1716:
1617:
446:
33:
1255:
1039:
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630:
705:
618:
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1243:
653:(562–645). Images of monks with malas began to appear in China in the 7th century CE and the mala seems to have been regarded as a common piece of monastic equipment by around this era. While there are relatively few pre-Song Dynasty depictions or references to the mala, this may be due to its use in private religious practice rather than public ceremony. Chinese authors criticized monks who recited mantras on their malas in public, as monks were generally expected to remain silent while on public alms rounds.
1527:
777:
1701:
868:
1235:
6576:
1593:. They are also often consecrated with a fragrant substance like sandalwood oil. Some lamas teach that before using a new mala, the practitioner should wash the mala (and his hands as well) and then scent it with oil. A practitioner can then consecrate the mala by holding it and practicing a tantric visualization and reciting a mantra. This is believed to empower the mala and multiply one's mantra recitations.
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1836:
3985:
1715:
3972:
1270:
3962:
697:
673:
660:-era, malas increasingly began to be valued for their aesthetic qualities as much or more than their spiritual use and were often worn by royals and high officials. Malas of expensive or rare materials became common as gifts given among the wealthy, and the materials allowed to different grades of wives and concubines was regulated by sumptuary laws. Depictions of
1822:
1058:
1736:
1047:
1663:, mala bracelets are worn by monks and laypeople as a symbol of the Buddha. Malas are often given to laypersons during refuge ceremonies and they are instructed to wear them at all times, as a representation of the Buddha which is present in one's life at all times (except when bathing or using the toilet).
1436:
To aid this, some
Buddhist malas can be made with additional functional beads over and above the 108 main beads. These beads take two main forms serving two different purposes: three marker beads inline with the 108 beads; two short cords of ten beads each hanging from the main loop which are used as
394:
Mala beads have traditionally been made of a variety of materials such as wood, stone, gems, seeds, bone and precious metals—with various religions often favouring certain materials—and strung with natural fibres such as cotton, silk, or animal hair. In the modern era, synthetic materials can also be
1772:
Tibetan
Buddhists generally teach the use of the left hand for counting mantras. Different methods of holding it and moving the beads are taught in Tibetan Buddhism, depending on the type of practice. For example, for peaceful deity practices, one moves the beads towards the body over the forefinger
1743:
In
Hinduism, the loop is draped over the index finger of the right hand and held in place by the right thumb of the first bead next to the guru bead. As each recitation is completed the loop is advanced by one bead. Some practitioners will hold their other three fingers next to their index finger so
1454:
In some more complex malas, three distinctive, often smaller, beads are placed so that, with the guru bead, they divide the regular beads into four sections of 27 beads each. They allow quick estimation of the fraction of a round completed. Their presence raises the number of beads (not counting the
508:
No mention of this text occurs in standard bibliographies before the 6th century, but an independent translation in the 8th century suggests an origin as a
Sanskrit text transmitted from Central Asia, rather than a Chinese composition. According to this text, a king asks the Buddha for "an essential
1596:
Malas purchased from temples and monasteries may have been blessed by the residents of that institution. Mala may also be blessed after purchase. Popular folk tales may describe malas as becoming imbued with the power of the many recitations it has been used for, or a mala given by a respected monk
1120:
During devotional services, the beads may be rubbed together with both hands to create a soft grinding noise, which is considered to have a purifying and reverential effect. A notable feature of Tendai school's prayer beads is the use of flat beads called "soroban beads" for the main beads (while
1784:
tradition and some
Buddhist traditions, practitioners who undertake more than one round at a time will, rather than moving their fingers across the guru bead, turn the mala around so that the same bead which was used at the end of the previous round becomes the first bead use for the next round.
1494:
After a single round of chanting, the user will slide up one bead on the cord with the dorje which represents 108 (or 111) recitations. After ten rounds all ten dorje beads have been moved up, one bead on the bell cord is raised representing 1080 (or 1110) recitations and the dorje beads are all
1486:
The short cords may either be permanently attached to the mala or they may be obtained separately; they do not need to match the main beads. These short cords may either be attached individually to the main loop or they may be joined at their common top. The cords end in small charms, usually a
1458:
Japanese malas may also contain a set of four inline marker beads which often differ in size, color, or material. These are called four points beads (shiten 四天) or “Four
Heavenly Kings” (四天王, shitennō). These are usually located after the seventh and the twenty-first beads on either side of the
1172:
Buddha): one ring contains single beads used to count a single recitation while the other ring is used to count full revolutions of the first ring. Additionally, other beads hang from the strings, which can count full revolutions of the second ring (flat beads), or full revolutions of the first
461:
Malas may appear in early Hindu art as part of the garb of deities or worshippers, but are difficult to distinguish from decorative necklaces or garlands. The earliest clear depiction of a mala being used as a tool for recitation, rather than as a (possible) decorative necklace, comes from a
1392:
Mala may have extra beads hanging from the guru/mother bead or middle bead. These may be decorative elements, especially when unable to move along the cord because knots hold them in place. They may or may not have religious symbolism (for example, three beads representing the
Buddhist
1558:
In addition to their practical use as an aide in recitation, malas have traditionally been ascribed to have additional spiritual qualities. Different materials may be ascribed the power to help with different practical or spiritual problems, and the mala itself may be ascribed
1759:
In
Buddhism, there are numerous ways of holding a mala and using it during recitation. This differs across traditions. It is commonly taught that the left hand is used to hold a mala. However, sometimes both hands are involved in the recitation and counting process. In
724:'s elastic, may be used and have the advantage that they can stretch to fit over the wearer's hand if worn on the wrist whereas other material may not wrap a sufficient number of times to prevent the mala from slipping off. Beads may also be joined by metal chains.
1428:
Buddhism can require that a practitioner complete a particular number of repetitions of an activity as a foundational practice or to become eligible for initiation into an esoteric teaching, for example, one may need to complete 100,000 recitations of
1116:
generally use longer prayer beads (108 beads) with counter strands on both ends for recording multiple rounds of recitation (Tendai malas have 2 recorder bead strands, Shingon malas have four). These recorder strands usually end in decorative tassels.
1331:. The 54, whether in a 54 bead mala or the first 54 beads in a full 108 bead mala, is often interpreted as signifying the first 54 stages of the bodhisattva path (as understood in East Asian Buddhism). One source even mentions a mala with 1080 beads.
1350:
bead. It is often larger, more elaborate, or of a distinctive material or colour. Some malas also have a secondary larger or more ornate bead halfway through the mala, marking the halfway point. These are sometimes called middle beads (Japanese:
1555:). Mantras are typically repeated hundreds or even thousands of times. The mala is used so that those who are trying to achieve an exact number of repetitions can focus on the meaning or sound of the mantra rather than counting its repetitions.
719:
Strings may be made from practically any fibre, traditionally silk or wool or cotton though synthetic monofilaments or cords such as nylon can now be found and are favoured for their low cost and good wear resistance. Elastic cords, such as
1686:, may carry their malas in larger pouches which hang from the back of the hand and allow the mala to be manipulated while it is being used without it being significantly exposed to public view or risking contact with the ground.
424:
The specific origin of the mala is unknown, with the use of beads for counting being a widespread practice in ancient cultures. No references to malas occur in
Chinese literature before the introduction of Buddhism during the
644:
While the earliest
Buddhist story about the mala is associated with lay practice, in China it was initially primarily associated with monastic practice. The first Chinese Buddhist author to promote the use of malas was the
1600:
Furthermore, wearing a distinctive mala can also serve as a symbol of religious identification, marking its wearer as a member of a specific religious community and as "physical evidence of faith, devotion, and practice."
