Last Interglacial - Knowledge

146: 399:(GCM) with reconstructed Last Interglacial temperatures for Europe. Central Europe (north of the Alps) was found to be 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) warmer than present; south of the Alps, conditions were 1–2 °C cooler than today. The model (generated using observed greenhouse gas concentrations and Last Interglacial orbital parameters) generally reproduces these observations, leading them to conclude that these factors are enough to explain the Last Interglacial temperatures. 4411: 250: 363:, Finland. At the peak of the Last Interglacial, the Northern Hemisphere winters were generally warmer and wetter than now, though some areas were actually slightly cooler than today. A cooling event similar to but not exactly mirroring the 8.2-kiloyear event is recorded from Beckentin during the E5 phase of the Eemian, some 6,290 years after the start of interglacial afforestation. A 2018 study based on soil samples from 463: 39: 4170: 31: 451: 530: 202:(Mediterranean faunal province). More information on the molluscan assemblages is given by Lorié (1887), and Spaink (1958). Since their discovery, Last Interglacial beds in the Netherlands have mainly been recognized by their marine molluscan content combined with their stratigraphical position and other palaeontology. The marine beds there are often underlain by 738:

during this time. During the Last Interglacial, Neanderthals engaged in a variety of food-gathering activities, including fishing, as well as big-game hunting, including the largest animals living in Europe at the time, straight-tusked elephants. Modern humans were present outside Africa in Arabia during this interval, as far east as the

387:(AMOC) began to cool the eastern Mediterranean region. The period closed as temperatures steadily fell to conditions cooler and drier than the present, with a 468-year-long aridity pulse in central Europe at about 116,000 BC, and by 112,000 BC, ice caps began to form in southern Norway, marking the start of a new 375:, lasting hundreds of years and causing temperature drops of a few degrees and vegetation changes in these regions. In Northern Europe, winter temperatures rose over the course of the Last Interglacial while summer temperatures fell. During an insolation maximum from 133,000 to 130,000 BP, meltwater from the 1271:

Johnsen, Sigfús J.; Clausen, Henrik B.; Dansgaard, Willi; Gundestrup, Niels S.; Hammer, Claus U.; Andersen, Uffe; Andersen, Katrine K.; Hvidberg, Christine S.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Shoji, Hitoshi; Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Árny E.; White, Jim; Jouzel, Jean; Fisher, David (30 November

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in the atmosphere was about 280 parts per million. The Last Interglacial was one of the warmest periods of the last 800,000 years, with temperatures comparable to and at times warmer (by up to on average 2 degrees Celsius) than the contemporary Holocene interglacial, with the maximum sea level being

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Barlow, Natasha L. M.; McClymont, Erin L.; Whitehouse, Pippa L.; Stokes, Chris R.; Jamieson, Stewart S. R.; Woodroffe, Sarah A.; Bentley, Michael J.; Callard, S. Louise; Ó Cofaigh, Colm; Evans, David J. A.; Horrocks, Jennifer R.; Lloyd, Jerry M.; Long, Antony J.; Margold, Martin; Roberts, David H.

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Sea level at peak was probably 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 feet) higher than today, with Greenland contributing 0.6 to 3.5 m (2.0 to 11.5 ft), thermal expansion and mountain glaciers contributing up to 1 m (3.3 ft), and an uncertain contribution from Antarctica. A 2007 study found

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During the northern summer, temperatures in the Arctic region were about 2–4 °C higher than in 2011. The Arctic Last Interglacial climate was highly unstable, with pronounced temperature swings revealed by δO fluctuations in Greenlandic ice cores, though some of the instability inferred from

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managed to colonise the higher latitudes of Europe during this time interval, after having retreated from the region due to unfavourable conditions during the Penultimate Glacial Period. However, unlike previous interglacials, they were absent from Britain, likely due to Britain being an island

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Willerslev, E.; Cappellini, E.; Boomsma, W.; Nielsen, R.; Hebsgaard, M. B.; Brand, T. B.; Hofreiter, M.; Bunce, M.; Poinar, H. N.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Johnsen, S.; Steffensen, J. P.; Bennike, O.; Schwenninger, J. -L.; Nathan, R.; Armitage, S.; De Hoog, C. -J.; Alfimov, V.; Christl, M.; Beer, J.;

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Pearce, Elena A.; Mazier, Florence; Normand, Signe; Fyfe, Ralph; Andrieu, Valérie; Bakels, Corrie; Balwierz, Zofia; Bińka, Krzysztof; Boreham, Steve; Borisova, Olga K.; Brostrom, Anna; de Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis; Gao, Cunhai; González-Sampériz, Penélope; Granoszewski, Wojciech (2023-11-10).

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Brovkin, Victor; Brücher, Tim; Kleinen, Thomas; Zaehle, Sönke; Joos, Fortunat; Roth, Raphael; Spahni, Renato; Schmitt, Jochen; Fischer, Hubertus; Leuenberger, Markus; Stone, Emma J.; Ridgwell, Andy; Chappellaz, Jérôme; Kehrwald, Natalie; Barbante, Carlo (1 April 2016).

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Thomas, Zoë A.; Jones, Richard T.; Turney, Chris S. M.; Golledge, Nicholas; Fogwill, Christopher; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Menviel, Laurie; McKay, Nicholas P.; Bird, Michael; Palmer, Jonathan; Kershaw, Peter; Wilmshurst, Janet; Muscheler, Raimund (April 2020).

