfall (locally concentrated or throughout a catchment area), highly accelerated

1199:, industry experts estimate that wet basements can lower property values by 10–25 percent and are cited among the top reasons for not purchasing a home. According to the U.S. 959:

second most important factor for larger watersheds. Channel slope and rainfall intensity become the third most important factors for small and large watersheds, respectively.

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of intense rainfall might be only a few minutes for roof and parking lot drainage structures, while cumulative rainfall over several days would be critical for river basins.

4189: 2400:, a rule of thumb for flood forecasting in urban areas is that it takes at least 1 inch (25 mm) of rainfall in around an hour's time in order to start significant 2788: 891:

During times of rain, some of the water is retained in ponds or soil, some is absorbed by grass and vegetation, some evaporates, and the rest travels over the land as

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Turbulent Velocity and Suspended Sediment Concentration Measurements in an Urban Environment of the Brisbane River Flood Plain at Gardens Point on 12–13 January 2011

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process components (to estimate how much rainfall or snowmelt reaches a channel) with a series of reach models. For example, a basin model can calculate the runoff

160:, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries. Flooding may also occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground. This is called an 4220: 2866:

Hirabayashi, Yukiko; Mahendran, Roobavannan; Koirala, Sujan; Konoshima, Lisako; Yamazaki, Dai; Watanabe, Satoshi; Kim, Hyungjun; Kanae, Shinjiro (September 2013).

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events) and an increase in the population living in coastal areas, the damage caused by coastal flood events has intensified and more people are being affected.

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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with the benefits of occupying flood hazard zones. Critical community-safety facilities, such as hospitals, emergency-operations centers, and police, fire, and

1003: 564: 529:, falls within this category. A storm surge is "an additional rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tides". Due to the 3450: 343:, paving, or roofs. Areal flooding begins in flat areas like floodplains and in local depressions not connected to a stream channel, because the velocity of 114: 6616: 4933: 698:

The intentional flooding of land that would otherwise remain dry may take place for agricultural, military or river-management purposes. This is a form of

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there. Similar estimates from many sites in a hydrologically similar region can be related to measurable characteristics of each drainage basin to allow

4255: 2602:), meaning "a flowing of water, tide, an overflowing of land by water, a deluge, Noah's Flood; mass of water, river, sea, wave,". The Old English word 5351: 910:

River flooding is often caused by heavy rain, sometimes increased by melting snow. A flood that rises rapidly, with little or no warning, is called a

209:, for example those diseases transmitted by mosquitos. Flooding can also lead to long-term displacement of residents. Floods are an area of study of 5589: 3506: 914:. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area, or if the area was already saturated from previous precipitation. 1277:

Injuries can lead to an excessive amount of morbidity when a flood occurs. Injuries are not isolated to just those who were directly in the flood,

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Water flowing downhill ultimately encounters downstream conditions slowing movement. The final limitation in coastal flooding lands is often the

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Damage to roads and transport infrastructure may make it difficult to mobilize aid to those affected or to provide emergency health treatment.

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by dividing each measured depth by the period of time between observations. This intensity will be less than the actual peak intensity if the

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becomes ever quicker as the flood moves downstream, until the flow rate is so great that the depletion by wetting soil becomes insignificant.

3656: 3621: 3579: 3538: 2839: 1763:, make use of floods in order to reach new habitats. Bird populations may also profit from the boost in food production caused by flooding. 820: 5344: 2759: 4326:

Paoletti, Michele; Pellegrini, Marco; Belli, Alberto; Pierleoni, Paola; Sini, Francesca; Pezzotta, Nicola; Palma, Lorenzo (January 2023).

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borne diseases increase as well due to the increase in still water after the floods have settled. The diseases that are vector borne are

3424: 2305: 1200: 1088: 1018: 4410: 3557:; Brown, R.; McIntosh, D. (26 June 2014). "Human body stability in floodwaters: The 2011 flood in Brisbane CBD". In L. Toombes (ed.). 1890: 296: 4100: 748:

Military inundation creates an obstacle in the field that is intended to impede the movement of the enemy. This may be done both for

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Clean-up activities following floods often pose hazards to workers and volunteers involved in the effort. Potential dangers include

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or any of the many fast moving objects in the water. After the flood rescue attempts are where large numbers injuries can occur.

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for the destruction of more than one million houses. And yearly in the United States, floods cause over $ 7 billion in damage.

836: 2308:(QPF) of expected rainfall and/or snow melt to generate daily or as-needed hydrologic forecasts. The NWS also cooperates with 69:) that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the 6578: 3566:. Brisbane, Australia: Proceedings of the 5th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures (ISHS2014). pp. 1–9. 2785: 513:

combining with high tides and large wave events at sea, resulting in waves over-topping flood defenses or in severe cases by

2813:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013. 1203:(FEMA), almost 40 percent of small businesses never reopen their doors following a flooding disaster. In the United States, 1076: 315:

Floods can happen on flat or low-lying areas when water is supplied by rainfall or snowmelt more rapidly than it can either

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about volumetric capacity in catchment areas, such as spare capacity in reservoirs, ground-water levels, and the degree of

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Flooding can damage property and also lead to secondary impacts. These include in the short term an increased spread of

4217: 7549: 6558: 5030: 4772: 2845: 2055: 907:. About 30 percent of all precipitation becomes runoff and that amount might be increased by water from melting snow. 851: 38: 3937: 796:, a military inundation has to take the interests of the civilian population into account, by allowing them a timely 3950: 3228:

Vandenbohed, Alexander (2016). "The hydrogeology of the military inundation at the 1914–1918 Yser front (Belgium)".

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In the United States, an integrated approach to real-time hydrologic computer modelling uses observed data from the

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Below is a list of the deadliest floods worldwide, showing events with death tolls at or above 100,000 individuals.

1219: 7733: 7682: 7566: 7510: 6602: 5784: 4919: 3769:"Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review" 3446: 3277:

NICHE. Network in Canadian History & Environment. Nouvelle initiative Canadienne en histoire de l'environnement

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Dieperink, C.; Hegger, D. L. T.; Bakker, M. H. N.; Kundzewicz, Z. W.; Green, C.; Driessen, P. P. J. (2016-10-01).

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Flooding in areas where people live also has significant economic implications for affected neighborhoods. In the

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are used to prevent waterways from overflowing their banks. When these defenses fail, emergency measures such as

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vulnerability. The extent of flood risks can impact the types of mitigation strategies required and implemented.

1037: 530: 3146:"Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering: For Use at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Volume 1" 7728: 7713: 7082: 6553: 6270: 6235: 6077: 4116:

Demain, Jeffrey G. (24 March 2018). "Climate Change and the Impact on Respiratory and Allergic Disease: 2018".

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Connelly, Brian A; Braatz, Dean T; Halquist, John B; Deweese, Michael M; Larson, Lee; Ingram, John J (1999).