390:
beads of roughly the same size and material as each other, although smaller versions, often factors of 108 such as 54 or 27, exist. A distinctive 109th "guru bead" or mother bead, which is not counted, is very common.
980:
is preferred for subjugating malicious spirits or for the tantric transformation of powerful afflictions like anger (this is sometimes called "wrathful practice"). For these types of practices, black is the preferred
1747:
Some practitioners will drape the loop over their second finger (with their third and fourth fingers also inside) and use their index finger to move the beads towards the thumb. This is said to be symbolic of the
1383:
It is common to find prayer beads in Japan that contain a small image inside the guru bead, usually something associated with the particular temple or sect. When held up to the light the image is clearly visible.
1666:
Some Tibetan Buddhist teachers teach that it is a root samaya (tantric commitment) that a consecrated and blessed mala should always be kept on one's person. For Tibetan Buddhists, the mala is a symbol of their
509:
method that will allow me during the day or night to engage easily in a practice for freeing us from all sufferings in the world in the future." The Buddha instructs the king to make a mala from the seeds of a
521:
while passing the mala through his fingers. The text also states the mala should be worn at all times, and that if a million recitations were completed, the king would end the one hundred and eight passions.
1764:
it is common for monks to wear it around their necks when not in use. In other traditions, the mala is left on one's altar or placed in a pouch when not in use. In Tibetan Buddhism, malas used for esoteric
1744:
that all four fingers are inside the loop. Other practitioners will have only their index finger inside the loop, separating this finger from the other three (for similar reasons as in the next paragraph).
928:
plants). The bead itself is very hard and dense, ivory-coloured (which gradually turns a deep golden brown with long use), and has small holes (moons) and tiny black dots (stars) covering its surface.
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state that wearing a mala can purify bad karma and ward off evil spirits. In East Asian Buddhism, some malas are made specifically to be worn for warding off evil and for attracting good fortune.
1030:
The Government of Nepal's Ministry of Forestry has established a committee and begun to distribute seedlings of these plant so as to uplift the economic status of the people living in this area.
1510:
counter starts next to the guru bead and is attached to the main string by a clip or a slip knot. When the tenth bell bead has been raised (10 800 or 11 100 recitations), the chanter moves the
605:(Vishnu) will always be with the devotee. It also states that wearing a tulasi mala will multiply the benefit of doing good karmic deeds, as well as providing magical protection from harm. The
760:. It is believed that the Rudraksha Japa Mala epitomizes ancient wisdom and mystical energies, offering seekers a conduit to inner peace and spiritual harmony. Beads made from the wood of the
1211:. 108 beads are strung on a garland, with the beads typically made of fragrant wood like sandalwood, and series of brightly coloured strings at the end of the garland. It is commonly used in
2388:"Vajrasattva, the Great Purifier, among the most powerful and profound healing and purification techniques in Vajrayana Buddhism - Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation"
437:, generally regarded as the oldest Buddhist literature, and it is unclear if their use originated with Buddhists or with Brahmins, Jains, or some other Indian religious community.
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While there are typically 108 regular beads, some practitioners will count a round as only 100 repetitions to allow for an accidentally skipped bead or an imperfect recitation.
922:). These beads are called "moon and stars" by Tibetans, and variously called "lotus root", "lotus seed" and "linden nut" by various retailers (though it does not come from any
935:
malas made of wood (sandalwood or bodhi tree wood), bodhi seeds, various jewels, or ivory are all purpose malas and are said to be good for all kinds of mantras and practices
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1616:
1121:
most of the other sects use spherical beads). For the Shingon school, they use a red string as the main string for the 108 beads and white tassels for the counter beads.
1796:
In recent years, it has become common for non-religious individuals to wear such beads as a fashion accessory with the beads having no religious connotation whatsoever.
1683:
1440:
Japanese malas may also contain tassels (房, fusa) with counter beads, also known as recorder beads (記子珠, kishi- or kisu-dama). They are seen as symbolizing the ten
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and a bell shape being common. Their cord is thicker than normal so that the beads on them will not slide under their own weight but can be moved by the chanter.
1380:
Tibetan Buddhist malas may have three extra beads as the guru beads, instead of just one. These symbolize the three vajras (the Buddha's body, speech and mind).
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is that the guru bead is not used for counting repetitions; counting for each round begins and ends with either of the beads next to the guru bead. In the
445:
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32:
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and one holds the mala at the heart. For increasing practices meanwhile, one moves the beads over the middle finger and holds the mala at the navel.
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used, such as plastic or glass beads, and nylon cords. Malas are similar to other forms of prayer beads used in various world religions, such as the
1810:
Opinion is divided as to whether a mala that is worn as decoration can also be used for the practise of japa or if two separate malas are required.
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5913:
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Practitioners who have an altar or shrine in their homes may additionally choose to keep their malas on the altar when not being used or carried.
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574:, and as such, they should always be worn by devotees of Shiva. It discusses various ways of wearing them, and which mantras to use with them.
1417:
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Mandala. Despite the varying explanations for the use of this number, the number itself has been kept consistent over centuries of practice.
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There are numerous explanations why there are typically 108 beads, with the number 108 bearing special religious significance in a number of
629:
4279:
4121:
2638:
1038:
1756:(represented by the thumb) by the vehicle of the mantra (the beads) overcoming elements of the material world (the three other fingers).
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1145:(True Pure Land), prayer beads are typically shorter and held draped over both hands and are not ground together, as this is forbidden.
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string of beads. In all, it is possible to count up to 120,000 recitations using these beads. The design is credited to a follower of
6446:
4199:
2826:
2531:
2489:
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In the home, mala may be stored in a pouch or not. Some practitioners may store their malas in jewelry boxes or similar containers.
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practices and for purification practices. For these types of practices, white colored beads and a white colored thread is preferred.
4342:
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beads made of precious metals like gold or silver may be used for increasing practices, such as increasing lifespan, knowledge, or
429:, suggesting that the practice may have originated in India, and then spread to China. No mention of a mala occurs in the Buddhist
704:
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states that the mother bead is Amitabha, the string is Avalokiteshvara and the other beads are the fruits of the bodhisattva path
931:
Tibetan Buddhists also teach that certain types of malas can enhance specific practices or bring specific benefits. For example:
6523:
6513:
609:
says one should always wear the tulasi mala, whether one is pure or impure, even while bathing, eating or going to the toilet.
875:
Various types of malas (Tibetan: trengwa) are used in Tibetan Buddhism, including "Bodhi seed" (commonly made from seeds of a
807:(these seeds are tiny and cannot be strung on a mala). Instead, "bodhi seed" beads are made from various species belonging to
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5923:
5814:
5759:
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161:
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court officials often include malas, intended to show their status and wealth rather than as an indication of spirituality.
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In some traditions, malas are consecrated before use in a manner similar to images of deities, through the use of mantras,
6438:
6136:
5819:
4111:
3944:
1327:
of 108 beads (such as 54, 42, 27, 21, 18 and 14), and may be worn on the wrist or used to more conveniently keep count of
196:
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One type of wooden mala bead has a shallow trench engraved around their equator into which tiny pieces of red coral and
966:
is for magnetizing / power practices, and red color is used for the threads. The colour red is also associated with the
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or phenomena. In East Asian Buddhism, 108 can also represent 108 meditations, or the Buddhist 108 deities in the
889:. Tibetan Buddhists generally consider malas made from precious stones as the best kind. Some popular stones are
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Mala may be carried in small pouches from which they are removed before use. Some practitioners, such as the
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Chaudhary, Sanjib (2015-08-06). "Buddha's Beads Fetch Millions for Farmers in Central Nepal". Global Voices.
