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matter" concept: the first test a patent application is submitted to. While the statute (35 USC § 101) virtually poses no limits to patenting whatsoever, courts have decided in binding precedents that abstract ideas, natural phenomena and laws of nature are not patentable. Various attempts have been made to substantiate the "abstract idea" test, which suffers from abstractness itself, but none have succeeded. The last attempt so far was the "machine or transformation" test, but the U.S. Supreme Court decided in 2010 that it is merely an indication at best.
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840:. The EPO Boards of Appeal decided that the technical character of an application is decisive for it to represent an invention, following an age-old Italian and German tradition. British courts do not agree with this interpretation. Following a 1959 Australian decision ("NRDC"), they believe that it is not possible to grasp the invention concept in a single rule. A British court once stated that the technical character test implies a "restatement of the problem in more imprecise terminology."
551:. It may begin by recognizing that something unusual or accidental may be useful or that it could open a new avenue for exploration. For example, the odd metallic color of plastic made by accidentally adding a thousand times too much catalyst led scientists to explore its metal-like properties, inventing electrically conductive plastic and light emitting plastic-—an invention that won the Nobel Prize in 2000 and has led to innovative lighting, display screens, wallpaper and much more (see
66:, method, composition, idea or process. An invention may be an improvement upon a machine, product, or process for increasing efficiency or lowering cost. It may also be an entirely new concept. If an idea is unique enough either as a stand-alone invention or as a significant improvement over the work of others, it can be patented. A patent, if granted, gives the inventor a proprietary interest in the patent over a specific period of time, which can be licensed for financial gain.
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469:. An open and curious mind allows an inventor to see beyond what is known. Seeing a new possibility, connection or relationship can spark an invention. Inventive thinking frequently involves combining concepts or elements from different realms that would not normally be put together. Sometimes inventors disregard the boundaries between distinctly separate territories or fields. Several concepts may be considered when thinking about invention.
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666:", a beneficial side effect that falls on those outside a transaction or activity. One of the central concepts of economics is that externalities should be internalized—unless some of the benefits of this positive externality can be captured by the parties, the parties are under-rewarded for their inventions, and systematic under-rewarding leads to under-investment in activities that lead to inventions. The
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patent Office who also are likely to be helpful in their experience, still a patent applications made to the US Patent Office for inventions are less likely to succeed where the applicant have a "feminine" name, and additionally women could lose their independent legal patent rights to their husbands once married. See also the
535:! moment. For example, after years of working to figure out the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream "like a giant die making an indelible impress, a huge map of the universe outlined itself in one clear vision". Inventions can also be accidental, such as in the case of
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painting became possible because of newly invented collapsible, resealable metal paint tubes that facilitated spontaneous painting outdoors. Inventions originally created in the form of artwork can also develop other uses, e.g. Alexander Calder's mobile, which is now commonly used over babies' cribs.
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In the United States, all patent applications are considered inventions. The statute explicitly says that the
American invention concept includes discoveries (35 USC § 100(a)), contrary to the European invention concept. The European invention concept corresponds to the American "patentable subject
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Note: In modern and partially socialist Russia women are acknowledged to be capable of making inventions, even inventions in everyday basis although here the gender problem consist in the idea that these inventions are rather with small impact or of mainly personal use, however women are totally
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whose male colleagues alone were awarded the Nobel Prize for their joint contributions to physics. Societal prejudice, institutional, educational and often legal patent barriers have both played a role in the gender invention gap. For example, although there could be found female patenters in US
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In Europe, the first test a patent application must pass is, "Is this an invention?" If it is, subsequent questions are whether it is new and sufficiently inventive. The implication—counter-intuitively—is that a legal invention is not inherently novel. Whether a patent application relates to an
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allowed to make innovations and inventions to any extend they may find possible, and usually not any barrier or stoppage is made upon, however these only may occur on institutional level where universities and academies may find difficult to incorporate their inventive work unlike
112:. A patent legally protects the intellectual property rights of the inventor and legally recognizes that a claimed invention is actually an invention. The rules and requirements for patenting an invention vary by country and the process of obtaining a patent is often expensive.
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In India, invention means a new product or process that involves an inventive step, and capable of being made or used in an industry. Whereas, "new invention" means any invention that has not been anticipated in any prior art or used in the country or anywhere in the world.