7257: 7146: 6563: 6255: 6020: 4527: 3674:"Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment" 3038: 2607: 2542: 1813:

In many countries around the world, waterways prone to floods are often carefully managed. Defenses such as

1514: 1496: 1235: 1117:. There is significant risk for increased coastal and fluvial flooding due to changing climatic conditions. 832: 714: 54: 4706: 2420: 2038:. It involves the management of flood water movement, such as redirecting flood run-off through the use of 7660: 7503: 7375: 6505: 6363: 5914: 5799: 4605: 3925: 3106: 2397: 2285: 2222: 1990: 1951: 1430: 770: 430: 31: 1973:

type. Structural methods hold back floodwaters physically, while non-structural methods do not. Building

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Most precipitation records are based on a measured depth of water received within a fixed time interval.

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Floods (in particular more frequent or smaller floods) can also bring many benefits, such as recharging

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Dyhouse, G., "Flood modelling Using HEC-RAS (First Edition)", Haestad Press, Waterbury (USA) 2003-26-41

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When floods hit, people lose nearly all their crops, livestock, and food reserves and face starvation.

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prediction. Short duration precipitation is more significant to flooding within small drainage basins.

225: 4044:"Impact of floods, recovery, and repairs of residential structures in Ghana: insights from homeowners" 7651: 7623: 7588: 7515: 7315: 7252: 7070: 6891: 6573: 6295: 6119: 5879: 5686: 5480: 5001: 4647: 4339: 4055: 4008: 3840: 3780: 3685: 3237: 2879: 2697: 2563: 1886: 1587: 1393: 797: 766: 762: 749: 623: 484: 372: 98: 86: 4546: 3120: 1537:. Approximately 86,000 people died from flooding and another 145,000 died during subsequent disease. 606:, caused by rainfall or coastal storm surges overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems, such as 7646: 7554: 7542: 7432: 7385: 7193: 7116: 6842: 6633: 6469: 6464: 6265: 6109: 5731: 5584: 5505: 5412: 3912: 2743: 2515: 2385: 2268: 2254: 2234: 2187: 2143: 1986: 1974: 1534: 1363: 1304: 553: 202: 183: 3993: 3672:

Neumann, Barbara; Vafeidis, Athanasios T.; Zimmermann, Juliane; Nicholls, Robert J. (2015-03-11).

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upstream, and human changes to waterbodies and runoff. Flood control methods can be either of the

7718: 7656: 7641: 7571: 7527: 7417: 7003: 6908: 6663: 6495: 6408: 6373: 6225: 5741: 5646: 5550: 5442: 5375: 4149: 4079: 3858: 3806: 3449:. National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). February 2022. 3253: 3078:"Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood" 2669: 2485: 2405: 2309: 2112: 2068: 2029: 2009: 1842: 1343: 1320: 1187:

in India. Flooding not only creates water damage, but can also deposit large amounts of sediment.

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dams. Coincident events may cause extensive flooding to be more frequent than anticipated from

895:. Floods occur when ponds, lakes, riverbeds, soil, and vegetation cannot absorb all the water. 7628: 7092: 6998: 6971: 6818: 6768: 6704: 6658: 6474: 6313: 6305: 6245: 6205: 6094: 5909: 5671: 5661: 5447: 5310: 5020: 4954: 4805: 4799: 4375: 4357: 4141: 4133: 4071: 4024: 3798: 3721: 3703: 3652: 3617: 3575: 3534: 3387: 3364: 3025:

Hjalmarson, Hjalmar W. (December 1984). "Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona".

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of flood recurrence intervals for stream reaches without sufficient data for direct analysis.

2119: 2106: 1850: 1826: 1478: 1434: 1230: 1137: 658: 603: 423: 234: 78: 3477:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055–1210, 3416: 729:(literally "let-overs"), an intentionally lowered segment in Dutch riparian levees, like the 483:

Flash floods are the most common flood type in normally-dry channels in arid zones, known as

7578: 7537: 7520: 7407: 7305: 6837: 6741: 6625: 6388: 6290: 6195: 5794: 5789: 5706: 5535: 5407: 5242: 5236: 5038: 4942: 4655: 4365: 4347: 4125: 4063: 4016: 3848: 3788: 3711: 3693: 3644: 3609: 3567: 3478: 3245: 3034: 2989: 2887: 2827: 2663: 2501: 2289: 2005: 1838: 1768: 1721: 1347: 1271: 1223: 1153: 1110: 926: 867: 840: 637: 522: 506: 501: 195: 138: 129: 3638: 7595: 7561: 7447: 7427: 7337: 6986: 6952: 6886: 6683: 6668: 6393: 6353: 6348: 6139: 5952: 5839: 5834: 5618: 5555: 5525: 5490: 5485: 5452: 5417: 5388: 5141: 4550: 4531: 4488: 4446: 4224: 4193: 4173: 4104: 4097: 3908: 2938: 2792: 2643: 2574: 2538: 2242: 2163: 2159: 1962: 1865: 1814: 1661: 1613: 1418: 1375: 1355: 1351: 1247: 828: 816: 593: 538: 348: 168:

and snow melt. Those changes in size are however not considered a flood unless they flood

122: 90: 4911: 2959: 2458: 1332:

in the water and in living quarters depending on where the flood is and how prepared the

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Planning for flood safety involves many aspects of analysis and engineering, including:

125:

more frequent and stronger. This leads to more intense floods and increased flood risk.

7708: 7703: 7636: 7583: 7493: 7412: 7397: 7392: 7344: 7232: 7028: 6976: 6959: 6793: 6454: 6338: 6318: 6200: 6185: 6072: 6057: 6052: 6012: 5992: 5904: 5746: 5736: 5726: 5691: 5623: 5608: 5515: 5437: 5397: 5094: 5010: 4370: 4327: 4283: 4043: 3716: 3673: 3554: 3524: 2737: 2683: 2581: 2367: 2278: 2250: 2226: 2216: 2155: 2021: 2017: 1854: 1755:

For some fish species, an inundated floodplain may form a highly suitable location for

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is increasing due to sea level rise, land subsidence, and the loss of natural barriers.

1009: 900: 892: 885: 856: 782: 758: 709: 611: 599: 574: 534: 415: 344: 320: 240: 133: 118: 110: 89:

often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding. Examples for human changes are

50: 4562: 3297: 1172:

systems, roadways, and canals. The economic impacts caused by flooding can be severe.