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The Last Interglacial is known as the Eemian in northern Europe (sometimes used to describe the global interglacial), Ipswichian in Britain, the Mikulino (also spelled Milukin) interglacial in Russia, the Kaydaky in Ukraine, the Valdivia interglacial in

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Shackleton, S.; Baggenstos, D.; Menking, J. A.; Dyonisius, M. N.; Bereiter, B.; Bauska, T. K.; Rhodes, R. H.; Brook, E. J.; Petrenko, V. V.; McConnell, J. R.; Kellerhals, T.; Häberli, M.; Schmitt, J.; Fischer, H.; Severinghaus, J. P. (2020-01-02).

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Levy, Elan J.; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Ayalon, Avner; Matthews, Alan; Silverman, Vered; Raveh-Rubin, Shira; Zilberman, Tami; Yasur, Gal; Schmitt, Mareike; Haug, Gerald H. (25 August 2023).

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Zilhão, J.; Angelucci, D. E.; Igreja, M. Araújo; Arnold, L. J.; Badal, E.; Callapez, P.; Cardoso, J. L.; d’Errico, F.; Daura, J.; Demuro, M.; Deschamps, M.; Dupont, C.; Gabriel, S.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Legoinha, P. (2020-03-27).

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Wassenburg, Jasper A.; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Cheng, Hai; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Ebner, Pia-Rebecca; Li, Xianglei; Zhang, Haiwei; Sha, Lijuan; Tian, Ye; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Fiebig, Jens; Haug, Gerald H. (18 November 2021).

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Froese, Duane; Stiller, Mathias; Heintzman, Peter D.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Zazula, Grant D.; Soares, André E. R.; Meyer, Matthias; Hall, Elizabeth; Jensen, Britta J. L.; Arnold, Lee J.; MacPhee, Ross D. E. (March 28, 2017).

491:. Recent research on marine sediment cores offshore of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet suggest that the sheet melted during the Last Interglacial, and that ocean waters rose as fast as 2.5 meters per century. Global mean 1402:

Salonen, J. Sakari; Helmens, Karin F.; Brendryen, Jo; Kuosmanen, Niina; Väliranta, Minna; Goring, Simon; Korpela, Mikko; Kylander, Malin; Philip, Annemarie; Plikk, Anna; Renssen, Hans; Luoto, Miska (20 July 2018).

428:(now tundra) to have boreal forest, although inadequate precipitation caused a reduction in the forest cover in interior Alaska and Yukon Territory despite warmer conditions. The prairie-forest boundary in the 274:

The Last Interglacial climate is believed to have been warmer than the current Holocene. The temperature of the Last Interglacial peaked during the early part of the period, around 128,000 to 123,000 years

1309:"CH 4 and δ 18 O of O 2 records from Antarctic and Greenland ice: A clue for stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores" 495:

are thought to have been higher than in the Holocene, but not by enough to explain the rise in sea level through thermal expansion alone, and so melting of polar ice caps must also have occurred.

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age for late Last Interglacial deposits from this borehole of 118,200 ± 6,300 years ago. A historical review of Dutch Last Interglacial research is provided by Bosch, Cleveringa and Meijer, 2000.

1720:"Re-investigation of the Bispingen palaeolake sediment succession (northern Germany) reveals that the Last Interglacial (Eemian) in northern-central Europe lasted at least ~15 000 years" 3007:"First occurrence of <i>Panthera atrox</i> (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico" 708:(which is first known from the Snowmass site in Colorado, dating to around 120,000 years ago) and ultimately all North American bison species, and marking the beginning of the 1973: 841: 279:, before declining during the latter half of the period. Changes in the Earth's orbital parameters from today (greater obliquity and eccentricity, and perihelion), known as 4206: 683:

that occurred during the following Last Glacial Period, has been suggested as a "baseline" reference point for the analysis and restoration of modern European ecosystems.

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Van Leeuwen, R.J., Beets, D., Bosch, J.H.A., Burger, A.W., Cleveringa, P., van Harten, D., Herngreen, G.F.W., Langereis, C.G., Meijer, T., Pouwer, R., de Wolf, H., 2000.

3510: 2597: 2374:; Marshall, Shawn J.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Miller, Gifford H.; Hu, Aixue (2006). "Simulating Arctic Climate Warmth and Icefield Retreat in the Last Interglaciation". 1896:"A tentative reconstruction of the last interglacial and glacial inception in Greenland based on new gas measurements in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core" 237:

glacial basin in the Amsterdam-Terminal borehole and was the subject of a multidisciplinary investigation (Van Leeuwen, et al., 2000). These authors also published a

1249: 214:. In contrast to e.g. the deposits in Denmark, the Last Interglacial deposits in the type area have never been found overlain by tills, nor in ice-pushed positions. 3046:

Roebroeks, Wil; MacDonald, Katharine; Scherjon, Fulco; Bakels, Corrie; Kindler, Lutz; Nikulina, Anastasia; Pop, Eduard; Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine (2021-12-17).

