93:
549:
401:
68:
49:
408:
The
Atlantic goliath grouper can grow to lengths of 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) and weigh up to 363 kilograms (800 pounds). The species ranges in coloration from brownish yellow to grey to greenish and has small black dots on the head, body and fins. Individuals less than 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length have
539:
In
October 2021, Florida Fish and Wildlife proposed to allow the fishing of 200 juvenile goliath grouper per year including up to 50 from Everglades National Park. Recreational fishing of the species would be permitted in all state waters except those of Palm Beach County south through the Atlantic
375:
The
Atlantic goliath grouper was historically referred to as the "jewfish". The name's origin is unclear. A 1996 review of the term's history from its first recorded usage in 1697 concluded that the species' physical characteristics were frequently connected to "mainstay caricatures of anti-Semitic
515:
and the exploitation of spawning aggregations. The species has a brief annual larval settlement period, making the species' abundance extremely vulnerable to outside factors such as poor weather conditions. High mercury concentrations in older males may lead to liver damage and/or death and reduce
485:
for the
Atlantic goliath grouper and provide specific suitable water conditions to nurture healthy, sustained goliath grouper populations. Juvenile goliath groupers may remain in mangrove nursery habitats for 5 to 6 years before leaving towards deeper offshore reef habitats at around 1 meter in
499:, but this has yet to be confirmed. Males become sexually mature at around 115 centimeters (45 in) in length, and at ages 4–6. Females mature at around 125 centimeters (49 in), and at ages 6–8. The species has relatively small
540:
coast of the Keys. The proposal was approved in March 2022, with the
Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission planning to issue 200 permits per year through a lottery system, which comes into effect in the spring of 2023.
494:
The
Atlantic goliath grouper has a longevity of 37 years and reaches first maturity after 6 years, which leads to an estimated generation length of 21.5 years. The species has been hypothesized to be protogynous
409:
3 to 4 faint vertical bars present on their sides. The species has an elongate body with a broad, flat head and small eyes. The lower jaw has 3 to 5 rows of teeth with no front
384:", which means "bottom fish", or mispronunciation of the name "jawfish". In 1927, the New York Aquarium changed the fish's name to Junefish after protests. In 2001, the
3135:
532:
in 2021. A 2016 stock assessment model indicates that there has been an absolute population reduction of around 33% from 1950 to 2014. There has been a complete
3187:
3315:
3280:
3109:
3300:
3148:
665:
904:
Bueno, L. S.; Bertoncini, A. A.; Koenig, C. C.; Coleman, F. C.; Freitas, M. O.; Leite, J. R.; De Souza, T. F.; Hostim-Silva, M. (6 June 2016).
3213:
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1313:
3252:
3310:
1199:
3153:
579:. His works consisting of animals are created to highlight the destruction of species by waste caused by humans. One of his
813:
3070:
2670:
92:
1278:
3192:
789:"Recommended change in the common name for a marine fish: Goliath grouper to replace jewfish (Epinephelus itajara)"
385:
2897:
2634:
1710:
1597:
1379:
957:"Range Extensions for Four Sea Basses (Pisces: Serranidae) from the Eastern Gulf of Mexico with a Color Note on
2890:
2562:
2538:
2514:
1554:
3052:
690:
536:
on the fishing of this species in continental U.S. waters since 1990 and in U.S. Caribbean waters since 1993.
421:
are continuous with the rays of the soft dorsal fin being longer than the spines of the first dorsal fin. The
263:
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1360:
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2115:
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1899:
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1606:
267:
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1737:
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2124:
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197:
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1989:
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2268:
2241:
2214:
1944:
1854:
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1464:
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for the species provide a major threat to juvenile survival. The species was previously classified as
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aggregations of less than 150 individuals with no evidence of spawning outside of these aggregations.
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3257:
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2622:
2598:
2430:
2322:
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1953:
1782:
1764:
1579:
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1166:
921:
646:
252:
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2250:
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2804:
2658:
2579:
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2367:
2349:
2133:
2088:
2016:
1518:
867:
Artero, C; Koenig, CC; Richard, P; Berzins, R; Guillou, G; Bouchon, C; Lampert, L (15 April 2015).