164:. The size of a lake or other body of water naturally varies with seasonal changes in 7697: 7600: 7437: 7327: 7284: 7065: 6942: 6828: 6778: 6642: 6535: 6530: 6515: 6500: 6449: 6444: 6210: 6175: 6129: 6089: 6084: 5844: 5716: 5676: 5422: 5402: 5305: 5103: 4083: 3862: 3608:. NATO Science Series. Vol. 67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–20. 3334: 3316: 3257: 2692: 2497: 2381: 2371: 2349: 2301: 2230: 2175: 2139: 2126: 1958: 1935: 1878: 1861: 1808: 1619: 1401: 1196: 1049: 860: 351:

may experience areal flooding during periods when precipitation exceeds evaporation.

165: 102: 94: 82: 4509: 4328:"Discharge Monitoring in Open-Channels: An Operational Rating Curve Management Tool" 3810: 2312:

on hydrologic forecasts that affect both the US and Canada, like in the area of the

7402: 7360: 7136: 7087: 7023: 6879: 6783: 6525: 6275: 6260: 6250: 6099: 6030: 5899: 5864: 5779: 5721: 5596: 5495: 5457: 5432: 5300: 5222: 5217: 5050: 5015: 4963: 4260: 4153: 2628: 2546: 2509: 2481: 2199: 2167: 1902: 1784: 1760: 1741: 1717: 1672: 1422: 1397: 1359: 1263: 1028:

predicts different levels of sea level rise for coastlines within a single country.

809: 607: 589: 469: 461: 446: 438: 395:. Localized flooding may be caused or exacerbated by drainage obstructions such as 376: 272: 46: 282:

Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, in the Red River Valley of the North

4020: 3698: 3528: 3145: 1744:. Flooding can spread nutrients to lakes and rivers, which can lead to increased 418:. The increase in flow may be the result of sustained rainfall, rapid snow melt, 7498: 7442: 7264: 7242: 7237: 7104: 6981: 6947: 6935: 6823: 6746: 6434: 6358: 6062: 6025: 5972: 5696: 5681: 5656: 5530: 5315: 5201: 5134: 5113: 5108: 4986: 4393: 4166: 3613: 3330: 2867: 2826:(Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. pp. 127–136. 2718: 2707: 2614: 2409: 2363: 2171: 2146:

in the United States is available from the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

1910: 1776: 1704: 1665: 1596: 1591: 1530: 1389: 1316: 1312: 1259: 1255: 1125: 983: 918: 917:

Periodic floods occur on many rivers, forming a surrounding region known as the

911: 786: 778: 703: 666: 642: 518: 510: 452: 380: 336: 328: 230: 142: 74: 4067: 3558: 2981: 1759:

with few predators and enhanced levels of nutrients or food. Fish, such as the

182:

Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC (2013).

4129: 3793: 3768: 3648: 3482: 3249: 2982:"Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington" 2659: 2520: 2469: 2446: 2329: 2273: 2096: 2043: 1998: 1978: 1921: 1791: 1772: 1329: 1133: 1114: 619: 489: 332: 198:. Also, the rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and industry. 4869: 4361: 4137: 4075: 3802: 3707: 2899: 7488: 7370: 7178: 7173: 7151: 7040: 7033: 6852: 6847: 6754: 6731: 6510: 6459: 6429: 6398: 6328: 6240: 5997: 5884: 5869: 5809: 5756: 5751: 5651: 5574: 5564: 5462: 5325: 5320: 5268: 5183: 5178: 5173: 4976: 4971: 3915:, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, St. Paul, MN, September 1993 3829:"A review of the flood risk management governance and resilience literature" 2621: 2530: 2489: 2366:

to measured past rainfall events. Coupling this historical information with

2191: 2039: 1906: 1894: 1749: 1737: 1733: 1556: 1426: 1396:

are a common after the disaster has occurred. This depends on the amount of

1392:

and resulting in adverse health effects, particularly respiratory symptoms.

1333: 1292: 1129: 1024:

Long-term sea level rise occurs in addition to intermittent tidal flooding.

922: 904: 670: 434: 396: 257: 210: 4776: 4379: 4145: 4028: 3725: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3203:

Brief History of Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence

3172: 2823: 2257:

models (variable flood depths measured across the extent of a floodplain).

2505: 1920:) can be beneficial for flood control reasons. Beavers build and maintain 323:. The excess accumulates in place, sometimes to hazardous depths. Surface 17: 7615: 7183: 7109: 7050: 7045: 6993: 6903: 6874: 6867: 6857: 6788: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6180: 6147: 5824: 5666: 5633: 5275: 5263: 5168: 5068: 4660: 3958: 3571: 2891: 2550: 2526: 2359: 2262: 2183: 1882: 1846: 1756: 1725: 1653: 1296: 1243: 1169: 873: 674: 654: 650: 615: 442: 392: 384: 340: 304: 191: 173: 169: 4835: 4751: 4629: 4627: 3421:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Ocean Service

2362:, it is best to have a long time-series of historical data that relates 2300:

National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC), various

2221:

A series of annual maximum flow rates in a stream reach can be analyzed

1942: 1648: 148:

Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a

7483: 7279: 7274: 7220: 7126: 7055: 6898: 6699: 6490: 6439: 5967: 5962: 5944: 5924: 5829: 5766: 5701: 5638: 5258: 5232: 5193: 5129: 5060: 4981: 4096:

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB),

3853: 3828: 2723: 2401: 2375: 2258: 2195: 1917: 1834: 1822: 1794:, a renewable source of energy, is also higher in flood prone regions. 1745: 1693: 1657: 1633: 1570: 1438: 1410: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1308: 1267: 1149: 1072: 877: 805: 545: 514: 477: 419: 400: 388: 379:

rivers. When overland flow occurs on tilled fields, it can result in a

339:. Infiltration also is slow to negligible through frozen ground, rock, 300: 245: 187: 4352: 3560:

Hydraulic structures and society - Engineering challenges and extremes

3474: 2824:

Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change

2810: 2092:

observation of previous and present flood heights and inundated areas,

1179: 327:

can become saturated, which effectively stops infiltration, where the

109:. Global environmental issues also influence causes of floods, namely 7332: 7297: 7121: 7077: 6925: 6723: 6285: 6157: 5982: 5977: 5929: 5919: 5889: 5814: 5569: 5500: 5472: 5371: 3606:

Flood Risk Management: Hazards, Vulnerability and Mitigation Measures

3121:"Army Corps starts to blow up levee, flood 130,000 acres in Missouri" 2534: 2102:

mapping inundated areas and flood heights for future flood scenarios,

2081: 1898: 1837:

or portable inflatable tubes are often used to try to stem flooding.

1780: 1681: 1414: 1282: 1278: 1251: 1063: 1044: 881: 738: 646: 408: 404: 368: 364: 268: 128:

Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding

6594: 2993: 2914:"How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal" 2807:

Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate

2261:, the Hydraulic Engineering Center model, is among the most popular 1388:

Flooding can cause chronically wet houses, leading to the growth of

141:

purposes. For example, agricultural flooding may occur in preparing

4256:"Beavers cut flooding and pollution and boost wildlife populations" 2831: 2378:

is also needed in order to make the most accurate flood forecasts.