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Davoli, Marco; Monsarrat, Sophie; Pedersen, Rasmus Østergaard; Scussolini, Paolo; Karger, Dirk Nikolaus; Normand, Signe; Svenning, Jens-Christian (January 2024).

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Because of the sea level drop since the Last Interglacial, exposed fossil coral reefs are common in the tropics, especially in the Caribbean and along the

384: 2632:"A new record of Pleistocene hippopotamus from River Severn terrace deposits, Gloucester, UK—palaeoenvironmental setting and stratigraphical significance" 478:. Foreground shows corals truncated by erosion; behind the geologist is a post-erosion coral pillar which grew on the surface after sea level rose again. 1472:

Wegwerth, Antje; Dellwig, Olaf; Wulf, Sabine; Plessen, Birgit; Kleinhanns, Ilka C.; Nowaczyk, Norbert R.; Jiabo, Liu; Arz, Helge W. (1 September 2019).

133:). As the most recent point in time with a climate comparable to the Holocene, the Last Interglacial is also of relevance as a point of reference ( 1313: 1278: 702:) migrated into the heartlands of North America from Alaska at the beginning of the Last Interglacial, giving rise to the giant long-horned bison 2215:

Scherer, RP; Aldahan, A; Tulaczyk, S; Possnert, G; Engelhardt, H; Kamb, B (3 July 1998). "Pleistocene collapse of the west antarctic ice sheet".

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Cuffey, K. M.; Marshall, S. J. (2000). "Substantial contribution to sea-level rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice sheet".

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Sirocko, F.; Seelos, K.; Schaber, K.; Rein, B.; Dreher, F.; Diehl, M.; Lehne, R.; Jäger, K.; Krbetschek, M.; Degering, D. (11 August 2005).

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Hrynowiecka, Anna; Stachowicz-Rybka, Renata; Niska, Monika; Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena; Börner, Andreas; Rother, Henrik (20 December 2021).

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Wilson, M. A.; Curran, H. A.; White, B. (2007). "Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial".

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coastlines. These reefs often contain internal erosion surfaces showing significant sea level instability during the Last Interglacial.

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Stratigraphy and integrated facies analysis of the Saalian and Eemian sediments in the Amsterdam-Terminal borehole, the Netherlands

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on which Amersfoort is located. Harting noticed the marine molluscan assemblages to be very different from the modern fauna of the

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was glaciated during the Last Interglacial, which implies that Greenland could have contributed at most 2 m (6.6 ft) to

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Nogués-Bravo, David; Rodríguez, Jesús; Hortal, Joaquín; Batra, Persaram; Araújo, Miguel B (2008-04-01). Barnosky, Anthony (ed.).

2783:"The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage" 553:

The warmness of the interval allowed temperate-adapted taxa to extend their range considerably northward, with the range of the

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Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel; Priego-Vargas, Jaime; Cabral-Perdomo, Miguel Ángel; Pineda Maldonado, Marco Antonio (2016-07-20).

1900: 1274:"The δ 18 O record along the Greenland Ice Core Project deep ice core and the problem of possible Eemian climatic instability" 3471:

Vegetation, climate and radiocarbon datings in the Late Pleistocene of the Netherlands. Part 1: Eemian and Early Weichselian.

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by this time, representing the earliest split of modern human populations that persists to the present time (associated with

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up to 6 to 9 metres higher than at present, with global ice volume likely also being smaller than the Holocene interglacial.

3817: 186:. Many species from the Last Interglacial layers nowadays show a much more southern distribution, ranging from South of the 3362: 1257: 319: 229:

was re-investigated using old and new data in a multi-disciplinary approach (Cleveringa et al., 2000). At the same time a

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records may be a result of mixing of Last Interglacial ice with ice from the preceding or succeeding glacial intervals.

3270:"Beyond arrows on a map: The dynamics of Homo sapiens dispersal and occupation of Arabia during Marine Isotope Stage 5" 283:, probably led to greater seasonal temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere. As the Last Interglacial cooled, 4410: 4390: 4309: 4302: 3914: 849: 3417:

Müller, Ulrich C.; et al. (2005). "Cyclic climate fluctuations during the last interglacial in central Europe".

1539:"Weakened AMOC related to cooling and atmospheric circulation shifts in the last interglacial Eastern Mediterranean" 720:) appeared and become widespread across North America, having descended from populations of the Eurasian cave lion ( 4294: 4060: 3787: 3350:

Archives Néerlandaises Sciences Exactes et Naturelles de la Société Hollandaise des Sciences (Harlem), 10: 443–454.

1478: 1474:"Major hydrological shifts in the Black Sea "Lake" in response to ice sheet collapses during MIS 6 (130–184 ka BP)" 1193: 1113:

Arctic Council, Impacts of a Warming Climate: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge, 2004

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Dahl-Jensen, D.; Albert, M. R.; Aldahan, A.; Azuma, N.; Balslev-Clausen, D.; Baumgartner, M.; et al. (2013).

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The warmest peak of the Last Interglacial was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as

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Two ice core temperature records; the Last Interglacial is at a depth of about 1500–1800 meters in the lower graph

4435: 4385: 4375: 4125: 3781: 3556: 2554:"Quaternary development and evolution of the sedimentary environments in the Central Mediterranean Spanish coast" 396: 122: 114: 3336:

Cleveringa, P., Meijer, T., van Leeuwen, R.J.W., de Wolf, H., Pouwer, R., Lissenberg T. and Burger, A.W., 2000.