720:
214:
57:
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2187:
1615:
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2567:
2385:
2205:
1908:
1791:
1527:
1437:
1400:
1392:
1051:
529:
355:. In the East Pacific it ranges from Mexico to Peru. In the East Atlantic, the species ranges in
223:
87:
72:
3244:
1536:
1419:
3140:
2196:
1135:"Mercury concentrations in the goliath grouper of Belize: an anthropogenic stressor of concern"
367:. The species has been observed at depths ranging from 1 to 100 meters (3.3 to 328.1 ft).
3226:
3083:
2942:
2786:
2777:
2550:
2025:
1998:
1971:
1962:
937:
548:
1250:
3166:
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2555:
1746:
1692:
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744:
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2007:
1980:
1800:
1659:
1509:
1500:
1291:
1030:
Koenig, Christopher C.; Coleman, Felicia C.; Malinowski, Christopher R. (4 October 2019).
521:
500:
482:
473:
habitats, but are much more abundant in rocky reef environments. Juveniles mainly inhabit
462:
380:
food had little support. Alternate explanations include derivation from the
Italian word "
289:
31:
1167:"FWC approves a draft proposal for limited, highly regulated fishing of goliath grouper"
925:
2952:
2603:
2448:
2340:
2142:
2061:
1935:
1863:
1668:
1491:
1473:
1446:
623:
400:
340:
134:
3274:
3161:
2795:
2768:
2696:
2627:
2591:
2472:
2394:
2277:
1917:
1881:
1836:
1827:
1410:
1055:
788:
661:
632:
588:
496:
422:
348:
344:
77:
1191:
511:
Atlantic goliath groupers are highly susceptible to rapid population decline due to
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2852:
2714:
2687:
2519:
1650:
1630:
1221:
466:
410:
332:
759:
Gould, R.G.; Atz, J.W. (1996). "The trouble with "jewfish" or what's in a name".
3174:
3122:
3019:
2504:
2151:
1683:
1588:
512:
478:
356:
278:
174:
144:
3010:
906:"Evidence for spawning aggregations of the endangered Atlantic goliath grouper
2819:
1482:
1372:
1192:"FWC approves limited recreational harvest of goliath grouper in state waters"
564:
470:
442:
430:
426:
418:
154:
1285:
1336:
458:
434:
104:
1069:
996:
995:
Koenig, Christopher C; Coleman, Felicia C; Kingon, Kelly (1 October 2011).
941:
3205:
3062:
1133:
Evers, DC; Graham, RT; Perkins, CR; Michener, R; Divoll, T (1 July 2009).
1016:
977:
956:
622:
Bertoncini, A.A.; Aguilar-Perera, A.; Barreiros, J.; et al. (2019) .
335:. The species can be found in the West Atlantic ranging from northeastern
3096:
3004:
2916:
2160:
674:
517:
474:
389:
124:
1118:
3114:
2488:
1455:
1323:
1031:
905:
592:
572:
556:
414:
360:
336:
328:
164:
17:
3127:
1047:
933:
787:
Espinosa, H.; Findley, L. T.; Lea, R. N.; Williams, J. D. (May 2001).
3101:
3047:
1151:
1134:
1108:
1087:
1086:
Cheung, WWL; Sadovy, Y; Braynen, MT; Gittens, LG (22 February 2013).
889:
868:
377:
352:
114:
2981:
376:
beliefs", whereas the interpretation that the fish was regarded as
48:
2934:
1076:. U.S. Fishery Bulletin 90 (2):243-249. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
547:
856:. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 146, and FAO Fisheries Synopsis 157.
477:
environments, but can also be found in holes and under ledges of
3218:
454:
438:
388:
changed the name to "goliath grouper" after complaints that the
2985:
1295:
1032:"Atlantic Goliath Grouper of Florida: To Fish or Not to Fish"
869:"Ontogenetic dietary and habitat shifts in goliath grouper
955:
Bullock, Lewis H.; Godcharles, Mark F. (1 July 1982).