1981:, is effective at managing flooding. However, best practice within 1728:

in some soils. Flood waters provide much needed water resources in

1433:. One of the most treated illness in long-term health problems are 7205: 7131: 6918: 6383: 6368: 6323: 5987: 5854: 5849: 5819: 5804: 5613: 5383: 5367: 5043: 4411:"Strengthening climate resilience through better flood management" 3173:"The watery ally: military inundations in Dutch history (podcast)" 3109:. Chicago, Illinois: Center for Neighborhood Technology. May 2013. 2592: 2477: 2462: 2452: 2419: 2062: 2054: 1994: 1941: 1818: 1740:

in river corridors and are a key factor in maintaining floodplain

1699: 1687: 1671: 1647: 1609: 1501: 1483: 1382:

and many other diseases depending upon the location of the flood.

1300: 1229: 1178: 1165: 1145: 1113:, while many major cities and agricultural areas are located near 1087: 975: 850: 734: 708: 563: 472:) or sudden release from an upstream impoundment created behind a 451: 414:

Slow-rising floods most commonly occur in large rivers with large

360: 290: 277: 262: 239: 224: 157: 149: 106: 45: 4635: 4524: 3052: 1168:

and damage to buildings and other structures, including bridges,

7310: 7166: 7161: 7141: 7015: 6966: 6810: 6413: 6378: 5934: 5894: 5859: 5226: 3273:"The Past Comes Flooding Back: The War That Almost Sank Holland" 2473: 2425: 2321: 2297: 2179: 2115:

and construction of structures to control or withstand flooding,

2013: 1947: 1830: 1729: 1207:

is available against flood damage to both homes and businesses.

1128:. It can also be caused by drainage channel modification from a 1025: 979: 925:

of lakes and bays can be flooded by severe winds—such as during

549: 324: 153: 70: 6598: 5340: 4915: 3992:

Alderman, Katarzyna; Turner, Lyle R.; Tong, Shilu (June 2012).

1841:

has been addressed in portions of Europe and the Americas with

808:

impact of the inundation. That impact may also be adverse in a

7269: 6913: 6333: 5774: 2488:. Parallels are often drawn between the flood waters of these 1242:

Fatalities connected directly to floods are usually caused by

1101:

impacts that flooding has on these areas can be catastrophic.

548:

is commonly caused by a combination of storm surges caused by

473: 4609: 1096:

after several atmospheric rivers hit California in early 2023

156:, sea or ocean. In these cases, the water overtops or breaks 4440:

Association of State Floodplain Managers, Technical Report 7

3199:"Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence" 1354:

caused by the loss of power. This includes loss of drinking

4042:

Ahadzie, Divine Kwaku; Mensah, Henry; Simpeh, Eric (2022).

3604:. In Schanze, Jochen; Zeman, Evzen; Marsalek, Jiri (eds.). 1254:

do not just occur from drowning, deaths are connected with

649:

to both the population and infrastructure. Some well known

4584: 145:

for the growing of semi-aquatic rice in many countries.

4543: 2500:, as the flood waters are described as a measure for the 602:

is the inundation of land or property in cities or other

4893: 4682: 1916:

In some areas, the presence of certain species (such as

4280:"River Otter Beaver Trial: Science and Evidence Report" 2358:

In order to make the most accurate flood forecasts for

706:

for the growing of semi-aquatic rice in many countries.

4187:"Environmental Aspects of Integrated Flood Management" 1707:

caused by heavy rain falling in a short amount of time

1246:; the waters in a flood are very deep and have strong 4585:"Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network" 4468: 2952:"WHO | Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet" 1425:. Floods have a huge impact on victims' psychosocial 1156:, most commonly resulting from undersea earthquakes. 1120:

Catastrophic riverine flooding can result from major

635:(caused by a nearby river overflowing its banks), or 4801:

Flood | The Oxford Companion to World Mythology

2202:, and watertight boots with steel toes and insoles. 903:

or retained in natural ponds, lakes, and human-made

7614: 7472: 7353: 7213: 7204: 7014: 6809: 6722: 6692: 6641: 6632: 6483: 6422: 6304: 6166: 6138: 6039: 6011: 5943: 5765: 5632: 5549: 5471: 5382: 5288: 5251: 5210: 5192: 5161: 5154: 5122: 5088: 5081: 5059: 5029: 4995: 4962: 4953: 3827:Morrison, A.; Westbrook, C.J.; Noble, B.F. (2018). 3743:"Flood Risk Management in Canada | Research report" 3533:. Hydraulic Model Report No. CH83/11. p. 120. 1183:Mud was deposited in this house by flooding in the 804:, and by making an attempt to minimize the adverse 556:and large waves meeting high upstream river flows. 4523:United States Army Corps of Engineers, Davis, CA, 4436:Lessons from a 500-year record of flood elevations 4250: 4248: 4241:. Vol. 94. American Scientist. pp. 7–11. 4185:WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management, 1429:. People suffer from a wide variety of losses and 1798:Protections against floods and associated hazards 978:or some coastal flooding bars which form natural 37:"Inundation" redirects here. For other uses, see 3513:, United States Government Printing Office, 1973 2012:practices have to handle natural processes like 1954:to prevent a recurrence of a catastrophic flood. 1873:maintains a network of such flood control dams. 1075:equipment. Recent field measurements during the 295:In spring time, the floods are quite typical in 3924:Center for Neighborhood Technology, Chicago IL 2512:, who "represents the human craving for life". 2396:(NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) in 876:, severe winds over water, unusual high tides, 702:. Agricultural flooding may occur in preparing 663:flooding of New Orleans (United States) in 2005 4338:(4). MDPI (published 10 February 2023): 2035. 3994:"Floods and human health: A systematic review" 921:. Even when rainfall is relatively light, the 815:Examples for uncontrolled inundations are the 568:Flooding on Water Street in Toledo, Ohio, 1881 6610: 5352: 4927: 4510:"Storm/Flood and Hurricane/Typhoon Response." 4305:"Beaver families win legal 'right to remain'" 1043:Due to an increase in heavy rainfall events, 8: 4098:"Health Risks or Dampness or Mold in Houses" 4544:"TUFLOW Flood and Tide Simulation Software" 4218:Birdlife soars above Botswana's floodplains 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3926:"The Prevalence and Cost of Urban Flooding" 3876:Society, National Geographic (2011-11-07). 3602:"Flood Risk Management – A Basic Framework" 3346:Babbitt, Harold E. & Doland, James J., 3107:"The Prevalence and Cost of Urban Flooding" 812:sense if the inundation lasts a long time. 7476: 7210: 6638: 6617: 6603: 6595: 5359: 5345: 5337: 5158: 5085: 4959: 4934: 4920: 4912: 4469:"Association of State Floodplain Managers" 3152:. H.M. Stationery Office. 1878. p. 50 3015:. Minnesota DNR. Accessed 8 September 2024 3013:"Red River of the North State Water Trail" 2476:in which a great flood, usually sent by a 2326:Global Precipitation Measurement satellite 1457: 1192:prolonged flooding of their root systems. 27:Water overflow submerging usually-dry land 4752:"Australia rainfall and river conditions" 4659: 4369: 4351: 3900:Stephen Bratkovich, Lisa Burban, et al., 3852: 3792: 3715: 3697: 3039:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841) 1238:, which killed around 140,000 people 4894:Associated Programme on Flood Management 4542:BMT WBM Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland, 3507:United States Department of the Interior 3378: 3376: 2868:"Global flood risk under climate change" 2795:, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31 2024:. Flood control is an important part of 1226:in a community in Florida, United States 1218: 1164:The primary effects of flooding include 1068:simplistic statistical prediction models 765:in that area and exemplified in the two 580: 5958:International scale of river difficulty 4636:"Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System" 3527:; McIntosh, Dave; Madhani, Jay (2011). 3453:from the original on November 29, 2022. 2777: 2518:occurs in many cultures, including the 2059:Aftermath of flooding in Colorado, 2013 2001:, for handling the increase in water. 1362:in the flood waters raises the risk of 929:—that blow water into the shore areas. 713:Chinese Kuomintang soldiers during the 456:Flash flood in Ein Avdat, Negev, Israel 271:, covering the King Abdullah Street in 73:. Floods are of significant concern in 4862:"FLOOD English Definition and Meaning" 3737: 3735: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3447:"2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report" 2324:'s Earth observing satellites and the 2211:Mathematical models and computer tools 2122:, and emergency-response planning, and 2085:safer areas when a flood is imminent. 725:, or permanently, as in the so-called 4830: 4828: 4491:. Federal Emergency Management Agency 4227:(2010-10-15), Retrieved on 2012-06-12 4176:(2012-06-07), Retrieved on 2012-06-12 3822: 3820: 2249:models (flood levels measured in the 429:In extremely flat areas, such as the 335:, or from intense rain from one or a 7: 4397: 4206:Extension of the Flood Pulse Concept 3640:Flood Risk Assessment and Management 3427:from the original on 16 October 2020 2930:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) 2918:United Nations Environmental Program 2760:Lists of floods in the United States 2424:People seeking refuge from flood in 2306:quantitative precipitation forecasts 121:. For example, climate change makes 3902:"Flooding and its Effects on Trees" 3495:American Civil Engineering Practice 1692:Minor flooding in a parking lot in 1201:Federal Emergency Management Agency 391:and carried as suspended matter or 4167:Worst Natural Disasters In History 4118:Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 3951:"National Flood Insurance Program" 3637:Schumann, Andreas H., ed. (2011). 2508:. Most flood myths also contain a 2384:estimates of rainfall and general 1891:sustainable urban drainage systems 1299:that are being transported by the 1038:Effects of climate change § Floods 653:events include the inundations of 115:intensification of the water cycle 25: 4903:Flood and natural hazard research 4898:World Meteorological Organization 2587:from the same root as is seen in 631:(flooding caused by heavy rain), 460:Rapid flooding events, including 244:Flooding of a creek due to heavy 7678: 7677: 4907:Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC 4733:. Environment Agency. 2013-04-30 4315:from the original on 2023-04-18. 4268:from the original on 2023-05-17. 3833:Journal of Flood Risk Management 3406:, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959 3350:, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949 3027:Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2754:Flood control in the Netherlands 2676: 2662: 2562:The word "flood" comes from the 2504:of humanity, in preparation for 2445:This section is an excerpt from 2138:adverse impacts. A portfolio of 1934:This section is an excerpt from 1437:caused by the flood and all the 1036:This section is an excerpt from 1017: 1002: 573:This section is an excerpt from 101:, changes in waterway course or 87:Human changes to the environment 6115:Flooded grasslands and savannas 4640:Journal of Geophysical Research 3386:, John Wiley & Sons, 1981, 3363:, John Wiley & Sons, 1981, 3177:Environmental History Resources 2848:from the original on 2022-02-15 2099:, and hydraulic model analyses, 837:Inundation of the Wieringermeer 622:or water released from damaged 4239:Levees and Other Raised Ground 3471:Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes 2731:Examples by country or region: 2461:'s illustrated edition of the 2457:"The Deluge", frontispiece to 2304:companies, etc. combined with 2290:cooperative observing networks 2217:Urban flooding § Modeling 2118:intermediate-term monitoring, 1342:Floods also frequently damage 868:Coastal flooding § Causes 347:depends on the surface slope. 303:. A flood-surrounded house in 1: 4866:Lexico Dictionaries | English 4525:Hydrologic Engineering Center 4513:Emergency Response Resources. 3497:, John Wiley & Sons, 1956 3423:. US Department of Commerce. 3417:"What is high tide flooding?" 2429: 1977:to prevent flooding, such as 1696:following heavy thunderstorms 819:during the first part of the 687:2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods 683:2022 eastern Australia floods 431:Red River Valley of the North 359:Floods occur in all types of 6643:Pollution / quality 6281:Universal Soil Loss Equation 6231:Hydrological transport model 6125:Storm Water Management Model 5296:Potentially hazardous object 4608:. 