1352:"Eemian (MIS 5e) climate oscillations based on palaeobotanical analysis from the Beckentin profile (NE Germany)" 565:

in northern England, though their range outside of southern Europe did not extend much further east of than the

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Nicholson, Samuel Luke; Hosfield, Rob; Groucutt, Huw S.; Pike, Alistair W.G.; Fleitmann, Dominik (June 2021).

3213:"Hunting and processing of straight-tusked elephants 125.000 years ago: Implications for Neanderthal behavior" 2823:"Substantial light woodland and open vegetation characterized the temperate forest biome before Homo sapiens" 3829: 3339:

The Eemian stratotype locality at Amersfoort in the central Netherlands: a re-evaluation of old and new data

909: 578: 492: 413: 195: 781: 4430: 4273: 4258: 3962: 3866: 3805: 3793: 3591: 2391: 866: 761: 751: 372: 238: 74: 391:. The Eemian lasted about 1,500 to 3,000 years longer in Southern Europe than in Northern Europe. Kaspar 4395: 4278: 4105: 4040: 3938: 3716: 3670: 3531: 1543: 1409: 447:

Interglacial conditions ended on Antarctica while the Northern Hemisphere was still experiencing warmth.

425: 145: 2782: 586: 542: 424:. Coastal Alaska was warm enough during the summer due to reduced sea ice in the Arctic Ocean to allow 4253: 2497: 1473: 402:

Meltwater pulse 2B, approximately 133,000 BP, substantially weakened the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM).

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Contributions a la géologie des Pays Bas III. Le Diluvium plus récent ou sableux et le système Eémien

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caused the Black and Caspian Seas to connect. During the middle of the Last Interglacial, a weakened

3112: 2396: 871: 77:. It was the second-to-latest interglacial period of the current Ice Age, the most recent being the 4065: 3854: 3765: 3464:

Foraminiferen aus dem Eemien (Riss-Würm-Interglazial) in der Bohrung Amersfoort I (Locus Typicus).

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Along the Central Mediterranean Spanish coast, sea levels were comparable to those of the present.

280: 82: 70: 62: 4353: 4145: 4140: 4075: 3398: 3269: 2724:"Megafauna diversity and functional declines in Europe from the Last Interglacial to the present" 2631: 2478: 2417: 2353: 2085: 2051: 2011: 1802: 1645: 1511: 1377: 1351: 1168: 1069: 1013: 985: 965: 840:

Shackleton, Nicholas J.; Sánchez-Goñi, Maria Fernanda; Pailler, Delphine; Lancelot, Yves (2003).

822: 569:. The temperate landscapes of Europe were inhabited by large now extinct megafauna including the 305: 126: 110: 4368: 3629: 3113:"Testing Human Presence During the Last Interglacial (MIS 5e): A Review of the British Evidence" 2553: 1671: 225:, providing a subdivision of this stage into pollen stages. At the end of the 20th century, the 4358: 4263: 4173: 4150: 4045: 3731: 3619: 3449:

Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging 29, 44 pp.

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Collage of temperate forest environments in Europe during the Eemian, with animals including

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Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine; Kindler, Lutz; MacDonald, Katharine; Roebroeks, Wil (2023).

2264: 249: 4363: 4338: 4019: 3988: 3920: 3902: 3660: 3639: 3561: 3546: 1881: 1797: 1718:

Lauterbach, Stefan; Neumann, Frank H.; Tjallingii, Rik; Brauer, Achim (12 February 2024).

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Stage of North America, the Last Interglacial is equivalent to either all or part of it.

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Voosen, Paul (20 December 2018). "Antarctic ice melt 125,000 years ago offers warning".

2387: 2333: 2280: 2228: 2191: 2129: 2112:"Quantification of Greenland ice-sheet contribution to Last Interglacial sea-level rise" 2065: 1991: 1913: 1840: 1823:"Penultimate deglaciation Asian monsoon response to North Atlantic circulation collapse" 1780: 1689: 1625: 1583: 1556: 1538: 1491: 1422: 1365: 1206: 1140: 1049: 1001: 945: 862: 802: 230: 4348: 4248: 4155: 4024: 3983: 3245: 3212: 3124: 3088: 3047: 2982: 2939: 2914: 2879: 2498:"Stratigraphy and evolution of emerged Pleistocene reefs at the Red Sea coast of Sudan" 2297: 2260: 1958: 1449: 1404: 1123:

Bova, Samantha; Rosenthal, Yair; Liu, Zhengyu; Godad, Shital P.; Yan, Mi (2021-01-28).

1034:"Lack of evidence for a substantial sea-level fluctuation within the Last Interglacial" 687: 488: 462: 437: 388: 276: 175: 3155: 880: 371:

identified abrupt cold spells ca. 120,000 years ago caused by shifts in the

38: 4424: 4135: 4100: 3932: 3926: 3896: 3878: 3799: 3741: 3690: 3675: 3634: 2940:"Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America" 2798: 2575: 2523: 2015: 1697: 1607: 1515: 1405:"Abrupt high-latitude climate events and decoupled seasonal trends during the Eemian" 1381: 1172: 1124: 1073: 1017: 969: 713: 709: 433: 406: 313: 254: 199: 130: 3402: 2482: 2421: 2036:

Kopp, RE; Simons, FJ; Mitrovica, JX; Maloof, AC; Oppenheimer, M (17 December 2009).