481:
that drain mangroves. Mangroves serve as an essential
2994:
2950:
2932:
2914:
2850:
2817:
2685:
2502:
2486:
2470:
1681:
1648:
1628:
1408:
1390:
1370:
1334:
1171:
846:Synopsis of biological data on the Nassau grouper,
1196:Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission
1092:fisheries sustainable? Status quo in the Bahamas"
30:"Itajara" redirects here. For the racehorse, see
647:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T195409A145206345.en
1307:
1279:Florida Museum of Natural History description
8:
997:"Pattern of Recovery of the Goliath Grouper
2982:
1314:
1300:
1292:
66:
47:
38:
1150:
1117:
1107:
1070:Age, Growth, and Reproduction of Jewfish
976:
888:
745:Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822)
645:
591:and installed in 2019 on the seafront in
453:Adult individuals are typically found in
331:family and one of the largest species of
425:are rounded and notably larger than the
399:
1088:"Are the last remaining Nassau grouper
777:The Jewish Tribune, Aug. 5, 1927, p. 31
603:
528:in 2011 and is currently classified as
433:is also rounded. The species typically
990:
988:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
1202:from the original on 26 February 2023
839:
837:
835:
7:
808:
806:
804:
802:
715:
713:
711:
633:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
469:. The species can also be found in
3316:Taxa named by Hinrich Lichtenstein
1001:Population in the Southeastern US"
668:Epinephelus itajara month+december
516:egg viability. The degradation of
25:
2496:Masked Grouper (G. albomarginata)
689:Tribune, Chicago (23 July 2001).
3281:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
91:
850:(Bloch, 1792) and the Jewfish,
844:Sadovy Y., Eklund A.M. (1999).
3301:Fish of the Dominican Republic
721:"How the Jewfish Got Its Name"
664:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019).
520:, which serve as an important
1:
1074:in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico
795:. American Fisheries Society.
327:, is a saltwater fish of the
392:was culturally insensitive.
2671:Hyporthodus septemfasciatus
1139:Endangered Species Research
1096:Endangered Species Research
877:Endangered Species Research
3332:
3291:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
2480:Spanish flag (G. hispanus)
1702:Atlantic goliath grouper (
1005:Bulletin of Marine Science
386:American Fisheries Society
300:Roux & Collignon, 1954
29:
2898:Plectropomus pessuliferus
2891:Plectropomus oligacanthus
2635:Hyporthodus octofasciatus
2563:Hyporthodus flavolimbatus
2539:Hyporthodus ergastularius
2116:Pacific Goliath grouper (
1756:Blue and yellow grouper (
1607:Blue Spotted Sea Bass | (
1281:including alternate names
725:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
563:Portuguese street artist
229:
222:
203:
196:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
46:
42:Atlantic goliath grouper
41:
2515:Hyporthodus acanthistius
2440:White-streaked grouper (
2404:White-blotched grouper (
2107:Orange-spotted grouper (
2080:Oblique-banded grouper (
1286:Atlantic goliath grouper
404:Atlantic goliath grouper
311:Atlantic goliath grouper
2527:Hyporthodus darwinensis
2458:Yellowspotted grouper (
2260:Speckled blue grouper (
1774:Brown-marbled grouper (
1574:Cephalopholis polyspila
1361:Alphestes multiguttatus
1225:(video (1 min.) + text)
1068:Bullock et al. (1992).
914:Journal of Fish Biology
640:: e.T195409A145206345.