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However they are worn the wearer is supposed to keep the mala from making contact with the floor or ground.
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counter to the next space between beads (and resets the beads on the bell cord). By consistently moving the
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540:(705–774). The text states that the mala should be worn around the neck and that this purifies bad karma.
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or other sacred phrases. It is also worn to ward off evil, to count repetitions within some other form of
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Tanabe, George Joji (2012). "Telling Beads: The Forms and Functions of the Buddhist Rosary in Japan".
949:, wood, seeds, or other clear or white in colour beads may be used to count mantras used for peaceful
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Beads of Faith: Pathways to Meditation and Spirituality Using Rosaries, Prayer Beads and Sacred Words
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1105:. Different Buddhist sects in Japan have different shaped prayer beads, and use them differently.
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Another Mahayana Buddhist source which teaches the use of a mala is found in the Chinese canon in
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may be said to have the power to cure illnesses or to restore fertility to barren individuals.
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The first literary reference to the use of a mala for the recitation of mantras comes from the
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1803:, when malas began to be used as fashionable accessories by members of the Chinese court.
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For example, in traditional Buddhist thought, people are said to have 108 afflictions or
123:
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mother bead. In the Shingon school, these four symbolize four bodhisattvas: Fugen (Skt.
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dynasty (4th - 6th century) in China; the mala is held in the hand, rather than worn.
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schools generally use long 108 bead nenjus with five counter strands with ornamental
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To keep track of more recitations, the chanter may use a small metal charm called a
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are affixed. Due to the cost of already harvested or fossilized red coral and its
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tree, along with the seeds of various trees, and precious or semiprecious stones.
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1506:, approximately pronounced "boom", is Tibetan for "one hundred thousand".) The
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is somewhat unusual because of the use of a double-ringed prayer beads, called
960:; For these types of practices, yellow colors and colored thread are preferred.
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2484:(Fourth revised and enlarged ed.), Delhi: Motilal anarsidass Publishers,
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1753:
1671:
meditation deity and a reminder of their main mantra and tantric commitments (
1361:
1339:
1282:
1269:
1012:
950:
882:
800:
765:
713:
4635:
2550:(Revised and Expanded ed.). New York: Abrams Publishing. pp. 79–92.
1277:
tree, known locally as Buddhacita, which are endemic to the Timal region of
6296:
6269:
5436:
5311:
5023:
4939:
4816:
4706:
4679:
4672:
4592:
4555:
4322:
4287:
4254:
4229:
4184:
3632:
3569:
3498:
3427:
3352:
3327:
3287:
3218:
3208:
3034:
3009:
2966:
2946:
2610:
2441:
Jones, Charles B. Stages in the Religious Life of Lay Buddhists in Thaiwan.
2195:
1855:
1766:
1735:
1709:
1518:
counter in the same direction about 1.2 million recitations can be counted.
1468:
1425:
1226:, a class of esoteric traditions within Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism.
1185:
986:
977:
973:
902:
808:
737:
721:
696:
543:
490:
255:
154:
6069:
4905:
4759:
4525:
4307:
4176:
4168:
3120:
2629:
672:
4831:
1138:
schools use long 108 bead nenjus without counter / recorder bead strands.
993:, as well as the cost of turquoise, plastic or glass may be used instead.
322:
259:
6426:
6381:
6326:
6195:
5854:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5401:
5386:
5366:
5301:
5219:
5209:
5184:
5179:
5079:
4840:
4711:
4699:
4610:
4347:
4269:
3966:
3741:
3726:
3637:
3523:
3443:
3372:
3357:
3307:
3178:
3130:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3019:
2744:
Traversing the Pure Land Path: A Lifetime of Encounters with Honen Shonin
2585:
The Art of Awakening: A User's Guide to Tibetan Buddhist Art and Practice
1881:
1720:
1560:
1472:
1365:
1298:
1294:
1247:
1174:
1169:
906:
894:
886:
877:
812:
788:
689:
633:
498:
344:
340:
175:
38:
2592:
Li, Feifei; Li, Jianqin; Liu, Bo; Zhuo, Jingxian; Long, Chunlin (2014).
6331:
6274:
6259:
5406:
5396:
5371:
5246:
5241:
5199:
5169:
5101:
5067:
5018:
4954:
4895:
4890:
4786:
4744:
4647:
4485:
4435:
4222:
4048:
3794:
3751:
3564:
3528:
3508:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3453:
3422:
3412:
3407:
3347:
3332:
3302:
3125:
2976:
2094:(4th ed.). Mumbai, India: Jaico Publishing House. pp. 64–65.
1877:
1860:
1649:
As a necklace, especially if made from large, consequently heavy, beads
1583:
1579:
1531:
1464:
1302:
1212:
1057:
938:
924:
650:
434:
396:
371:
348:
328:
2811:
2568:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 118–138.
1769:) practices are often kept private and should not be shown to anyone.
6411:
6396:
6232:
6094:
6074:
5849:
5511:
5391:
5381:
5316:
4944:
4900:
4885:
4875:
4845:
4826:
4769:
4652:
4420:
4292:
4036:
4031:
3827:
3721:
3716:
3665:
3602:
3544:
3417:
3392:
3377:
3337:
3297:
3233:
3213:
3193:
3168:
3095:
2911:
2906:
2896:
2891:
2861:
1903:
1898:
1865:
1672:
1629:
1552:
1545:
1534:
1406:
1402:
1343:
1313:
1216:
1165:
1128:
1113:
913:
747:
733:
547:
450:
404:
366:
362:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
1222:
Mantra recitation with malas is also common in the various forms of
912:
Some common general-purpose malas in Tibetan Buddhism are made from
6551:
6386:
6244:
6210:
6190:
6160:
6089:
5506:
5351:
5229:
5224:
5194:
5149:
4996:
4991:
4870:
4575:
4400:
4367:
4357:
3789:
3756:
3736:
3731:
3685:
3607:
3579:
3574:
3458:
3367:
3317:
3312:
3282:
3024:
2999:
2921:
2916:
2901:
2885:
2856:
1913:
1781:
1777:
1734:
1726:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1668:
1615:
1605:
1525:
1488:
1416:
1286:
1268:
1253:
1241:
1233:
1056:
1045:
1037:
1002:
946:
890:
866:
816:
775:
761:
751:
703:
695:
677:
671:
628:
616:
571:
444:
400:
219:
42:
2219:
2217:
6421:
5214:
4880:
4377:
3761:
3711:
3675:
3642:
3559:
3483:
3463:
3223:
3188:
2951:
2733:
Untracht, O (2008). "Rosaries of India". In Whelchel, H. (ed.).
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
1908:
1590:
1335:
1334:
Many malas will have a 109th bead which is variously called the
1046:
602:
380:
357:
352:
3933:
2815:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
501:
text purported to have been translated into Chinese during the
6079:
4615:
2319:
2317:
2500:"A new species of Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) from Nepal Himalayas"
2443:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies,
383:. They are also used as symbols of religious identification.
201:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
1807:
regulated the materials of malas in Qing Dynasty-era China.
1604:
A mala used by a particular holy figure may then serve as a
1042:
Making juzu in Japan, a photo taken by Elstner Hilton (1914)
3612:
3251:
3198:
1548:
or other important religious phrases and prayers (like the
1246:
A large mother bead containing an image of Shingon founder
2526:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 520.
