822:
has relatively complex ways for representing iotation by devoting an entire class of letters to deal with the issue. There are letters which represent iotated vowels; the same letters also palatalize preceding consonants (with or without self-iotation), which is why iotation and palatalization are
814:
stem *ābol-. As a result of the phenomenon, no native Slavic root starts with an or an but only with a and ; although other vowels are possible. An exception to this is
Bulgarian, which has lost Iotation for all front vowels (compared to Russian or Polish, who lost it only before ).
868:.. The use of an iotated letter does not necessarily denote iotation. Even an iotated letter following a consonant letter is not iotated in most orthographies, but iotated letters imply iotated pronunciation after vowels and
215:. As a result, the consonant becomes partially or completely palatalized. In many Slavic languages, iotated consonants are called "soft" and the process of iotation is called "softening".
845:, allowing combinations of both palatalized (soft) and plain (hard) consonants with . Originally, these letters produced short vowels and . The exact use depends on the language.
222:
so the centre of the tongue is raised during, and sometimes after, the articulation of the consonant. There can also be a complete sound change to a
722:, and it lasted for several centuries, probably into the late Common Slavic dialect differentiation. Here is an example from the early stage:
1676:
672:
657:
513:
482:
357:
326:
684:
1656:
1635:
709:
588:
557:
519:
488:
438:
407:
363:
332:
1344:
453:
1557:
594:
563:
444:
413:
528:
470:
1088:
In old inscriptions, other iotated letters, even consonants, could be found, but they are not in the regular alphabet.
1547:
651:
639:
507:
164:
308:
291:
219:
122:
545:
495:
351:
320:
227:
780:, at the beginning of a word, or between two vowels in the middle of a word, creating a diphthongoid, a partial
1681:
703:
691:
582:
389:
372:
339:
141:
718:
According to most scholars, the period of iotation started approximately in the 5th century, in the era of
1528:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1468:
1464:
1448:
1444:
1428:
1424:
1327:
1314:
1280:
1267:
1246:
1233:
1184:
1171:
1153:
1140:
1077:
1064:
1046:
1033:
1011:
998:
980:
967:
945:
932:
773:
697:
678:
645:
626:
614:
609:
576:
570:
551:
539:
534:
501:
476:
464:
459:
432:
426:
401:
395:
383:
378:
345:
314:
302:
297:
212:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
133:
129:
880:
857:
620:
603:
632:
420:
1371:
1286:
1225:
1190:
811:
770:
126:
1298:
1294:
1252:
1218:
1038:
245:
1363:
1003:
1652:
1631:
1625:
1542:
853:
819:
254:
223:
1646:
1367:
1290:
1194:
884:
861:
804:
793:
241:
236:
153:
83:
48:
38:
31:
30:
This article is about palatalization in Slavic languages. For iotated vowels in Korean, see
1069:
250:
785:
145:
1670:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1319:
1272:
1238:
1201:
1176:
1145:
990:
951:
1306:
1259:
1209:
1163:
1132:
1017:
959:
924:
719:
1598:
1025:
167:
in which only the front vowels are involved, but the final result is similar.
230:. This table summarizes the typical outcomes in the modern Slavic languages:
1563:
972:
937:
869:
842:
781:
1552:
1343:
Iotated consonants occur as result of iotation. They are represented in
17:
1352:
1056:
800:
879:
In the
Cyrillic alphabet, some letter forms are iotated, formed as a
818:
As it was invented for the writing of Slavic languages, the original
1092:
777:
1651:. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
1599:"Йотация // Словарь литературных терминов. Т. 1. — 1925 (текст)"
1455:
838:
834:
827:
789:
137:
1091:
There are more letters that serve the same function, but their
1515:
1495:
1475:
1435:
1415:
873:
113:
72:
104:
95:
89:
63:
54:
1370:, he created new letters to represent iotated consonants.