339:, south throughout the
3311:Fish described in 1822
2905:Plectropomus punctatus
2884:Plectropomus maculatus
2877:Plectropomus leopardus
2863:Plectropomus areolatus
2587:Hyporthodus mystacinus
2431:Whitespotted grouper (
2413:White-dotted grouper (
2044:Multispotted grouper (
1783:Brownspotted grouper (
1729:Black-dotted grouper (
1720:Barred-chest grouper (
1429:Blue-Spotted Grouper (
965:Northeast Gulf Science
761:Tropical Fish Hobbyist
691:"Renaming the jewfish"
560:
405:
3240:Paleobiology Database
2963:Variola albimarginata
2829:Pacific creole-fish (
2805:Yellowmouth grouper (
2647:Hyporthodus perplexus
2611:Hyporthodus niphobles
2575:Hyporthodus haifensis
2422:White-edged grouper (
2332:Striped-fin grouper (
2314:Starspotted grouper (
2233:Smallscaled grouper (
1738:Blacksaddle grouper (
1354:Alphestes immaculatus
1288:on Sealife Collection
1017:10.5343/bms.2010.1056
978:10.18785/negs.0502.06
814:"Epinephelus itajara"
551:
526:critically endangered
403:
323:), also known as the
2706:Venezuelan grouper (
2623:Hyporthodus niveatus
2616:Star-studded grouper
2599:Hyporthodus nigritus
2433:E. coeruleopunctatus
2386:Wavy-lined grouper (
2287:Spinycheek grouper (
2206:Saddletail grouper (
2190:E. fasciatomaculosus
2179:Reticulate grouper (
2170:Red-tipped grouper (
2125:Palemargin grouper (
2098:One-blotch grouper (
1927:Goldblotch grouper (
1909:Foursaddle grouper (
1810:Clipperton grouper (
1792:Camouflage grouper (
1598:Strawberry grouper (
1528:Vermillion seabass (
1090:Epinephelus striatus
854:(Lichtenstein, 1822)
848:Epinephelus striatus
236:(Lichtenstein, 1822)
3053:epinephelus-itajara
3040:Epinephelus_itajara
3026:Epinephelus itajara
2996:Epinephelus itajara
2870:Plectropomus laevis
2787:Yellowfin grouper (
2778:Broomtail grouper (
2659:Hyporthodus quernus
2359:Threespot grouper (
2118:E. quinquefasciatus
2035:Moustache grouper (
2026:Marquesan grouper (
2019:E. undulatostriatus
1999:Longtooth grouper (
1990:Longspine grouper (
1972:Hong Kong grouper (
1963:Honeycomb grouper (
1891:Duskytail grouper (
1072:Epinephelus itajara
999:Epinephelus itajara
926:2016JFBio..89..876B
910:in southern Brazil"
908:Epinephelus itajara
873:from French Guiana"
871:Epinephelus itajara
626:Epinephelus itajara
320:Epinephelus itajara
207:Epinephelus itajara
58:Conservation status
2568:Yellowedge grouper
2377:Twinspot grouper (
2269:Speckled grouper (
2242:Snubnose grouper (
2215:Seamount grouper (
1945:Halfmoon grouper (
1855:Dot-dash grouper (
1846:Dogtooth grouper (
1812:E. clippertonensis
1747:Blacktip grouper (
1693:Areolate grouper (
1638:Humpback grouper (
1465:Bluespotted hind (
1401:Aethaloperca rogaa
793:Fisheries Magazine
695:chicagotribune.com
561:
544:In popular culture
479:swift tidal creeks
406:
249:Serranus mentzelii
244:Lichtenstein, 1822
233:Promicrops itajara
3268:
3267:
3227:Open Tree of Life
2988:Taxon identifiers
2979:
2978:
2943:Triso dermopterus
2925:Saloptia powelli
2807:M. interstitialis
2760:Mottled grouper (
2751:Leopard grouper (
2742:Sawtail grouper (
2733:Sailfin grouper (
2551:Hyporthodus exsul
2424:E. albomarginatus
2370:E. chlorocephalus
2323:Striped grouper (
2296:Spotted grouper (
2053:Mystery grouper (
2008:Malabar grouper (
1981:Longfin grouper (
1954:Highfin grouper (
1900:Epaulet grouper (
1801:Catface grouper (
1765:Bridled grouper (
1758:E. flavocaeruleus
1660:marbled grouper (
1580:Six-blotch hind (
1555:Pacific Graysby (
1546:Vermilion hind (
1510:Leopard grouper (
1501:Neptune grouper (
1492:Yellowfin hind (
1382:A. leucogrammicus
1380:slender grouper (
1329:
1048:10.1002/fsh.10349
959:Hemanthias leptus
934:10.1111/jfb.13028
581:public sculptures
413:. The scales are
307:
306:
301:
297:Promicrops ditobo
293:
286:Promicrops esonue
282:
271:
256:
245:
237:
81:
16:(Redirected from
3323:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3013:
2983:
2664:Hawaiian grouper
2652:Puzzling grouper
2640:Eightbar grouper
2556:Tenspine grouper
2544:Sevenbar grouper
2449:Yellow grouper (
2341:Summan grouper (
2325:E. latifasciatus
2305:Starry grouper (
2251:Somali grouper (
2224:Sixbar grouper (
2143:Potato grouper (
2071:Netfin grouper (
2062:Nassau grouper (
2055:E. lebretonianus
1936:Greasy grouper (
1873:Dungat grouper (
1864:Dotted grouper (
1819:Cloudy grouper (
1794:E. polyphekadion
1776:E. fuscoguttatus
1713:E. amblycephalus
1711:Banded grouper (
1669:smooth grouper (
1503:C. igarashiensis
1474:Bluelined hind (
1447:Chocolate hind (
1327:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1251:"'Plastic Mero'"
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1198:. 3 March 2022.