780:
Polished Calamus jenkinsianus seeds on a "Moon and Stars"
2546:
Dubin, L.S. (2009). "Prayer Beads". In Kenney, C. (ed.).
517:, the Indian soapberry tree) and recite an homage to the
180:
166:
1409:) but are not used for counting recitations in any way.
2763:
A String and a Prayer: How to Make and Use Prayer Beads
1582:, or the application of some substance or pigment like
1273:"Bodhi seed" mala made using the polished seeds of the
37:
Different types of Japa mala (prayer beads) selling in
2711:. Santa Barbara: University of California. p. 99.
2548:
The History of Beads: From 100,000 B.C. to the Present
2271:
2269:
1360:
In some Buddhist traditions, the guru bead represents
1312:. In another reckoning, 108 is the number of possible
253:
2737:. New York: Thames & Hudson, Inc. pp. 69–73.
2406:
2404:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1642:
A Mala may be worn by practitioners in several ways:
142:
128:
114:
100:
2020:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
6522:
6437:
6352:
6050:
5952:
5835:
5532:
5460:
5287:
5160:
5100:
4735:
4601:
4541:
4386:
4278:
4208:
4062:
4007:
3901:
3861:
3810:
3803:
3777:
3704:
3658:
3588:
3537:
3436:
3270:
3232:
3143:
3058:
2990:
2937:
2930:
2849:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1323:Smaller malas are also known, most commonly with a
640:, who brought some malas back to Japan from China.
533:, Taisho 789) which was translated by the Buddhist
303:
277:
272:
247:
242:
218:
213:
195:
188:
174:
160:
153:
136:
122:
108:
94:
87:
82:
70:
54:
49:
21:
2566:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
2358:
2356:
527:The Sutra on the Yoga Rosaries of the Diamond Peak
2718:Beiträge des Arbeitskreises Japanische Religionen
1752:(represented by the index finger) moving towards
1338:bead, mother bead (Japanese: boju), parent bead,
684:; Shiva is frequently depicted wearing a pair of
2690:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 7–40.
1589:In Tibetan Buddhism, malas are often blessed by
1005:, mala beads are made from the natural seeds of
593:both teach the use and wear of a mala made from
556:(9th-14th century) which explains how to make a
2498:Bhattarai, Khem Raj; Pathak, Mitra Lal (2015).
2429:
2323:
2308:
2260:
1719:Illustration of the Japanese Pure Land teacher
1421:Tibetan style mala with two counter attachments
621:The official imperial portrait of Qing Dynasty
1731:A Korean Buddhist using a mala with both hands
1571:characteristics. Buddhist sources such as the
1157:
1091:
1078:
853:"King Kong" beads (i.e. Rudraksha), made from
283:
224:
3945:
2827:
2248:
1197:
484:
478:
60:
8:
4727:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
2742:Watts, Jonathan; Tomatsu, Yoshiharu (2005).
2583:Lhadrepa, Konchog; Davis, Charlotte (2017).
2374:
2347:
1799:Similar practices have been noted since the
1374:Sūtra on the Rosary of the Vajraśekhara Yoga
1168:recitations (i.e. recitation of the name of
386:The main body of a mala usually consists of
2677:Rinpoche, Gyatrul; Khandro, Sangye (1996).
2223:
1215:meditation, to keep track of the number of
791:Buddhists are those made of the so called "
505:era, sometime in the 4th - 5th century CE.
3952:
3938:
3930:
3807:
2934:
2834:
2820:
2812:
2077:
815:. The most common bead types in China and
239:
79:
31:
2671:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190469290.003.0005
2619:
2609:
2335:
2121:. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 222–.
1646:Wrapped several times to fit on the wrist
570:states that the rudrakshas are tears of
531:Chin-kang-ting yü-ch’ieh nien-chu ch’ing
5914:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
2275:
2208:
2115:Kamal Narayan Seetha (1 January 2008).
1925:
355:. It is used for counting recitations (
6117:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2410:
1991:
1573:Sutra of Mañjuśrï’s Fundamental Ritual
144:
18:
2777:. Buddha Dharma Education Association
2660:Prayer beads in Japanese Sōtō Zen in
2594:"Seeds used for Bodhi beads in China"
2287:
2024:
1202:
1072:, Buddhist prayer beads are known as
7:
2165:
2163:
1932:
1544:The main use of a mala is to repeat
1238:Chinese Buddhist 18-bead wooden mala
601:explains that by wearing this mala,
2362:
2171:"Importance of Wearing Tulasi Mala"
1624:counting beads on a pearl and ruby
712:Common materials are wood from the
5904:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2142:Shantha N. Nair (1 January 2008).
970:(who are highly revered in Tibet).
837:"Moon and Stars" beads, made from
787:A very popular type of mala among
14:
2771:"Buddhist studies: Malas (beads)"
2761:Wiley, E.; Shannon, M.O. (2002).
2482:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
560:garland, and in the late tantric
6585:
6575:
6574:
6132:Thai temple art and architecture
5877:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4117:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3983:
3970:
3960:
2796:. Japa Mala Beads. 15 April 2010
2524:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
2504:Indian Journal of Plant Sciences
2146:. Pustak Mahal. pp. 224–6.
1834:
1820:
1487:different charm on each, with a
546:japamalas are discussed in some
3984:
2688:Plants of life, plants of death
2555:Henry, G.; Marriott, S (2008).
2144:Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom
823:"Phoenix eye" beads, made from
754:, and its use is taught in the
636:(774–835), founder of Japanese
597:wood (tulasi kanthi mala). The
202:
181:
167:
6122:Japanese Buddhist architecture
5924:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5004:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4195:Places where the Buddha stayed
2686:Simoons, Frederick J. (1998).
2646:. California: . Archived from
2090:Seetha, Kamal Narayan (2008).
1723:holding a mala with both hands
1164:, which are used for counting
901:. Semiprecious stones such as
845:"Bodhi root" beads, made from
764:plant are used and revered by
700:Various Indian rudraksha malas
254:
143:
129:
115:
101:
61:
1:
6613:Objects used in Hindu worship
6137:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2640:Myanmar Buddhist Prayer Beads
2430:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996)
2324:Bhattarai & Pathak (2015)
2309:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996)
2261:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996)
2194:Kunwar, Amit (18 June 2023).
1633:
1495:reset to their low position.
375:(spiritual practice) such as
5894:Buddhism and the Roman world
5870:Decline of Buddhism in India
5865:History of Buddhism in India
3965: Topics in
2790:"How to Use a Mala (5 Ways)"
2735:Traditional Jewelry of India
2708:Botanical Beads of the World
708:A polished Chinese seed mala
5092:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4832:
2249:Lhadrepa & Davis (2017)
1739:A Hindu sage holding a mala
1219:chanted during meditation.
746:) are considered sacred by
323:
304:
6654:
6633:Buddhist ritual implements
6042:The unanswerable questions
2375:Buswell & Lopez (2013)
2348:Watts & Tomatsu (2005)
1413:Counting markers and cords
1224:Southern Esoteric Buddhism
497:volume 17, number 786), a
6570:
6127:Buddhist temples in Korea
4690:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4593:Three planes of existence
4200:Buddha in world religions
3979:
2681:. Snow Lion Publications.
2587:. Shambhala Publications.
2564:Kieschnick, John (2003).
1198:
1158:
1092:
1079:
856:Elaeocarpus angustifolius
757:Rudrakshajabala Upanishad
493:Seed Scripture/Classic",
485:
479:
466:image created during the
453:is shown depicted with a
318:
291:
284:
238:
225:
78:
30:
26:
16:Indian prayer bead string
5909:Persecution of Buddhists
5130:Four stages of awakening
4511:Three marks of existence
4097:Physical characteristics
2765:. Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC.