2 May 2012. Archived from 4021:10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003 3938:"Protecting Your Businesses" 3699:10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 2766:Storm tides of the North Sea 2700:: Disaster preparedness and 2340:Flood forecasts and warnings 1985:is more and more to rely on 1871:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 507:Coastal areas may be flooded 367:channels, from the smallest 4840:Online Etymology Dictionary 4804:. Oxford University Press. 3882:National Geographic Society 3614:10.1007/978-1-4020-4598-1_1 3271:Tiegs, R. (13 April 2017). 1712:Positive impacts (benefits) 1092:Flooded walnut orchards in 800:, by making the inundation 679:2010–2011 Queensland floods 186:, particularly at bends or 39:Inundation (disambiguation) 7750: 5785:Antecedent drainage stream 4489:"Best Practices Portfolio" 4068:10.1007/s10708-021-10425-2 3773:Water Resources Management 3404:Civil Engineering Handbook 3402:Urquhart, Leonard Church, 2444: 2343: 2214: 2129:, and response operations. 2075:In the United States, the 1933: 1806: 1678:Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 1448: 1291:are increased due to many 1274:that cannot be delivered. 1035: 865: 825:flooding of the Yser plain 572: 499: 36: 29: 7673: 7479: 7214:Types / location 6549: 6521:River valley civilization 6404:Riparian-zone restoration 4683:"Global Flood Monitoring" 4208:, Retrieved on 2012-06-12 4130:10.1007/s11882-018-0777-7 4001:Environment International 3940:, last updated March 2013 3794:10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 3649:10.1007/978-90-481-9917-4 3509:, Bureau of Reclamation, 3483:10.1017/9781009157896.010 3250:10.1007/s10040-015-1344-0 2941:, Retrieved on 2009-01-09 2750:Floods in the Netherlands 2294:automated weather sensors 2036:environmental engineering 2034:Flood control is part of 2026:climate change adaptation 1864:near rivers and streams, 1552:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 1077:2010–11 Queensland floods 733:in the left levee of the 596:in Brazil during May 2024 531:effects of climate change 65:is an overflow of water ( 7724:Meteorological phenomena 6584:Countries without rivers 6559:Rivers by discharge rate 6271:Runoff model (reservoir) 6236:Infiltration (hydrology) 3600:SCHANZE, JOCHEN (2006). 3348:Water Supply Engineering 2784:MSN Encarta Dictionary, 2496:which appear in certain 2394:National Weather Service 2077:National Weather Service 1676:Flooding in a street of 1451:List of deadliest floods 1325:Gastrointestinal disease 737:between the villages of 685:, and more recently the 517:or tropical cyclones. A 466:convective precipitation 375:in arid climates to the 6256:River Continuum Concept 6021:Agricultural wastewater 4798:Leeming, David (2004). 4237:Henry Petroski (2006). 3302:Encyclopædia Britannica 2549:flood stories, and the 2543:Genesis flood narrative 2269:Physical process models 2125:short-term monitoring, 1885:(collectively known as 1515:1938 Yellow River flood 1497:1887 Yellow River flood 1236:1991 Bangladesh cyclone 1152:can cause catastrophic 833:Inundation of Walcheren 715:1938 Yellow River flood 645:). Urban flooding is a 299:, a flat-lying area in 207:vector-bourne disesases 6579:River name etymologies 6506:Hydraulic civilization 6364:Floodplain restoration 6140:Point source pollution 5915:Sedimentary structures 4434:Eychaner, J.H. (2015) 3315:Basic Biology (2016). 3082:www.climatecentral.org 3053:"Storm Surge Overview" 2980:Jones, Myrtle (2000). 2472:or a deluge myth is a 2465: 2436: 2398:Taunton, Massachusetts 2392:According to the U.S. 2286:U.S. Geological Survey 2072: 2060: 1955: 1952:Humber River (Ontario) 1708: 1697: 1685: 1669: 1239: 1227: 1188: 1097: 880:, or failure of dams, 863: 817:second Siege of Leiden 771:Stelling van Amsterdam 717: 665:, and the flooding in 661:(France) in 1992, the 597: 569: 457: 331:is shallow, such as a 312: 283: 275: 260: 248:rain and high tide in 237: 123:extreme weather events 67:or rarely other fluids 58: 32:Flood (disambiguation) 6191:Discharge (hydrology) 6153:Industrial wastewater 5634:Sedimentary processes 4449:, Accessed 2015-06-27 2872:Nature Climate Change 2713:Flood risk assessment 2484:, often in an act of 2480:or deities, destroys 2456: 2423: 2314:Saint Lawrence Seaway 2198:, heavy work gloves, 2150:Flood clean-up safety 2071:, Afghanistan in 2010 2066: 2058: 2051:Flood safety planning 2004:To prevent or manage 1983:landscape engineering 1945: 1929:Flood risk management 1703: 1691: 1675: 1660:, United States from 1651: 1441:that flows with one. 1289:Communicable diseases 1233: 1222: 1182: 1091: 963:Time of Concentration 854: 767:Hollandic Water Lines 743:Linden, North Brabant 712: 700:hydraulic engineering 657:(France) in 1998 and 584: 567: 527:extratropical cyclone 455: 373:normally-dry channels 294: 281: 266: 243: 228: 215:hydraulic engineering 49: 7589:remnant natural area 7226:storage and recovery 6892:habitat conservation 6710:Deforestation (REDD) 6296:Volumetric flow rate 5880:Riffle-pool sequence 4836:"Etymology of flood" 4661:10.1029/1999JD900051 3572:10.14264/uql.2014.48 3511:Design of Small Dams 3384:Practical Hydraulics 3298:"Battle of the Yser" 3230:Hydrogeology Journal 2962:on December 31, 2004 2892:10.1038/nclimate1911 2698:Emergency management 2591:; also compare with 2406:impermeable surfaces 2231:recurrence intervals 2229:and floods of other 1887:green infrastructure 1394:Respiratory diseases 1366:, which can include 1323:, to mention a few. 1124:failures, often the 618:. During the flood, 389:picked up by run off 233:in the aftermath of 30:For other uses, see 7543:Earth Overshoot Day 7117:Marine conservation 7098:non-timber products 6470:Whitewater kayaking 6465:Whitewater canoeing 6266:Runoff curve number 6110:Flood pulse concept 4707:"Predicting Floods" 4652:1999JGR...10419655C 4396:, 2008 (see below: 4344:2023Senso..23.2035P 4060:2022GeoJo..87.3133A 4013:2012EnInt..47...37A 3913:USDA Forest Service 3845:2018JFRM...11..291M 3785:2016WatRM..30.4467D 3690:2015PLoSO..1018571N 3493:Abbett, Robert W., 3333:, 2008 (see below: 3242:2016HydJ...24..521V 2884:2013NatCC...3..816H 2744:Floods in Australia 2569:, a word common to 2416:Society and culture 2386:weather forecasting 2368:real-time knowledge 2235:indirect estimation 2188:hazardous materials 2144:disaster mitigation 1987:soft infrastructure 1975:hard infrastructure 1720:, making soil more 1533:failure, result of 1475:2,500,000–3,700,000 1364:waterborne diseases 1305:waterborne diseases 1140:. Examples include 554:barometric pressure 537:and an increase in 203:waterborne diseases 99:removal of wetlands 7528:Ecosystem services 6651:Ambient standards 6496:Aquatic toxicology 6409:Stream restoration 6374:Infiltration basin 6226:Hydrological model 5742:Sediment transport 5565:Estavelle/Inversac 5443:Subterranean river 4947:list by death toll 4549:2008-06-27 at the 4530:2013-03-08 at the 4445:2015-06-27 at the 4223:2011-02-09 at the 4192:2015-07-13 at the 4172:2008-04-21 at the 4103:2013-10-04 at the 3907:2016-06-14 at the 3854:10.1111/jfr3.12315 3747:Geneva Association 3382:Simon, Andrew L., 3359:Simon, Andrew L., 2937:2007-08-24 at the 2791:2011-02-04 at the 2670:Environment portal 2571:Germanic languages 2486:divine retribution 2466: 2440:Myths and religion 2437: 2310:Environment Canada 2186:, and exposure to 2178:-related dangers, 2156:electrical hazards 2113:engineering design 2073: 2061: 2030:climate resilience 2010:coastal management 1956: 1709: 1698: 1686: 1670: 1344:power transmission 1321:diarrheal diseases 1240: 1228: 1189: 1185:2018 Kerala floods 1098: 1010:High tide flooding 864: 789:in that country. 775:Frisian Water Line 718: 694:Intentional floods 681:in Australia, the 598: 570: 458: 371:in humid zones to 313: 309:South Ostrobothnia 284: 276: 261: 254:Northern Territory 238: 59: 7734:Natural disasters 7691: 7690: 7669: 7668: 7468: 7467: 7147:genetic resources 7083:genetic resources 6718: 6717: 6626:Natural resources 6592: 6591: 6569:Whitewater rivers 6475:Whitewater slalom 6306:River engineering 6206:Groundwater model 6167:River measurement 6095:Flood forecasting 5910:Sedimentary basin 5767:Fluvial landforms 5672:Bed material load 5448:River bifurcation 5334: 5333: 5311:Geomagnetic storm 5284: 5283: 5150: 5149: 5077: 5076: 5021:Soil liquefaction 4943:Natural disasters 4565:. 