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:10.3354/esr00158
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1111:
1109:10.3354/esr00472
1083:
1077:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1027:
1021:
1020:
992:
983:
982:
980:
952:
946:
945:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:10.3354/esr00661
864:
858:
857:
841:
830:
829:
827:
825:
810:
797:
796:
784:
778:
775:
769:
768:
756:
750:
742:
736:
735:
733:
731:
717:
706:
705:
703:
701:
686:
680:
679:
658:
652:
651:
649:
619:
577:over-consumption
463:artificial reefs
299:
288:
277:
262:
251:
243:
241:Serranus itajara
235:
209:
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
51:
39:
21:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3201:Observation.org
3199:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2990:
2980:
2975:
2946:
2928:
2910:
2846:
2813:
2796:Scamp grouper (
2769:Tiger grouper (
2697:Black grouper (
2681:
2676:Convict grouper
2498:
2482:
2466:
2406:E. multinotatus
2395:White grouper (
2368:Tonga grouper (
2361:E. trimaculatus
2350:Surge grouper (
2280:E. drummondhayi
2278:Speckled hind (
2271:E. magniscuttis
2253:E. indistinctus
2226:E. sexfasciatus
2217:E. suborbitalis
2199:E. adscensionis
2181:E. tuamotuensis
2134:Plump grouper (
2100:E. melanostigma
2089:Olive grouper (
2017:Maori grouper (
1918:Giant grouper (
1882:Dusky grouper (
1857:E. poecilonotus
1837:Coral grouper (
1828:Comet grouper (
1785:E. chlorostigma
1677:
1644:
1624:
1616:Darkfin hind (
1519:Freckled hind (
1404:
1386:
1366:
1330:
1320:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1067:
1063:
1029:
1028:
1024:
994:
993:
986:
954:
953:
949:
903:
902:
898:
866:
865:
861:
843:
842:
833:
823:
821:
812:
811:
800:
786:
785:
781:
776:
772:
758:
757:
753:
743:
739:
729:
727:
719:
718:
709:
699:
697:
688:
687:
683:
660:
659:
655:
621:
620:
605:
601:
587:, created from
546:
522:nursery habitat
509:
492:
483:nursery habitat
451:
437:on slow moving
398:
373:
260:Serranus galeus
218:
211:
205:
192:
189:E. itajara
90:
82:
71:
67:
60:
35:
32:Itajara (horse)
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3249:
3236:
3223:
3210:
3197:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3057:
3044:
3031:
3016:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2715:Gulf grouper (
2712:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2604:Warsaw grouper
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2532:Darwin grouper
2523:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2316:E. hexagonatus
2311:
2307:E. labriformis
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2244:E. macrospilos
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2188:Rock grouper (
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2010:E. malabaricus
2005:
1996:
1992:E. longispinis
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1920:E. lanceolatus
1915:
1911:E. spilotoceps
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1839:E. corallicola
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1600:C. spiloparaea
1595:
1586:
1582:C. sexmaculata
1577:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1548:C. oligosticta
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1494:C. hemistiktos
1489:
1480:
1471:
1467:C. cyanostigma
1462:
1453:
1444:
1438:Golden hind (
1435:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1347:Alphestes afer
1342:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1273:External links
1271:
1269:
1268:
1242:
1231:. 5 April 2022
1229:Street Art Bio
1213:
1183:
1158:
1125:
1078:
1061:
1022:
1011:(4): 891–911.
984:
947:
920:(1): 876–889.
896:
883:(2): 155–168.
859:
831:
818:Florida Museum
798:
779:
770:
767:(12): 172–182.