2662:Zen and Material Culture
2658:Mross, Michaela (2017),
2559:. Fons Vitae Publishing.
1192:use prayer beads called
1011:, a plant in the family
976:, bone, iron, steel and
550:sources, such as in the
5272:Ten principal disciples
4155:(aunt, adoptive mother)
3862:Fruits and other plants
2705:Smith, Ruth J. (2005).
2611:10.1186/1746-4269-10-15
1482:Beads on separate cords
1098:, where the "o" is the
968:Padma family of buddhas
768:, followers of Vishnu.
568:Rudrakṣajābāla upaniṣad
563:Rudrakṣajābāla upaniṣad
258:("mindfulness beads"),
5982:Buddhism and democracy
5495:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5490:Chinese Buddhist canon
4722:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4717:Early Buddhist schools
2118:The Power Of Rudraksha
1740:
1732:
1724:
1712:
1639:
1541:
1422:
1290:
1266:
1251:
1239:
1065:
1054:
1043:
909:may be used, as well.
872:
871:Women praying in Nepal
784:
709:
701:
693:
641:
626:
458:
5992:Eight Consciousnesses
4102:Life of Buddha in art
1738:
1730:
1718:
1703:
1652:Suspended from a belt
1619:
1529:
1420:
1272:
1257:
1245:
1237:
1060:
1049:
1041:
881:tree), wood (such as
870:
848:Corypha umbraculifera
779:
707:
699:
675:
632:
623:Empress Xiaozhuangwen
620:
553:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
448:
6469:East Asian religions
5899:Buddhism in the West
5470:Early Buddhist texts
5085:Four Right Exertions
4551:Ten spiritual realms
4044:Noble Eightfold Path
2679:Generating the Deity
2598:J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
2520:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
1612:Carrying and storing
1471:), and Miroku (Skt.
919:Calamus jenkinsianus
840:Calamus jenkinsianus
743:Elaeocarpus ganitrus
732:Beads made from the
6592:Religion portal
6339:Temple of the Tooth
6218:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5257:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
4750:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
4533:Two truths doctrine
4353:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4153:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2843:Worship in Hinduism
2665:, Oxford Academic,
2637:Paw, Maung (2004).
2480:Apte, V.S. (1965),
2226:, pp. 118–138.
2080:, pp. 118–138.
1608:after their death.
1455:guru bead) to 111.
1450:Inline marker beads
1250:flanked by mantras.
1186:Theravada Buddhists
991:conservation status
826:Ziziphus abyssinica
6514:Western philosophy
6112:Dzong architecture
5934:Vipassana movement
5929:Buddhist modernism
5357:Emperor Wen of Sui
5125:Pratyekabuddhayāna
5058:Threefold Training
4860:Vipassana movement
4576:Hungry Ghost realm
4396:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4343:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
4092:Great Renunciation
4087:Eight Great Events
3969:
3262:Om Namo Narayanaya
2746:. Jodo Shu Press.
2516:Buswell, Robert Jr
2092:Power of Rudraksha
1741:
1733:
1725:
1713:
1640:
1550:Pure Land Buddhist
1542:
1423:
1291:
1275:Ziziphus budhensis
1267:
1262:wood mala used in
1252:
1240:
1204:[seɪʔbədí]
1181:Theravada Buddhism
1066:
1055:
1044:
1008:Ziziphus budhensis
916:seeds (especially
873:
785:
710:
702:
694:
642:
627:
459:
441:Early attestations
262:("counting beads")
6600:
6599:
6238:Om mani padme hum
5944:Women in Buddhism
5860:Buddhist councils
5730:Western countries
5518:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
5279:Shaolin Monastery
4856:Samatha-vipassanā
4466:Pratītyasamutpāda
4270:Metteyya/Maitreya
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4017:Four Noble Truths
3927:
3926:
3897:
3896:
3888:Tulasi Vrindavana
3139:
3138:
3101:Panchayatana puja
2794:japamalabeads.com
2775:www.buddhanet.net
2697:978-0-299-15904-7
2432:, p. 99-102.
2311:, p. 99-100.
2153:978-81-223-1020-7
2128:978-81-7992-844-8
2101:978-81-7992-844-8
2078:Kieschnick (2003)
1704:Hindu holy man -
1622:Sawai Madho Singh
1177:named Awanosuke.
1108:For example, the
1083:, counting beads)
1070:Buddhism in Japan
1034:Japanese Buddhism
795:seeds", which do
772:Mahayana Buddhism
692:Hindu iconography
513:tree (likely the
499:Mahayana Buddhist
335:commonly used in
295:
294:
268:
267:
209:
208:
162:Yale Romanization
89:Standard Mandarin
6645:
6628:Buddhist symbols
6590:
6589:
6578:
6577:
6417:Sacred languages
6265:Maya Devi Temple
6228:Mahabodhi Temple
6032:Secular Buddhism
5997:Engaged Buddhism
4837:
4685:Tibetan Buddhism
4636:Vietnamese Thiền
4235:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4138:
3987:
3986:
3974:
3964:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3931:
3808:
3696:Pilgrimage sites
3257:Om Namah Shivaya
3106:Prana Pratishtha
3086:Kumbhabhishekham
2935:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2766:
2757:
2738:
2729:
2712:
2701:
2682:
2673:
2654:
2653:on 4 March 2016.
2652:
2645:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2588:
2579:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2537:
2511:
2494:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2336:Chaudhary (2015)
2333:
2327:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2227:
2224:Li et al. (2014)
2221:
2212:
2211:, pp. 7–40.
2206:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2028:
2022:
1995:
1989:
1936:
1930:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1762:Chinese Buddhism
1661:Chinese Buddhism
1638:
1635:
1388:Additional beads
1207:), shortened to
1206:
1201:
1200:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1097:
1096:, thought beads)
1095:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1025:Bagmati Province
863:Tibetan Buddhism
529:(金剛頂瑜伽念珠経, Ch.:
495:Taishō Tripiṭaka
488:
487:
482:
481:
337:Indian religions
331:') is a loop of
326:
320:
307:
287:
286:
264:
263:
240:
234:
233:
205:
204:
184:
183:
170:
169:
149:
148:
147:
132:
131:
118:
117:
104:
103:
80:
66:
65:
35:
19:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6584:
6566:
6518:
6433:
6348:
6085:Ordination hall
6046:
5948:
5919:Buddhist crisis
5831:
5528:
5480:Mahayana sutras
5456:
5452:Thích Nhất Hạnh
5283:
5156:
5096:
5046:Bodhisattva vow
4731:
4597:
4537:
4496:Taṇhā (Craving)
4431:Five hindrances
4382:
4274:
4204:
4058:
4003:
3975:
3958:
3928:
3923:
3893:
3857:
3799:
3773:
3700:
3654:
3584:
3533:
3432:
3266:
3228:
3204:Sandhyavandanam
3157:
3135:
3111:Sandhyavandanam
3054:
2986:
2926:
2845:
2840:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2754:
2741:
2732:
2715:
2704:
2698:
2685:
2676:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2522:, eds. (2013).