1806: 1499: 1215: 1188: 1033: 1009: 929: 4085: 4050: 3571: 3566: 2357: 2089: 1649: 1307:

Chappellaz, Jérôme; Brook, Ed; Blunier, Thomas; Malaizé, Bruno (30 November 1997).

826: 739: 695: 554: 471: 429: 218: 155: 118: 3363:"Paleoclimatic Evidence for Future Ice-Sheet Instability and Rapid Sea-Level Rise" 3006: 2458: 30: 2896: 2655: 1608:"A late Eemian aridity pulse in central Europe during the last glacial inception" 1373: 1125:"Seasonal origin of the thermal maxima at the Holocene and the last interglacial" 726:) that had migrated into Alaska during the preceding Penultimate Glacial Period. 4228: 4110: 4095: 4090: 3944: 3736: 3624: 3581: 2236: 734: 648: 534: 506: 475: 211: 171: 103: 3343:

Geologie & Mijnbouw / Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 79(2/3): 197–216.

2673: 2265:"Ancient Biomolecules from Deep Ice Cores Reveal a Forested Southern Greenland" 1859: 1849: 1822: 1565: 1431: 1148: 529: 4326: 4216: 4014: 3993: 3726: 3685: 3576: 3328: 3303: 3285: 2697: 2037: 1057: 953: 664: 450: 222: 167: 3189: 3079: 3032: 2973: 2905: 2846: 2806: 2767: 2705: 2531: 2466: 1931: 1868: 1763:"A model-data comparison of European temperatures in the Eemian interglacial" 1747: 1574: 1507: 1440: 1336: 1234: 1156: 1065: 961: 334: 321: 4238: 3386: 3171: 2964: 2405: 2288: 1999: 634: 594: 514: 234: 226: 183: 3484:

www.foraminifera.eu Foraminifera (Microfossils) of the Eemian Interglacial

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Vegetation and paleoclimate of the last interglacial period, central Alaska

1641: 1592: 1458: 1164: 986:"Tipping elements and amplified polar warming during the Last Interglacial" 818: 3488: 3304:"The Eemian stage in the Netherlands: history, character and new research" 2244: 2138: 2038:"Probabilistic assessment of sea level during the last interglacial stage" 679:). The Last Interglacial ecosystems of Europe, which existed prior to the 17: 3998: 3706: 2758: 2200: 2176:"The role of ocean thermal expansion in Last Interglacial sea level rise" 2175: 1922: 1895: 1788: 626: 610: 417: 348: 258: 191: 163: 78: 2073: 1633: 1189:"Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial" 810: 4233: 4055: 3665: 3655: 3180: 602: 538: 499: 376: 368: 207: 150: 3459:

Geologie en Mijnbouw / Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 79, 161–196.

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Hamed, Basher; Bussert, Robert; Dominik, Wilhelm (1 February 2016).

782:"Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core" 210:, and overlain by local fresh water or wind-blown deposits from the 1672:"A time dependent glaciological model of the Weichselian Ice Sheet" 3711: 3614: 3156:"Last Interglacial Iberian Neandertals as fisher-hunter-gatherers" 2880:"Climate Change, Humans, and the Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth" 2056: 566: 484: 461: 380: 364: 352: 262: 144: 95: 37: 29: 1761:

Kaspar, F.; Kühl, Norbert; Cubasch, Ulrich; Litt, Thomas (2005).

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Stone, E.J; Lundt, D.J; Annan, J.D.; Hargreaves, J.C. (2013).

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faunal age in North America. Also during this time period the

356: 179: 1762: 449: 178:(1875). He named the beds "Système Eémien", after the river 3048:"Landscape modification by Last Interglacial Neanderthals" 69:

and ended about 115,000 years ago at the beginning of the

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Viñals, María José; Fumanal, María Pilar (January 1995).

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Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo sapiens

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being drowned. Vast areas of northwestern Europe and the

221:

from the type site, whereas Zagwijn (1961) published the

842:"Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian Interglacial" 1974:"Ice volume and sea level during the last interglacial" 253:

View of the Last Interglacial–aged coastal terraces of

154:

Picture from Pieter Harting (1886) assigned by him as '

3466:

Mededelingen Geologische Stichting NS 11(1957), 27–39.

102:. Depending on how a specific publication defines the 81:

which extends to the present day (having followed the

65:

which began about 130,000 years ago at the end of the

3111:

G. Lewis, Simon; Ashton, Nick; Jacobi, Roger (2011),

686:

In contrast, the range of cold-adapted taxa like the

85:). During the Last Interglacial, the proportion of CO 3302:

Bosch, J. H. A.; Cleveringa, P.; Meijer, T. (2000).