4 February 2013 4392:"Flood Control", 4353:10.3390/s23042035 4311:. 6 August 2020. 3779:(13): 4467–4481. 3658:978-90-481-9916-7 3623:978-1-4020-4598-1 3581:978-1-74272-115-6 3540:978-1-74272-027-2 3329:"Flood Control", 3033:(12): 1841–1852. 2841:978-0-309-38094-2 2748:The Netherlands: 2702:disaster response 2492:and the primeval 2346:Flood forecasting 2206:Flood predictions 2107:land use planning 1950:was built on the 1851:beach nourishment 1790:The viability of 1752:for a few years. 1646: 1645: 1588:St. Felix's flood 1493:900,000–2,000,000 1479:1931 China floods 1350:, which then has 1138:volcanic eruption 1126:collapse of a dam 970:Downslope factors 821:Eighty Years' War 659:Vaison-la-Romaine 641:(often caused by 604:built environment 424:tropical cyclones 369:ephemeral streams 235:Hurricane Katrina 79:civil engineering 16:(Redirected from 7741: 7681: 7680: 7632: 7579:Natural heritage 7538:overexploitation 7477: 7211: 7157:herbal medicines 7137:FAO Plant Treaty 6677: 6654: 6639: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6596: 6554:Rivers by length 6389:River morphology 6291:Wetted perimeter 6196:Drainage density 5707:Headward erosion 5536:Perennial stream 5408:Blackwater river 5361: 5354: 5347: 5338: 5243:Tropical cyclone 5237:Tornado outbreak 5159: 5086: 5039:Pyroclastic flow 5031:Volcano eruption 4960: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4913: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4868:. Archived from 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4842:. Harper Douglas 4832: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4775:. Archived from 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4731:"Flood Warnings" 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4711:science.nasa.gov 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4646:(D16): 19, 655. 4631: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4612:on 19 April 2021 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4559: 4553: 4540: 4534: 4521: 4515: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4355: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4282:. Archived from 4276: 4270: 4269: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4228: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4183: 4177: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4113: 4107: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4054:(4): 3133–3148. 4039: 4033: 4032: 3998: 3989: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3957:. Archived from 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3856: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3796: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3739: 3730: 3729: 3719: 3701: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3597: 3586: 3585: 3565: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3523:Brown, Richard; 3520: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3491: 3485: 3466: 3455: 3454: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3380: 3371: 3361:Basic Hydraulics 3357: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3205:. Archived from 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3084:. Archived from 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2958:. Archived from 2948: 2942: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2820: 2814: 2802: 2796: 2782: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2516:flood-myth motif 2434: 2431: 2288:(USGS), various 2225:to estimate the 2067:Flood rescue in 2006:coastal flooding 1969:type and of the 1843:coastal defenses 1839:Coastal flooding 1815:detention basins 1769:Tigris-Euphrates 1458: 1352:knock-on effects 1348:power generation 1336:is for a flood. 1303:.There are many 1272:medical supplies 1224:Coastal flooding 1211:property occur. 1160:Economic impacts 1154:coastal flooding 1084:Negative impacts 1021: 1006: 841:Second World War 763:successor states 638:coastal flooding 633:fluvial flooding 629:pluvial flooding 523:tropical cyclone 521:, from either a 502:Coastal flooding 496:Coastal flooding 476:, landslide, or 349:Endorheic basins 337:series of storms 229:View of flooded 177:domestic animals 139:river-management 130:coastal flooding 113:which causes an 91:land use changes 21: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7729:Weather hazards 7714:Bodies of water 7694: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7665: 7630: 7610: 7596:Systems ecology 7562:Natural capital 7464: 7349: 7338:reclaimed water 7200: 7162:UPOV Convention 7010: 6805: 6714: 6688: 6684:Ozone depletion 6675: 6652: 6628: 6623: 6593: 6588: 6564:Drainage basins 6545: 6479: 6418: 6394:Retention basin 6354:Erosion control 6349:Detention basin 6300: 6216:Hjulström curve 6168: 6162: 6134: 6078:Non-water flood 6035: 6007: 5953:Helicoidal flow 5939: 5840:Fluvial terrace 5835:Floating island 5761: 5636: 5628: 5619:Rhythmic spring 5553: 5545: 5526:Stream gradient 5467: 5453:River ecosystem 5418:Channel pattern 5386: 5378: 5365: 5335: 5330: 5280: 5247: 5211:Cyclonic storms 5206: 5188: 5146: 5142:Limnic eruption 5118: 5092: 5073: 5061:Natural erosion 5055: 5025: 4999: 4991: 4949: 4940: 4890: 4885: 4884: 4875: 4873: 4872:on July 2, 2020 4860: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4834: 4833: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4779:on 4 March 2013 4771: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4715: 4713: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4691: 4689: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4551:Wayback Machine 4541: 4537: 4532:Wayback Machine 4522: 4518: 4507: 4503: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4447:Wayback Machine 4433: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4398:Further reading 4391: 4387: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4254: 4253: 4246: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4225:Wayback Machine 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4194:Wayback Machine 4184: 4180: 4174:Wayback Machine 4165: 4161: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4105:Wayback Machine 4095: 4091: 4041: 4040: 4036: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3973: 3964: 3962: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3909:Wayback Machine 3899: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3684:(3): e0118571. 3671: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3599: 3598: 3589: 3582: 3563: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3525:Chanson, Hubert 3522: 3521: 3517: 3505: 3501: 3492: 3488: 3467: 3458: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3381: 3374: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3341: 3335:Further reading 3328: 3324: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3209:on May 24, 2018 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3171:Oosthoek, K.J. 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3089: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2996: 2994:10.3133/fs11100 2979: 2978: 2974: 2965: 2963: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2939:Wayback Machine 2929: 2925: 2920:. 3 March 2020. 2912: 2911: 2907: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2842: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2803: 2799: 2793:Wayback Machine 2783: 2779: 2774: 2758:United States: 2728: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2606:comes from the 2560: 2555: 2554: 2539:Greek mythology 2450: 2442: 2432: 2418: 2352: 2344:Main articles: 2342: 2243:flood insurance 2219: 2213: 2208: 2164:musculoskeletal 2160:carbon monoxide 2152: 2109:and regulation, 2053: 2048: 2047: 1991:natural systems 1963:extreme weather 1939: 1931: 1866:erosion control 1855:barrier islands 1811: 1805: 1800: 1724:and increasing 1714: 1668:in October 2005 1662:Hurricane Wilma 1614:Red River Delta 1511:500,000–700,000 1453: 1447: 1376:cryptosporidium 1356:water treatment 1234:Flooding after 1217: 1162: 1142:outburst floods 1086: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1022: 1014: 1013: 1007: 996: 972: 935: 933:Upslope factors 901:stream channels 886:retention ponds 870: 849: 829:First World War 810:hydrogeological 731:Beerse Overlaat 696: 691: 690: 594:Lagoa dos Patos 578: 562: 539:extreme weather 504: 498: 416:catchment areas 377:world's largest 357: 289: 223: 53:in a street in 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7747: 7745: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7696: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7631:(perpetuation) 