2514:
2497:
2492:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2417:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2230:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2031:
2023:
1998:
1990:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1842:Religion portal
1840:
1833:
1828:Hinduism portal
1826:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1794:
1792:Aesthetic usage
1698:
1636:
1614:
1530:Sculpture of a
1524:
1522:Religious usage
1484:
1452:
1415:
1390:
1232:
1230:Number of beads
1183:
1155:
1089:
1076:
1036:
1015:endemic to the
999:
887:precious stones
865:
832:Ziziphus jujuba
805:ficus religiosa
799:come from the "
774:
730:
670:
615:
443:
422:
417:
110:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
74:"Buddha pearls"
71:Literal meaning
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6651:
6649:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6605:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6582:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6528:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6149:Greco-Buddhist
6141:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6100:Burmese pagoda
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6056:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5958:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5882:Greco-Buddhism
5879:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5815:United Kingdom
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5760:Czech Republic
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5639:
5634:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5524:Abhidharmadīpa
5521:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5442:B. R. Ambedkar
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5362:Songtsen Gampo
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5041:Eight precepts
5038:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4920:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4829:
4819:
4814:
4812:Five Strengths
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4451:Mental factors
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:Mahamoggallāna
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4218:Avalokiteśvara
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3778:Sacred animals
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Dhvajastambham
3668:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3628:Pillaiyar Suḻi
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Gayatri Mantra
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2786:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2739:
2730:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2683:
2674:
2655:
2634:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2512:
2495:
2490:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2458:. Art of Tibet
2447:
2434:
2415:
2400:
2379:
2377:, p. 520.
2367:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2313:
2292:
2280:
2276:BDEA (c. 2008)
2265:
2253:
2228:
2213:
2209:Simoons (1998)
2201:
2186:
2175:www.radha.name
2159:
2152:
2134:
2127:
2107:
2100:
2082:
2029:
1996:
1937:
1935:, p. 758.
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1831:
1815:
1812:
1805:Sumptuary laws
1793:
1790:
1697:
1694:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1613:
1610:
1523:
1520:
1483:
1480:
1467:, Monju (Skt.
1451:
1448:
1414:
1411:
1389:
1386:
1370:Avalokitesvara
1231:
1228:
1182:
1179:
1141:Meanwhile, in
1035:
1032:
1021:Kavrepalanchok
998:
995:
983:
982:
971:
961:
954:
936:
864:
861:
860:
859:
851:
843:
835:
773:
770:
750:, devotees of
729:
726:
669:
666:
614:
611:
475:Mu Huanzi Jing
449:The Hindu god
442:
439:
421:
418:
416:
413:
379:before a holy
293:
292:
289:
288:
281:
275:
274:
270:
269:
266:
265:
251:
245:
244:
243:Transcriptions
236:
235:
222:
216:
215:
211:
210:
207:
206:
199:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
172:
171:
164:
158:
157:
155:Yue: Cantonese
151:
150:
140:
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
112:
106:
105:
98:
92:
91:
85:
84:
83:Transcriptions
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
36:
28:
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6650:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6581:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6354:Miscellaneous
6351:
6345:
6344:Vegetarianism
6342:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6166:Buddha in art
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5820:United States
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:Padmasambhava
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5289:Major figures
5286:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5235:Western tulku
5233:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:Five precepts
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:Dhamma vicaya
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:Buddhābhiṣeka
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:Enlightenment
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:Dhamma theory
4414:
4412:
4411:Buddha-nature
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Samantabhadra
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3853:Sacred groves
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:Sacred plants
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Brahmamuhurta
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:Putrakameshti
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2533:9780691157863
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2491:81-208-0567-4
2487:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:JMB (c. 2018)
2407:
2405:
2401:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2263:, p. 99.
2262:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:Tanabe (2012)
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1696:Method of use
1695:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1627:
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599:Garuda Purana
596:
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584:Garuda Purana
581:sources, the
580:
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20:
6618:Prayer beads
6532:Bodhisattvas
6452:Christianity
6447:Baháʼí Faith
6312:Dharmachakra
6302:Prayer wheel
6292:Prayer beads
6291:
6060:Architecture
5939:969 Movement
5723:Saudi Arabia
5701:Central Asia
5694:South Africa
5516:
5499:
5432:Panchen Lama
5337:Buddhapālita
4933:Satipatthana
4928:Mindful Yoga
4841:Recollection
4755:Brahmavihara
4626:Japanese Zen
4621:Chinese Chan
4581:Animal realm
4388:Key concepts
4210:Bodhisattvas
4022:Three Jewels
3919:Temple dance
3838:Kalpavriksha
3766:
3647:
3428:Yajnopavitam
3403:Prayer beads
3402:
3247:Hare Krishna
3184:Jai Shri Ram
3040:Purushamedha
2957:Panchamakara
2808:
2798:. Retrieved
2793:
2779:. Retrieved
2774:
2762:
2743:
2734:
2717:
2707:
2687:
2678:
2663:
2659:
2648:the original
2639:
2601:
2597:
2584:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2481:
2473:Bibliography
2460:. Retrieved
2456:"Mala Beads"
2450:
2442:
2437:
2392:. Retrieved
2390:. 2021-03-17
2382:
2370:
2343:
2331:
2288:Smith (2005)
2283:
2256:
2204:
2189:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:
2143:
2137:
2117:
2110:
2091:
2085:
2025:Mross (2017)
1928:
1887:Phuang malai
1851:Prayer beads
1809:
1801:Ming Dynasty
1798:
1795:
1787:
1775:
1771:
1758:
1746:
1742:
1691:
1688:
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1665:
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1625:
1620:Portrait of
1603:
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1333:
1329:prostrations
1322:
1307:
1305:traditions.
1292:
1221:
1208:
1193:
1184:
1152:
1147:
1143:Jōdo Shinshū
1140:
1136:Japanese Zen
1133:
1123:
1119:
1107:
1101:
1086:
1073:
1067:
1029:
1017:Temal region
1006:
1000:
984:
930:
923:
917:
911:
899:lapis lazuli
885:), bone and
876:
874:
854:
846:
838:
830:
824:
796:
786:
755:
741:
731:
718:
711:
685:
682:Murudeshwara
662:Qing Dynasty
658:Ming Dynasty
655:
643:
607:Padma Purana
606:
598:
590:Padma Purana
588:
582:
576:
567:
561:
557:
551:
542:
530:
526:
524:
519:three jewels
507:
489:, "Aristaka/
474:
472:
468:Northern Wei
460:
457:in his hand.
454:
423:
409:Christianity
393:
385:
377:prostrations
370:
356:
333:prayer beads
310:
309:, or simply
302:
298:
296:
249:Romanization
190:Southern Min
96:Hanyu Pinyin
50:Chinese name
6377:Dharma talk
6206:Asalha Puja
6002:Eschatology
5805:Switzerland
5785:New Zealand
5713:Middle East
5622:Philippines
5542:Afghanistan
5347:Bodhidharma
5332:Buddhaghosa
5252:Householder
5162:Monasticism
5115:Bodhisattva
4970:Prostration
4923:Mindfulness
4851:Anapanasati
4834:Kammaṭṭhāna
4631:Korean Seon
4571:Asura realm
4566:Human realm
4506:Ten Fetters
4461:Parinirvana
4363:Uppalavanna
4328:Mahākaccana
4313:Mahākassapa
4245:Kṣitigarbha
4240:Ākāśagarbha
4137:Suddhodāna
4082:Four sights
4009:Foundations
3909:Firewalking
3874:Kusha grass
3818:Akshayavata
3681:Temple tank
3590:Iconography
3538:Instruments
3494:Panchagavya
3388:Panchamrita
3293:Banana leaf
3050:Viraja Homa
2982:Pushpanjali
2962:Panchamrita
2850:Main topics
2350:, p. .