2602:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 101. 930:"Global ocean heat content in the Last Interglacial" 416:: currently, the northern limit is further south at 4033: 4007: 3976: 3839: 3774: 3758: 3699: 3648: 3607: 3600: 3524: 1101:"Current & Historical Global Temperature Graph" 910:"Earth is the warmest it's been in 120,000 years" 27:Interglacial period which began 130,000 years ago 3473:Mededelingen Geologische Stichting NS 14, 15–45. 1250:"Warm past climates: is our future in the past?" 395:(GRL, 2005) performed a comparison of a coupled 162:The Last Interglacial was first recognized from 3447:De Nederlandse Eemlagen, I: Algemeen overzicht. 2944:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 641:), with predators including lions (the extinct 3957:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field 4310: 4200: 3504: 1086:M Richards et al. in: Bandelt et al. (eds.), 509:formed an island due to the area between the 113:and is of some interest for the evolution of 8: 3413:Archives Teyler, Ser. II, Vol. III: 104–160. 3119:, vol. 14, Elsevier, pp. 125–164, 3951:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area 3361:Overpeck, Jonathan T.; et al. (2006). 2674:"The Eemian mammal fauna of central Europe" 2170:McKay, Nicholas P.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; 1254:The National Centre for Atmospheric Science 385:Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation 4317: 4303: 4295: 4207: 4193: 4185: 3771: 3696: 3604: 3511: 3497: 3489: 2636:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 483:evidence that the Greenland ice core site 3327: 3244: 3179: 3087: 3022: 2981: 2963: 2913: 2895: 2854: 2757: 2747: 2395: 2296: 2199: 2149:1983/d05aa57e-0230-4287-94e8-242d43abee77 2147: 2137: 2055: 1921: 1858: 1848: 1796: 1737: 1582: 1564: 1448: 1430: 1326: 1291: 1224: 1214: 870: 528: 248: 98:, and the Riss-Würm interglacial in the 1314:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1279:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 772: 609:), alongside still-living species like 440:, whereas the current boundary is near 3885:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail 3849:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area 3274:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2717: 2715: 2259:Muscheler, R.; Barker, J.; Sharp, M.; 1972:Dutton, A; Lambeck, K (13 July 2012). 1894:Landais, Amaelle (16 September 2003). 2667: 2665: 2630:Schreve, Danielle C. (January 2009). 217:Van Voorthuysen (1958) described the 206:that are considered to date from the 7: 2672:van Kolfschoten, Th. (August 2000). 2541:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 1391:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 681:global wave of megafauna extinctions 561:) notably extending as far north as 405:Trees grew as far north as southern 3891:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve 3117:Developments in Quaternary Sciences 198:faunal province) and even into the 3308:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 3125:10.1016/b978-0-444-53597-9.00009-1 2678:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 2599:Rising Seas: Past, Present, Future 1959:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1998.tb00513.x 1670:Holmlund, P.; Fastook, J. (1995). 25: 4325:The cold and warm periods of the 4215:The cold and warm periods of the 3879:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area 2503:Journal of African Earth Sciences 4409: 4169: 4168: 3824:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine 2799:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00109.x 2524:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.11.011 908:Kaufman, Mark (27 August 2018). 3357:Album der Natuur, 1886: 95–100. 2728:Global Ecology and Biogeography 1901:Journal of Geophysical Research 1500:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.07.008 1216:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.01.028 1010:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106222 3887:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington 1798:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FED3-9 1226:11858/00-001M-0000-0027-AE16-0 1: 4131:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal 3462:Van Voorthuysen, J.H., 1958. 2781:Pushkina, Diana (July 2007). 2459:10.1126/science.362.6421.1339 881:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00181-9 591:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 3552:Glacial history of Minnesota 3355:Het Eemdal en het Eemstelsel 2897:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060079 2656:10.1016/j.pgeola.2009.03.003 2576:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00014-A 2180:Geophysical Research Letters 1768:Geophysical Research Letters 1698:10.1016/1040-6182(94)00060-I 1374:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.025 158:' for the Last Interglacial. 49:over the last 400,000 years. 3915:Kettle Moraine State Forest 3818:Lion's Head Provincial Park 2237:10.1126/science.281.5373.82 850:Global and Planetary Change 166:in the area of the city of 137:) for nature conservation. 131:mitochondrial haplogroup L0 4457: 4061:Penultimate Glacial Period 3788:Big Rock (glacial erratic) 1850:10.1038/s41561-021-00851-9 1566:10.1038/s41467-023-40880-z 1479:Quaternary Science Reviews 1432:10.1038/s41467-018-05314-1 1248:Nathaelle Bouttes (2011). 