751:
737:
707:
681:
662:Froese, Rainer
653:
602:
600:
597:
545:
542:
508:
505:
497:hermaphrodites
491:
488:
450:
447:
397:
394:
372:
369:
341:Gulf of Mexico
305:
304:
303:
302:
294:
283:
275:Serranus guasa
272:
257:
246:
238:
227:
226:
220:
219:
212:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
135:Actinopterygii
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
84:
83:
65:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3328:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2970:Variola louti
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2838:Creole-fish (
2836:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2726:M. microlepis
2724:Gag grouper (
2722:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:Snowy grouper
2625:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:Misty grouper
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:Haifa grouper
2577:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2473:Gonioplectrus
2469:
2463:
2461:
2460:E. timorensis
2456:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2415:E. polystigma
2411:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2289:E. diacanthus
2285:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2262:E. cyanopodus
2258:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2152:Red grouper (
2150:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2091:E. cifuentesi
2087:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2046:E. gabriellae
2042:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1902:E. stoliczkae
1898:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1884:E. marginatus
1880:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1866:E. epistictus
1862:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1821:E. erythrurus
1817:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1671:D. striolata
1667:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1589:Tomato hind (
1587:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1557:C. panamensis
1553:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1521:C. microprion
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:Cephalopholis
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1324:Epinephelinae
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1257:. 5 July 2022
1256:
1255:Atlas Obscura
1252:
1246:
1243:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
991:
989:
985:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
960:
951:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:
900:
897:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
872:
863:
860:
855:
851:
847:
840:
838:
836:
832:
820:. 11 May 2017
819:
815:
809:
807:
805:
803:
799:
794:
790:
783:
780:
774:
771:
766:
762:
755:
752:
749:
746:
741:
738:
726:
722:
716:
714:
712:
708:
696:
692:
685:
682:
677:
676:
671:
669:
663:
657:
654:
648:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
627:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
604:
598:
596:
594:
590:
589:marine debris
586:
582:
578:
575:to highlight
574:
570:
569:installations
566:
558:
554:
550:
543:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
489:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:oil platforms
464:
460:
456:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:pectoral fins
420:
416:
412:
402:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:South America
346:
345:Caribbean Sea
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
298:
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
242:
239:
234:
231:
230:
228:
225:
221:
216:
210:
208:
202:
199:
198:Binomial name
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:Epinephelinae
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
94:
89:
85:
79:
74:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3296:Fish of Cuba
2995:
2968:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2933:
2923:
2915:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2853:Plectropomus
2851:
2840:P. furcifer
2839:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2688:Mycteroperca
2686:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2520:Rooster hind
2513:
2503:
2487:
2471:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2388:E. undulosus
2387:
2379:E. bilobatus
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2235:E. polylepis
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2127:E. bontoides
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2028:E. irroratus
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1956:E. maculatus
1955:
1947:E. rivulatus
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1875:E. goreensis
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1803:E. andersoni
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1767:E. heniochus
1766:
1757:
1749:E. fasciatus
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1695:E. areolatus
1694:
1682:
1670:
1661:
1651:Dermatolepis
1649:
1640:C. altivelis
1639:
1631:Chromileptes
1629:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1591:C. sonnerati
1590:
1581:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1537:Niger hind (
1529:
1520:
1512:C. leopardus
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1458:C. cruentata
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1420:Rusty hind (
1409:
1399:
1393:Aethaloperca
1391:
1381:
1371:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1335:
1259:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1228:
1222:"Bordalo II"
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1119:10722/190416
1102:(1): 27–39.
1099:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1071:
1064:
1042:(1): 20–32.
1039:
1035:
1025:
1008:
1004:
998:
968:
964:
958:
950:
917:
913:
907:
899:
880:
876:
870:
862:
853:
849:
845:
822:. Retrieved
817:
792:
782:
773:
764:
760:
754:
747:
740:
728:. Retrieved
724:
698:. Retrieved
694:
684:
673:
667:
656:
637:
631:
625:
595:, Portugal.