2196:"Japa Mala"
1933:Apte (1965)
1892:Worry beads
1873:Prayer rope
1682:members of
1637: 1750
1431:Vajrasattva
1285:in Central
1264:Vaishnavism
1064:style nenju
1053:style nenju
734:fruitstones
625:with a mala
538:Amoghavajra
503:Eastern Jin
464:bodhisattva
427:Han dynasty
327:, meaning '
285:mālā (माला)
6623:Meditation
6607:Categories
6494:Psychology
6474:Gnosticism
6462:Comparison
6457:Influences
6439:Comparison
6322:Bhavacakra
6280:Kushinagar
6255:Pilgrimage
6201:Māgha Pūjā
6156:Bodhi Tree
5972:Buddhology
5962:Abhidharma
5954:Philosophy
5887:Menander I
5755:Costa Rica
5706:Uzbekistan
5547:Bangladesh
5501:Dhammapada
5485:Pali Canon
5447:Ajahn Chah
5427:Dalai Lama
5327:Kumārajīva
5322:Vasubandhu
5297:The Buddha
5205:Zen master
5140:Sakadagami
5120:Buddhahood
5051:Pratimokṣa
4866:Shikantaza
4822:Meditation
4797:Deity yoga
4668:Madhyamaka
4561:Deva realm
4456:Mindstream
4406:Bodhicitta
4318:Aṅgulimāla
4185:Devadatta
4161:Yaśodharā
4064:The Buddha
4054:Middle Way
3618:Panchaloha
3598:Ashtadhatu
3343:Agarabattī
3278:Puja thali
3164:Ajapa japa
3153:Meditation
3091:Nityakarma
3081:Karmakāṇḍa
3076:Ashvamedha
3030:Kamyakarma
3015:Agnikaryam
3005:Agnicayana
2800:2019-11-16
2781:2009-02-05
2753:488363342X
2575:0691096767
2462:2022-05-22
2394:2022-11-21
2363:Paw (2004)
2180:2023-11-20
1921:References
1767:mantrayana
1680:Vaishanava
1569:apotropaic
1561:talismanic
1502:counter. (
1437:counters.
1395:Triple Gem
1362:The Buddha
1283:Namobuddha
1153:nikka juzu
1100:honorific
1013:Rhamnaceae
951:deity yoga
883:sandalwood
801:bodhi tree
766:Vaishnavas
714:sandalwood
676:Statue of
649:patriarch
577:Regarding
535:vajracarya
491:Soap-Berry
305:jaap maala
124:Wade–Giles
6638:Necklaces
6562:Festivals
6542:Buddhists
6504:Theosophy
6307:Symbolism
6297:Hama yumi
6270:Bodh Gaya
6037:Socialism
6012:Evolution
5987:Economics
5825:Venezuela
5740:Australia
5735:Argentina
5659:Sri Lanka
5654:Singapore
5572:Indonesia
5534:Countries
5475:Tripiṭaka
5437:Ajahn Mun
5312:Nagarjuna
5307:Aśvaghoṣa
5190:Anagārika
5185:Śrāmaṇerī
5180:Śrāmaṇera
5175:Bhikkhunī
5135:Sotāpanna
5024:Passaddhi
4965:Offerings
4940:Nekkhamma
4817:Iddhipada
4737:Practices
4707:Theravada
4680:Vajrayana
4673:Yogachara
4643:Pure Land
4556:Six Paths
4543:Cosmology
4323:Anuruddha
4298:Sāriputta
4288:Kaundinya
4280:Disciples
4255:Vajrapāṇi
4107:Footprint
4072:Tathāgata
3633:Shaligram
3570:Mridangam
3555:Karatalas
3550:Harmonium
3499:Rudraksha
3437:Materials
3353:Kamandalu
3288:Banalinga
3219:Third eye
3209:Śaktipāta
3071:Ashirvada
3035:Pravargya
3010:Agnihotra
2967:Parikrama
2947:Abhisheka
2877:Festivals
2726:169390543
1856:Rudraksha
1776:A common
1754:Paramatma
1710:Vrindavan
1442:pāramitās
1426:Vajrayana
1364:, Buddha
1346:bead, or
1258:108 bead
1199:စိပ်ပုတီး
1194:seik badi
987:turquoise
978:turquoise
974:Rudraksha
964:Red Coral
941:, pearl,
903:carnelian
809:Arecaceae
738:rudraksha
688:malas in
686:rudraksha
668:Materials
647:Pure Land
579:Vaishnava
558:rudraksha
544:Rudraksha
511:soapberry
6580:Category
6509:Violence
6479:Hinduism
6427:Sanskrit
6382:Hinayana
6367:Amitābha
6327:Swastika
6196:Uposatha
6186:Holidays
6171:Calendar
6017:Humanism
5855:Kanishka
5845:Timeline
5669:Thailand
5637:Kalmykia
5632:Buryatia
5617:Pakistan
5602:Mongolia
5597:Maldives
5592:Malaysia
5557:Cambodia
5422:Shamarpa
5417:Nichiren
5367:Xuanzang
5302:Nagasena
5220:Rinpoche
4950:Pāramitā
4792:Devotion
4712:Navayana
4700:Dzogchen
4663:Nichiren
4611:Mahayana
4603:Branches
4481:Saṅkhāra
4230:Mañjuśrī
4187:(cousin)
4179:(cousin)
4147:(mother)
4139:(father)
4127:Miracles
4077:Birthday
3994:Glossary
3967:Buddhism
3914:Samskara
3902:See also
3843:Parijata
3742:Sannyasa
3727:Purohita
3638:Swastika
3524:Turmeric
3479:Marigold
3444:Agarwood
3418:Tilakamu
3358:Khirapat
3308:Dhunachi
3179:Jagarana
3131:Upakarma
3066:Achamana
3020:Aupasana
2630:24479788
2510:: 71–77.
2445:113-139.
1882:beadwork
1878:Garlands
1814:See also
1539:japamala
1473:Maitreya
1469:Mañjuśrī
1433:mantra.
1366:Amitabha
1353:nakadama
1299:Buddhist
1170:Amitabha
1166:nenbutsu
1149:Jōdo-shū
1125:Nichiren
1062:Jodo Shu
1051:Nichiren
907:amethyst
895:sapphire
878:Ziziphus
813:Fabaceae
789:Mahayana
728:Hinduism
722:milliner
587:and the
515:aristaka
455:japamala
433:or Pali
403:and the
345:Buddhism
341:Hinduism
339:such as
315:Sanskrit
299:japamala
279:Sanskrit
203:Hu̍t-tsu
176:Jyutping
168:faht-jyū
39:Varanasi
22:Japamala
6557:Temples
6537:Buddhas
6499:Science
6489:Judaism
6484:Jainism
6402:Lineage
6362:Abhijñā
6332:Thangka
6275:Sarnath
6260:Lumbini
6181:Funeral
6176:Cuisine
6052:Culture
6027:Reality
5977:Creator
5967:Atomism
5837:History
5810:Ukraine
5770:Germany
5689:Senegal
5679:Vietnam
5607:Myanmar
5407:Shinran
5397:Karmapa
5372:Shandao
5342:Dignāga
5267:Śrāvaka
5247:Donchee
5242:Kappiya
5200:Sayadaw
5170:Bhikkhu
5145:Anāgāmi
5102:Nirvana
5068:Samadhi
4955:Paritta
4896:Tonglen
4891:Mandala
4846:Smarana
4827:Mantras
4775:Upekkha
4745:Bhavana
4695:Shingon
4648:Tiantai
4501:Tathātā
4491:Śūnyatā
4486:Skandha
4476:Saṃsāra
4471:Rebirth
4446:Kleshas
4436:Indriya
4338:Subhūti
4223:Guanyin
4177:Ānanda
4169:Rāhula
4049:Nirvana
3989:Outline
3886: (
3833:Kadamba
3768:more...