1194:Quaternary Science Reviews 1149:10.1038/s41586-020-03155-x 1090:, Springer (2006), p. 233. 990:Quaternary Science Reviews 583:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus 470:in a fossil coral reef on 299:Greenland ice core project 115:anatomically modern humans 109:The period falls into the 67:Penultimate Glacial Period 4407: 4334: 4224: 4164: 4126:Late Glacial Interstadial 3905:, Minnesota and Wisconsin 3782:Arrowhead Provincial Park 3557:List of prehistoric lakes 3329:10.1017/S0016774600021673 3286:10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101269 2698:10.1017/s0016774600021752 1058:10.1038/s41561-018-0195-4 954:10.1038/s41561-019-0498-0 547:straight-tusked elephants 397:general circulation model 123:Skhul and Qafzeh hominins 4081:Holocene glacial retreat 3873:Glacial Lakes State Park 3812:Foothills Erratics Train 2596:Gornitz, Vivien (2013). 2559:Quaternary International 1677:Quaternary International 1357:Quaternary International 571:straight-tusked elephant 493:sea surface temperatures 4121:Bølling–Allerød warming 3861:Devil's Lake State Park 3830:Ovayok Territorial Park 3519:Continental glaciations 3387:10.1126/science.1115159 3172:10.1126/science.aaz7943 2965:10.1073/pnas.1620754114 2406:10.1126/science.1120808 2289:10.1126/science.1141758 2172:Otto-Bliesner, Bette L. 2000:10.1126/science.1205749 579:narrow-nosed rhinoceros 75:Marine Isotope Stage 5e 3963:Yosemite National Park 3867:Glacial Lake Wisconsin 3806:Eskers Provincial Park 3794:Cypress Hills (Canada) 3592:Timeline of glaciation 3237:10.1126/sciadv.add8186 3072:10.1126/sciadv.abj5567 3024:10.5194/fr-19-131-2016 2839:10.1126/sciadv.adi9135 762:Timeline of glaciation 752:Marine Isotope Stage 5 575:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 559:Hippopotamus amphibius 550: 479: 454: 436:lay further west near 373:North Atlantic Current 266: 159: 117:, who were present in 50: 35: 4106:Quaternary glaciation 4041:Quaternary glaciation 3939:Mill Bluff State Park 3903:Interstate State Park 3717:Giant current ripples 3532:Cordilleran ice sheet 3469:Zagwijn, W.H., 1961. 2139:10.5194/cp-9-621-2013 1544:Nature Communications 1410:Nature Communications 692:Mammuthus primigenius 599:Megaloceros giganteus 532: 465: 453: 426:Saint Lawrence Island 359:grew as far north as 335:71.17250°N 25.79444°E 252: 148: 41: 33: 4329:in the Alpine region 4116:Wisconsin glaciation 4071:Last Glacial Maximum 3587:Post-glacial rebound 3542:Last Glacial Maximum 3537:Laurentide ice sheet 2372:Otto-Bliesner, B. L. 2201:10.1029/2011GL048280 1923:10.1029/2002JD003147 1789:10.1029/2005GL022456 1321:(C12): 26547–26557. 1286:(C12): 26397–26410. 233:was selected in the 73:. It corresponds to 57:, also known as the 4101:Pre-Illinoian Stage 4066:Last Glacial Period 3855:Coteau des Prairies 3766:Greenland ice sheet 3431:2005Geo....33..449M 3379:2006Sci...311.1747O 3373:(5768): 1747–1750. 3353:Harting, P., 1886. 3346:Harting, P., 1875. 3320:2000NJGeo..79..135B 3229:2023SciA....9D8186G 3064:2021SciA....7.5567R 2956:2017PNAS..114.3457F 2740:2024GloEB..33...34D 2690:2000NJGeo..79..269V 2648:2009PrGA..120...58S 2568:1995QuInt..29..119V 2516:2016JAfES.114..133H 2451:2018Sci...362.1339V 2388:2006Sci...311.1751O 2334:2000Natur.404..591C 2281:2007Sci...317..111W 2229:1998Sci...281...82S 2192:2011GeoRL..3814605M 2130:2013CliPa...9..621S 2117:Climate of the Past 2074:10.1038/nature08686 2066:2009Natur.462..863K 1992:2012Sci...337..216D 1914:2003JGRD..108.4563L 1860:20.500.11850/519155 1841:2021NatGe..14..937W 1781:2005GeoRL..3211703K 1690:1995QuInt..27...53H 1634:10.1038/nature03905 1626:2005Natur.436..833S 1557:2023NatCo..14.5180L 1492:2019QSRv..219..126W 1423:2018NatCo...9.2851S 1366:2021QuInt.605...38H 1207:2016QSRv..137...15B 1141:2021Natur.589..548B 1050:2018NatGe..11..627B 1002:2020QSRv..23306222T 946:2020NatGe..13...77S 863:2003GPC....36..151S 811:10.1038/nature11789 803:2013Natur.493..489N 631:Capreolus capreolus 519:West Siberian Plain 331: / 281:Milankovitch cycles 270:Global temperatures 151:Bittium reticulatum 83:last glacial period 71:Last Glacial Period 63:interglacial period 4146:4.2 kiloyear event 4141:8.2 kiloyear event 4076:Mousterian Pluvial 3808:, British Columbia 3445:Spaink, G., 1958. 2562:. 29–30: 119–128. 1360:. 605–606: 38–54. 1260:on 13 August 2018. 1032:(September 2018). 694:) contracted. The 587:Merck's rhinoceros 551: 543:Merck's rhinoceros 480: 466:Last Interglacial 455: 414:Arctic Archipelago 340:71.17250; 25.79444 306:North Cape, Norway 267: 160: 111:Middle Paleolithic 51: 36: 4418: 4417: 4401:Last Interglacial 4292: 4291: 4284:Last Interglacial 4182: 4181: 4151:Piora Oscillation 4111:Sangamonian Stage 3972: 3971: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3409:Lorié, J., 1887. 3348:Le système Éemien 3134:978-0-444-53597-9 2950:(13): 3457–3462. 2749:10.1111/geb.13778 2609:978-0-231-14739-2 2261:Penkman, K. E. H. 1828:Nature Geoscience 1739:10.1111/bor.12649 1328:10.1029/97JC00164 1293:10.1029/97JC00167 1135:(7843): 548–553. 1038:Nature Geoscience 934:Nature Geoscience 797:(7433): 489–494. 730:Paleoanthropology 312:) well above the 293:remained stable. 55:Last Interglacial 16:(Redirected from 4448: 4436:Paleoclimatology 4413: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4296: 4219:in North Germany 4209: 4202: 4195: 4186: 4172: 4171: 3772: 3697: 3681:Terminal moraine 3605: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3490: 3442: 3439:10.1130/G21321.1 3406: 3333: 3331: 3314:(2/3): 135–145. 