110:
69:
1355:
with apostrophe after it so the pronunciation of iotated
125:
that occurs when a consonant comes into contact with the
51:
728:
1648:
Slavic
Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory
1374:
uses two of them, but has its own versions for iotated
864:(І) and another letter, used to represent iotation, is
1581:
1579:
848:
The adjective for a phone which undergoes iotation is
769:
In Slavic languages, iotated vowels are preceded by a
86:
823:
often mixed up. There are also two special letters (
750:
101:
60:
98:
57:
734:> Russian, Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian
735:
32:Korean phonology § Diphthongs and glides
8:
1301:the digraphs "Йо" and "Ьо" are used instead
742:
107:
92:
66:
837:) that also induce iotation; in addition,
163:. Iotation is a phenomenon distinct from
1560:, the historical-linguistic sound change
1400:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
898:
895:
892:
889:
232:
27:Type of sound change in Slavic languages
1575:
211:, i.e. one preceded by a palatal glide
207:) consonant comes into contact with an
1585:
7:
148:on which it is based. For example,
788:, the consonant is represented by
25:
1332:Common for East Slavic alphabets
1158:Common for East Slavic alphabets
708:
702:
690:
683:
671:
656:
650:
638:
631:
619:
602:
593:
587:
581:
569:
562:
556:
544:
527:
518:
512:
506:
494:
487:
481:
469:
452:
443:
437:
431:
419:
412:
406:
400:
388:
371:
362:
356:
350:
338:
331:
325:
319:
307:
290:
218:Iotation can result in a partial
132:from the succeeding phoneme. The
82:
47:
876:signs as well as in isolation.
175:Iotation occurs when a labial (
1359:could be represented as or .
1095:are not made in the same way.
1:
1645:Bethin, Christina Y. (1998).
1627:Old Church Slavonic Grammar
165:Slavic first palatalization
1698:
1677:Assimilation (linguistics)
1624:Lunt, Horace Gray (2001).
1082:No longer used as of 1899
29:
1183:
1170:
1016:Uk is an archaic form of
736:
249:
240:
235:
228:alveolo-palatal consonant
159:has the sound of iotated
1382:(resembling the letters
729:
142:early Cyrillic alphabet
1285:The letter is used in
852:. The adjective for a
841:palatalizes preceding
792:(ι). For example, the
751:
743:
1630:. Walter de Gruyter.
812:Proto-Indo-European
771:palatal approximant
127:palatal approximant
1548:Cyrillic ligatures
1339:Iotated consonants
1039:Iotated little yus
950:Now supplanted by
136:is represented by
1543:Cyrillic alphabet
1534:
1533:
1347:with superscript
1336:
1335:
1086:
1085:
887:(І) and a vowel.
820:Cyrillic alphabet
810:: both come from
748:, Serbo-Croatian
716:
715:
16:(Redirected from
1689:
1662:
1641:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1530:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1470:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1401:
1368:Serbian language
1351:after it and in
1329:
1316:
1282:
1269:
1248:
1235:
1186:
1173:
1155:
1142:
1098:
1079:
1066:
1048:
1035:
1013:
1000:
982:
969:
947:
934:
890:
885:Early Cyrillic I
862:Early Cyrillic I
808:яблоко (jabloko)
775:
754:
746:
739:
738:
732:
712:
706:
699:
694:
687:
680:
675:
660:
654:
647:
642:
635:
628:
623:
616:
611:
606:
597:
591:
585:
578:
573:
566:
560:
553:
548:
541:
536:
531:
522:
516:
510:
503:
498:
491:
485:
478:
473:
466:
461:
456:
447:
441:
435:
428:
423:
416:
410:
404:
397:
392:
385:
380:
375:
366:
360:
354:
347:
342:
335:
329:
323:
316:
311:
304:
299:
294:
233:
214:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
135:
131:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
39:Slavic languages
21:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1682:Cyrillic script
1667:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1644:
1638:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1539:
1341:
1070:Iotated big yus
1051:No longer used
985:No longer used
767:
762:
173:
121:) is a form of
85:
81:
50:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1590:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1558:Palatalization
1555:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1001:
996:
993:
987:
986:
983:
978:
975:
970:
965:
962:
956:
955:
948:
943:
940:
935:
930:
927:
921:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
786:Greek alphabet
766:
765:Iotated vowels
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
726:Proto-Slavic *
714:
713:
700:
695:
688:
681:
676:
669:
667:
665:
662:
661:
648:
643:
636:
629:
624:
617:
612:
607:
599:
598:
579:
574:
567:
554:
549:
542:
537:
532:
524:
523:
504:
499:
492:
479:
474:
467:
462:
457:
449:
448:
429:
424:
417:
398:
393:
386:
381:
376:
368:
367:
348:
343:
336:
317:
312:
305:
300:
295:
287:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
258:
257:
248:
239:
220:palatalization
172:
169:
146:Greek alphabet
123:palatalization
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1694:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1660:
1658:9780521591485
1654:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1637:9783110162844
1633:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1588:, p. 36.