3752:Satguru
3649:more...
3565:Manjira
3529:Vibhuti
3509:Sindūra
3504:Candana
3489:Panakam
3474:Kumkuma
3469:Incense
3454:Camphor
3423:Utsavar
3413:Shankha
3408:Rangoli
3373:Mulavar
3348:Kalasha
3333:Garland
3303:Coconut
3271:Objects
3234:Mantras
3126:Tarpana
3116:Shuddhi
2977:Prasada
2972:Pranāma
2931:Rituals
2884: (
2872:Deities
2867:Darshan
2621:3914368
1861:Misbaha
1673:samayas
1586:water.
1584:saffron
1580:dharani
1565:magical
1546:mantras
1537:hold a
1314:dharmas
1310:kleshas
1281:and at
1217:mantras
1213:samatha
1190:Myanmar
1129:tassels
1110:Shingon
981:colour.
939:crystal
925:Nelumbo
803:" i.e.
736:of the
656:By the
651:Daochuo
638:Shingon
435:Nikayas
415:History
397:misbaha
372:sadhana
367:prayers
363:mantras
353:Sikhism
349:Jainism
329:garland
182:Fat-zyu
56:Chinese
6552:Sutras
6547:Suttas
6412:Siddhi
6397:Koliya
6372:Brahmā
6287:Poetry
6233:Mantra
6223:Kasaya
6095:Pagoda
6075:Kyaung
6070:Vihāra
6065:Temple
6007:Ethics
5850:Ashoka
5800:Sweden
5795:Poland
5790:Norway
5780:Mexico
5765:France
5750:Canada
5745:Brazil
5684:Africa
5664:Taiwan
5627:Russia
5552:Bhutan
5512:Vinaya
5392:Naropa
5382:Saraha
5317:Asanga
5073:Prajñā
4982:Refuge
4945:Nianfo
4906:Tertön
4901:Tantra
4886:Ganana
4876:Tukdam
4802:Dhyāna
4770:Mudita
4765:Karuṇā
4658:Risshū
4653:Huayan
4586:Naraka
4526:Anattā
4521:Dukkha
4516:Anicca
4421:Dharma
4373:Channa
4308:Ānanda
4293:Assaji
4260:Skanda
4163:(wife)
4132:Family
4112:Relics
4037:Sangha
4032:Dharma
4027:Buddha
3884:Tulasi
3848:Peepal
3828:Banyan
3823:Ashoka
3722:Pujari
3717:Pandit
3691:Temple
3666:Ashram
3659:Places
3603:Lingam
3545:Dholak
3519:Tulasi
3393:Pandal
3378:Paduka
3338:Ghanta
3328:Cāmara
3298:Biruda
3214:Stotra
3194:Kirtan
3169:Bhajan
3148:Prayer
3121:Śrauta
3096:Ngejot
2912:Utsava
2907:Tilaka
2897:Mantra
2892:Kirtan
2862:Bhajan
2750:
2724:
2694:
2628:
2618:
2604:: 15.
2572:
2530:
2488:
2150:
2125:
2098:
1904:Mantra
1899:Prayer
1866:Rosary
1684:ISKCON
1630:Jaipur
1567:, and
1553:nianfo
1535:sadhvi
1465:Kannon
1407:Sangha
1403:Dharma
1399:Buddha
1372:. The
1344:Sumeru
1342:bead,
1340:Buddha
1325:factor
1301:, and
1260:Tulasi
1114:Tendai
1087:onenju
914:rattan
748:Saivas
740:tree (
690:Shaiva
595:tulasi
566:. The
486:佛說木槵子經
451:Brahma
431:Agamas
420:Origin
405:rosary
197:Tâi-lô
130:Fo-chu
6524:Lists
6392:Kalpa
6387:Iddhi
6250:Music
6245:Mudra
6211:Vassa
6191:Vesak
6161:Budai
6107:Candi
6090:Stupa
6022:Logic
5775:Italy
5674:Tibet
5612:Nepal
5582:Korea
5577:Japan
5567:India
5562:China
5507:Sutra
5462:Texts
5412:Dōgen
5402:Hōnen
5387:Atiśa
5352:Zhiyi
5262:Achar
5230:Tulku
5225:Geshe
5210:Rōshi
5195:Ajahn
5150:Arhat
5110:Bodhi
5080:Vīrya
4997:Sacca
4992:Satya
4987:Sādhu
4975:Music
4918:Merit
4911:Terma
4871:Zazen
4807:Faith
4760:Mettā
4441:Karma
4401:Bardo
4368:Asita
4358:Khema
4348:Upāli
4333:Nanda
4171:(son)
4145:Māyā
4122:Films
3999:Index
3879:Lotus
3811:Trees
3790:Horse
3757:Swami
3737:Sadhu
3732:Rishi
3705:Roles
3686:Matha
3623:Pindi
3608:Murti
3580:Veena
3575:Tabla
3459:Charu
3398:Pinda
3383:Palki
3368:Kolam
3363:Kindi
3318:Dhupa
3313:Dhuni
3283:Altar
3059:Other
3025:Dhuni
3000:Yajna
2922:Yatra
2917:Vrata
2902:Murti
2886:Yajna
2857:Ārati
2722:S2CID
2651:(PDF)
2644:(PDF)
1914:Chant
1782:Hindu
1778:taboo
1721:Honen
1706:sadhu
1669:yidam
1606:relic
1591:lamas
1489:dorje
1348:bindu
1295:Hindu
1287:Nepal
1248:Kūkai
1175:Hōnen
1074:ojuzu
1003:Nepal
997:Nepal
958:merit
947:nacre
943:conch
891:agate
819:are:
817:Tibet
793:bodhi
762:tulsi
678:Shiva
634:Kūkai
613:China
572:Shiva
548:Hindu
401:Islam
361:) of
256:nenju
220:Kanji
116:Forju
102:Fózhū
43:India
6422:Pāḷi
6407:Māra
6317:Flag
5718:Iran
5642:Tuva
5587:Laos
5215:Lama
5063:Śīla
5031:Śīla
5019:Pīti
5009:Sati
4960:Puja
4881:Koan
4787:Dāna
4378:Yasa
4265:Tārā
3869:Bael
3795:Nāga
3762:Yogi
3747:Sant
3712:Guru
3676:Ghat
3643:Yoni
3560:Khol
3514:Soma
3484:Milk
3464:Ghee
3449:Alta
3323:Diya
3224:Yoga
3189:Japa
2992:Homa
2952:Bhog
2939:Puja
2882:Homa
2748:ISBN
2692:ISBN
2626:PMID
2570:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2096:ISBN
1909:Japa
1880:and
1750:atma
1626:mala
1532:Jain
1516:bhum
1512:bhum
1508:bhum
1504:Bhum
1500:bhum
1405:and
1336:guru
1303:Jain
1209:badi
1159:日課数珠
1134:The
1112:and
905:and
811:and
782:mala
752:Siva
603:Hari
480:木槵子經
381:icon
358:japa
351:and
324:mālā
319:माला
311:mala
260:juzu
6144:Art
6080:Wat
4616:Zen
3785:Cow
2667:doi
2616:PMC
2606:doi
1708:at
1675:).
1659:In
1463:),
1397:of
1368:or
1188:in
1085:or
1068:In
1023:in
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1001:In
897:or
829:or
797:not
680:at
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399:in
388:108
138:IPA
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5646:ru
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1080:数珠
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