585:Plastic Mero
584:
583:is the huge
562:
553:Plastic Mero
552:
538:
510:
507:Conservation
493:
490:Reproduction
452:
407:
381:
374:
347:, and along
324:
319:
318:
314:
310:
308:
296:
285:
274:
259:
253:Valenciennes
248:
240:
232:
215:Lichtenstein
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
36:
3286:Epinephelus
3175:NatureServe
3123:iNaturalist
3020:Wikispecies
2789:M. venenosa
2780:M. xenarcha
2744:M. prionura
2505:Hyporthodus
2352:E. socialis
2298:E. analogus
2208:E. daemelii
2197:Rock hind (
2163:E. guttatus
2109:E. coioides
2082:E. radiatus
2073:E. miliaris
2064:E. striatus
2037:E. chabaudi
1983:E. quoyanus
1893:E. bleekeri
1740:E. howlandi
1722:E. faveatus
1684:Epinephelus
1609:C. taeniops
1440:C. aurantia
1206:26 February
1145:: 249–256.
961:(Ginsburg)"
513:overfishing
455:rocky reefs
443:crustaceans
427:pelvic fins
419:dorsal fins
396:Description
357:West Africa
264:J.P. Müller
176:Epinephelus
161:Subfamily:
145:Perciformes
3275:Categories
2831:P. colonus
2820:Paranthias
2753:M. rosacea
2717:M. jordani
2343:E. summana
2334:E. posteli
2172:E. retouti
2161:Red hind (
2136:E. trophis
2001:E. bruneus
1938:E. tauvina
1848:E. caninus
1830:E. morrhua
1731:E. stictus
1704:E. itajara
1662:D. inermis
1618:C. urodeta
1566:C. polleni
1530:C. miniata
1476:C. formosa
1456:Graysby (
1373:Anyperodon
1328:(Groupers)
1284:Photos of
1176:6 December
852:E. itajara
599:References
565:Bordalo II
534:moratorium
530:vulnerable
471:coral reef
431:caudal fin
155:Serranidae
73:Vulnerable
3306:Game fish
2798:M. phenax
2771:M. tigris
2699:M. bonaci
2451:E. awoara
2397:E. aeneus
2145:E. tukula
1974:E. akaara
1929:E. costae
1449:C. boenak
1337:Alphestes
1056:202017187
1036:Fisheries
824:4 October
730:4 October
518:mangroves
371:Etymology
333:bony fish
290:Ehrenbaum
183:Species:
111:Kingdom:
105:Eukaryota
3180:2.102238
3141:10763484
3097:FishBase
3060:BioLib:
3011:Q1920243
3005:Wikidata
2917:Saloptia
2762:M. rubra
2735:M. olfax
2442:E. ongus
2154:E. morio
1965:E. merra
1539:C. nigri
1485:C. fulva
1431:C. argus
1422:C. aitha
1326:species
1200:Archived
942:27264779
748:FishBase
675:FishBase
571:made of
567:creates
501:spawning
486:length.
475:mangrove
390:nickname
382:giupesce
343:and the
268:Troschel
224:Synonyms
151:Family:
125:Chordata
121:Phylum:
115:Animalia
101:Domain:
78:IUCN 3.1
3115:2388456
2953:Variola
2708:M. cidi
2489:Gracila
1483:Coney (
1322:Extant
1261:30 July
1235:30 July
922:Bibcode
593:Funchal
557:Funchal
449:Habitat
415:ctenoid
411:canines
365:Cabinda
361:Senegal
337:Florida
329:grouper
325:jewfish
315:itajara
217:, 1822)
171:Genus:
141:Order:
131:Class:
76: (
18:Itajara
3258:159353
3245:250618
3219:159353
3206:187356
3193:160721
3167:195409
3154:167695
3128:100110
3076:100657
3063:168309
3048:ARKive
1054:
940:
559:(2019)
465:, and
459:wrecks
429:. The
417:. The
378:kosher
353:Brazil
292:, 1915
281:, 1860
270:, 1848
266:&
255:, 1828
3253:WoRMS
3232:64600
3136:IRMNG
3089:6FTP5
2935:Triso
1052:S2CID
971:(2).
700:7 May
573:trash
435:preys
359:from
3214:OBIS
3188:NCBI
3162:IUCN
3149:ITIS
3110:GBIF
3071:BOLD
1263:2023
1237:2023
1208:2023
1178:2021
938:PMID
826:2021
732:2021
702:2020
638:2018
441:and
439:fish
309:The
279:Poey
3084:CoL
3035:ADW
1147:doi
1114:hdl
1104:doi
1044:doi
1013:doi
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930:doi
885:doi
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363:to
351:to
313:or
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