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:reformed the
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
984:
979:
976:
974:
971:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
949:
944:
941:
939:
936:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
902:
891:
888:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
821:
816:
813:
809:
806:
802:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
764:
759:
755:
753:
747:
745:
733:
731:
725:
724:
723:
721:
711:
705:
701:
696:
693:
689:
686:
682:
677:
674:
670:
668:
666:
664:
663:
659:
653:
649:
644:
641:
637:
634:
630:
625:
622:
618:
613:
608:
605:
601:
600:
596:
590:
584:
580:
575:
572:
568:
565:
559:
555:
550:
547:
543:
538:
533:
530:
526:
525:
521:
515:
509:
505:
500:
497:
493:
490:
484:
480:
475:
472:
468:
463:
458:
455:
451:
450:
446:
440:
434:
430:
425:
422:
418:
415:
409:
403:
399:
394:
391:
387:
382:
377:
374:
370:
369:
365:
359:
353:
349:
344:
341:
337:
334:
328:
322:
318:
313:
310:
306:
301:
296:
293:
289:
288:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
256:
252:
247:
243:
238:
234:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
210:
209:iotated vowel
170:
168:
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
128:
124:
118:
77:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1647:
1626:
1617:Bibliography
1603:. Retrieved
1601:. Feb-web.ru
1593:
1379:
1375:
1364:Vuk Karadžić
1361:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1090:
1087:
878:
865:
856:formed as a
849:
847:
831:
824:
817:
807:
796:
768:
749:
741:
727:
720:Proto-Slavic
717:
217:
208:
195:) or velar (
174:
171:Sound change
160:
156:
149:
42:
36:
1586:Bethin 1998
1390:instead of
760:Orthography
183:), dental (
140:(ι) in the
1671:Categories
1605:2011-09-17
1570:References
1372:Macedonian
1287:Belarusian
1191:Belarusian
1026:Little Jus
1004:Iotated uk
1564:Soft sign
1299:Bulgarian
1295:Ukrainian
1253:Ukrainian
1219:Ukrainian
973:Iotated E
938:Iotated A
843:consonant
832:hard sign
825:soft sign
784:. In the
782:diphthong
776:before a
285:complete
276:complete
267:complete
1553:Iotacism
1537:See also
1251:Used in
1217:Used in
1189:Used in
1107:Comment
899:Comment
881:ligature
858:ligature
740:, Czech
615:mj,mʎ,mɲ
282:partial
273:partial
264:partial
246:alveolar
144:and the
43:iotation
18:Iotified
1353:X-SAMPA
1291:Russian
1195:Russian
1104:Iotated
1057:Big Jus
896:Iotated
866:iotated
860:of the
850:iotated
805:Russian