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Humanistic inventions encompass culture in its entirety and are as transformative and important as any in the sciences, although people tend to take them for granted. In the domain of linguistics, for example, many alphabets have been inventions, as are all
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Play may lead to invention. Childhood curiosity, experimentation, and imagination can develop one's play instinct. Inventors feel the need to play with things that interest them, and to explore, and this internal drive brings about novel creations.
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Invention is often an exploratory process with an uncertain or unknown outcome. There are failures as well as successes. Inspiration can start the process, but no matter how complete the initial idea, inventions typically must be developed.
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idea that specifically leads to greater value or usefulness. That is, while an invention may be useless or have no value yet still be an invention, an innovation must have some sort of value, typically economic.
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is also an important legal concept and central to patent law systems worldwide. As is often the case for legal concepts, its legal meaning is slightly different from common usage of the word. Additionally, the
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History shows that turning the concept of an invention into a working device is not always swift or direct. Inventions may also become more useful after time passes and other changes occur. For example, the
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Sociopolitical inventions comprise new laws, institutions, and procedures that change modes of social behavior and establish new forms of human interaction and organization. Examples include the
British
531:. New ideas can arise when the conscious mind turns away from the subject or problem when the inventor's focus is on something else, or while relaxing or sleeping. A novel idea may come in a flash—a
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also can spark new ideas for an invention. Collaborative creative processes are frequently used by engineers, designers, architects and scientists. Co-inventors are frequently named on patents.
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Inventors may, for example, try to improve something by making it more effective, healthier, faster, more efficient, easier to use, serve more purposes, longer lasting, cheaper, more
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348:. Some of these disciplines, genres, and trends may seem to have existed eternally or to have emerged spontaneously of their own accord, but most of them have had inventors.
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invented an entirely new form of painting and a new kind of abstraction by dripping, pouring, splashing and splattering paint onto un-stretched canvas lying on the floor.
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where on contrary, while in major women are rather not allowed to make inventions if such are made, they are institutionally and scientifically incorporated, for example
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Inventions are of three kinds: scientific-technological (including medicine), sociopolitical (including economics and law), and humanistic, or cultural.
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In the process of developing an invention, the initial idea may change. The invention may become simpler, more practical, it may expand, or it may even
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Funds generated from patents on inventions in art, design and architecture can support the realization of the invention or other creative work.
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Best ideas : a compendium of social innovations : the latest ideas and award-winning schemes from the
Institute for Social Inventions
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Creating minds : an anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi
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for the inventor or other patent owner so that the economy as a whole invests an optimum amount of resources in the invention process.
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978:), despite being the sole inventor or co-inventor in inventions, including highly notable inventions. Notable examples include
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868:, others are not because they cannot fulfill the strict requirements governments have established for granting them. (see
1991:"Married Women's Property Laws and Female Commercial Activity: Evidence from the United States Patent Records, 1790-1895"
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Claxton, Guy. "Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind: Why intelligence increases when you think less". Fourth Estate, London, 1997.
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collected many such ideas in magazines and books. Invention is also an important component of artistic and design
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Insight can also be a vital element of invention. Such inventive insight may begin with questions, doubt or a
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invention is governed by
Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, that excludes, e.g., discoveries
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A rare 1884 photo showing the experimental recording of voice patterns by a photographic process at the
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Historically, women in many regions have been unrecognised for their inventive contributions (except
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helped fund the famous statue because it covered small replicas, including those sold as souvenirs.
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Juice: The
Creative Fuel That Drives World-Class Inventors (2004), p.14-15 by Evan I. Schwartz.
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Ideas for an invention may be developed on paper or on a computer, by writing or drawing, by
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Jack, Ian. "Before the Oil Ran Out: Britain 1977-87". Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1987.
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137:. Inventions often extend the boundaries of human knowledge, experience or capability.
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into something totally different. Working on one invention can lead to others too.
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To invent is to see anew. Inventors often envision a new idea, seeing it in their
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Hornby, Gregory S.; Al Globus; Derek S. Linden; Jason D. Lohn (September 2006).