3290: 3289: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3248: 3217:Science Advances 3208: 3202: 3201: 3183: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3091: 3058:(51): eabj5567. 3052:Science Advances 3043: 3037: 3036: 3026: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2967: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2917: 2899: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2858: 2833:(45): eadi9135. 2827:Science Advances 2817: 2811: 2810: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2761: 2751: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2684:(2–3): 269–281. 2669: 2660: 2659: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2399: 2382:(5768): 1751–3. 2368: 2362: 2361: 2342:10.1038/35007053 2317: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2141: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2059: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1925: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1862: 1852: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1586: 1568: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1452: 1434: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1330: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1256:. Archived from 1245: 1239: 1238: 1228: 1218: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1091: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1028: 1022: 1021: 980: 974: 973: 924: 918: 917: 905: 899: 898: 896: 895: 889: 883:. Archived from 874: 846: 837: 831: 830: 786: 777: 757:Paleoclimatology 723:Panthera spelaea 644:Panthera spelaea 521:were inundated. 346: 345: 343: 342: 341: 336: 332: 329: 328: 327: 324: 125:) as well as in 21: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4405: 4330: 4323: 4293: 4288: 4220: 4213: 4183: 4178: 4160: 4046:Illinoian Stage 4029: 4020:Lambert Glacier 4003: 3989:Killary Harbour 3968: 3921:Lake Bonneville 3841: 3835: 3770: 3746: 3695: 3644: 3640:U-shaped valley 3630:Roche moutonnée 3596: 3562:Proglacial lake 3547:Canadian Shield 3520: 3517: 3480: 3416: 3360: 3301: 3298: 3296:Further reading 3293: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3223:(5): eadd8186. 3210: 3209: 3205: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2397:10.1.1.728.3807 2370: 2369: 2365: 2328:(6778): 591–4. 2319: 2318: 2314: 2275:(5834): 111–4. 2257: 2256: 2252: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2050:(7275): 863–7. 2035: 2034: 2030: 2020: 2018: 1986:(6091): 216–9. 1971: 1970: 1966: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1835:(12): 937–941. 1819: 1818: 1814: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1620:(7052): 833–6. 1605: 1604: 1600: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1085: 1081: 1030: 1029: 1025: 982: 981: 977: 926: 925: 921: 907: 906: 902: 893: 891: 887: 872:10.1.1.470.1677 844: 839: 838: 834: 784: 779: 778: 774: 770: 748: 732: 705:Bison latifrons 607:Bos primigenius 563:North Yorkshire 527: 511:Gulf of Finland 468:erosion surface 460: 339: 337: 333: 330: 325: 322: 320: 318: 317: 291: 272: 247: 188:Strait of Dover 143: 127:Southern Africa 88: 46: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4454: 4452: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4391:Haslach/Mindel 4388: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4156:Little Ice Age 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4025:Ross Ice Shelf 4022: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3984:Hardangerfjord 3980: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3909:Kelleys Island 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3857:, South Dakota 3852: 3845: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3796:, Saskatchewan 3791: 3785: 3778: 3776: 3769: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3620:Glacial striae 3617: 3611: 3609: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3478:External links 3476: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3450: 3443: 3425:(6): 449–452. 3414: 3407: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3334: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3260: 3203: 3145: 3133: 3103: 3038: 3017:(2): 131–141. 2997: 2929: 2870: 2812: 2793:(3): 224–245. 2773: 2711: 2661: 2622: 2608: 2588: 2544: 2488: 2445:(6421): 1339. 2427: 2363: 2312: 2250: 2223:(5373): 82–5. 2207: 2162: 2124:(2): 621–639. 2102: 2028: 1964: 1953:(3): 241–250. 1937: 1886: 1874: 1812: 1775:(11): L11703. 1753: 1732:(2): 243–261. 1710: 1662: 1598: 1528: 1464: 1394: 1342: 1299: 1263: 1240: 1178: 1115: 1106: 1092: 1079: 1044:(9): 627–634. 1023: 975: 919: 900: 857:(3): 151–155. 832: 771: 769: 766: 765: 764: 759: 754: 747: 744: 731: 728: 718:Panthera atrox 688:woolly mammoth 615:Cervus elaphus 526: 523: 489:sea level rise 459: 456: 438:Lubbock, Texas 389:glacial period 351:trees such as 308:(which is now 289: 277:Before Present 271: 268: 246: 243: 231:parastratotype 176:Pieter Harting 142: 139: 86: 47:concentrations 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4453: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4431:Interglacials 4429: 4428: 4426: 4412: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4285: 4282: 4280: 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