801:cognate
794:English
279:origin
270:origin
261:origin
255:Glottal
224:palatal
154:English
1655:
1634:
1410:Sound
1127:Sound
1101:Normal
1093:glyphs
919:Sound
893:Normal
854:letter
730:kĭasĭa
242:Dental
237:Labial
1407:Shape
1362:When
1293:, in
1124:Shape
1118:Sound
1115:Shape
916:Shape
910:Sound
907:Shape
797:apple
778:vowel
540:vj,vʎ
465:fj,fʎ
384:bj,bʎ
303:pj,pʎ
251:Velar
157:onion
1653:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1525:/dʲ/
1505:/tʲ/
1489:/dʑ/
1485:/dʲ/
1469:/tɕ/
1465:/tʲ/
1445:/nʲ/
1425:/lʲ/
1404:Name
1394:and
1386:and
1378:and
1328:/ju/
1297:and
1289:and
1281:/jo/
1247:/ji/
1193:and
1185:/je/
1154:/ja/
1121:Name
1112:Name
1078:/jõ/
1047:/jẽ/
1020:(У)
1012:/ju/
981:/je/
960:Est'
954:(Я)
946:/ja/
913:Name
904:Name
874:hard
872:and
870:soft
830:and
790:iota
752:čaša
744:číše
737:чаша
138:iota
1529:/ɟ/
1520:Ѓ ѓ
1516:Gje
1509:/c/
1500:Ќ ќ
1496:Kje
1480:Ђ ђ
1476:Dje
1460:Ћ ћ
1456:Tje
1449:/ɲ/
1440:Њ њ
1436:Nje
1429:/ʎ/
1420:Љ љ
1416:Lje
1398:):
1345:IPA
1315:/u/
1268:/o/
1234:/i/
1214:Єє
1172:/e/
1141:/a/
1065:/õ/
1034:/ẽ/
999:/u/
968:/e/
933:/a/
883:of
803:to
799:is
774:/j/
226:or
213:/j/
205:/x/
201:/ɡ/
197:/k/
193:/l/
189:/s/
185:/n/
181:/b/
177:/m/
152:in
134:/j/
130:/j/
37:In
1673::
1578:^
1324:Юю
1320:Ju
1311:Уу
1277:Ёё
1273:Jo
1264:Оо
1243:Її
1239:Ji
1230:Іi
1210:Je
1206:Ее
1181:Ее
1177:Je
1168:Ээ
1150:Яя
1146:Ja
1137:Аа
995:Оу
991:Uk
952:Ja
707:,
698:ɦʲ
679:lʲ
655:,
646:hʲ
627:nʲ
610:mʲ
592:,
586:,
577:ɣʲ
561:,
552:zʲ
535:vʲ
517:,
511:,
502:xʲ
486:,
477:sʲ
460:fʲ
445:dʒ
442:,
439:dʑ
436:,
427:ɡʲ
414:dʒ
411:,
408:dʑ
405:,
396:dʲ
379:bʲ
364:tʃ
361:,
358:tɕ
355:,
346:kʲ
333:tʃ
330:,
327:tɕ
324:,
315:tʲ
298:pʲ
203:,
199:,
191:,
187:,
179:,
150:ni
114:ən
105:eɪ
96:oʊ
90:aɪ
80:,
73:ən
64:eɪ
55:oʊ
41:,
1661:.
1640:.
1608:.
1527:→
1523:*
1507:→
1503:*
1487:→
1483:*
1467:→
1463:*
1447:→
1443:*
1427:→
1423:*
1396:Д
1392:Т
1388:К
1384:Г
1380:d
1376:t
1357:n
1349:j
1307:U
1260:O
1226:I
1202:E
1164:E
1133:A
1074:Ѭ
1061:Ѫ
1043:Ѩ
1030:Ѧ
1018:U
1008:Ю
977:Ѥ
964:Є
942:Ꙗ
929:А
925:A
839:Ь
835:Ъ
828:Ь
710:ʑ
704:ʝ
692:ɦ
685:ʎ
673:l
658:ɕ
652:ç
640:h
633:ɲ
621:n
604:m
595:ʒ
589:ʑ
583:ʝ
571:ɣ
564:ʒ
558:ʑ
546:z
529:v
520:ʃ
514:ɕ
508:ç
496:x
489:ʃ
483:ɕ
471:s
454:f
433:ɟ
421:ɡ
402:ɟ
390:d
373:b
352:c
340:k
321:c
309:t
292:p
253:/
244:/
161:n
117:/
111:ʃ
108:.
102:t
99:ˈ
93:.
87:ˌ
84:/
76:/
70:ʃ
67:.
61:t
58:ˈ
52:j
49:/
45:(
34:.
20:)
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