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284:, and the symphony orchestra. Philosophers have invented logic (several times),
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268:. Among the inventions of artists and musicians are oil painting, printmaking,
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Smith, Sean. "J. K. Rowling: A Biography." Michael O'Mara Books
Limited, 2001.
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concept of invention is quite different in
American and European patent law.
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in
Washington, D.C. Many of their experimental designs panned out in failure.
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Inventive tools of the artist's trade also produced advances in creativity.
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30:"Invented", "Inventing", and "Inventive" redirect here. For other uses, see
1195:
Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions
93:, the term "inventor" no longer exclusively applies to an occupation (see
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who faced significant challenges in receiving credit for her inventions;
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105:
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was established to encourage inventors by granting limited-term, limited
2021:. Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery, Harper & Row, 1989.
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Epstein, Mikhail (2016-12-20). "Inventive
Thinking in the Humanities".
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737: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Sometimes inventions and ideas may seem to arise spontaneously while
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457:. Edison was one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding
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on inventions determined to be sufficiently novel, non-obvious, and
619:, structurally different, with new light or color properties, etc.
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invented about 1,700 words). Literary inventions include the epic,
180:, the Manchester (UK) General Union of Trades, the Boy Scouts, the
808:
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Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
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In contrast to invention, innovation is the implementation of a
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was voted the most important invention of the second millennium.
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273:
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1512:"Continuation Patents at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offices"
384:, by testing and/or by making the invention in its whole form.
706:
2586:
1568:"Lemelson Centers Invention at Play : Inventors Stories"
1225:- The first cotton spinning mill to plastics and steam power.
1124:
Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World
Without Work
320:. Religious thinkers are responsible for such inventions as
1325:
Artificial Mythologies : a Guide to Cultural Invention
860:. Inventive thinking has always played a vital role in the
2049:
List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Notable Inventions
1912:
Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innvoation
642:
Railways — probably the most important invention in
1296:"Automated antenna design with evolutionary algorithms"
148:
Scientific-technological inventions include railroads,
986:
who was not credited for her invention of the game of
2036:
Tinkers and Genius: The Story of the Yankee Inventors
1934:"Erasing Women from Science? There's A Name For That"
1103:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
1305:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1284:. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
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2099:
1212:The Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia
372:. Volta is recognized as an influential inventor.
100:Some inventions can be patented. The system of
2772:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
1835:"Never Underestimate the Power of a Paint Tube"
1470:"Jefferson's Papers at the Library of Congress"
662:, inventions are one of the chief examples of "
515:In contrast, the successful aerospace engineer
129:adopted by people and passed on to others. The
1857:1879, F. Auguste Bartholdi U.S. Patent D11,023
1457:Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor
856:Invention has a long and important history in
2602:
2073:
1629:"Engines of our Ingenuity No. 1990: Max Munk"
1531:White, Lynn: The Invention of the Parachute,
8:
1960:"Unregistered Patents & Gender Equality"
1761:"Eadweard Muybridge | Encyclopedia.com"
1647:Einstein: A Life by Denis Brian p.159 (1996)
73:creates or discovers an invention. The word
1786:"Eadweard Muybridge (British photographer)"
1246:. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
1150:Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries
962:lists the most notable artistic inventors.
27:Novel device, material or technical process
2609:
2595:
2587:
2080:
2066:
2058:
1550:1,000+ People of the Millennium and Beyond
918:, the invention of which is attributed to
1683:United States Patent and Trademark Office
797:Learn how and when to remove this message
864:. While some inventions in the arts are
570:
476:
445:
360:
1236:
634:— an example of non-material inventions
1908:"The Woman Inventor Behind "Monopoly""
590:(1887–1925) was known as a pioneer of
45:'BUILD YOUR OWN TELEVISION RECEIVER.'
1570:. Inventionatplay.org. Archived from
1155:List of inventions named after people
198:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
882:and construction invented by Picasso
875:Some inventions in art include the:
735:adding citations to reliable sources
504:) and Frank Hornby (the inventor of
1360:. Institute for Social Inventions.
1223:Science and invention in Birmingham
2101:Lists of inventions or discoveries
1906:Smith, Monica M. (26 March 2015).
1546:"Gutenberg, Man of the Millennium"
960:timeline for invention in the arts
164:, the atomic bomb, computing, the
25:
2466:Lists of inventors or discoverers
2038:. New York: Hastings House, 1955.