7626: 7620: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7584:Nature reserve 7581: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7530: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7480: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7308: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7217: 7215: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7061:climate change 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7029:Bioprospecting 7026: 7020: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6911: 6906: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6815: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6674:Clean Air Act 6666: 6661: 6656: 6647: 6645: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6599: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6455:Stone skipping 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6339:Drop structure 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6319:Balancing lake 6316: 6310: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6246:Playfair's law 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6201:Exner equation 6198: 6193: 6188: 6186:Bradshaw model 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6073:Urban flooding 6065: 6060: 6058:Crevasse splay 6055: 6053:100-year flood 6049: 6047: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6013:Surface runoff 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5993:Stream capture 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5905:Rock-cut basin 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5747:Suspended load 5744: 5739: 5737:Secondary flow 5734: 5729: 5727:Retrogradation 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5692:Dissolved load 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5624:Spring horizon 5621: 5616: 5611: 5609:Mineral spring 5606: 5605: 5604: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5590:list in the US 5587: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5516:Stream channel 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5438:Drainage basin 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5398:Alluvial river 5394: 5392: 5380: 5379: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5230: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5156: 5155:Meteorological 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5011:Seismic hazard 5007: 5005: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4900: 4889: 4888:External links 4886: 4883: 4882: 4853: 4824: 4810: 4790: 4764: 4743: 4722: 4698: 4674: 4623: 4597: 4576: 4554: 4535: 4516: 4501: 4480: 4460: 4451: 4427: 4417:. 30 July 2021 4402: 4385: 4318: 4296: 4271: 4264:. 2020-02-17. 4244: 4229: 4210: 4198: 4178: 4159: 4108: 4089: 4034: 3971: 3955:FloodSmart.gov 3942: 3930: 3917: 3893: 3868: 3839:(3): 291–304. 3816: 3759: 3731: 3664: 3657: 3629: 3622: 3587: 3580: 3546: 3539: 3515: 3499: 3486: 3456: 3438: 3408: 3395: 3372: 3352: 3339: 3322: 3307: 3289: 3263: 3236:(2): 521–534. 3220: 3189: 3163: 3137: 3112: 3098: 3069: 3044: 3017: 3005: 2972: 2943: 2923: 2905: 2878:(9): 816–821. 2858: 2840: 2832:10.17226/21852 2815: 2797: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2746: 2740: 2738:List of floods 2727: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2705: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2684:Ecology portal 2673: 2657: 2654: 2608:Proto-Germanic 2559: 2556: 2498:creation myths 2451: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2417: 2414: 2341: 2338: 2279:climate change 2227:100-year flood 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2151: 2148: 2131: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2110: 2103: 2100: 2093: 2052: 2049: 2022:climate change 2018:sea level rise 1971:non-structural 1940: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1807:Main article: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1787:among others. 1713: 1710: 1705:Flash flooding 1652:Flooding near 1644: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1594: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1449:Main article: 1446: 1443: 1346:and sometimes 1266:and any other 1216: 1215:Health impacts 1213: 1161: 1158: 1122:infrastructure 1085: 1082: 1058: 1055: 1042: 1034: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 995: 994:Climate change 992: 971: 968: 934: 931: 893:surface runoff 857:Cyclone Hudhud 848: 845: 783:Peel-Raam Line 759:Dutch Republic 695: 692: 612:flash flooding 600:Urban flooding 579: 575:Urban flooding 571: 561: 560:Urban flooding 558: 535:sea level rise 500:Main article: 497: 494: 356: 355:River flooding 353: 288: 287:Areal flooding 285: 222: 219: 134:urban flooding 119:sea level rise 111:climate change 103:flood controls 51:Urban flooding 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7746: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7684: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7662: 7661:Non-renewable 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7601:Urban ecology 7599: 7597: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7433:Privatization 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7328:Surface water 7326: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6830: 6829:peak farmland 6827: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6615: 6613: 6608: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6536:Surface water 6534: 6532: 6531:Sacred waters 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516:Riparian zone 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6501:Body of water 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450:Riverboarding 6448: 6446: 6445:River surfing 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169:and modelling 6165: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6130:Return period 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6090:Flood control 6088: 6086: 6085:Flood barrier 6083: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5717:Palaeochannel 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5677:Granular flow 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5423:Channel types 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5403:Braided river 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5350: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5306:Meteor shower 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5104:Coastal flood 5102: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4813: 4811:9780195156690 4807: 4803: 4802: 4794: 4791: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4688: 4687:flood.umd.edu 4684: 4678: 4675: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4286:on 2020-11-02 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3961:on 2016-12-22 3960: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3392:0-471-05381-3 3389: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3369:0-471-07965-0 3366: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3088:on 2020-03-30 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2693:Diversion dam 2691: 2690: 2685: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2649:derives from 2648: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2448: 2439: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2350:flood warning 2347: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:hydroelectric 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2223:statistically 2218: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176:motor vehicle 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2142:examples for 2141: 2140:best practice 2135: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095:statistical, 2094: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2070: 2065: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959:Flood control 1953: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1936:Flood control 1928: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879:porous paving 1874: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1862:riparian zone 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1809:Flood control 1803:Flood control 1802: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1748:and improved 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1684:in April 2013 1683: 1679: 1674: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1620:North Vietnam 1618: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 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