1964:Harvard Journal of Law and Gender
1958:Marcowitz-Bitton, Miriam (2020).
1704:"Indian Patent Act 1970-Sections"
1659:The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000
1327:. University of Minnesota Press.
990:; and among other such examples,
508:) first had their ideas while on
391:In addition, many inventors keep
344:, secularism, ecumenism, and the
1051:
1037:
1023:
1009:
711:
615:different, lighter weight, more
577:Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory
434:became more useful once powered
115:Another meaning of invention is
1218:Timeline of historic inventions
1175:National Inventors Hall of Fame
722:needs additional citations for
594:technology. Tigerstedt in 1915.
276:, musical tonality, atonality,
200:, as well as movements such as
131:Institute for Social Inventions
1180:Necessity (Invention's mother)
1140:Kranzberg's laws of technology
1118:International Innovation Index
459:1,093 U.S. patents in his name
216:, and animal-rights veganism.
1:
3138:Critique of political economy
1932:Romeo, Jess (20 March 2021).
519:advocated "aimful thinking".
51:magazine cover, November 1928
2722:History of capitalist theory
909:Shaped painting invented by
557:organic light-emitting diode
1998:Journal of Economic History
1679:"35 U.S.C. 1 Establishment"
1271:. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
395:of their working process -
264:, and (according to Freud)
3328:
1356:Albery, Nicholas. (1995).
1165:List of prolific inventors
945:Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi
700:
681:
678:Comparison with innovation
399:, photos, etc., including
32:Invention (disambiguation)
29:
3082:Labour market flexibility
2757:Multinational corporation
2624:
1665:October 19, 2011, at the
1535:, Vol. 9, Nremante (2005)
1459:by Simona Cremante (2005)
288:, idealism, materialism,
36:Inventor (disambiguation)
1989:Khan, Zorina B. (1996).
1727:Gardner, Howard (2011).
1426:Inventor's Notebook, The
1403:10.1215/0961754x-3692079
1323:Saper, Craig J. (1997).
1206:Technological revolution
1130:Invention promotion firm
966:Gender gap in inventions
697:As defined by patent law
3227:Individualist anarchism
2004:: 56 – via JSTOR.
1790:Encyclopædia Britannica
1491:"about Albert Einstein"
1424:Grissom, Fred. (2005).
1093:Discovery (observation)
632:Western Arabic numerals
537:polytetrafluoroethylene
380:, by making models, by
91:artificial intelligence
3192:Collectivist anarchism
3107:Social venture capital
3077:Freedom of association
1552:. 2000. Archived from
1533:Technology and Culture
1113:INPEX (invention show)
924:Video art invented by
816:
672:positive externalities
670:system captures those
664:positive externalities
655:
635:
595:
580:
489:
462:
409:Evangelista Torricelli
373:
168:, and the smartphone.
52:
3257:Post-scarcity economy
3232:Libertarian socialism
3217:Free-market socialism
3148:Market fundamentalism
3133:Capitalist propaganda
2727:Industrial Revolution
2642:Anarchy of production
1083:Creativity techniques
997:gender gap in patents
812:
641:
630:
588:Eric M. C. Tigerstedt
586:
574:
480:
465:Invention is often a
449:
364:
48:Science and Invention
44:
2712:Financial Revolution
2677:Economic development
2407:multiple discoveries
1839:Smithsonian Magazine
1765:www.encyclopedia.com
1108:Independent inventor
903:Combine invented by
731:improve this article
646:(railway station in
3187:Anarcho-syndicalism
3182:Anarcho-primitivism
3067:Economic inequality
2682:Economic liberalism
2456:Spurious inventions
2419:Historic inventions
1201:Scientific priority
905:Robert Rauschenberg
3207:Economic democracy
3028:Private foundation
1261:2008-01-15 at the
1170:Multiple discovery
1145:Lemelson-MIT Prize
1098:Edisonian approach
920:Eadweard Muybridge
817:
656:
636:
596:
581:
553:conductive polymer
490:
482:Johannes Gutenberg
463:
374:
370:electrical battery
118:cultural invention
53:
3284:
3283:
3177:Anarcho-communism
3048:Spontaneous order
3043:Social alienation
3000:Economic mobility
2687:Economic planning
2584:
2583:
2469:by country/region
2104:by country/region
1978:– via SSRN.
1886:"Margaret Knight"
1738:978-0-465-02774-3
1334:978-0-8166-8773-2
1197:- it was rejected
1160:List of inventors
1045:Technology portal
1031:Psychology portal
1017:Philosophy portal
953:Statue of Liberty
807:
806:
799:
781:
401:Leonardo da Vinci
254:Socialist Realism
244:, neoclassicism,
156:, hybridization,
127:social behaviours
16:(Redirected from
3319:
3307:Human activities
3267:Social anarchism
3242:Market socialism
3237:Market anarchism
3143:Critique of work
3033:Private property
2995:Economic freedom
2990:Decentralization
2968:Cultural aspects
2929:Regulated market
2707:Financial crisis
2692:Entrepreneurship
2611:
2604:
2597:
2588:
2489:African-American
2434:Medieval Islamic
2424:Byzantine Empire
2082:
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2006:
2005:
1995:
1986:
1980:
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1955:
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1656:Nobelprize.org,
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1556:on 3 March 2012.
1542:
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1472:. Memory.loc.gov
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1391:Common Knowledge
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1190:Proof of concept
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1019:
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899:Alexander Calder
888:art invented by
862:creative process
802:
795:
791:
788:
782:
780:
739:
715:
707:
467:creative process
442:Conceptual means
413:Thomas Jefferson
366:Alessandro Volta
252:, Aestheticism,
160:, astronautics,
21:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3287:
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3262:Sharing economy
3252:Post-capitalism
3222:Green anarchism
3161:
3128:Anti-capitalism
3115:
3051:
2962:
2954:State-sponsored
2811:
2787:Property rights
2762:Nationalization
2672:Economic bubble
2630:
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2615:
2585:
2580:
2468:
2460:
2449:Lost inventions
2444:Native American
2383:
2103:
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2015:
2013:Further reading
2010:
2009:
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1930:
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1888:
1884:Lemelson, MIT.
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1811:"Nam June Paik"
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1073:Bold hypothesis
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992:Chien-Shiung Wu
984:Elizabeth Magie
980:Margaret Knight
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854:
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660:economic theory
625:
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438:was a reality.
417:Albert Einstein
405:Galileo Galilei
378:trial and error
368:with the first
359:
357:Practical means
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143:
95:human computers
77:comes from the
59:is a unique or
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190:United Nations
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125:set of useful
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2822:Anglo-Saxon
2802:Wage labour
2752:Meritocracy
2702:Externality
2657:Competition
2541:New Zealand
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2360:before 1890
2356:inventions
2334:Switzerland
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2287:Philippines
2270:discoveries
2260:Netherlands
2173:discoveries
2093:discoveries
1938:JSTOR Daily
1873:Marie Curie
1514:. Uspto.gov
1397:(1): 1–18.
852:In the arts
814:U.S. patent
746:"Invention"
603:Improvement
567:Exploration
498:daydreaming
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270:photography
246:Romanticism
242:Renaissance
226:Shakespeare
158:antibiotics
154:vaccination
3302:Creativity
3297:Inventions
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3166:Antithesis
3097:Prosperity
3072:Employment
3019:Mainstream
3010:Liberalism
2934:Regulatory
2909:Neoliberal
2857:Humanistic
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2797:Regulation
2662:Depression
2618:Capitalism
2370:after 1991
2302:inventions
2265:Inventions
2168:inventions
2126:Bangladesh
2121:Azerbaijan
2089:Inventions
1844:2021-04-29
1820:2021-04-29
1815:Britannica
1796:2013-08-30
1713:2019-04-03
1634:2017-03-05
1578:2013-10-03
1518:2013-07-17
1476:2013-07-17
1444:1007922528
1309:2012-02-19
1231:References
931:Likewise,
866:patentable
757:newspapers
701:See also:
684:Innovation
648:Bratislava
539:(Teflon).
529:mind's eye
512:journeys.
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314:pragmatism
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286:dialectics
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210:suffragism
196:, and the
174:Parliament
162:holography
135:creativity
123:innovative
3312:Inventors
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2767:Oligopoly
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2397:chemistry
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